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The Organization of the Khora in Southeastern Greek Sicily: Syracuse and Its Hinterland (733 -598 Bc) a Organização Da Khora N

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The Organization of the Khora in Southeastern Greek Sicily: Syracuse and Its Hinterland (733 -598 Bc) a Organização Da Khora N THE ORGANIZATION OF THE KHORA IN SOUTHEASTERN GREEK SICILY: SYRACUSE AND ITS HINTERLAND (733 -598 BC) A ORGANIZAÇÃO DA KHORA NA SICÍLIA GREGA SUL-ORIENTAL: SIRACUSA DIANTE DE SUA HINTERLÂNDIA (733 -598 A.C.) Maria Beatriz Borba Florenzano Vol. XV | n°29 | 2018 | ISSN 2316 8412 The organization of the khora in southeastern Greek Sicily: Syracuse and its hinterland (733 -598 BC) Maria Beatriz Borba Florenzano1 Translated by Maria Lúcia Guilherme Borba2 Abstract: Founded by Corinthians in Sicily in the 8th century, Syracuse soon became one of the biggest and more powerful poleis of the Greek world. During the first century of life in Sicily, the Syracusans founded in the hinterland four other settlements: Heloros, Akrai, Kasmene and Kamarina. This article intends to demonstrate, through the description of material data, that: 1. These foundations were enabled thanks to negotiation with local people and that Syracusan expansion was not exclusively a military/violent one; 2. Through these foundations, Syracuse established boundaries for its initial territorial expansion; 3. The empty space between Syracuse and these boundaries were filled up by degrees and in different conditions; 4. That this movement made by Syracuse allows us to better understand an inherent characteristic of the Greek ‘way of being’, i.e., territorial control Keywords: Syracusan territory; Cultural Contact in Sicily; Greek territorialization Resumo: Fundada por coríntios na Sicília, no séc. VIII a.C., Siracusa transformou-se em uma das maiores e mais poderosas pólis do mundo grego. Ao longo do primeiro século de instalados na Sicília, os siracusanos fundaram, outros assentamentos na hinterlândia: Heloros, Acrai, Casmena e Camarina. Este texto procura demonstrar, por meio da descrição da documentação material, que: 1. Estas fundações foram realizadas em negociação com as populações locais e que portanto a expansão de Siracusa não foi puramente militar e/ou violenta; 2. Por meio destas fundações Siracusa definiu os limites iniciais da expansão territorial que pretendia; 3. Que o espaço vazio entre Siracusa e esses limites foi sendo preenchido aos poucos e em graus diferentes de densidade; 4. Que este movimento de Siracusa permite que entendamos melhor um traço imprescindível do ‘modo de ser grego’, i.e, o domínio de territórios. Palavras-chave: Expansão Siracusana ; Contato Cultural na Sicília; Territorialização Grega. All history of Greek civilization is the history of a mixed civilization (Edouard Will, 1956, p.99) In the context of the project “The organization of the khora3: The Greek city and its hinterland”, being carried out by Labeca, the Laboratory of studies on the ancient city, we came across the case of the Corinthian apoikia of Syracuse, founded in the 730s BC on the southeastern coast of Sicily. From the 6th and the 5th centuries, Syracuse became the second wealthiest, most powerful and most populous city of the Greek world after Athens. We verified that the classical definition of polis, which sheds light on our studies, 1 Titular Professor of Classical Archaeology. LABECA – Museum of Achaeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo, Brasil. The author is grateful for the support received from FAPESP and CNPq, which allowed for a systematic visit to the sites surveyed in this article, to local museums and to specialized libraries. www.labeca.mae.usp.br; [email protected]. 2 Translator. Website: mlgborba.wixsite.com/malu-translator. 3For the definition of the Greek terms used in this text, also see Labeca’s glossary at www.labeca.mae.usp.br. MARIA BEATRIZ BORBA FLORENZANO gains specific contours and brings to light the richness of Greek creativity in adapting to new environments, without losing its original Hellenic identity. With this case study we hope to demonstrate that the Greek khora could be much more than the ‘rural’ hinterland directly controlled by a polis in view of its economic survival as it is understood from the definition of polis put forward by the English archaeologist A. Snodgrass (1987, p. 47): “the Greek term polis, denoting in its strict sense a polity consisting of a settlement and its territory, politically united with one another and independent of other polities”; or according to the definition of khora by the Italian-Israeli scholar David Asheri (1980, p. 119): "a continuous whole of citizens’ agricultural land". We hope to demonstrate that Syracuse khora was neither a stable nor a continuous space and not even ‘politically united’ (at least in the juridical sense) to the main settlement. Syracuse has, indeed, created original strategies of territorial control and definition of boundaries, becoming a special polis in antiquity. In fact, and at least in classical times, Syracuse was the second in size and activity, after Athens, as mentioned above. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary to, initially, understand the landscape configuration of the region chosen by the Corinthians for the foundation of the new apoikia and to place, in that same space, the populations that occupied it at the time of the establishment of the city and, later, in compulsory sharing, although not always a peaceful one (MAP 1). It is from the contact among different populations, non-Greeks and Greeks, that a specific type of organization of the khora and ingenious solutions are created for a better use of the territory. We will focus mainly on the time of the establishment of the Greeks in southeastern Sicily in the middle of the 8th century until the period of consolidation of Greek rule in the region, when the effects of Greek colonial expansion4 can be felt in all its intensity in the hinterland, according to what the evidence allows us to estimate around the beginning and the middle of the 6th century BC (LEIGHTON, 1999, p. 219). I. SOUTHEASTERN SICILY AND THE LANDSCAPE Southeastern Sicily is dominated by the geomorphologic structure of the Hyblaean hills, a name borrowed from Hyblon, who would have been a native leader at the time of the foundation of Hellenic apoikiai in the second half of the 8th century. These hills can be defined as a "vast sub-circular plateau that culminates in Monte Lauro, 987m above sea level" (Regione Siciliana, p.1). This is a mountainous plateau, 4 The bibliography is very extensive regarding the debate about the use of the terms ‘colonization’ and ‘colony’ for this Greek movement in the Mediterranean from the 8th century BC. See here A. Pollini and A. Esposito, “Diáspora, colônia, colonização: desafios e questões de um léxico”, Cadernos do LEPAARQ, XIV, 28, 2017. In Portuguese, one can also consult E.F.V. Hirata Archeology, Religion and Political Power in Western Greek. Associate Professor Habilitation Thesis MAE-USP, 2010. (mainly p.31-64) 285 Cadernos do LEPAARQ Vol. XV | n°29 | 2018 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE KHORA IN SOUTHEASTERN GREEK SICILY: SYRACUSE AND ITS HINTERLAND (733 -598 BC) with several important hilltops of different heights, from 600m, the whole being very irrigated by several river basins. The structure of this massif comprises mostly white limestone and watercourses dugging deep gorges and creating natural lakes. As the distance to the coast diminishes, the relief loses altitude, presenting terraced hills and valleys that widen and create environments suitable for the practice of agriculture and animal grazing. The coastline is largely made up of sandy dunes (MILITELLO, 2008, p.34). At high altitudes, the limestone is arid and visible, but in the valleys, even in the deepest ones, the vegetation is luxuriant. In the vicinity of the coast, the soil is called tuff, since water erosion and chemical corrosion of the limestone causes great porosity, creating small pools and lakes (Regione Siciliana, p.2). To the north, the Hyblaean hills reach the vast plain of Catania; to the west they reach the plain of Gela; to the east and south the sea and towards the coast of Syracuse and Ragusa (Regione Siciliana, p.1-2). Here the altitude decreases considerably creating interesting openings for the settlement of urban nuclei such as the apoikiai of Syracuse, Kamarina and even Heloros, as we will later see. The heights of the Hyblaean hills are dominated by Monte Lauro and its slopes, where several water sources feed the rivers that irrigate the region. Other equally high hills also dominate the plain, such as Monte Arcibessi and Monte Casale, respectively 906 and 910m above sea level, and where the Greek (or mixed) settlement of Kasmenai was installed. The rivers that run through all this area had a fundamental role as a means of communication and also as a privileged space for the inland settlements in view of their plentiful vegetation and land fertility in many stretches. It is therefore essential to treat them as basic elements in the configuration of the landscape that we seek to portray and that the Greeks desired to dominate. As it happens also today, the main rivers’ sources are located in the mountains and their waters flow to the coast (MILITELLO, 2008, p. 34). The most important ones are the Anapo River, the Irminio, the Dirillo, the Tellaro, the Hipparis and the Cassibile. Others are more modest rivers, affluent or not of the larger ones, but that also contributed to irrigating the entire region. The Anapo is the largest river. Its source is located on the slopes of Monte Lauro, north of the Hyblaean hills. It flows for 59km south of the Catania plain, irrigating it as well as the Syracuse plain. It reaches its mouth in the Syracuse "Porto Grande", at the side of the Ciane, a small and short river fed by the Anapo. The course of the Anapo flows largely inside deep gorges, therefore known as Anapo, which means ‘invisible’ in Greek. The Dirillo River is the other great river that delimits the Hyblaean hills at the west side.
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