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The INTERCAFE Field Manual Research methodsforCormorants,fishes, Research The INTERCAFEFieldManual and theinteractionsbetweenthem Photograph — Shutterstock The INTERCAFE Field Manual Research methods for Cormorants, fishes, and the interactions between them Shutterstock — Photograph Dave Carss, Rosemarie Parz-Gollner & Josef Trauttmansdorff THE INTERCAFE FIELD MANUAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication has been produced Russell, Josef Trauttmansdorff, During the drafting process, the by INTERCAFE’s Work Group 1, Mennobart van Eerden, Stef van Field Manual was reviewed by the the ‘Ecological Databases and Rijn, Catarina Vinagre, and Stefano Work Group and was also made Analyses’ group, which comprised Volponi. Additional text was available to all INTERCAFE 24 researchers from 22 countries provided by Stuart Newson (British participants for comment and across Europe and beyond (for full Trust for Ornithology, UK). correction. Numerous participants details of WG1 participants, please from INTERCAFE’s other two see Appendix Three). Helpful comments and corrections Work Groups made contributions on various drafts were provided by to the WG1 meetings, and these This publication was drafted the above and also by: Ian Winfield meetings were also informed by Thomas Bregnballe, Dave (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, on occasions by discussions Carss, Henri Engström, Manfred Lancaster, UK). with invited experts and local Enstipp, Susana Franca, Marijan stakeholders. Wherever appropriate, Govedic, Robert Gwiazda, A number of people also kindly information from these sources Reinhard Haunschmid, Sven- provided photographs for inclusion has also been incorporated into the Hakon Lorentsen, Petr Musil, and individual sources are INTERCAFE Field Manual. Ivailo Nikolov, Jean-Yves Paquet, acknowledged under each picture. Rosemaire Parz-Gollner, Ian [2] THE INTERCAFE FIELD MANUAL CONTENTS 1 PREFACE 5 7 INTRODUCTION Part Two — Working with Fishes 74 2 INTRODUCTION 7.1 European fish diversity 75 Part One — Working with Cormorants 9 7.2 Fish distribution and movements 76 2.1 The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) 9 7.3 Fish communities and assemblages 76 2.2 Some important words of warning 12 7.4 Ecosystem-level factors affecting fishes 77 7.5 Defining fish populations 78 3 COUNTING CORMORANTS 14 7.6 Estimating fish abundance 79 3.1 Introduction 14 3.2 Breeding colony counts 15 8 ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE OF FISH SPECIES 80 3.4 How to use numbers? 26 8.1 Estimating abundance of marine and 3.5 Estimating breeding success 30 coastal fish species 80 8.2 Estimating abundance of freshwater fish 4 CORMORANT DIET, FOOD AND ENERGY species 84 INTAKE 35 8.3 Problems in estimating the abundance of 4.1 Introduction 35 fish 89 4.2 Feeding observations 37 4.3 Pellet collection and analysis 37 9 INDICATORS OF CORMORANT DAMAGE 92 4.4 Stomach contents analysis 42 9.1 Wounding of fish 92 4.5 A note on regurgitations 44 9.2 Damage at fish farms 93 4.6 Reference collection 45 9.3 Damage to wild stocks 94 4.7 Bioenergetics 46 10 ATTEMPTING TO INTEGRATE CORMORANT 5 SEXING, AGEING AND MEASURING AND FISH DATA 96 CORMORANTS 54 10.1 Introduction 96 5.1 Introduction 54 10.2 Interpreting understandings of 5.2 Plumage colouration — age determination 56 Cormorant ‘impact’ at fisheries 97 5.3 Body measurements — sex determination 58 10.3 Introduction to the ecological 5.4 Large Samples — sex and age discrimination 59 perspective 101 5.5 Racial identity (carbo, sinensis) 62 10.4 Review of some key considerations for 5.6 Measurements from nestlings 64 Cormorant-fisheries interactions 103 10.5 The effect of Cormorant predation on 6 MOVEMENTS 66 fish — some words on data requirements 104 6.1 Introduction 66 10.6 Predator-prey relationships — some 6.2 Metal-rings 67 concepts 106 6.3 Colour-rings 68 10.7 Using fish stock assessments as a basis 6.4 Reading colour-rings on Cormorants 69 for assessing Cormorant impact 107 6.5 Reporting sightings of ringed Cormorants 70 10.8 Natural regulation in fish populations 108 6.6 Some ideas for using colour-rings for new 10.9 The effect of natural variation on studies 72 production and catches 109 6.7 More general information, selection of 10.10 Why do biologists find it difficult to useful links 72 measure a Cormorant ‘impact’ at fisheries? 110 www.intercafeproject.net [3] THE INTERCAFE FIELD MANUAL 10.11 Manipulative field experiments and 12 APPENDIX TWO: NATIONAL AND understanding complex ecological INTERNATIONAL CORMORANT COUNTS, processes 113 EXAMPLES OF DATA FORMS 135 10.12 How best to make progress? Data requirements and methodology 115 13 APPENDIX THREE: WORK GROUP 1 10.13 Concluding remarks — integrating MEMBERSHIP 140 perspectives 119 REFERENCES 121 11 APPENDIX ONE: RELATED CORMORANT SPECIES IN EUR0PE 131 11.1 Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) 131 11.2 European Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) 133 [4] THE INTERCAFE FIELD MANUAL 1 PREFACE This publication is supported by the context of the interdisciplinary Norway, Serbia) and the Middle COST. It is one of the outputs of the management of human-wildlife East (Israel). In addition to these INTERCAFE COST Action (635). conflicts at local to international 28 countries, Ukraine and Croatia COST (European Cooperation in levels across Europe. It also were also associated with the Science and Technology) is the aimed at delivering a coordinated Action. INTERCAFE held a series longest-running intergovernmental information exchange system of eight meetings, each themed network for cooperation in research and improved communication around a topic particularly relevant across Europe. between stakeholders. To this end, to the host country: INTERCAFE attempted INTERCAFE — Conserving to address:- 1. Gdansk, Poland, April biodiversity: interdisciplinary 2005 — ‘Cormorant ecology, initiative to reduce pan-European i. The fundamental distrust commercial fishing and Cormorant-fishery conflicts — was between the main stakeholder stakeholder interaction’ awarded funding for four years groups which was compounded 2. Saxony, Germany, September (2004–2008). COST Actions are by the disparate and 2005 — ‘Commercial carp charged with directing European uncoordinated nature of aquaculture’ science and do not pay for available sources of information, 3. Hula Valley, Israel, January researchers’ time. Instead, funding ii. the necessity of applying an 2006 — ‘Cormorant-fishery was available for INTERCAFE integrated interdisciplinary conflict management in the Hula to organise and run a series of research approach (biological, Valley, Israel’ international meetings, drawing social, legal) to Cormorant- 4. Bohinj, Slovenia, October together researchers from a fishery conflicts (as these are 2006 — ‘Angling and EU number of disciplines (bird- as much a matter of human legislation’ related and broader ecology, interests as they are of biology 5. Hanko, Finland, April fisheries science and management, or ecology), thus recognising 2007 — ‘What to do when the sociology, social anthropology the need for different Cormorant comes’ and international law) and other perspectives in the development 6. Po Delta, Italy, September experts (very often connected of collaborative strategies, and 2007 — ‘Extensive aquaculture with fisheries production, harvest iii the lack of an integrated systems and relationships and management, or to regional/ understanding of the between stakeholder national policy and decision- interdisciplinary factors at the perspectives and different making). Under INTERCAFE’s heart of Cormorant-fisheries spatial and institutional levels’ coordination, interested parties, conflicts that precludes the 7. South Bohemia, from local stakeholders to provision of useful and practical Czech Republic, April international policy-makers, were information and advice to all 2008 — ‘Management practices thus offered a unique opportunity interested/affected parties. in a complex habitat mosaic and to address European Cormorant- at local, regional and national fisheries issues. The INTERCAFE network levels’ comprised almost seventy 8. Paris, France, September The main objective of researchers from all 27 EU Member 2008 — ‘The management of INTERCAFEwas to improve States (except Luxemburg, Malta Cormorant-fisheries conflicts in European scientific knowledge of and Spain) and other countries France and the wider European Cormorant-fisheries interactions in in continental Europe (Georgia, context’ www.intercafeproject.net [5] THE INTERCAFE FIELD MANUAL At each meeting, INTERCAFE as possible given the budgetary an integrated synthesis (ISBN participants worked in one of three and time constraints on all of 978-1-906698-065) at http://www. Work Groups, covering the broad INTERCAFE’s participants. intercafeproject.net aims of the Action: The INTERCAFE publications are: Drawing on INTERCAFE’s ▪ Work Group One — Ecological ability to develop a network of Databases and Analyses ▪ Cormorants and the European researchers and the Action’s ▪ Work Group Two — Conflict Environment: exploring privileged opportunity to see and Resolution and Management Cormorant status and distribution hear about Cormorant-fishery ▪ Work Group Three — Linking on a continental scale. issues across Europe and beyond, Science with Policy and Best (ISBN 978-1-906698-07-2) ‘The INTERCAFE Field Manual’ Practice ▪ The INTERCAFE Field is a review of the methods used by Manual: research methods for researchers to study the ecology of Most meetings included a field Cormorants, fishes, and the both Cormorants and fishes, and visit to allow participants to see interactions between them. an
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