Chapter 7: Endemic and Threatened Plants

CHAPTER 7: ENDEMIC AND THREATENED PLANTS

7.1 Endemic Plants

The concept of endemism was first exerted about 200 years back to describe taxa which are restricted to particular geographical area or ecological unit. Endemism is a relative notion and usually ascribed in context to restricted area, biotope, biogeographical region and political boundaries and the definitions have been customized by different workers with respect to the specifications and focus of study. However, in modern times, endemics are defined as taxonomic units that are confined to a narrow phytogeographic range because of their isolation by geographical (spatial), ecological and temporal (genetic, adaptive, etc.) barriers (Singh, 2015).

Biogeographers and ecologists have enduring interest in endemics by virtue of their restricted distribution. Many workers have demonstrated major aspects of endemics such as reasons for restricted distribution, factors controlling the pattern of distribution, degree of endemism and categorization of endemics.

Adolph Engler (1882) was the first to introduce an idea of dichotomy in endemism which was then substantially followed by several other workers. According to Cain’s classic, pioneering work (1944) endemics were classified into two categories namely, endemics which are relatively youthful species and epibiotics which are relatively old relict species. Endemics may or may not attend complete spread over the entire area by drifting their natural barriers. Whereas, the epibiotics represent relics resulted from historical contraction of area. As stated by him, a high degree of endemism is usually correlated with age and isolation of an area and with the diversification of its habitats, as these factors influence both evolution and survival of the species.

Based on the way in which endemics have achieved their restricted distribution, Stebbins & Major (1965) had reformed Cain’s dicta in two categories as paleoendemics and neoendemics. Paleoendemics are the ancient vestiges of taxa that were widespread once and their present relictual status is resulted from constriction of their specialized habitats over the time. Presently Paleoendemics have been predominated by woody life-forms and represents small cluster of their original

1 ranges. These are taxonomically much isolated units having no closely related taxa and they possibly have fossil evidences as well. Neoendemics are comparatively recent in origin, have disunited from their actively evolving parental entity that has not still spread extensively beyond their ranges of origin and genetic pool. Neoendemics have their closely related taxa occurring in the same area.

According to Stebbins & Major, primary reason for endemic distribution pattern of taxa is adaptations to a set of ecological factors those themselves are much localized. Further, the climatic and edaphic factors are most common in determining the distribution pattern but by no means, these are the only ones and those inherent in the gene pool of population are also of critical importance. Such taxa are very vulnerable to even minor climatic alterations which could change local microclimate beyond their tolerance.

The studies on endemic floristic elements of any geographical region are important to elucidate the biogeography of the area, centres of speciation, areas of extinction, vicariance and adaptive evolution of the flora occurring in the area (Nayar, 1980). Overall, endemic species forms primary elements that determine the degree of uniqueness and phytogeographical importance of the area.

In India, heterogeneity in factors such as climatic conditions, topography and ecosystem facilitated significant number of endemics. A higher number of endemic floristic species in India have been contributed by both the remnants of tertiary flora and species originated through active evolutionary processes (Singh, 2015).

Several authors have discussed endemic plant species in the Indian flora. Chatterjee (1939) has extensively studied the endemism in Indian flora and estimated that about 6850 species are endemic to the region. According to him 134 genera are recorded to be endemic to Indian region. Rao (1972) enumerated 164 endemic genera from Indian floristic region that also includes Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Nayar (1980) reported 141, while Sarkar (1995) listed 142 endemic genera in India. According to Balakrishnan (1996) about there are more than 6100 species of flowering plants are endemic to India. Nayar (1996) enumerated 147 genera and 5725 species of angiosperms endemic to Indian floristic region and also included species from Himalayas having extended ranges in Tibet, Chiana, Nepal and Bhutan. Karthikeyan (2000) considered about 141 genera and about 4500 species as strictly endemic to

India. Ahmedullah (2000) has reduced the estimate to 140 genera. Mitra & Mukherjee (2007) evaluated 121 genera as endemic to India. Considering the recent nomenclatural changes and extended range of distribution of several genera, Irwin & Narasimhan (2011) enumerated 49 genera as strict endemics to India. Singh et al. (2015) in their recent inventory reported 4303 species of angiosperms strictly endemic to the Indian political boundaries. Of these, 3170 species belong to dictolyledons, whereas 1133 species belongs to monocotyledons.

Endemic species occurring in Peninsular India have received special attention of some authors. Nayar (1977) evaluated 2100 endemic species of flowering plants that constitutes about 32% of the total Indian flora. According to him, the endemic flora of peninsular India is typically of Paleotropic type and is derived from the original Gondwanalands. Ahmedullah (2000) has also enumerated 56 genera endemic to Peninsular India.

Western Ghats of India are recognized for several aspects defining the ecological uniqueness in terms of high degree of endemism. In the Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, Gadgil (2011) estimated about 4000 species of flowering plants endemic to Western Ghats. Ramesh et al. (1991) highlighted the high degree of endemism in Western Ghats comprising nearly 63% of the total recorded endemic tree species are confined only to Western Ghats. Ramesh & Pascal (1997) synthesized the distribution pattern and ecological amplitude of endemic evergreen species occurring in Western Ghats. Gaikwad et al. (2014) recorded 159 species including intraspecific taxa endemic to Northern Western Ghats of India.

Most of the regional floristic works including state and district flora have reported endemic plants of the area. Singh & Karthikeyan (2000) estimated 694 taxa of plants which are endemic to India and occurring in Maharashtra. Tetali et al. (2000) have reported 439 endemic taxa from Maharashtra. Mishra and Singh (2001) have given detailed account of 215 endemic and threatened taxa from Maharashtra. A few studies have attempted to record the endemic flowering plants occurring in Satara district including the study area and some other areas in the vicinity of Koyna WLS. Deshpande et al. (1993) reported 108 species which are endemic to Western Ghats. Bachulkar (1996) recorded 175 species from three taluks namely Patan, Javli and Satara of Satara district, former two covering some parts of the Koyna WLS. Kavade

& Deokule (2015) evaluated 222 endemic species of angiosperms from Chandoli National Park, an area adjoining the Koyna WLS and forming a part of STR.

7.1.1 Statistical Analysis A floristic survey of endemic plants of Koyna WLS is resulted in the records of 206 species of angiosperms that are endemic to India particularly of Peninsular India and Western Ghats (Table 7-1). Of these, 26 species are exclusively endemic to Western Ghats of Maharashtra.

The total endemic species recorded from Koyna WLS are distributed into 52 families of which 39 families belongs to Eudicots (75%), 3 belongs to Magnolids (6%) and 10 belongs to Monocot (19%). The family Orchidaceae consists largest number of endemic species (23 species), followed by Acanthaceae (21 species), Poaceae (18 species), Rubiaceae (13 species), Fabaceae (12 species) and Asteraceae (12 species) (Figure 7-1). An analysis of life-form types suggests that the endemic herbs (123 species) dominate the study area, followed by shrubs (34 species), trees (22 species), climbers (16 species) and undershrubs (11 species). Data gathered on habitat type/s of each of the recorded species indicates that the open areas comprising hill slopes, roadsides and grasslands in the forests support highest number of endemic species (72 species), followed by plateaus (53 species), Moist Deciduous Forests (39 species), Semi-evergreen Forests (34 species), Streams and Evergreen Forests (4 species each). A correlative analysis aimed at finding habit-wise distribution of endemic species across major habitats indicates that the herbaceous species are distributed across all the major habitats in the study area. However, greatest number of endemic herbs is recorded from plateaus and open areas. Shrub species are predominantly distributed in understorey of semi-evergreen and moist-deciduous forests and a few are recorded along hill slopes or plateaus. Trees are exclusively distributed to forests, whereas, climbers are mainly distributed to open areas. Undershrubs are distributed in all types of habitats except the streams. Figure7-2 presents a graph showing habitat wise distribution of endemic species across different life-forms.

Phenological records on peak flowering month for each of the recorded species were analysed with respect to climatic conditions such as monthly average rainfall, temperature and humidity, the major factors affecting distribution pattern and

4 phenology of the narrow endemics in the study area (Figure 7-3). Review of the recorded observation determines that endemics on plateaus shows peak flowering in September which also coincides with peak flowering of herbs. In the open areas, peak flowering was observed in the months of September and December. In the semi- evergreen, moist deciduous and evergreen forests no specific trend of flowering was observed. It was also observed that maximum number of endemic herbs flower during monsoon and post-monsoon season in the months of June to December. Endemic shrubs show peak flowering in January and gradually slopes down through the following months. Trees and undershrubs do not show specific flowering pattern. These species show flowering in different months through the year. Maximum number of endemic climbers was noted in flowering during August to September. Figure 7-4 presents a graph showing flowering phenology of endemic species in different life-forms and their relationship to temperature, rainfall and humidity.

An analysis of overall distribution pattern of endemic species within the Koyna WLS, indicates that the endemic species are well spread throughout the sanctuary. However, core area of Koyna harbours more number of endemic species than the buffer area which could be attributed to complete protection and lack of easy access to the region. On the contrary, buffer area is accessible to people and has lower degree of protection, thus posing several direct or indirect disturbances to the natural habitats in the area (Figure 7-5).

Maps depicting species distribution of dominant families of endemic plants recorded in the core and buffer areas of Koyna are presented in Figures 7-6 to 7-12.

Figure 7-1: Ten dominant families of endemic plants

Number of Species Number 5

Families

Figure 7-2: Habitat wise distribution of endemic species across different life- forms

50 40 30 20

Number of Species Number 10 0 EV SEV MD Plateus Open Streams Areas Habitat

Herbs Undershrubs Shrubs

Figure7-3: Flowering phenology of endemic species of major habitats and their relationship to temperature, rainfall and humidity

35 100 90

° 25 70 20 60 50 15 40

10 30 (%) Humidity

Rainfall Rainfall (inches)

Temperature ( Temperature

Number of Species Number 20 5 10 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months

PL OA SEV MD EV ST Temperature (°C) Rainfall (inches) Humidity (%)

PL -Plateaus, OA- Open Areas, SEV- Semi-evergreen Forests, MD -Moist Deciduous Forests, EV- Evergreen Forests and ST- Strems.

Figure 7-4: Flowering phenology of endemic species in different life-forms and their relationship to temperature, rainfall and humidity

45 100

C) 35 ° 30 70 60 25 50 20 40

15 30

Humidity(%)

10 Rainfall (inches)

Temperature ( Temperature 20

Number of Species Number 5 10 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months

Herbs Undershrubs Shrubs Trees Climbers Temperature (°C) Rainfall (inches) Humidity (%)

Table 7-1: Habit, habitat and flowering phenology of endemic plant species recorded from Koyna WLS

S. No. Name of species Family Habit Habitat* Flowering 1 Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau Acanthaceae Herb OA Sep 2 Barleria cuspidata F.Heyne ex Nees Acanthaceae Shrub MD Oct 3 Barleria lawii T. Anderson Acanthaceae Undershrub MD Jan 4 Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. Acanthaceae Shrub OA Feb 5 Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees) Vollesen Acanthaceae Herb OA Dec 6 Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R.Br. Acanthaceae Undershrub OA Dec 7 Gymnostachyum glabrum (Dalzell) T.Anderson Acanthaceae Shrub SEV Feb 8 Haplanthodes nilgherrensis (Wight) R.B.Majumdar Acanthaceae Herb MD Dec 9 Haplanthodes verticillatus (Roxb.) R.B.Majumdar Acanthaceae Herb MD Dec 10 Hygrophila serpyllum (Nees) T. Anderson Acanthaceae Herb ST Dec 11 Justicia betonica L. Acanthaceae Undershrub MD Feb 12 Justicia santapaui Bennet Acanthaceae Undershrub SEV Dec 13 Justicia wynaadensis (Nees) Heyne ex T. Anderson Acanthaceae Undershrub MD Feb 14 Lepidagathis lutea Dalzell Acanthaceae Herb OA Dec 15 Lepidagathis prostrata Dalzell Acanthaceae Herb PL Jun 16 Pleocaulus ritchei (C.B.Clarke) Bremek. Acanthaceae Undershrub PL Sep 17 Rungia elegans Dalzell & A.Gibson Acanthaceae Herb OA Oct 18 Strobilanthes callosa Nees Acanthaceae Shrub MD Sep

19 Strobilanthes heyneanus Nees Acanthaceae Undershrub SEV Dec 20 Supushpa scrobiculata (Dalzell ex C.B.Clarke) Acanthaceae Shrub SEV Dec Suryan. 21 Thelepaepale ixiocephala (Benth.) Bremek. Acanthaceae Shrub OA Jan 22 Crinum woodrowii Baker Amaryllidaceae Herb PL Jul 23 Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz Anacardiaceae Tree EV Apr 24 Nothopegia castaneifolia (Roth) Ding Hou Anacardiaceae Tree SEV Feb 25 Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J.Graham Ancistrocladaceae Shrub SEV Apr 26 Meiogyne pannosa (Dalzell) J. Sinclair Annonaceae Tree EV Dec 27 Sageraea laurina Dalzell Annonaceae Tree SEV Nov 28 Heracleum grande (Dalzell & A. Gibson) Mukhop. Apiaceae Herb PL Aug 29 Pimpinella adscendens Dalzell Apiaceae Herb OA Sep 30 Pimpinella tomentosa Dalzell ex C.B.Clarke Apiaceae Herb OA Dec 31 Pimpinella wallichiana (Miq. ex Hohen.) Gandhi Apiaceae Herb OA Dec 32 Pinda concanensis (Dalzell) P.K. Mukh. & Apiaceae Herb PL Sep Constance 33 Polyzygus tuberosus Dalzell ex Walp. Apiaceae Herb PL Jul 34 Ceropegia hirsuta Wight & Arn. Apocynaceae Climber OA Aug 35 Ceropegia lawii Hook. f. Apocyanaceae Herb OA Aug 36 Ceropegia oculata Hook. Apocyanaceae Climber OA Sep 37 Ceropegia santapaui Wadhwa & Ansari Apocyanaceae Climber OA Aug

38 Carissa inermisVahl. Apocyanaceae Shrub SEV Jan 39 Tylophora dalzellii Hook. f. Apocynaceae Climber OA Sep 40 Gymnema khandalense Santapau Apocynaceae Climber SEV Jan 41 Hoya wightii Hook. f. Apocynaceae Climber SEV Aug 42 Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Apocynaceae Tree MD Mar 43 Aponogeton satarensis Sundararagh., A.R.Kulk. & Aponogetonaceae Herb PL Aug S.R.Yadav 44 Ariopsis peltata Nimmo Araceae Herb MD Jul 45 Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Araceae Herb OA May 46 Arisaema caudatum Engl. Araceae Herb PL Aug 47 Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. Araceae Herb PL May 48 Chlorophytum glaucoides Blatt. Asparagaceae Herb PL Aug 49 Adenoon indicum Dalzell Asteraceae Herb PL Dec 50 Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. Asteraceae Herb OA Oct 51 Blumea eriantha DC. Asteraceae Herb OA Dec 52 Blumea malcolmii Hook.f. Asteraceae Herb PL Jan 53 Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Dalzell) Asteraceae Herb OA Oct C.B.Clarke 54 Phyllocephalum scabridum (DC.) K.Kirkman Asteraceae Herb OA Oct 55 Phyllocephalum phyllolaenum (DC.) Narayana Asteraceae Herb OA Oct 56 Senecio belgaumensis (Wight) C.B.Clarke Asteraceae Herb PL Sep

57 Senecio bombayensis N. P. Balakr. Asteraceae Herb OA Sep 58 Senecio edgeworthii Hook. f. Asteraceae Herb PL Sep 59 Senecio gibsonii Hook. f. Asteraceae Herb OA Nov 60 Tricholepis amplexicaulis C.B.Clarke Asteraceae Herb OA Dec 61 Impatiens lawii Hook. f. & Thomson Balsaminaceae Herb PL Aug 62 Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet Balsaminaceae Herb OA Sep 63 Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell Balsaminaceae Herb OA Sep 64 Begonia crenata Dryand. Begoniaceae Herb OA Aug 65 Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K.Schum. Bignoniaceae Tree MD Apr 66 Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb. ex Bignoniaceae Tree MD May K.Schum. 67 Adelocaryum coelestinum (Lindl.) Brand Boraginaceae Herb PL Sep 68 Adelocaryum lambertianum (C.B.Clarke) R.R.Mill Boraginaceae Herb PL Sep 69 Campanula alphonsii Wall. ex A.DC. Campanulaceae Herb OA Dec 70 Maytenus rothiana Lobr.-Callen Celastraceae Shrub MD May 71 Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Clusiaceae Tree EV Nov 72 Garcinia talbotii Raizada ex Santapau Clusiaceae Tree SEV Feb 73 Iphigenia stellata Blatt. Colchicaceae Herb OA Jul 74 Terminalia paniculata Roth Combretaceae Tree OA Apr 75 Cyanotis arcotensis R.S.Rao Commelinaceae Herb OA Aug 76 Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult.f. Commelinaceae Herb PL Sep

77 Murdannia lanuginosa (Wall. ex C.B.Clarke) Commelinaceae Herb PL Sep G.Brückn. 78 Murdannia versicolor (Dalzell) G.Brückn. Commelinaceae Herb PL Sep 79 Argyreia boseana Santapau & V.Patel Convolvulaceae Climber OA Jul 80 Argyreia cuneata Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae Shrub OA Aug 81 Argyreia involucrata C.B.Clarke Convolvulaceae Climber OA Sep 82 Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. Convolvulaceae Climber MD Sep 83 Eriocaulon dalzellii Körn. Eriocaulaceae Herb PL Sep 84 Eriocaulon eurypeplon Körn. Eriocaulaceae Herb OA Aug 85 Eriocaulon koynense Punekar, Mungikar & Eriocaulaceae Herb PL Sep Lakshmin. 86 Eriocaulon parviflorum (Fyson) R.Ansari & Eriocaulaceae Herb PL Sep N.P.Balakr. 87 Eriocaulon ritchieanum Ruhland Eriocaulaceae Herb PL Aug 88 Eriocaulon sedgwickii Fyson Eriocaulaceae Herb PL Sep 89 Blachia andamanica (Kurz) Hook. f. subsp. denudata Euphorbiaceae Shrub SEV Dec (Benth.) N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. 90 Croton gibsonianus Nimmo Euphorbiaceae Shrub SEV Nov 91 Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thwaites var. lawianus Euphorbiaceae Tree SEV Jan (Müll.Arg.) Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr. 92 Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss. Euphorbiaceae Herb OA Oct

93 Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr. Euphorbiaceae Shrub SEV Feb 94 Phyllanthus lawii J.Graham Euphorbiaceae Shrub OA Oct 95 Crotalaria filipes Benth. Fabaceae Herb OA Dec 96 Crotalaria vestita Baker Fabaceae Herb PL Sep 97 Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. Fabaceae Shrub MD Feb 98 Derris heyneana (Wight & Arn.) Benth. Fabaceae Shrub MD Apr 99 Desmodiastrum belgaumense (Wight) A.Pramanik & Fabaceae Herb OA Oct Thoth. 100 Flemingia nilgheriensis (Baker) T.Cooke Fabaceae Shrub PL Sep 101 Galactia tenuiflora (Willd.) Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Climber SEV Sep 102 Indigofera dalzelli T. Cooke Fabaceae Herb PL Sep 103 Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson Fabaceae Shrub MD Jan 104 Nesphostylis bracteata (Baker) D.Potter & J.J.Doyle Fabaceae Climber OA Sep 105 Smithia hirsuta Dalzell Fabaceae Herb PL Sep 106 Tephrosia coccineaWall. Fabaceae Undershrub OA Oct 107 Canscora concanensis C.B.Clarke Gentianaceae Herb OA Nov 108 Canscora perfoliata Lam. Gentianaceae Herb OA Dec 109 Exacum lawiiC.B. Clarke Gentianaceae Herb OA Sep 110 Exacum pumilum Griseb. Gentianaceae Herb OA Sep 111 Swertia densifolia (Griseb.) Kashyapa Gentianaceae Herb OA Dec 112 Swertia minor Knobl. Gentianaceae Herb OA Aug

113 Aeschynanthus perrottetii A.DC. Gesneriaceae Herb SEV Sep 114 Epithema dentatum subsp. hispidum (C.B.Clarke) Gesneriaceae Herb OA Jul Hilliard & B.L.Burtt 115 Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press Lamiaceae Herb OA Dec 116 Pogostemon salicifolius (Dalzell ex Hook. f.) El Lamiaceae Herb ST Feb Gazzar & L.Watson 117 Actinodaphne gullavara (Buch.-Ham. ex Nees) Lauraceae Tree SEV Jan M.R.Almeida 118 Litsea ghatica Saldanha Lauraceae Tree SEV Oct 119 Utricularia albocaerulea Dalzell Lentibulariaceae Herb PL Aug 120 Torenia indica C.J.Saldanha Linderniaceae Herb OA Sep 121 Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser Loranthaceae Undershrub PL Oct 122 Helixanthera obtusatus (Wall.) Danser Loranthaceae Undershrub SEV May 123 Tolypanthus lageniferus Tiegh. Loranthaceae Shrub SEV Sep 124 Lagerstroemia microcarpaWight Lythraceae Tree MD May 125 Rotala floribunda (Wight) Koehne Lythraceae Herb OA Dec 126 Abelmoschus manihot subsp. tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Malvaceae Shrub OA Oct Hornem.) Borss.Waalk. 127 Abutilon ranadei Woodrow & Stapf Malvaceae Shrub OA Jan 128 Erinocarpus nimmonii J.Graham Malvaceae Tree MD Sep 129 Grewia umbellifera Bedd. Malvaceae Shrub MD Jan

130 Memecylon talbotianumBrandis Melastomataceae Tree SEV Mar 131 Sonerila scapigera Dalzell Melastomataceae Herb PL Sep 132 Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman Musaceae Shrub SEV Aug 133 Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J.Graham Myrtaceae Tree SEV Mar 134 Jasminum malabaricum Wight Oleaceae Climber MD Feb 135 Ligustrum perrottetii A. DC. Oleaceae Herb MD Oct 136 Aerides crispa Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb PL Jun 137 Aerides maculosa Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb PL Jun 138 Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Orchidaceae Herb OA Apr 139 Conchidium filiforme (Wight) Rauschert Orchidaceae Herb PL Aug 140 Conchidium microchilos (Dalzell) Rauschert Orchidaceae Herb PL Jul 141 Dendrobium aqueumLindl. Orchidaceae Herb PL Jun 142 Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb MD Mar 143 Dendrobium lawianumLindl. Orchidaceae Herb MD Jun 144 Dendrobium microbulbon A.Rich. Orchidaceae Herb PL May 145 Dendrobium nodosum Dalzell Orchidaceae Herb SEV Jul 146 Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl. Orchidaceae Herb MD Feb 147 Eria exilis Hook. f. Orchidaceae Herb PL Aug 148 Habenaria brachyphylla (Lindl.) Aitch. Orchidaceae Herb OA Aug 149 Habenaria foliosa A.Rich. Orchidaceae Herb PL Jul 150 Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann Orchidaceae Herb OA Aug

151 Habenaria heyneana Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb PL Sep 152 Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw. Orchidaceae Herb OA Aug 153 Habenaria rariflora A.Rich. Orchidaceae Herb PL Sep 154 Habenaria stocksii Hook. f. Orchidaceae Herb SEV Aug 155 Oberonia brunoniana Wight Orchidaceae Herb MD May 156 Pinalia mysorensis (Lindl.) Kuntze Orchidaceae Herb MD Jul 157 Porpax jerdoniana (Wight) Rolfe Orchidaceae Herb MD Jun 158 Smithsonia viridiflora (Dalzell) C.J.Saldanha Orchidaceae Herb MD Apr 159 Piper malamiris L. Piperaceae Climber SEV Sep 160 Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC. Piperaceae Climber SEV Jan 161 Pittosporum dasycaulonMiq. Pittosporaceae Shrub SEV Dec 162 Arundinella leptochloa (Steud.) Hook. f. Poaceae Herb OA Oct 163 Arundinella metzii Hochst. ex Miq. Poaceae Herb MD Dec 164 Arthraxon meeboldii Stapf Poaceae Herb OA Nov 165 Glyphochloa forficulata (C.E.C.Fisch.) Clayton Poaceae Herb PL Sep 166 Glyphochloa mysorensis (S.K.Jain & Hemadri) Poaceae Herb PL Sep Clayton 167 Indopoa paupercula (Stapf) Bor Poaceae Herb OA Sep 168 Isachne elegans Dalzell Poaceae Herb OA Oct 169 Isachne lisboae Hook. f. Poaceae Herb PL Sep 170 Isachne swaminathanii V.Prakash & S.K.Jain Poaceae Herb PL Sep

171 Ischaemum ritchiei Stapf ex Bor Poaceae Herb OA Oct 172 Ischaemum thomsonianum Stapf ex C.E.C.Fisch. Poaceae Herb OA Sep 173 Ischaemum tumidum Stapf ex Bor Poaceae Herb OA Oct 174 Iseilema anthephoroides Hack. Poaceae Herb OA Oct 175 Jansenella neglecta S.R.Yadav, Chivalkar & Gosavi Poaceae Herb PL Oct 176 Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack. Poaceae Herb PL Nov 177 Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilg. Poaceae Herb MD Oct 178 Tripogon capillatus Jaub. & Spach Poaceae Herb OA Sep 179 Tripogon lisboae Stapf Poaceae Herb OA Aug 180 Cladopus hookeriana (Tul.) C.Cusset Podostemaceae Herb ST Jan 181 Drypetes venusta (Wight) Pax & K.Hoffm. Putranjivaceae Tree EV Jan 182 Clematis hedysarifolia DC. Ranunculaceae Climber OA Dec 183 Clematis heynei M.A.Rau Ranunculaceae Climber MD Oct 184 Delphinium malabaricum (Huth) Munz Ranunculaceae Herb OA Sep 185 Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell) S.P.Banerjee & Rhamnaceae Shrub SEV Jan P.K.Mukh. 186 Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall Rubiaceae Tree PL Sep 187 Ixora brachiata Roxb. Rubiaceae Shrub MD Dec 188 Lasianthus acuminatus Wight Rubiaceae Shrub SEV Jan 189 Lasianthus sessilis Talbot Rubiaceae Shrub SEV Jan 190 Mussaenda frondosa L. Rubiaceae Shrub MD Aug

191 Mussaenda glabrata (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble Rubiaceae Shrub MD Sep 192 Neanotis lancifolia (Hook. f.) W.H.Lewis Rubiaceae Herb PL Sep 193 Neanotis montholonii (Hook. f.) W.H.Lewis Rubiaceae Herb PL Sep 194 Oldenlandia stocksii Hook. f. Rubiaceae Herb PL Sep 195 Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. Rubiaceae Shrub MD Apr 196 Pavetta siphonantha Dalzell Rubiaceae Shrub MD May 197 Psychotria truncata Wall. Rubiaceae Shrub SEV May 198 Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roth) Steud. Rubiaceae Tree MD Feb 199 Casearia rubescens Dalzell Salicaceae Tree MD Apr 200 Viscum angulatum Heyne ex DC. Santalaceae Undershrub PL Jul 201 Turpinia malabarica Gamble Staphyleaceae Tree SEV Sep 202 Cissus elongata Roxb. subsp. littoralis (Talbot) B. Vitaceae Shrub SEV Nov V. Shetty & P. Singh 203 Curcuma caulina J.Graham Zingiberaceae Herb PL Sep 204 Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham Zingiberaceae Herb OA Aug 205 Curcuma scaposa (Nimmo) Škorničk. & M.Sabu Zingiberaceae Herb MD Jul 206 Zingiber neesanum (J. Graham) Ramamoorthy Zingiberaceae Herb OA Aug

* EV-Evergreen Forests; SEV- Semi-evergreen Forests; MD- Moist Deciduous Forests; OA- Open Areas; PL- Plateaus; ST- Streams

7.2 Threatened Plants

Any taxon that is posing significant risk of extinction in foreseeable future by virtue of inherent rarity or because of various stochastic or deterministic factors affecting its populations and needs special efforts for conservation is considered as threatened. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is the foremost authority dealing with an assessment of the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties, and even selected subpopulations on a global scale for the past 50 years in order to highlight taxa threatened with extinction, and thereby promote their conservation. The IUCN classified species into 9 groups, prescribed on account of their rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

 Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining.

 Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity or cultivation, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.

 Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

 Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild.

 Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild.

 Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future.

 Least concern (LC) – Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at-risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

 Data deficient (DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction.

 Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

In accordance with the IUCN Red List, the term "threatened" includes groups of the three categories namely Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. The recent IUCN Red List Version 2017-2 estimates at least 25,062 species of organism as globally threatened, of which, highest number (12,102 species) is contributed by the plant species. However, in general, the plant group receives insufficient coverage in the IUCN Red List as many of the total recorded species are

19 yet to be assessed for their conservation status. In India, a total of 1,055 species of all taxonomic groups have been included in the Red List and are classified under different categories of threatened species. Amongst the plant species, 1,432 have been globally assessed of which, 387 are designated as threatened under different categories (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Threatened plants of India have been listed in a series of Red Data Book on Indian Plants published by the Botanical Survey of India (Nayar & Sastry, 1987, 1988, 1990). Regional floristic works also enumerated threatened plants of the respective zones. Singh & Karthikeyan (2000) mentioned 251 species of flowering plants recorded from Maharashtra under the various Red List categories. Mishra & Singh (2001) provided detailed assessment of Endemic and Threatened Plants of Maharashtra. A review of global and regional assessments for the species recorded from the study area suggests that 214 species are evaluated for their conservation status either globally or regionally as per their distribution and are designated under different categories of IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Of these, 60 species are threatened and remaining 154 are catergorised as Least Concern. In addition to this, 7 species that are recorded as cultivated in the study area have also been assessed for their conservation status by the IUCN. Details of the threatened species recorded from Koyna WLS that are assessed either globally or regionally and entails special conservation measures are presented in Table 7-2 that follows.

Table 7-2: Threatened plant species recorded from Koyna WLS

Conservation Status Global Regional S. Name of species Singh & Mishra Gaikwad No. Family IUCN Karthikeyan & Singh et al. (2017-1) (2001) (2001) (2014) 1 Abutilon ranadei Woodrow & Stapf Malvaceae NE CR CR CR 2 Adelocaryum coelestinum (Lindl.) Brand Boraginaceae NE VU - - 3 Adelocaryum lambertianum (C.B.Clarke) R.R.Mill Boraginaceae NE VU - - 4 Aerides maculosa Lindl. Orchidaceae NE VU - - 5 Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. Araceae NE LC - - 6 Aponogeton satarensis Sundararagh., A.R.Kulk. & S.R.Yadav Aponogetonaceae EN CR EN CR 7 Argyreia boseana Santapau & V.Patel Convolvulaceae NE - EN - 8 Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. Convolvulaceae NE EN - - 9 Arisaema caudatum Engl. Araceae NE VU EN VU 10 Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. Araceae NE VU - - 11 Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. Orchidaceae NE VU - - 12 Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. Acanthaceae NE VU - -

13 Campanula alphonsii Wall. ex A. DC. Campanulaceae NE EN - - 14 Canscora concanensis C.B.Clarke Gentianaceae NE LC VU - 15 Ceropegia lawii Hook.f. Apocynaceae NE - EN EN 16 Ceropegia oculata Hook. Apocynaceae NE CR LR - 17 Ceropegia santapaui Wadhwa & Ansari Apocynaceae NE CR EN CR 18 Chlorophytum glaucoides Blatt. Asparagaceae NE VU LR LC 19 Crinum woodrowii Baker * Amaryllidaceae NE EX EX CR 20 Crotalaria filipes Benth. Fabaceae NE EN - - 21 Curcuma caulina J.Graham Zingiberaceae EN VU VU NT 22 Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham Zingiberaceae VU - - - 23 Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult. f. Commelinaceae NE VU - - 24 Delphinium malabaricum (Huth) Munz Ranunculaceae NE EN VU VU 25 Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae NE VU - - 26 Desmodiastrum belgaumense (Wight) A. Pramanik & Thoth. Fabaceae NE VU - - 27 Diospyros candolleana Wight Ebenaceae VU - - - 28 Entada rheedii Spreng. Fabaceae NA EN - - 29 Eriocaulon dalzellii Körn. Eriocaulaceae EN VU - - 30 Flemingia nilgheriensis (Baker) T.Cooke Fabaceae NE VU EN - 31 Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Clusiaceae VU - - -

32 Gymnema khandalense Santapau Apocynaceae EN EN CR - 33 Habenaria foliosa A.Rich. Orchidaceae NE VU EN - 34 Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham Orchidaceae NE VU - - 35 Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw. Orchidaceae NE EN EN - 36 Habenaria rariflora A.Rich. Orchidaceae NE VU - - 37 Impatiens lawii Hook.f. & Thomson Balsaminaceae NE VU - - 38 Impatiens pulcherrima Dalzell Balsaminaceae NE VU - - 39 Indigofera dalzellii T.Cooke Fabaceae NE VU - - 40 Iphigenia stellata Blatt. Colchicaceae EN VU VU VU 41 Isachne lisboae Hook.f. Poaceae NE LC EN - 42 Isachne swaminathanii V.Prakash & S.K.Jain Poaceae EN - VU - 43 Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Dalzell) C.B.Clarke Asteraceae EN VU - - 44 Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth Campanulaceae NE VU - - 45 Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Hartley Rutaceae EN - - - 46 Murdannia lanuginosa (Wall. ex C.B.Clarke) G.Brückn. Commelinaceae - EN - 47 Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. Myristicaceae VU - - - 48 Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J.Graham) Mabb. Icacinaceae NA EN - - 49 Nothopegia castaneifolia (Roth) Ding Hou Anacardiaceae CR - - - 50 Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC. Piperaceae NE VU -

Pogostemon salicifolius (Dalzell ex Hook. f.) El Gazzar & 51 Lamiaceae LC LC EN - L.Watson 52 Polyzygus tuberosus Walp. Apiaceae NE EN VU - 53 Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. Rosaceae EN - - - 54 Rotala floribunda (Wight) Koehne Lythraceae VU - EN EN 55 Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Poaceae NE - EN - 56 Sageraea laurifolia (Grah.) Blatt. Annonaceae LR/NT - - - 57 Sonerila scapigera Dalzell Melastomataceae NE VU - - 58 Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston Myrtaceae EN - - - 59 Utricularia albocaerulea Dalzell Lentibulariaceae VU - - - 60 Zingiber neesanum (J.Graham) Ramamoorthy Zingiberaceae NE VU - -

* Crinum woodrowii Baker was considered as ‘Extinct’ for long period, as it was not collected from its type locality or elsewhere after its discovery in 1899. After lapse of more than a century, Punekar et al. (2004) rediscovered the species from Kates Point, Mahabaleshwar, Satara District. Lekhak & S.R. Yadav (2012) recorded it from plateaus in the Satara diatrict. In present study, a population comprising about 60 individuals of C. woodrowii is recorded from Kaeil Plateau, Humbarali.

Table 7-2: Threatened plant species recorded from Koyna WLS