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Keanekaragaman, Struktur Populasi Dan Pola Sebaran Syzygium Di Gunung Baung, Jawa Timur

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Keanekaragaman, Struktur Populasi Dan Pola Sebaran Syzygium Di Gunung Baung, Jawa Timur KEANEKARAGAMAN, STRUKTUR POPULASI DAN POLA SEBARAN SYZYGIUM DI GUNUNG BAUNG, JAWA TIMUR DEDEN MUDIANA SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR BOGOR 2012 PERNYATAAN MENGENAI TESIS DAN SUMBER INFORMASI Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa tesis Keanekaragaman, Struktur Populasi dan Pola Sebaran Syzygium Di Gunung Baung Jawa Timur adalah karya saya dengan arahan dari komisi pembimbing dan belum diajukan dalam bentuk apa pun kepada perguruan tinggi mana pun. Sumber informasi yang berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun tidak diterbitkan dari penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam Daftar Pustaka di bagian akhir tesis ini. Bogor, September 2012 Deden Mudiana NRP E351100121 ABSTRACT DEDEN MUDIANA. Diversity, Population Structure and Distribution Paterrn of Syzygium in Gunung Baung, East Java. Under the supervision of AGUS HIKMAT and DIDIK WIDYATMOKO The research of Syzygium diversity, its population structure and the distribution patterns were conducted in Gunung Baung Nature Park, East Java. A total of five block locations, each comprising five transect sections, were purposively selected to obtain data of the taxon diversity, population stucture and distribution patterns. The importance value index, the individual number of each stratum (stage class) (i.e. seedlings, saplings, poles and trees) and variance-to-mean ratio were calculated. The principal component analysis, cluster analysis, multiple linear regressions and canonical correspondence analysis were performed to determine the relationships between abiotic and biotic factors in regard with the presence of Syzygium. There were six species of Syzygium in Gunung Baung, Pasuruan, namely S. cumini, S. polyanthum, S. littorale, S. pycnanthum, S. racemosum, and S. samarangense. The population structure of Syzygium varied considerably, only S. pycnanthum and S. racemosum had an ideal structure. This was presumably due to some problems faced by the genus in the process of regeneration, especially during the seedling phase. The distribution patterns of the Syzygium members were generally grouped prefering fertile sites on the slopes. Altitude and the number of bamboo clumps became the determinant (influencing) variables affecting significantly the existence of Syzygium in this mount. Key words: Syzygium, species diversity, population structure, distribution patterns, Gunung Baung RINGKASAN DEDEN MUDIANA. Keanekaragaman, Struktur Populasi dan Pola Sebaran Syzygium di Gunung Baung Jawa Timur. Dibimbing oleh AGUS HIKMAT dan DIDIK WIDYATMOKO. Syzygium merupakan marga dari suku Myrtaceae (jambu-jambuan) yang memiliki jumlah spesies sangat banyak. Tercatat kurang lebih 1.200 spesies Syzygium tumbuh di wilayah tropis Asia dan Afrika hingga sebagian Australia. Indonesia menjadi bagian penting dari pusat penyebaran Syzygium, tetapi sedikit sekali spesies dari marga ini yang telah dikenal oleh masyarakat. Kondisi hutan alam di Jawa yang menjadi habitat alami Syzygium semakin berkurang luasannya. Salah satu kawasan hutan tersebut adalah Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Gunung Baung yang terletak di Kabupaten Pasuruan, Jawa Timur. Marga Syzygium adalah salah satu kelompok tumbuhan yang terdapat di kawasan tersebut, akan tetapi data dan informasi mengenai keanekaragaman spesies dan kondisi populasinya belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis keanekaragaman spesies Syzygium, struktur populasi serta pola sebarannya di TWA Gunung Baung, Pasuruan, Jawa Timur. Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan dari bulan November 2011 sampai dengan Februari 2012. Survey pendahuluan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai keberadaan Syzygium di lokasi penelitian. Sebanyak 5 lokasi dipilih untuk menempatkan plot-plot pengamatan. Pembuatan plot pengamatan untuk analisis vegetasi dilakukan dengan mengikuti metode kombinasi jalur dan petak yang penempatannya dilakukan secara purposive. Data lapangan yang dicatat meliputi nama spesies, jumlah individu, diameter dan tinggi pohon, jumlah semai, pancang, tiang dan pohon serta data lingkungan. Data lingkungan yang dicatat meliputi ketinggian tempat, kelerengan, suhu udara, kelembapan udara, intensitas penyinaran, pH tanah dan kelembaban tanah. Pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali pada titik berbeda pada masing-masing lokasi plot pengamatan, pada kedalaman 0-30 cm dan 30-60 cm. Analisis tanah dilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia Tanah, Jurusan Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya. Komposisi vegetasi dan struktur populasi Syzygium dianalisis dengan menggunakan Indeks Nilai Penting (INP). Struktur populasi Syzygium dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan menghitung kerapatan individu pada setiap stara pertumbuhannya (semai, pancang, tiang dan pohon). Analisis pola sebaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode rasio ragam, dan metode nilai indeks. Analisis asosiasi interspesies dilakukan antara spesies Syzygium dengan spesies lainnya dengan menggunakan Indeks Jaccard. Hubungan antara Syzygium dengan kondisi lingkungan tempat tumbuhnya dijelaskan dengan pendekatan analisis klaster, analisis komponen utama, regresi linear berganda, dan analisis canonical koresponden (CCA) dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Minitab 14, PAST 2.4, dan Canoco 4.5. Terdapat enam spesies Syzygium yang tumbuh secara alami di lokasi penelitian, yaitu: Syzygium cumini, S. littorale, S. polyanthum, S. pycnanthum, S. racemosum, dan S. samarangense. S. pycnanthum merupakan spesies yang paling banyak dijumpai, sedangkan S. samarangense adalah spesies yang paling sedikit jumlah individunya. Struktur populasi Syzygium di TWA Gunung Baung sangat beragam. S. pycnanthum dan S. racemosum yang memiliki individu pada semua strata pertumbuhannya dengan kurva struktur populasi berbentuk J terbalik. Bentuk kurva ini mengindikasikan terjadinya proses regenerasi yang berlangsung secara baik. Hasil analisis pola sebaran yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan spesies Syzygium menyebar secara berkelompok. S. samarangense yang hanya dijumpai satu individu dalam satu petak pengamatan tidak dapat dianalisis pola sebarannya karena tidak dapat menggambarkan kondisi penyebarannya. Analisis asosiasi interspesies yang dilakukan menunjukan ada sebanyak 23 pasang spesies yang berasosiasi. Empat pasang berasosiasi negatif dan 19 pasang berasosiasi positif. Namun demikian nilai indeks asosiasinya sangat kecil yaitu < 0,2 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa hampir tidak terdapat asosiasi yang spesifik antara spesies Syzygium dengan suatu spesies tumbuhan lainnya di TWA Gunung Baung. Analisis klaster yang dilakukan terhadap tempat tumbuh Syzygium menunjukan adanya kemiripan antar beberapa spesies. Secara garis besar terdapat tiga karakter habitat Syzygium yang tumbuh di TWA Gunung Baung berdasarkan kondisi vegetasi (biotik) dan fisik lingkungannya (abiotik), yaitu: 1. Kondisi habitat yang didominasi oleh Bambusa blumeana, sedikit pohon pada daerah lereng bukit, dengan ketinggian tempat antara 353-453 m dpl. Spesies Syzygium yang tumbuh di sini adalah S. pycnanthum dan S. racemosum; 2. Kondisi habitat dengan dominasi Bambusa blumeana yang tidak rapat, banyak dijumpai tempat terbuka dengan vegetasi semak dan pohon, pada lereng dan punggung bukit, dengan ketinggian tempat berkisar antara 269-455 m dpl. Spesies Syzygium yang tumbuh di sini lebih banyak yaitu: S. cumini, S. polyanthum, S. littorale, S. pycnanthum, S racemosum dan S. samarangense; 3. Kondisi habitat dengan dominasi Schizostachyum zollingeri, sedikit pohon, pada daerah lereng berbukit, dengan ketinggian tempat berkisar antara 236-306 m dpl, dan kemungkinan kecil untuk dapat menjumpai Syzygium di lokasi ini. Hasil analisis tanah yang diambil dari lokasi penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa kemampuan tanah untuk menyediakan unsur hara bagi pertumbuhan tanaman cukup baik. Hal ini dapat tergambar dari sifat tekstur tanah, nilai KTK, kejenuhan basa, dan kandungan hara makro lainnya. Berdasarkan jenis tanahnya, keberadaan Syzygium di TWA Gunung Baung lebih banyak dijumpai pada lokasi dengan jenis tanah latosol daripada lokasi yang memiliki jenis tanah mediteran. Hasil analisis komponen utama yang dilakukan terhadap faktor-faktor abiotik tempat tumbuh Syzygium menunjukkan bahwa kelembapan udara merupakan variabel lingkungan fisik yang cukup berpengaruh pada faktor komponen pertama diikuti suhu udara dan ketinggian tempat. Variabel pH tanah dan ketinggian tempat adalah variabel lingkungan fisik yang berpengaruh pada faktor komponen kedua. Terdapat korelasi yang cukup besar antara variabel kelerengan dan ketinggian tempat. Variabel luas rumpun bambu dan jumlah rumpun bambu adalah variabel lingkungan biotik yang cukup berpengaruh pada faktor komponen pertama. Variabel jumlah individu pancang dan variabel jumlah individu semai adalah variabel lingkungan biotik yang cukup berpengaruh pada faktor komponen kedua. Terdapat korelasi yang cukup besar antara variabel luas rumpun bambu dan jumlah rumpun bambu. Analisis regresi linear berganda dengan metode stepwise dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan Syzygium di Gunung Baung. Dari 13 variabel bebas yang digunakan, hanya dua variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan Syzygium, yaitu jumlah rumpun bambu dan ketinggian tempat (altitude). Persamaan regresinya adalah ln Jumlah individu Syzygium = -6,342 + 1,28 ln ketinggian tempat - 0,153 ln jumlah rumpun bambu. Kata kunci : spesies Syzygium, keanekaragaman spesies, struktur populasi, pola sebaran, Gunung Baung © Hak Cipta miliki IPB, tahun 2012
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