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Chapter 7: Endemic and Threatened Plants

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Chapter 7: Endemic and Threatened Plants CHAPTER 7: ENDEMIC AND THREATENED PLANTS 7.1 Endemic Plants The concept of endemism was first exerted about 200 years back to describe taxa which are restricted to particular geographical area or ecological unit. Endemism is a relative notion and usually ascribed in context to restricted area, biotope, biogeographical region and political boundaries and the definitions have been customized by different workers with respect to the specifications and focus of study. However, in modern times, endemics are defined as taxonomic units that are confined to a narrow phytogeographic range because of their isolation by geographical (spatial), ecological and temporal (genetic, adaptive, etc.) barriers (Singh, 2015). Biogeographers and ecologists have enduring interest in endemics by virtue of their restricted distribution. Many workers have demonstrated major aspects of endemics such as reasons for restricted distribution, factors controlling the pattern of distribution, degree of endemism and categorization of endemics. Adolph Engler (1882) was the first to introduce an idea of dichotomy in endemism which was then substantially followed by several other workers. According to Cain’s classic, pioneering work (1944) endemics were classified into two categories namely, endemics which are relatively youthful species and epibiotics which are relatively old relict species. Endemics may or may not attend complete spread over the entire area by drifting their natural barriers. Whereas, the epibiotics represent relics resulted from historical contraction of area. As stated by him, a high degree of endemism is usually correlated with age and isolation of an area and with the diversification of its habitats, as these factors influence both evolution and survival of the species. Based on the way in which endemics have achieved their restricted distribution, Stebbins & Major (1965) had reformed Cain’s dicta in two categories as paleoendemics and neoendemics. Paleoendemics are the ancient vestiges of taxa that were widespread once and their present relictual status is resulted from constriction of their specialized habitats over the time. Presently Paleoendemics have been predominated by woody life-forms and represents small cluster of their original 1 ranges. These are taxonomically much isolated units having no closely related taxa and they possibly have fossil evidences as well. Neoendemics are comparatively recent in origin, have disunited from their actively evolving parental entity that has not still spread extensively beyond their ranges of origin and genetic pool. Neoendemics have their closely related taxa occurring in the same area. According to Stebbins & Major, primary reason for endemic distribution pattern of taxa is adaptations to a set of ecological factors those themselves are much localized. Further, the climatic and edaphic factors are most common in determining the distribution pattern but by no means, these are the only ones and those inherent in the gene pool of population are also of critical importance. Such taxa are very vulnerable to even minor climatic alterations which could change local microclimate beyond their tolerance. The studies on endemic floristic elements of any geographical region are important to elucidate the biogeography of the area, centres of speciation, areas of extinction, vicariance and adaptive evolution of the flora occurring in the area (Nayar, 1980). Overall, endemic species forms primary elements that determine the degree of uniqueness and phytogeographical importance of the area. In India, heterogeneity in factors such as climatic conditions, topography and ecosystem facilitated significant number of endemics. A higher number of endemic floristic species in India have been contributed by both the remnants of tertiary flora and species originated through active evolutionary processes (Singh, 2015). Several authors have discussed endemic plant species in the Indian flora. Chatterjee (1939) has extensively studied the endemism in Indian flora and estimated that about 6850 species are endemic to the region. According to him 134 genera are recorded to be endemic to Indian region. Rao (1972) enumerated 164 endemic genera from Indian floristic region that also includes Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Nayar (1980) reported 141, while Sarkar (1995) listed 142 endemic genera in India. According to Balakrishnan (1996) about there are more than 6100 species of flowering plants are endemic to India. Nayar (1996) enumerated 147 genera and 5725 species of angiosperms endemic to Indian floristic region and also included species from Himalayas having extended ranges in Tibet, Chiana, Nepal and Bhutan. Karthikeyan (2000) considered about 141 genera and about 4500 species as strictly endemic to 2 India. Ahmedullah (2000) has reduced the estimate to 140 genera. Mitra & Mukherjee (2007) evaluated 121 genera as endemic to India. Considering the recent nomenclatural changes and extended range of distribution of several genera, Irwin & Narasimhan (2011) enumerated 49 genera as strict endemics to India. Singh et al. (2015) in their recent inventory reported 4303 species of angiosperms strictly endemic to the Indian political boundaries. Of these, 3170 species belong to dictolyledons, whereas 1133 species belongs to monocotyledons. Endemic species occurring in Peninsular India have received special attention of some authors. Nayar (1977) evaluated 2100 endemic species of flowering plants that constitutes about 32% of the total Indian flora. According to him, the endemic flora of peninsular India is typically of Paleotropic type and is derived from the original Gondwanalands. Ahmedullah (2000) has also enumerated 56 genera endemic to Peninsular India. Western Ghats of India are recognized for several aspects defining the ecological uniqueness in terms of high degree of endemism. In the Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, Gadgil (2011) estimated about 4000 species of flowering plants endemic to Western Ghats. Ramesh et al. (1991) highlighted the high degree of endemism in Western Ghats comprising nearly 63% of the total recorded endemic tree species are confined only to Western Ghats. Ramesh & Pascal (1997) synthesized the distribution pattern and ecological amplitude of endemic evergreen species occurring in Western Ghats. Gaikwad et al. (2014) recorded 159 species including intraspecific taxa endemic to Northern Western Ghats of India. Most of the regional floristic works including state and district flora have reported endemic plants of the area. Singh & Karthikeyan (2000) estimated 694 taxa of plants which are endemic to India and occurring in Maharashtra. Tetali et al. (2000) have reported 439 endemic taxa from Maharashtra. Mishra and Singh (2001) have given detailed account of 215 endemic and threatened taxa from Maharashtra. A few studies have attempted to record the endemic flowering plants occurring in Satara district including the study area and some other areas in the vicinity of Koyna WLS. Deshpande et al. (1993) reported 108 species which are endemic to Western Ghats. Bachulkar (1996) recorded 175 species from three taluks namely Patan, Javli and Satara of Satara district, former two covering some parts of the Koyna WLS. Kavade 3 & Deokule (2015) evaluated 222 endemic species of angiosperms from Chandoli National Park, an area adjoining the Koyna WLS and forming a part of STR. 7.1.1 Statistical Analysis A floristic survey of endemic plants of Koyna WLS is resulted in the records of 206 species of angiosperms that are endemic to India particularly of Peninsular India and Western Ghats (Table 7-1). Of these, 26 species are exclusively endemic to Western Ghats of Maharashtra. The total endemic species recorded from Koyna WLS are distributed into 52 families of which 39 families belongs to Eudicots (75%), 3 belongs to Magnolids (6%) and 10 belongs to Monocot (19%). The family Orchidaceae consists largest number of endemic species (23 species), followed by Acanthaceae (21 species), Poaceae (18 species), Rubiaceae (13 species), Fabaceae (12 species) and Asteraceae (12 species) (Figure 7-1). An analysis of life-form types suggests that the endemic herbs (123 species) dominate the study area, followed by shrubs (34 species), trees (22 species), climbers (16 species) and undershrubs (11 species). Data gathered on habitat type/s of each of the recorded species indicates that the open areas comprising hill slopes, roadsides and grasslands in the forests support highest number of endemic species (72 species), followed by plateaus (53 species), Moist Deciduous Forests (39 species), Semi-evergreen Forests (34 species), Streams and Evergreen Forests (4 species each). A correlative analysis aimed at finding habit-wise distribution of endemic species across major habitats indicates that the herbaceous species are distributed across all the major habitats in the study area. However, greatest number of endemic herbs is recorded from plateaus and open areas. Shrub species are predominantly distributed in understorey of semi-evergreen and moist-deciduous forests and a few are recorded along hill slopes or plateaus. Trees are exclusively distributed to forests, whereas, climbers are mainly distributed to open areas. Undershrubs are distributed in all types of habitats except the streams. Figure7-2 presents a graph showing habitat wise distribution of endemic species across different life-forms. Phenological records on peak flowering month for each of the recorded species were analysed with respect to climatic conditions such
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