HUMAN DIMENSIONS of FRESHWATER MUSSELS in the TIPPECANOE RIVER Compilation Report

HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF FRESHWATER MUSSELS IN THE TIPPECANOE RIVER Compilation Report

Prepared January 2017 by: Belyna Bentlage, Laura Esman, and Linda Prokopy Natural Resources Social Science Lab Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University

The Natural Resources Social Science Lab studies how human interactions with the environment impact natural resources. Our research, teaching, and engagement activities focus on how to best motivate farmers, stakeholders, and citizens of all kinds to participate in more environmentally friendly behaviors and practices. For more information, please go to https://www.purdue.edu/fnr/prokopy

Table of Contents Introduction ...... 3 Acknowledgments...... 3 In-Person Comparison Survey Report: 2014-2016 ...... 4 In-Person Survey Data Report 2014 ...... 12 In-Person Survey Data Report 2016 ...... 29 Mail Survey Comparison Data Report 2014-2016: All Cases ...... 51 Mail Survey Comparison Data Report 2014-2016: Paired Cases ...... 65 Mail Survey Data Report 2014: First Survey ...... 80 Mail Survey Data Report 2014: Second Survey ...... 131 Mail Survey Data Report: First and Second 2014 Surveys Combined ...... 173 Mail Survey Data Report 2016 ...... 183

Table of Contents: PDF Page Numbers NRSS Report to DNR 2014: Research (T7R16) ...... 249 NRSS Report to DNR 2014: Outreach and Education (E16R1) ...... 252 NRSS Report to DNR 2015: Research (T7R16) ...... 254 NRSS Report to DNR 2015: Outreach and Education (E16R1) ...... 257 In-Person Survey 2014 ...... 261 In-Person Survey 2016 ...... 51 In-Person Survey Materials ...... 264 Mail Survey: First 2014 Survey ...... 270 Mail Survey: Second 2014 Survey ...... 282 Mail Survey: 2016 ...... 294

Introduction

In 2014, the Natural Resources Social Science (NRSS) Lab in Purdue University’s Department of Forestry and Natural Resources began a collaboration with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR). The purpose of this collaboration was to design, implement, and evaluate an outreach and education program for six federally listed species of freshwater mussels in the Tippecanoe River. Under the guidance of Dr. Linda Prokopy, the NRSS Lab conducted social science research to better understand existing levels of awareness, attitudes, and behaviors related to the mussels before designing the outreach and education campaign. During the summer and fall months of 2014, visitors to the Tippecanoe River were approached and surveyed in-person and riparian landowners along the river received surveys in the mail. An outreach and education campaign was developed using data collected from these surveys, stakeholder input, and the principles of community-based social marketing. The campaign, named The Heart of the Tippy, launched in late summer of 2015. A second round of mailed and in-person surveys was conducted in 2016 to assess the effects of The Heart of the Tippy program.

The following document serves as collection reports created by the NRSS Lab from 2014- 2016. This compilation contains data reports from 2014 and 2016, as well as comparison data reports between the two years. Appendices contain the surveys used to collect the data reported. NRSS reports to the DNR are also included in this compilation.

Acknowledgments The NRSS Lab would like to thank Brant Fisher, nongame aquatic biologist with the Indiana DNR, Lori Pruitt of the USFWS Bloomington Field Office, Laura Esman, Lab Manager of the NRSS Lab, Dr. Rod Williams, Forestry and Natural Resources professor at Purdue University, Reuben Goforth, Forestry and Natural Resources professor at Purdue University, Tony Pawli, graphic design artist, Dawn Oliver, administrative assistant in Purdue University’s Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, and all undergraduate students and post-doctoral research associates from the NRSS Lab who assisted with research and outreach efforts.

In-Person Comparison Survey Report: 2014-2016

Prepared January 2017 by: Belyna Bentlage Linda Prokopy Natural Resources Social Science Lab Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University

4 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

I. Methods In-Person

2014: 387 surveys completed at 5 public access sites (PAS), 2 canoe liveries, and 2 parks 2016: 180 surveys completed at 4 public access sites (PAS), 3 canoe liveries, and 2 parks

In-person surveys were conducted in 2014 to gather baseline data on visitors’ awareness and knowledge related to freshwater mussels in the Tippecanoe River. Information about recreational behavior was also collected. The in-person survey data gathered in 2014 helped to inform the Heart of the Tippy outreach and education campaign. To assess the potential impact of the campaign, in-person surveys were conducted again in 2016. The 2016 surveys included many of the same questions, plus additional questions about the outreach campaign. One of the sampling sites from 2014 (Menominee Public Access Site) was replaced with Riverside Canoes due to low numbers of visitors. At all sites, visitors were approached in an alternating method, starting with the person closest to the river.

The following data report compares descriptive statistics from 2014 and 2016 surveys. Chi-square analysis resulted in significant differences for questions 5, 7, 9, and 10. P- values are reported below the questions. Survey guides from 2014 and 2016 are found in Appendix I and Appendix II, respectively.

5 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

II. Location of Surveys 2014 2016 Sampling Sites (N=387) (N=180) Haschel Bridge PAS 6% 2% Hodges Canoe Rental 5% 13% Riverside Canoe Rental NA 4% Menominee PAS 1% NA Norway Dam PAS 7% 17% Oakdale Dam PAS 16% 21% Pulaski PAS 3% 9% Tippy-Canoe Rentals 2% 9% Tippecanoe River State Park 24% 11% Winamac Town Park 36% 14%

III. Recreation 1. Why did you come here today? 2014 2016 (N=387) (N=180) Canoeing/Kayaking 17% 25%

Motorized Boating 2% 1%

Fishing 20% 32% Swimming 0% 1% Wildlife Viewing 3% 0% Hiking 1% 0%

Other 26% 54%

“Other” answers to “Why did you come here today?” with at least two responses:

2014 2016 (N=387) (N=180) Floating/Tubing 10% 19% Camping 11% 6%

6 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

2. How many times per year do you visit the Tippecanoe River? 2014 2016 (N=387) (N=180)

<1 33% 41%

2-3 17% 12% 4-6 10% 10% 7-12 5% 3%

12+ 34% 32%

3. In the past year, have you______in the Tippecanoe River?

2014 2016 (N=387) (N=180)

Motorized Boating 14% 12%

Ridden a horse 1% 5% Ridden an ATV 4% 5% Canoed/Kayaked 27% 32%

None 64% 58%

4. If Canoed/Kayaked: Do you carry your canoe/kayak across low water?

2014 2016

(n=102) (n=55) Never 27% 38% Rarely 13% 16% Sometimes 31% 26% Always 29% 20%

7 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

IV. Awareness and Behaviors: Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

5. (Show picture) Do you know what these animals are?

Year n Yes No 2014 384 77% 23%

2016 178 94% 6%

A higher percentage of respondents in 2016 said they knew what the animals were when presented with the question and image above than respondents in 2014. Differences in proportions by survey year were highly significant (p-value = 0.000001).

6. What are they?

2014 2016

(n=287) (n=165) Mussels 45% 52% Clam 40% 33% Shells/Seashells 6% 4% Mollusk 7% 8% Zebra Mussels 1% 2% Oyster 3% 4% Snails 1% 2%

8 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

7. Have you seen one of these in the Tippecanoe River?

Year n Yes No 2014 379 49% 51%

2016 174 57% 43%

A higher percentage of respondents in 2016 reported seeing a mussel in the Tippecanoe River than respondents in 2014. Differences in proportions by survey year were weakly significant (p-value = 0.098682).

8. (Show picture of fish with glochidia) Have you seen a fish with these on its gills?

Don’t Year n Yes No Check Gills 2014 387 2% 98% 1%

2016 178 4% 89% 6%

9 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

9. Before this survey, had you heard anything about six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River?

Year n Yes No 2014 386 23% 77%

2016 178 30% 70%

A higher percentage of respondents in 2016 said they had heard of the endangered mussels than respondents in 2014. Differences in proportions by survey year were weakly significant (p-value = 0.093501).

V. Awareness: Mussel Laws 10. Is it legal or illegal to remove native, live mussels from the waters of Indiana?

Don’t Year n Legal Illegal Know 2014 384 3% 78% 20%

2016 176 3% 85% 11%

A higher percentage of respondents in 2016 said it is illegal to remove live, native mussels. Fewer respondents in 2016 were unsure about legality of removing live, native mussels. Differences in proportions by survey year are slightly significant (p-value = 0.046167).

11. Is it legal or illegal to remove native, dead mussels or empty shells from the waters of Indiana?

Don’t Year n Legal Illegal Know 2014 381 22% 46% 32%

2016 180 20% 45% 35%

10 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014-2016

VI. Demographics 12. Age

Year n Mean Range 2014 386 45 18-86

2016 172 42 18-80

13. Gender Year n Male Female 2014 387 57% 43%

2016 177 64% 36%

11 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

In-Person Survey Data Report 2014 1. Why did you come here today? (n=387) 16.8% A. Canoeing/Kayaking 1.6% B. Motorized Boating 20.2% C. Fishing 0% D. Swimming 2.6% E. Wildlife Viewing 0.8% F. Hiking 73.9% F. Other: Float Trips, Camping, Visiting the Park, Family Reunion, Employment, Special Event 1. Izaak Walton 25. walking a dog; "my 52. Steam and power youth. Teach canoe daughter drug me show class. here" 53. Steam and power 2. youth group 26. walking show 3. youth group 27. walking 54. steam and power 4. work/family owned 28. walking show business 29. walk the dog 55. steam and power 5. work 30. walk show 6. work 31. volunteer 56. steam and power 7. with kids 32. volunteer show 8. with kids 33. volunteer 57. steam and power 9. with kids 34. visit the park show 10. with kids 35. visit the park 58. steam and power 11. with kids 36. vacation show 12. with kids 37. vacation 59. steam and power 13. with kids 38. Tubing show 14. with kids 39. tubing 60. steam and power 15. with kids 40. tubing show 16. with grandsons 41. tubing 61. steam and power 17. with 42. tubing show grandkids(love the 43. to visit the state 62. steam and power park, something to parks show do for them) 44. to play with 63. steam and power 18. with grandkids show granddaughters 45. to hang out 64. steam and power 19. with family 46. to get out the house show 20. walking/exercise 47. To enjoy the 65. steam and power 21. walking to look at peacefulness, quiet, show water and tranquility 66. steam and power 22. walking 48. To a party show path/exercise 49. summer picnic 67. steam and power 23. walking dog 50. Strong biodiversity show 24. walking dog 51. Steam and Power 68. site seeing Show 69. sing and have fun

12 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

70. sightsee 100. meet friends 125. Floating; 71. saw the sign and for lunch Camping at Broken wanted to check it 101. meet for Arrow out lunch, exercise and 126. floating- 72. run look around grew up on the 73. retired 102. meet river 74. rest 103. live on river 127. floating time/walking/bike 104. live local 128. floating riding 105. likes to visit 129. floating 75. relaxing the different parks 130. floating 76. relax with dog, i in the county 131. float trip love it here 106. landscaping with their own rafts 77. relax "Because the 107. kids and tubes park is amazing." 108. kids 132. float trip 78. Relax 109. kids 133. float trip 79. recreation 110. Indiana 134. float trip 80. pray at the park beach visitor 135. float trip [New Beginnings 111. horse riding 136. float down Church in [@ TRSP the river Winamac] horseman day 137. float (live 81. Power Show camp] near the river) 82. planned Purdue 112. helped 138. float event change the car tire 139. float 83. picnic, watch the 113. having fun 140. float people and enjoy with family 141. float the peace and quiet 114. hanging out 142. float 84. picnic 115. hang out 143. float 85. picnic 116. group 144. float 86. picnic outing 145. float 87. picnic 117. Got out of 146. float 88. picnic church at 147. float 89. picnic Tippecanoe River 148. float 90. picnic Church and stopped 149. float 91. picnic by the river 150. float 92. picnic 118. get away 151. float 93. picking up a boat from home and 152. float 94. party yesterday relax 153. float 95. Park with kids 119. garage sales 154. float 96. Owner- riverside 120. fun 155. float canoe rental 121. friends float 156. fishing with 97. meet ing co-worker trip grandchild 98. Meet husband for 122. friends 157. fishing for lunch birthday blue gill 99. meet friends for 123. for fun 158. festival lunch 124. food (steam and power show)

13 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

159. festival 182. family 211. cycling "Iron Horse" reunion through park 160. Family 183. family 212. coming Reunion reunion since a little kid in 161. Family 184. family the 50's reunion reunion 213. collect cans 162. Family 185. family 214. checking reunion reunion out the water" I fish 163. Family 186. family here" reunion reunion 215. Canoe Trip- 164. Family 187. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 216. Canoe Trip- 165. family 188. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 217. Canoe Trip- 166. family 189. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 218. Canoe Trip- 167. family 190. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 219. Canoe Trip- 168. family 191. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 220. Canoe Trip- 169. family 192. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 221. Canoe Trip- 170. family 193. family Titties on the Tippy reunion reunion 222. Canoe Trip- 171. family 194. Family Titties on the Tippy reunion Picnic 223. camping/flo 172. family 195. family ating reunion picnic 224. camping/flo 173. family 196. family day ating reunion 197. family day 225. Camping; 174. family 198. family own property on reunion 199. family river 175. family 200. family 226. camping; reunion 201. exp "grew up here" 176. family 202. exercise 227. camping reunion 203. exercise with family 177. family 204. exercise: 228. camping reunion bike with family 178. family 205. employment 229. camping reunion (Hodges) with family 179. family 206. employment 230. Camping reunion 207. employment trip 180. family 208. Eat 231. camping reunion 209. Drunk (IN Dunes site was 181. family 210. daily walk full) reunion 232. Camping

14 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

233. Camping 253. camping 271. Bait shop 234. Camping 254. camping 272. annual 235. Camping 255. camping event 236. camping 256. camping 273. [had 237. camping 257. camping Indiana Beach 238. camping 258. camping bracelets] 239. camping 259. camping 274. [for catfish] 240. camping 260. camping 275. [for catfish] 241. camping 261. camping 276. (visiting the 242. camping 262. camping park) I always do. 243. camping 263. campers It's a good park- 244. camping 264. bow fishing always something 245. camping 265. birthday to do. 246. camping party 277. (fishing in a 247. camping 266. birthday boat) 248. camping party 278. "They need 249. camping 267. Birthday to get the dam up." 250. camping 268. birthday 279. "Been 251. camping 269. bike/picnic fishing for 6 years." 252. camping 270. bike

2. How many times per year do you visit the Tippecanoe River? (n=387) 32.8% A. < 1 17.3% B. 2-3 9.6% C. 4-6 4.9% D. 7-12 34.1% E. 12+

1. Zero 17. Live and fish on the 32. 12-30 2. weekly river 33. 12 times in a week 3. visits the park 18. just this park 34. 12 times in a month daily-not in water 19. just moved back 35. 100 4. owns a cottage here 36. [was referring to 5. not from here 20. June-October the park] 6. lives on the river 21. First time here 37. "We live on it." 7. lives on the river 22. first time at WCP 38. "Used to paddle 8. lives on the river 23. every day in the boat." 9. lives on the river summer 39. "Mostly to the 10. lives on the river 24. everyday park, I walk a lot." 11. lives near the river 25. everyday 40. "Live right here." 12. live on the river 26. avid canoer 41. "every day" 13. live on the river 27. Almost every day 42. "If there was more 14. live on it 28. 5-10 access we would go 15. live nearby 29. 30 more." 16. live near by 30. 3-4 43. "I live right by it.' 31. 200 in a yr 44. " I live here"

15 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

3. In the past year, have you ______in the Tippecanoe River? (n=387) 14% A. Motorized Boated 1% B. Ridden a horse 4.1% C. Ridden a ATV 27.4% D. Canoed/Kayaked 63.6% E. None

Never Rarely Sometimes Always Mean (1) (2) (3) (4) (n) Do you check your boat 3.31 17.6% 3.9% 7.8% 70.6% for oil leaks or spills? (n=51) After boating, do you 2.02 check for invasive 59.2% 4.1% 12.2% 24.5% (n=49) species?

1. wasn't his boat 7. Don't leave the 11. not their boat 2. uses dad's boat river, don't go far 12. "son in-laws boat" 3. not his boat 8. doesn't travel from 13. "But I should." 4. not her boat lake to lake 14. " If I had one I 5. In Lake Freeman 9. does not own would check" 6. friend's boat 10. not their boat

Never Rarely Sometimes Always Mean (1) (2) (3) (4) (n) Do you carry your 2.64 canoe/kayak across low 26.5% 3.4% 8.3% 29.4% (n=102) water? After canoeing/kayaking, 2.65 do you clean your 38.5% 3.1% 13.5% 44.8% (n=96) canoe/kayak?

1. we float it across 12. just rents 19. "rent it" 2. rents 13. Haven't come 20. "only when we 3. rents across that, I have too" - 4. rents probably would. (question 1carry 5. rents 14. Dragged; Rent canoe/kayak) 6. rent from Hodges 15. clean at home 21. "Only need about 2 7. Rent 16. carries when/if the inches of water to 8. Rent canoe stops get through." 9. rent 17. *doesn't own 22. "if we had too" 10. rent canoe/kayak 23. "if I have too"- 11. low water is "never 18. "spray them referring to that bad" outside." carrying it

16 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

24. "I should but I owns the don't" canoe/kayak 25. "I don't go when it's 26. "Always on the low."; daughter Tippy"

4. Do you know what these animals are? (n=387) 76.5% (296) Yes 23.5% (91) No

Shells "I'll guess that's what "Grandkids was pick 'em Mussels washes up on the shores." up." Mussels

5. What are they? (n=387; n=296) 37.2%; 48.64% Correct 8.3%; 10.81% Incorrect 29.2%; 38.18% Clam

1. zebra mussels 24. oyster 47. mollusk 2. zebra 25. oyster 48. mollusk 3. Some kind of shells 26. oyster 49. mollusk 4. snails 27. mussels 50. mollusk 5. snail 28. mussels 51. mollusk 6. shells/clams 29. mussels 52. mollusk 7. Shells 30. mussels 53. mollusk 8. shells 31. mussels 54. mollusk 9. shells 32. mussels 55. looked at in nature 10. shells 33. mussels center 11. shells 34. mussels 56. called them shells 12. shells 35. mussel 57. called it oyster 13. shells 36. mussel 58. called it oyster 14. shell 37. musket 59. Bivalves Mollusks 15. shell 38. mollusks 60. "Zebra mussels" 16. shell 39. mollusk 61. "Gotta be some 17. shell 40. mollusk kind of mollusk". If 18. seashells 41. mollusk I’m pronouncing 19. oysters 42. mollusk that right." 20. oysters 43. mollusk 62. "My husband eats 21. oysters 44. mollusk them, I say "you're 22. oysters 45. mollusk nasty!" 23. oyster 46. mollusk

6. Have you seen one of these in the Tippecanoe River? (n=387) 47% Yes 49.6% No

17 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

1. small ones 7. just the shells 14. clubshell and 2. seen mussels in 8. Just Shells fanshell lake freeman 9. just shells 15. and Wabash River 3. Not lately 10. has seen clubshell 16. "especially 4. Never been in and rabbits foot clubshell" 5. Maybe snuffbox 11. Has seen club shell 17. "clubshell" 6. knows Chad Lotz- 12. Fanshell 18. "I think I have." local DNR guy 13. Did not know

7. If YES: Where? When? What did you do with it? (n=101)

Winamac City Park

In the River.

Upstream in low waters.

In the Tippecanoe River on a motorcycle at Germany Bridge.

Across the state park. There are a lot of dead ones.

Fishing 2 miles upstream from Winamac City Park.

Along the edges of the River.

At Winamac City Park. I saw them as a child.

Every time canoeing.

But I've seen a lot in the steel mills.

In the Tippecanoe as a kid.

In Logansport

"Were I live there's a lot of those (club shell)." "Look at 'em a while and put 'em back." "There's a lot of dead ones, empty shells. My kids take them.'

"Nothing I just left them there." "They filter the water." "Couldn't build a bridge cause of them mussels."

"Nothing"

"Was going to grab one but couldn't get to it."

"When I was a kid in the late 70's you use to see 100s of ‘em." "Not often now."

"Just the shells.'

18 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

"We tried to pick a few on the way. Too dirty to keep though."

"Didn't take ‘em." "Last weekend in shallow spot saw a whole bunch of ‘em."

"My granddaughter takes them from the lake."

"In the past."

"Usually in the sandbars."

"6ft in"

"I didn't do anything with it."

'Back in the 70's, picked them up."

"The kids picked up and took ‘em." "Big treasure."

"A long time ago."

"Let 'em behind."

"Pick ‘em up and put 'em back."

"No but in La Porte, Pine Lake there are."

"Not sure."

"When I was younger."

"Upstream between the two state parks."

"Seen empty ones, Otters are eating them."

“Many times, look at ‘em, throw ‘em if they're in the way."

“Don’t pay much attention to that."

'Left it alone."

"Caught, put it back not allowed to keep."

"Sand bars, leave them, we don't need them."

“Bunch of shells on the banks, otters pulling them out."

“Not from here." last summer (a lot)

19 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

WCP near here [WCP]

WCP, last year last year when the water is low; not this year often - when low; summer before last

Monterey, IN; 30 years ago couple of weeks ago; also in Eel River any time the water is low and clear everywhere

Today (7/26/2014) here (TRSP) along the river; left alone has seen [pointed to] clubshell has seen [pointed to] rayed bean and clubshell

"see 'em all the time" "every time [I'm] on the river"

"We were gonna eat it, but it was too hot." a camp in Monterey, IN; have seen raccoons eating them

"a long time ago: 1980's"

"not recently"

"a long time ago" has seen clubshell and rayed bean "a lot"; don't see [pointed to] fanshell and rayed bean often anymore

"many years ago" while floating; look, pick up, put back

6ft in it

“All over the banks. When I find them I use them for bait. They are good for bait."

20 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

"Threw it back in."

"Left it alone"

"Don't know."

"They're all over the place."

"Nothing throw it back."

On the banks.

"They’re all over."

"I leave them alone when I see them. During the drought I heard they were endangered."

"Here at Oakdale Dam."

Here at the dam."

“On the banks."

“In canoes, not as many alive these days."

“I don't know."

“Usually throw shells back. Canoes come back all the time with them in them."

"Dad was a shell-buyer."

"Down from horse show bend to the bridge." ”See if alive then send them back."

“Never seem alive one, have picked them up with kids."

Collect as a kid but does nothing with them now/

'Around here, leave them, kids pick up shells."

“Turned them back loose."

“Especially now it's shallow, see then on the rocks."

“Asian carp ruining this fishing river."

“All kinds of them in there, there on sandbar and bridge."

Seen club shell and rayed bean, don't see rabbits foot anymore.

“I don't mess with them."

21 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

"Put ‘em back." seen club shell and rayed bean

"Left 'em alone."

“I’ve seen some kids pick them up."

WCP

“I use to pick them up when I was little, don't see them anymore."

'Left alone."

"Didn't take them."

8. Have you seen a fish with these on its gills? (n=387) 2.1% (8) Yes 97.9% (379) No 1. saw in other lakes 5. "I don't check the don't know it's not 2. he knew what it gills" there." was said "baby 6. "Didn't really 8. “Really don't check mussels' check." gills that much." 3. Don't look at gills 7. "Ain't caught 9. “Haven’t checked 4. don't fish nothing like that- them."

9. If YES, do you know what these are? (n=8) 0.3% Correct 1.3% Incorrect

1. No 3. "worms" 2. Don't know 4. Baby mussels

10. Before this survey, had you heard anything about six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=387) 20.9% Yes 76% No

1. They received mail 5. read "a few stories" 7. news survey about them 8. Nature 2. they had heard of 6. person from Conservancy one species Monticello/Buffalo 9. nature center 3. signs around told her about it 10. like to brag about 4. released for otters very recently species come back

22 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

11. Kiwanis’s 23. "They are 31. "I've heard more presentation, obviously an about invasive Chad's presentation endangered species plant species." 12. in the mail and we should try 32. "I had no idea. 13. in journal courier to keep them Wow." 14. i work with natural around." 33. "Heard there's resources/conservat 24. "There wouldn't problems. I one [?] ion services make a difference of the guys here 15. heard people if there was a thinks it's crap" talking about it warning. The water 34. "But I’m not up on recently would still be it." 16. heard about lowered." 35. "a few" endangered 25. "some" 36. “Our son-in-law mussels elsewhere 26. "saw something in operates the dams 17. had heard of zebra the paper but didn't down in mussels, not 6 read it" Monticello." endangered 27. "Might have read 37. “Lake Shafer mussels something on the people are 18. From DNR website." complaining on the conservationists, 28. "It's all over the news." talks put on by internet, 38. “I’ve heard of them newspapers; all the invasive ones." 19. bait shops, neighbors talk 39. “I was reminded magazines about it." about it in an article 20. a few years ago - 29. "In a class." Isaak in the paper about conservation office Walden League of the water levels of 21. "Weirdos go into America youth Lake Freeman." Lake Shafer." camp 40. “I don't eat ‘em so I 22. "Though it was 30. "I've never heard of don't care." only five." the Tippecanoe." 41. a long time ago

11. Is it legal or illegal to remove native, live mussels from the waters of Indiana? (n=387) 2.8% Legal 77% Illegal 19.6% DK

1. "you probably have 4. "need a permit for 10. “I really don't give to have a license to it" a car about these do that" 5. "I’m guessing" mussels.” 2. "Stops nobody." 6. "I don't give a shit." 11. “I don't take 'em so 3. "seeing how IN is 7. "I don't care." I don't know." one of the most 8. "can't take 'em" 12. “Depends on who polluted 9. "because they’re you talk too." waterways- there's endangered " no regulation"

23 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

10. Is it legal or illegal to remove native, dead mussels or empty mussel shells from the waters of Indiana? (n=387) 21.2% Legal 45.5% Illegal 31.5% DK 1. Probably 11. "I take 'em. They're 19. " I wouldn't" 2. "Wouldn't think just laying around 20. “I know people they're illegal, ain't up here." take the shells all got no life in ‘em 12. "I assume it's like a the time." so collect ‘em." hawk-if you find a 21. “I don't mess with 3. "We leave 'em." feather, you can't them." 4. "We did it years keep it." 22. “I don't give a ago" 20 yrs ago 13. "I always tell my shit." 5. "People do it." kids: Don't take 23. “I could give you a 6. "people do it all the anything." whole list of names time" 14. "but people do it" of people who have 7. "It's a contest 15. “Use to see kids mussel shells in between two collect them." their homes." opposing 16. “Quite a few 24. “Don’t know for viewpoints." people who do it." sure." 8. "I've always done 17. “In the region all 25. “Do take them." it." we knew about are 26. "But I have done 9. "I’m guessing" zebra mussels." it." 10. "I'd take one if I'd 18. “I’m assuming the 27. “A lot of people." see one but I don't shells are a part of know." the natural humus."

12. What year were you born? (n=386) 1928 to 1996 Range: 68 years Mode: 1963 Mean Age: 45.46 years old

13. What is your zip code? (n=381) 15136 46041: 4 46311: 2 46365 20902 46068: 2 46323 46366: 6 22201 46140: 2 46324: 2 46368: 2 33764 46203 46327 46373: 3 33901 46218 46341: 2 46374 37135 46219 46342 46375 38002 46222 46347: 2 46382 45242: 2 46250 46348 46383: 2 45682 46260: 2 46350: 8 46385: 4 46032: 2 46305 46356 46390 46038 46307: 6 46360: 3 46391: 3

24 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

46393 46616 47302: 2 49759 46405: 2 46619 47303: 2 53177 46406 46706 47842: 3 60007 46408 46738 47904: 3 60148: 2 46410: 2 46742 47905: 8 60154 46501 46901 47906: 16 60184: 2 46506: 3 46902 47909: 7 60423 46511: 3 46907 47923: 4 60438 46514 46910: 2 47946: 7 60446 46516 46923: 12 47957: 3 60534 46532 46929: 8 47960: 26 60608: 4 46534: 8 46939: 5 47970 60611 46536 46947: 2 47971 60613 46542 46957 47977: 2 60614 46544: 2 46960: 3 47978: 3 60618 46550 46966: 2 47987 60622 46554 46970 47991 60646 46563 46975: 5 47995 60647: 2 46567 46978: 3 47996 60655 46574: 5 46982: 3 48001: 2 60954 46582 46985: 13 49128 65203: 2 46614 46987: 2 49426 46615 46996: 66 49623

13. Gender (n=387) 56.6% Male 43.4% Female

EXTRA COMMENTS

Charlie from Twin Lakes Fish and Game 08/09/2014 2:40-4:40 BB & SV Notes Previously had taken survey--Just quotes today

• “Not too happy about what was done.” • “I understand why they did it, but they’ve [mussels] have been around for hundreds of years.” • “It wasn’t thought out too well.” [No advance warning; communication issue] • “People from out of town have houses on Lake Freeman had no idea and now they can’t use their boats and enjoy the rest of the summer.” • “Why only lower Lake Freeman?” • “Thousands lost in damage...won’t turn it around in August...their season’s almost over.” • “It’ll take all fall to bring that water back up.”

25 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

Charlie hosts a bass tournament in Lake Freeman every Wednesday. He taped Todd Rokita’s phone number on the checkout counter of Twin Lakes Fish and Game.

Woman sitting in Twin Lakes Fish and Game 08/09/2014 2:40-4:40 BB Notes Female; 1960; 46926

• Woman Visiting for Peru Bass Masters Tournament in Lake Freeman

• Afraid to put boats in the lake because she fears damage and getting stuck o equipment is too expensive o too risky • There should have been publicity outside of Monticello

• Puts boat in at White Oaks

Man fishing at Oakdale Dam 08/14//2014 1:50-2:30 Surveyor: SV [BB spoke with him after SV administered survey and took notes on back page of survey] Male; 1944; 47960 "It's a contest between two opposing view-points." "Nature has a way of taking care of itself. We don't need to mess with it. Leave it alone."

Woman fishing at Oakdale Dam 08/14/2014 1:50-2:30 Surveyor: BB "Sometimes I pull 'em and polish 'em up and put 'em on the mantel piece."

"I take 'em. They're just laying around up here." [after “Is it legal or illegal to remove native, dead mussels or empty mussel shells from the waters of Indiana?”]

26 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

Man fishing at Oakdale Dam 08/14/2014 1:50-2:30 Surveyor: SV

“This [water levels] is the worst I’ve seen it in 20 years.”

“You should be doing something about them Asian carp!”

“I’m tired and pissed I can’t catch any fish.”

“Lower Lake Shafer a bit, but they won’t ‘cause of Indiana Beach and all the niggers that go there.” “The water is too low and too hot. Them fish ain’t bitin’.” Man walking dog at Norway Dam PAS 08/09/2014 2:40-4:40 Surveyor: BB Male; 1942; 46373

Quotes offered after completed in-person survey—Saturday after Lake Freeman was lowered to increase Tippecanoe River levels • "It's not NIPSCO; it's the Feds." • "It'll be really screwed up if they mess with Lake Shafer." • "[Lowering the lake] It's stupid. TOTALLY stupid." • " People are living hand to mouth here." • "Not many people care about the mussels." • "I guess mussels are more important than people starving." • "This is killing the economy down there [Lake Freeman area]." • "You ought to make it a point: These people are getting destroyed." • "There will be seawall damage on Lake Freeman. There's probably dead fish in Lake Freeman. There's a possibility of damage to sewer systems and sewage build up."

• "I imagine the bars and restaurants are getting hurt probably."

Owner Norway Bait and Tackle 08/09/2014 2:40-4:40 BB Notes Previously took survey-Just notes today Male • “[Lowering Lake Freeman] hurts the businesses.” • “People on Lake Freeman have their boats stuck.” • “We, I don’t have to worry about it here.”

27 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2014

• “[It’s] mostly lake people and businesses that are hurting; Tall Timbers had to shut down and lay people off.” • People do use Norway Bait and Tackle to shop for bait to use on the lake • “I’ve never seen the river this low and I’ve been here since ‘79.” • “NIPSCO has nothing to do with it. That’s the DNR.”

• “Twenty years ago, no one cared. Suddenly [the mussels] are more important that everything else.”

28 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

In-Person Survey Data Report 2016

Prepared January 2017 by: Belyna Bentlage Linda Prokopy Natural Resources Social Science Lab Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University

29 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

I. Methods In-Person

199 Individuals were approached 180 Accepted 19 Refused 91% Acceptance rate

In-person surveys were conducted in 2014 to gather baseline data on visitors’ awareness and knowledge related to freshwater mussels in the Tippecanoe River. Information about recreational behavior was also collected. The in-person survey data gathered in 2014 helped to inform the Heart of the Tippy outreach and education campaign. To assess the potential impact of the campaign, in-person surveys were conducted again in 2016. The 2016 surveys included many of the same questions, plus additional questions about the outreach campaign. Respondents were presented with campaign images and were asked to identify any materials they had seen and where. At all sites, visitors were approached in an alternating method, starting with the person closest to the river.

The following data report compares descriptive statistics from the 2016 surveys. Survey guide, followed by photos used during the in-person surveys are found in Appendix II and Appendix III, respectively.

30 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

II. Location and Time of Surveys 1. Location (n=180) n % Haschel Bridge PAS 3 2 Hodges Canoe Rental 23 13 Riverside Canoe Rental 7 4 Norway Dam PAS 30 17 Oakdale Dam PAS 38 21 Pulaski PAS 17 9 Tippy-Canoe Rentals 16 9 Tippecanoe River State Park 20 11 Winamac Town Park 26 14

2. Time (n=179)

n % 10:00am-12:00pm 33 18

12:00pm-2:00pm 84 47

1:00pm-3:00pm 3 2 2:00pm-4:00pm 9 5 2:20pm-4:20pm 2 1 2:30pm-4:30pm 17 10

2:40pm-4:40pm 15 8

3:00pm-5:00pm 16 9

III. Recreation 3. Why did you come here today? (n=180)

n %

A. Canoeing/Kayaking 45 25

B. Motorized Boating 2 1 C. Fishing 57 32 D. Swimming 1 1 E. Wildlife Viewing 0 0

F. Hiking 0 0

G. Other 97 54

31 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

3. CONTINUED: Why did you come here today? (n=180)

Other activities with at least two responses:

n % Floating/Tubing 34 19 Camping 10 7 Family (day, picnic, reunion, 6 9 visiting)/Kids Live nearby 3 2

Walk/Walking/Running 6 3

Work 3 2 Vacation 4 2 Visiting 2 1

Other activities with one response:

Came to see diesel spill Grew up here Dog Park Look Dog walking, peaceful, enjoying nature Love the outdoors walk Lunch Enjoy time with friends Lunch, enjoying park Enjoying park Relax Grab Jeep

4. How many times per year do you visit the Tippecanoe River? (n=179)

n %

A. <1 73 41 B. 2-3 22 12 C. 4-6 17 10

D. 7-12 6 3

E. 12+ 58 32

Other times per year visiting the Tippecanoe River with one response:

1-2 10-15 25+ 2-6 10-20 30-50 3-4 20 50 6-7 20-25 60 6-8 25-30 100+

32 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

5. In the past year, have you______in the Tippecanoe River? (n=179)

n %

A. Motorized Boating 22 12 B. Ridden a horse 8 5 C. Ridden an ATV 8 5

D. Canoed/Kayaked 58 32 E. None 104 58

6. If D. Canoed/Kayaked: Do you carry your canoe/kayak across low water? (n=55)

n % Never 21 38 Rarely 9 16 Sometimes 14 26 Always 11 20

Additional Comments:

Didn’t/haven’t had to (n=4) Usually don't Drug a few times, but not low water Would if it was low, wasn't when they Only when necessary went [Only in] shallow spots

IV. Awareness and Behaviors: Mussels in the Tippecanoe River 7. (Show picture) Do you know what these animals are? (n=178)

n % Yes 167 94 No 11 6

33 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

8. What are they? (n=164)

n % Mussels 86 52 Clam 55 34

Shells 12 7 Seashells 6 4 Mollusk 13 8

Bivalve 1 0.1

Zebra Mussels 4 2 Oyster 7 4 Snails 3 2

Other: Shellfish 5 3 Other 2 1

Other responses with one response:

Crustaceans Slugs

9. Have you seen one of these in the Tippecanoe River? (n=174) n % Yes 99 57 No 75 43

10. IF YES: Where? When? What did you do with it? (n=99) IF NO: What would you do with it? (n=66) See pg. 43 for responses

11. (Show picture of fish with glochidia) Have you seen a fish with these on its gills? (n=170) n % Yes 8 5 No 159 94 Don’t check gills 11 6

34 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

12. Do you know what these are? (n=145) n % Glochidia 0 0 Juvenile/Baby Mussels 8 6 Disease 25 17 Don’t know 89 61 Other 32 22

Other guesses with at least two responses:

n % Parasites 6 4 Fungus 3 2 Cancer 2 1 For oxygen 2 1 Not good 2 1

Other guesses with one response:

Bacteria Gill sacks Bad Infection Calcium deposit from environmental Mites issues Mollusk/snail larvae, kills fish once they Clam eggs hatch Doesn’t look good Poison Eggs, parasite Polyps Fungal infection Problem Fungus or cancer Teeth

13. Before this survey, had you heard anything about six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=178) n % Yes 54 30 No 124 70

35 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

13. CONTINUED: Before this survey, had you heard anything about six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=178)

Additional comments:

3 years ago people were talking about Interpretive sign them Little, fishing in Wisconsin Yes, heard of one species No, but heard of invasive species Didn’t know there were mussels in river Not specifically in the Tippy Don’t know what kind Read about somewhere, possibly zebra In general mussels In Wabash

V. Awareness: Outreach Campaign

14. Before this survey, had you heard about the Heart of the Tippy campaign? (n=176) n % Yes 17 10 No 159 90

IF YES, where/from whom? (n=10)

2 years ago, Belyna Maybe church DNR website News Facebook Newspaper/Read it in newspaper Fishermen talking Purdue Library

36 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

15. (Show pictures) Have you seen any Heart of the Tippy promotional/outreach materials? (n=177)

Materials Seen:

Interpretive Sign 23 Yard Sign 22

Canoe Stickers 18

Logo Stickers 6

Mighty Mussel Stickers 6

Bobbers 3 Keychain 3

Mighty Mussel Mania 3 Postcard 3

General Brochure 2 Pledge Form 2

String Bag 2

Website 2 Angler Brochure 1

Exhibit 1 Placemat 1

Mascot 0

n %

Has seen at least one outreach item 59 33

Has not seen any outreach items 118 67

37 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

16. Where have you seen Heart of the Tippy promotional/outreach materials?

Locations with two or more responses:

n Don’t know/Can’t remember/Not sure 5

Winamac Town Park 10 Tippecanoe River State Park (entrance; 8 nature center)

Neighbors/Neighborhood 8 Oakdale Dam 7

Bait shop (Springboro General Store; 3 unsure which one; west side of river) Pulaski County Library 3

Hodges 2 Purdue/Campus 2

Locations with one response:

Game lands, 5 miles from Winamac On 39 possibly Internet, signs, Frankfort library Road while traveling Monticello Sticker in newspaper Near dam Tippy-Canoes Neighborhood

Locations with outreach materials, but no response:

Buffalo Daze Monticello Earth Day Celebration Mosey Down Main Street in Lafayette Northern Indiana Lakes Festival/Grace College/Warsaw Spirit of Monticello State Fair Tippecanoe County Fair Wabash Riverfest White County Fair

38 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

VI. Awareness: Mussel Laws

17. Is it legal or illegal to remove, live mussels from the waters of Indiana? (n=176) n % Legal 6 3 Illegal 150 85 Don’t know 20 11

Additional Comments:

Depends on if there are enough No opinion Only legal during certain season (25 years)

18. Is it legal or illegal to remove native, dead mussels or empty shells from the waters of Indiana? (n=180) n % Legal 36 20 Illegal 81 45 Don’t know 63 35

Additional Comments:

Never thought about removing them No opinion Not supposed to If it was pretty, I may take it Probably not illegal Should be legal because shells can cut people, used to be used as bait

39 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

VII. Demographics Age (n=172) Mean 42 Range 18-80

Gender (n=177)

n % Male 113 64 Female 64 36

Zip Code (n=175)

Indiana Zip Codes n Winamac 46996 24 Monticello 47960 11

Lafayette 47902, 47904, 47905, 47909 10

West Lafayette 47906 8 Logansport 46947 8 Kokomo 46901, 46902 8

Indianapolis 46228, 46236, 46205 6

Knox 46534 5 Star City 46985 5 Frankfort 46041 4 Delphi 46923 3 Fort Wayne 46808, 46815 3 Kentland 47951 3 Rochester 46975, 48306 3 Schererville 46375 3 Crown Point 46307 2 Elkhart 46514 2 Indiana Zip Codes n

40 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Hobart 46342 2 La Porte 46350 2 Michigan City 46360 2 Merrillville 46410 2 Otterbein 47970 2 Pine Village 47975 2 Peru 46970 2 Union Mills 46382 2 Valparaiso 46383 2

Illinois Zip Codes n

60647, 60655, 60612, 60617, Chicago 10 60629, 60634, 60640

Sheldon 60966 2

See pg. 49 for Zip Codes from IN, IL, WI, OH, MN, WV, and AZ, where n=1 for each case

41 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Additional Comments about Mussels

Took pledge Took pledge / said she would teach her husband about glochidia Moved back recently from Texas; “If it were the 1950s, I’d collect them and turn them into buttons.” Raccoons are eating/killing all the mussels and that has a huge impact on mussels/boats used to go through river dragging chains that would pull up mussels. They would be turned into buttons. Would collect mussels as a kid and put them in the river near his house to use as bait for catfish. “Work great as bait” Very worried about diesel impacts on mussels Took the pledge. Won’t take mussels, dead or alive, loves nature. Will look at dead mussels or empty shells, but will not take. Saw mussels at Oakdale Dam, thinks they were used for bait

Mussels can survive low water, but there seem to be less on the river over the years. Upstream seems less polluted now versus a few years ago. Some mussels you can eat, and he has seen them at Oakdale Dam Saw zebra mussels in river Never seen glochidia, but dad and brother are fishermen. Mother used to collect mussel shells. [Referring to Tippecanoe being the cleanest river] I find that surprising since I’m a nurse and the doctors are very worried about people getting cuts in the river. This respondent called in that the water was too low for the mussels and fish. Gave surveyors the backstory on NIPSCO and said people were stacking up mussels during the day and at night. He warned them off and threw them back in. Comment written by Q19: “don’t believe in taking wildlife” Heard people complaining about mussels on Lake Shafer

42 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Responses to #10 10. IF YES: Where? When? What did you do with it? (n=99) Left alone All over in Tippy, throw back in or leave alone Oakdale, lower water, nothing Saw empty shells, Norway, Oakdale Right now Down river, nothing Today, looked at it 10-15 years ago, Oakdale Don’t remember Left it alone Around here, last year, left it alone Pulaski, today, looked at it Threw back ~3 years ago When a kid would hunt them; leave alone now 2 years ago, on a log or something, just left there Winamac, yesterday and last few years, picked them up and put back Leave alone Pulaski, all the time, just looked and left alone Fishing pier bluegill beds, yesterday, just looked Winamac, take shells home, little kids take shells WTP, not recently, just looked Other side of WTP, 10 years, picked up and put back Saw empty shells, today, WTP, left alone Norway Dam, looked at and left alone Found by side, leave alone, look at but put back Left alone, found everywhere 20-30 years ago, Bicycle Bridge, left alone Month ago, bank, swampy. Picked it up and put it in fish tank.

43 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

At Oakdale Dam Whole stretch of river Just observed shells Saw them a lot as a kid while swimming. Picked them up and put them back. Nothing Mom’s place near Horseshoe Bend, left alone, 1 month ago Last year canoeing, on the bottom, picked up and put back Don’t remember, nothing Not sure, leave it alone Near the rocks, earlier today, didn’t do anything Shallow water, earlier, took empty shells Mile upriver, earlier today 20 min., picked up and looked When we tipped over and stopped, periodically, put them back Years ago, nothing Left it alone Left it alone Periodically, left them alone, grabbed empty shells Brought them back Last weekend, Tippy-Canoe, looked at them Not recently, but has lived on river whole life and has seen before Pulaski County, left it alone On a float trip, picked it up then put it back in Left alone, seen at Pulaski while fishing Shells along bank Just shells, left them alone, all along river See them every time, few years ago, picked it up and put back South on river, 6 years ago, put them back Just looked at it All over, today

44 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Nothing, remnants, all along the river Stared at them Saw over 30 of them the other day Threw them back Empty shells Leave alone A little bit ago, picked up and put down 2 years ago, left alone TRSP, now, picked up and looked at Floated over, left alone Don’t mess with them all over river Shell on shore at Norway showed family; son has eaten a mussel at a restaurant By Camp Tecumseh, shells everywhere Left alone, saw everywhere Years ago, left alone, looked at Normally see shells Left it Years ago, not lately, leave alone Few minutes ago, looked at it Several years ago, 50+ years ago, looked at and put back Shell, I kept it Looked at it Years ago, collect them and sell when legal, now leave alone Use as bait, do not eat Today, 35 bridge, WTP Last couple years, pick up throw in Water gets too low and see them along banks, throw back in Left alone, up and down shore Leave it alone

45 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

As a kid, 1980s, throw back Wednesday, Pulaski, nothing, look and put back Shells, here Sandbar, didn’t do anything, other people cooked and ate I looked Left alone Seen shell, left it Left it Left it Bridge at 18 Yes, Oakdale dam, used to hunt Goose Poop Island Goose Poop Island, looked at different shells

10. IF NO: What would you do with it? (n=66)

Take it out if invasive Leave it there if it’s alive

Nothing, don’t touch

Leave it there Leave it alone Leave it alone Leave it, look at it Pick it up and put it back, leave it be Throw him away Put it back Nothing Leave it alone Leave it there Nothing

46 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Pick up, look at, put back Not mess with Throw it back in Leave alone Leave them alone; 50s buttons Nothing Leave alone Leave it Leave it alone Throw it back Leave it alone Leave them alone Leave alone Pick it up & look @ put back Leave it Leave it alone Not sure Leave it alone Leave it alone, let mussel hunters get them Leave it where it is, pick it up and skip it Look at it Leave it alone Leave them there Leave it alone Leave alone Not touch it, not eat it Put it down Nothing Not touch it

47 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

[River is] not very clean, wouldn’t touch it Nothing Nothing Let it go Nothing Nothing Leave it alone Leave it alone Nothing Leave alone Never been here Leave it alone Leave it alone Nothing Leave it Nieces pick up dead and collect empty shells Leave it alone Leave it alone Leave it alone Leave alone Nothing Look at it Leave it alone

48 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Zip Codes from IN, IL, WI, OH, MN, WV, and AZ (n=1) for each case

Indiana Zip Codes Fishers 46037 Rossville 46065 Cedar Lake 46303 De Motte 46310 Munster 46321 Hammond 46324 Lake Village 46349 Wanatah 46390 Westville 46391 Wheatfield 46392 Greenwood 46413 Plymouth 46563 Pleasant Lake 46779 Flora 46929 Kewanna 46939 Monterey 46960 Ora 46968 Royal Center 46978 Fountain City 47341 West Baden Springs 47469 Brook 47922 Brookston 47923 Burnettsville 47926 Remington 47977 Rensselaer 47978 Indiana Zip Code

49 Mussels In-Person Survey Results 2016

Reynolds 47980 Romney 47981 Illinois Zip Code River Grove 60171 Clarendon Hills 60514 Harwood Heights 60706 Edwardsville 62025 Carlyle 62231 Highland 62249 Libertyville 60048 Wisconsin Zip Code Milwaukee 53222 Eau Claire 54703 Ohio Zip Code Dayton 45429 Andover 55304 West Virginia Zip Code Cottageville 25239 Arizona Zip Code Case Grande 85122

Unknown: 46709

50 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

Mail Survey Comparison Data Report 2014-2016: All Cases

Prepared January 2017 by: Belyna Bentlage Linda Prokopy Natural Resources Social Science Lab Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University

51 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

I. Methods

Mail Survey

2014: 1,804 Surveys distributed. A total of 628 completed (48% response rate after accounting for bad addresses) 2016: 1,276 Surveys distributed. A total of 449 completed (41% response rate after accounting for bad addresses)

Surveys were mailed to riparian landowners in 2014 to collect baseline data on awareness, attitudes, and behaviors related to federally listed freshwater mussels in the Tippecanoe River. Data were used to develop a targeted outreach and education campaign to raise awareness about the mussels. Residential addresses were compiled into an Excel spreadsheet using county GIS websites. To assess the potential impacts of the campaign, surveys were mailed again in 2016 to the same addresses as in 2014. Survey mailings in both years used a five-wave approach, following Dillman’s (2014) tailored design method. Respondents received up to five mailings each year (advance letter, first survey, reminder postcard, second survey, and third survey with an enclosed thank-you postcard).

Two survey versions mailed in 2014. The first survey mailed before Lake Freeman was lowered to protect the mussels. The second survey was created to capture attitudes related to the lowering of the lake and therefore mailed after the event occurred. Some survey questions and prompts used in the 2016 survey appeared only on the first or second versions in 2014. These questions are marked with asterisks in the following data report. The first and second survey from 2014 can be found in Appendix IV and Appendix V, respectively. The 2016 survey can be found in Appendix VI.

We received a total of 628 surveys in 2014 and 449 surveys in 2016. The following report compares data from these 1,077 cases. Chi-square and t-tests were used to measure significant differences between survey years. Significant differences from chi-square analyses are reported in italics under the survey questions 7, 8, 12-15. Significant differences from t-tests are bolded within tables for numbers 10, 11, 16.

52 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

II. Recreation

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

More 2 to 5 Never Once than 5 Mean times (1) (2) times (n) (3) (4) a. Fish in the Tippecanoe River 2.47 2014 39.0% 7.0% 21.6% 32.4% (n=602) 2.44 2016 41.9% 5.7% 19.4% 33.0% (n=439) b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River 2.20 2014 47.3% 9.4% 18.9% 24.4% (n=594) 2.15 2016 50.3% 7.7% 18.3% 23.7% (n=431) c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River 2.27 2014 51.4% 3.4% 12.3% 32.9% (n=593) 2.14 2016 53.6% 6.7% 11.7% 28.0% (n=435) d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River 2.74 2014 33.8% 5.2% 14.2% 46.8% (n=598) 2.80 2016 31.6% 4.4% 15.9% 48.0% (n=433) e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River 1.46 2014 80.9% 2.9% 5.7% 10.5% (n=593) 1.48 2016 79.2% 3.0% 8.1% 9.7% (n=433) f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River 1.52 2014 76.9% 5.4% 6.6% 11.0% (n=589) 1.49 2016 78.1% 4.7% 7.4% 9.8% (n=430)

53 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

More 2 to 5 Never Once than 5 Mean times (1) (2) times (n) (3) (4) g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River 2.28 2014 45.3% 8.6% 19.5% 26.7% (n=596) 2.28 2016 47.7% 6.0% 17.1% 29.3% (n=433) h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River 2.20 2014 44.8% 12.7% 19.9% 22.6% (n=598) 2.14 2016 46.3% 14.2% 18.3% 21.2% (n=438) Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe i. River 1.09 2014 96.0% 1.0% 1.3% 1.7% (n=594) 1.07 2016 96.1% 1.9% 0.7% 1.4% (n=432) Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe j. River 1.03 2014 98.7% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5% (n=595) 1.03 2016 97.9% 1.4% 0.0% 0.7% (n=432)

2. Why do you fish? (check all that apply)* 2014 2016 (n=368) (n=449) 29.6% 32.7% I do not fish 21.2% 22.7% For food 5.7% 7.8% For sport/to get a trophy mount 56.8% 59.2% For fun/to enjoy the outdoors 6.0% 4.5% To catch smaller fish for bait 2.7% 3.3% Other

*This question was asked only on the first survey mailed in 2014, not the second survey that was mailed after the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, the percentages from 2014 are reported from respondents who completed the first survey mailed that year.

54 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

3. When canoeing/kayaking, how often to do you carry your canoe/kayak over shallow water areas?* 2014 2016 (n=351) (n=418) 47.0% 53.1% I do not canoe/kayak 15.1% 12.9% Never 29.9% 29.9% Sometimes 8.0% 4.1% Always

4. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply) 2014 2016 (n=628) (n=437) 13.1% 17.6% I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River 73.2% 72.3% From my house 23.1% 32.0% From a public access point 8.4% 7.3% Other

5. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? 2014 2016 (n=603) (n=439) 60.2% 65.1% No 7.8% 8.0% Yes, both 15.8% 14.1% Yes, only Lake Freeman 16.3% 12.8% Yes, only Lake Shafer

III. Behaviors Related to Freshwater Mussels

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? 2014 2016 (n=450) (n=437) 54.0% 48.1% No 42.2% 49.7% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River 3.8% 6.4% Yes, in another river 7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

55 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

2014 2016 (n=444) (n=439) 51.6% 43.7% No 45.3% 54.9% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River 3.2% 6.1% Yes, in another river

Results from a chi-square analysis show that the difference in proportions by year are significant (p-value = 0.033241).

8. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River before? 2014 2016 (n=589) (n=434) 60.3% 40.8% No 28.5% 45.2% No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River 11.2% 14.1% Yes, on the banks of the Tippecanoe River

Results from a chi-square analysis show that the differences in proportions by year are significant (p-value = 0.000000003).

9. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply) 2014 2016 (n=628) (n=415) 79.5% 83.9% Put it back where I found it 34.9% 36.4% Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks 0.2% 0.2% Take it home alive 0.8% 0.2% Keep it to use its shell 1.6% 0.7% Throw it on the river banks 0.5% 0.2% Eat it 1.1% 0.9% Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) 1.1% 0.4% Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or stone 0.3% 0.0% Take it home dead 0.5% 0.2% Kill it 4.5% 4.1% Other

56 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

10. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal pictured on the previous page:

Response options range from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5)

2014 2016

n Mean n Mean p-value Prompt

If I saw one of these mussels, I would a. 574 2.01 419 1.76 0.000178 catch or touch them.

I would like to keep one of these b. 574 1.40 418 1.39 0.749400 mussels.

These mussels are valuable for their c. 571 2.07 418 1.89 0.006960 shells.

I think these mussels are good bait to d. 571 1.80 419 1.73 0.261967 use while fishing.

These mussels help to improve water e. 576 3.77 419 3.83 0.460613 quality. f. These mussels harm local ecosystems. 570 1.85 419 1.85 0.962206

Government money should be used to g. 573 3.06 420 2.99 0.387796 protect these mussels.

I would try to find/hunt more of these h. 574 1.53 421 1.51 0.738795 mussels.

These mussels are important to the i. 581 3.82 423 3.82 0.997518 Tippecanoe River ecosystems.

Nature will take care of the mussels, j. therefore we don’t need to protect 239 2.62 421 2.63 0.907203 them.*

Mussels in the Tippecanoe River k. 240 3.80 420 3.87 0.377505 indicate that the river is healthy.*

57 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

2014 2016

n Mean n Mean p-value Prompt

When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman should be lowered to l. 593 3.19 421 2.84 0.000029 increase water levels of the Tippecanoe River to protect mussels. I would be willing to pay more to m. improve water quality (e.g., 597 2.93 420 2.77 0.039190 recreational fees, local taxes, etc.)

I think we as a nation should repeal n. 237 2.49 420 2.27 0.019437 the Endangered Species Act.*

*This prompt was included only on the second survey mailed in 2014, not the first survey that was mailed before the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, the statistics from 2014 are reported from respondents who completed the second survey mailed that year.

IV. Attitudes and Awareness Related to Freshwater Mussels

11. Please check the number (1-7) in each row that best describes your opinion of the mussels pictured above.

2014 2016 Semantic Differential n Mean n Mean p-value Pair

Good (1) to Bad (7) 526 2.32 388 2.41 0.375737

Important (1) to 536 2.63 397 2.72 0.482134 Unimportant (7)

Beautiful (1) to Ugly 521 2.85 398 3.18 0.005138 (7)

58 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

2014 2016

Semantic Differential n Mean n Mean p-value Pair

Friendly (1) to 507 2.75 391 2.93 0.118727 Unfriendly (7)

Active (1) to Passive 502 3.71 396 3.52 0.127431 (7)

Pleasant (1) to 514 2.83 396 3.03 0.072632 Unpleasant (7)

Valuable (1) to 524 2.79 400 3.09 0.020772 Worthless (7)

Clean (1) to Dirty (7) 519 2.69 397 2.78 0.421493

Hardy (1) to Fragile (7) 508 3.31 396 3.30 0.957454

Harmless (1) to 526 1.90 399 2.12 0.026636 Dangerous (7)

Dry (1) to Slimy (7) 506 3.56 389 3.88 0.003651

12. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? 2014 2016 (n=603) (n=433) 51.1% 36.0% No 48.9% 64.0% Yes

Results from a chi-square analysis show that the differences in proportions by year are significant (p-value = 0.000002).

59 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

13. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman in 2014 to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River?* 2014 2016 (n=247) (n=430) 52.5% 50.7% No 47.5% 49.3% Yes

Results from a chi-square analysis show that the differences in proportions by year are significant (p-value = 0.013687).

*This question was asked only on the second survey mailed in 2014, not the first survey that was mailed before the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, the percentages from 2014 are reported from respondents who completed the second survey mailed that year.

14. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, live mussel from the waters of Indiana?* 2014 2016 (n=355) (n=387) 1.1% 1.3% Legal 32.7% 55.0% Illegal 66.2% 43.7% Don’t know

Results from a chi-square analysis show that the differences in proportions by year are significant (p-value = 0.0000000007). “Legal” responses were excluded from this analysis due to insufficient counts.

15. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, dead mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana?* 2014 2016 (n=359) (n=366) 5.5% 6.0% Legal 19.8% 32.2% Illegal 75.2% 61.7% Don’t Know

Results from a chi-square analysis show that the differences in proportions by year are significant (p-value = 0.000348).

60 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

V. Wildlife Value Orientations

16. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below. Response options range from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5)

2014 2016

n Mean n Mean p-value Prompt

Humans should manage wild animal a. 587 3.05 411 3.05 0.969952 populations so that humans benefit.

The loss of some individual wild animals b. is acceptable if the population of 583 3.44 407 3.34 0.120572 animals is not jeopardized. If animal populations are not c. threatened, we should use wildlife to 584 3.67 408 3.51 0.007472 add to the quality of human life.

It is important for humans to manage d. 586 3.59 407 3.55 0.470607 the populations of wildlife.

The rights of wildlife are more important e. 583 2.83 408 2.81 0.795368 human use of wildlife.

Animals should have rights similar to f. 582 2.42 407 2.50 0.268523 the rights of humans.

I object to hunting because it violates g. the rights of an individual animal to 587 2.01 410 2.05 0.618269 exist.

It is important that Indiana always have h. 587 4.16 410 4.21 0.294399 abundant fish and wildlife.

Whether or not I get out to see wildlife i. as much as I’d like, it’s important to 585 4.25 412 4.26 0.807928 know that they exist in Indiana.

61 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

2014 2016

n Mean n Mean p-value Prompt

We should be sure future generations of j. Indiana will have an abundance of fish 586 4.27 411 4.30 0.521983 and wildlife. It’s important to me to know that there k. are healthy populations of wildlife in 586 4.22 411 4.23 0.698753 Indiana. It’s important to maintain fish and l. wildlife so that future generations can 587 4.32 407 4.29 0.415588 enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. 587 4.14 410 4.12 0.687995

It’s important that all Indiana residents n. have a chance to learn about wildlife in 587 4.09 411 4.10 0.900451 the state.

It’s important that we learn as much as o. 586 4.03 411 4.05 0.713290 we can about wildlife.

VI. Demographics

17. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) 2014 2016 (n=565) (n=393) 84.8% 84.7% Residential 6.9% 6.4% Agricultural 0.2% 0.0% Commercial 7.3% 7.4% Residential and Agricultural 0.9% 1.0% Residential and Commercial

62 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

18. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? 2014 2016 (n=550) (n=374) Range: 0-86 years Range: 0-80 years Mean: 21.0 years Mean: 21.0 years

19. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? 2014 2016 (n=577) (n=402) 10.4% 12.7% No 49.9% 51.0% Yes, a few 39.7% 36.3% Yes, many

20. Do you own property on Lake Freeman?* 2014 2016 (n=241) (n=414) 84.2% 84.1% No 15.8% 15.9% Yes

21. In general, how would you describe your political views? 2014 2016 (n=535) (n=392) 8.4% 8.2% Very conservative 41.1% 38.0% Conservative 42.2% 44.6% Moderate 6.2% 7.4% Liberal 2.1% 1.8% Very liberal

22. What is your gender? 2014 2016 (n=574) (n=408) 25.8% 28.4% Female 74.2% 71.6% Male

63 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: All Cases

23. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? 2014 2016 (n=565) (n=398) 3.9% 3.8% Some formal schooling 33.1% 31.2% High school diploma/GED 19.3% 20.2% Some college 10.6% 8.3% 2 year college degree 19.8% 21.7% 4 year college degree 13.3% 13.9% Graduate degree

24. In what year were you born? 19______2014 2016 (n=559) (n=406) 1927 to 1992 1925 to 1991 Range: 65 years Range: 66 years Mean Age: 61.0 years old Mean Age: 62.8 years old

64 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

Mail Survey Comparison Data Report 2014-2016: Paired Cases

Prepared January 2017 by: Belyna Bentlage Linda Prokopy Natural Resources Social Science Lab Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University

65 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

I. Methods

Mail Survey

2014: 1804 Surveys distributed. A total of 628 completed (48% response rate after accounting for bad addresses) 2016: 1276 Surveys distributed. A total of 449 completed (41% response rate after accounting for bad addresses)

We received 628 surveys in 2014 and 449 surveys in 2016. A total of 136 respondents completed the surveys in both years. These 136 cases were matched using data entered for three fields: gender, year born, and the unique 4-digit ID number assigned to each respondent. The following report compares data from these paired cases. Chi-square and paired t-tests were used to measure significant differences between survey years. Significant differences from chi-square analyses are reported in tables under the survey questions 6-8. Significant differences from paired t-tests are in italics under numbers 9, 12, 13, and are bolded in tables for survey numbers 10, 11, and 16.

66 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

II. Recreation

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

More 2 to 5 Never Once than 5 Mean times (1) (2) times (n) (3) (4) a. Fish in the Tippecanoe River 2.59 2014 34.3% 5.2% 27.6% 32.8% (n=134) 2.49 2016 40.3% 4.5% 21.6% 33.6% (n=134) b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River 2.40 2014 38.6% 9.1% 25.8% 26.5% (n=132) 2.21 2016 48.1% 8.5% 18.3% 25.2% (n=131) c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River 2.23 2014 51.5% 1.5% 18.9% 28.0% (n=132) 2.05 2016 56.5% 6.1% 13.0% 24.4% (n=131) d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River 2.91 2014 26.0% 5.3% 11.5% 54.2% (n=131) 3.02 2016 27.3% 2.3% 12.1% 58.3% (n=132) e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River 1.54 2014 77.9% 3.8% 4.6% 13.7% (n=131) 1.50 2016 78.2% 4.5% 6.0% 11.3% (n=133) f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River 1.56 2014 72.9% 9.3% 7.0% 10.9% (n=129) 1.56 2016 75.6% 4.6% 7.6% 12.2% (n=131)

67 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

More 2 to 5 Never Once than 5 Mean times (1) (2) times (n) (3) (4) g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River 2.32 2014 41.8% 10.4% 21.6% 26.1% (n=134) 2.35 2016 42.4% 9.1% 19.7% 28.8% (n=132) h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River 2.25 2014 40.6% 15.8% 21.8% 21.8% (n=133) 2.30 2016 40.2% 14.4% 21.2% 24.2% (n=132) Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe i. River 1.08 2014 96.2% 0.8% 1.5% 1.5% (n=131) 1.02 2016 98.5% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% (n=131) Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe j. River 1.05 2014 97.7% 1.5% 0.0% 0.8% (n=131) 1.05 2016 97.7% 0.8% 0.0% 0.8% (n=131)

2. Why do you fish? (check all that apply) (n=34)* 2014 2016 10 9 I do not fish 9 10 For food 2 4 For sport/to get a trophy mount 17 21 For fun/to enjoy the outdoors 2 2 To catch smaller fish for bait 0 1 Other

*This question was asked only on the first survey mailed in 2014, not the second survey that was mailed after the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, these counts are reported from respondents who completed the 2016 survey and the first 2014 survey.

68 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

3. When canoeing/kayaking, how often to do you carry your canoe/kayak over shallow water areas?* 2014 2016 (n=32) (n=34) 12 14 I do not canoe/kayak 5 5 Never 11 12 Sometimes 4 3 Always

4. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply) (n=136) 2014 2016 11.0% 12.5% I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River 80.1% 78.7% From my house 23.5% 29.4% From a public access point 7.4% 5.1% Other

5. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? 2014 2016 (n=133) (n=132) 68.4% 68.2% No 6.8% 8.3% Yes, both 13.5% 12.9% Yes, only Lake Freeman 11.3% 10.6% Yes, only Lake Shafer

69 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

III. Behaviors Related to Freshwater Mussels

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? 2014 2016 (n=64) (n=128) 71.9% 41.4% No 26.6% 57.0% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River 1.6% 1.6% Yes, in another river

Chi-Square* 6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? 2014 2016 p-value (n=58) No 70.7% 62.1% 0.000007 Yes, in the Tippecanoe River 29.3% 37.9% *A chi-square test was run without “Yes, in another” river responses due to insufficient counts.

7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? 2014 2016 (n=62) (n=128) 67.7% 37.5% No 32.3% 62.5% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River 0.0% 0.0% Yes, in another river

Chi-Square* 7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty 2014 2016 p-value mussel shell in a river? (n=59) No 66.1% 52.5% 0.000003 Yes, in the Tippecanoe River 33.9% 47.5% *A chi-square test was run without “Yes, in another river” responses due to insufficient counts.

70 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

8. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River before? 2014 2016 (n=129) (n=132) 54.3% 35.6% No 31.8% 46.2% No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River 14.0% 18.2% Yes, on the banks of the Tippecanoe River

Chi-Square* 8. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River 2014 2016 before? (n=93) p-value No 63.4% 45.2% 0.001462 No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the 36.6% 65.6% Tippecanoe River *A chi-square test was run without “Yes, on the banks of the Tippecanoe River” river responses due to insufficient counts.

9. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply) (n=136) 2014 2016 80.1% 83.8% Put it back where I found it 37.5% 27.9% Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks* 0.0% 0.0% Take it home alive 0.7% 0.0% Keep it to use its shell 2.2% 1.5% Throw it on the river banks 0.0% 0.0% Eat it 1.5% 0.7% Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) 0.0% 0.0% Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or stone 0.0% 0.0% Take it home dead 0.0% 0.0% Kill it 4.0% 4.7% Other

*A lower percentage of respondents in 2016 said they would “Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks” if they caught a mussel while recreating (p-value = 0.010774)

71 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

10. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal pictured on the previous page:

Response options range from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5) 2014 2016 p-value Prompt Mean Mean

If I saw one of these mussels, I would a. 2.08 1.78 0.005217 catch or touch them. (n=121)

I would like to keep one of these b. 1.40 1.30 0.152292 mussels. (n=121)

These mussels are valuable for their c. 1.98 1.81 0.106505 shells. (n=120)

I think these mussels are good bait to d. 1.68 1.59 0.410168 use while fishing. (n=120)

These mussels help to improve water e. 3.98 4.12 0.148218 quality. (n=120)

These mussels harm local ecosystems. f. 1.69 1.76 0.307018 (n=121)

Government money should be used to g. 3.21 3.19 0.805727 protect these mussels. (n=122)

I would try to find/hunt more of these h. 1.50 1.46 0.624240 mussels. (n=121)

These mussels are important to the i. 3.98 4.02 0.740364 Tippecanoe River ecosystems. (n=123)

Nature will take care of the mussels, j. therefore we don’t need to protect them. 2.34 2.41 0.455978 (n=92)*

Mussels in the Tippecanoe River k. 3.88 3.97 0.471836 indicate that the river is healthy. (n=94)*

72 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

2014 2016 p-value Prompt Mean Mean When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman should be lowered to l. increase water levels of the 3.27 2.92 0.000135 Tippecanoe River to protect mussels. (n=124) I would be willing to pay more to m. improve water quality (e.g., recreational 2.90 2.86 0.703780 fees, local taxes, etc.) (n=128)

I think we as a nation should repeal n. 2.36 2.13 0.053725 the Endangered Species Act. (n=91)*

*This prompt was included only on the second survey mailed in 2014, not the first survey that was mailed before the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, these statistics are reported from respondents who completed both the 2016 survey and the second 2014 survey.

IV. Attitudes and Awareness Related to Freshwater Mussels

11. Please check the number (1-7) in each row that best describes your opinion of the mussels pictured above.

Semantic Differential 2014 2016 p-value Pair Mean Mean

Good (1) to Bad (7) 2.22 2.18 0.826356 (n=110)

Important (1) to Unimportant (7) 2.30 2.45 0.334085 (n=116)

73 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

Semantic Differential 2014 2016 p-value Pair Mean Mean

Beautiful (1) to Ugly (7) 2.68 3.00 0.032943 (n=117)

Friendly (1) to Unfriendly (7) 2.55 2.73 0.269917 (n=111)

Active (1) to Passive (7) 3.50 3.32 0.436687 (n=110)

Pleasant (1) to Unpleasant (7) 2.57 2.84 0.081168 (n=111)

Valuable (1) to Worthless (7) 2.55 2.81 0.123209 (n=114)

Clean (1) to Dirty (7) 2.42 2.54 0.473289 (n=113)

Hardy (1) to Fragile (7) 3.34 3.37 0.864000 (n=110)

Harmless (1) to Dangerous (7) 1.91 1.97 0.701332 (n=115)

Dry (1) to Slimy (7) 3.45 3.81 0.045888 (n=108)

12. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=128)

74 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

12. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=128) 2014 2016 50.0% 28.9% No 50.0% 71.1% Yes

Proportion of “Yes” responses significantly increased from 2014 to 2016 (p-value = 0.000022)

13. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman in 2014 to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River?* (n=94) 2014 2016 63.8% 52.1% No 36.2% 47.9% Yes

Proportion of “Yes” responses significantly increased from 2014 to 2016 (p-value = 0.003965)

*This question was asked only on the second survey mailed in 2014, not the first survey that was mailed before the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, these percentages are reported from respondents who completed both the 2016 survey and the second 2014 survey.

14. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, live mussel from the waters of Indiana?* 2014 2016 (n=34) (n=30) 0 1 Legal 15 25 Illegal 19 4 Don’t know

* This question was asked only on the first survey mailed in 2014, not the second survey that was mailed after the lowering of Lake Freeman. Therefore, these counts are reported from respondents who completed the 2016 survey and the first 2014 survey.

75 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

15. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, dead mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana?* 2014 2016 (n=34) (n=28) 3 1 Legal 10 15 Illegal 21 12 Don’t Know

V. Wildlife Value Orientations

16. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below. Response options range from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5) 2014 2016 p-value Prompt Mean Mean

Humans should manage wild animal a. populations so that humans benefit. 3.08 3.07 0.937539 (n=132) The loss of some individual wild animals b. is acceptable if the population of 3.42 3.35 0.557477 animals is not jeopardized. (n=130) If animal populations are not threatened, we should use wildlife to c. 3.80 3.63 0.044045 add to the quality of human life. (n=131)

It is important for humans to manage d. 3.71 3.59 0.131089 the populations of wildlife. (n=132)

The rights of wildlife are more important e. 2.88 2.82 0.516007 human use of wildlife. (n=130)

Animals should have rights similar to f. 2.52 2.48 0.606033 the rights of humans. (n=130)

76 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

2014 2016 p-value Prompt Mean Mean

I object to hunting because it violates g. the rights of an individual animal to 2.02 2.12 0.284628 exist. (n=132) It is important that Indiana always h. have abundant fish and wildlife. 4.15 4.40 0.004599 (n=131) Whether or not I get out to see wildlife i. as much as I’d like, it’s important to 4.37 4.38 0.800606 know that they exist in Indiana. (n=130) We should be sure future generations of j. Indiana will have an abundance of fish 4.39 4.43 0.432927 and wildlife. (n=129) It’s important to me to know that there k. are healthy populations of wildlife in 4.29 4.35 0.326656 Indiana. (n=130) It’s important to maintain fish and l. wildlife so that future generations can 4.46 4.43 0.565726 enjoy them. (n=129)

m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. (n=130) 4.20 4.26 0.333901

It’s important that all Indiana residents n. have a chance to learn about wildlife in 4.17 4.22 0.421033 the state. (n=130)

It’s important that we learn as much as o. 4.13 4.15 0.821848 we can about wildlife. (n=130)

77 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

VI. Demographics 17. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) 2014 2016 (n=127) (n=125) 79.5% 81.6% Residential 5.5% 6.4% Agricultural 0.0% 0.0% Commercial 13.4% 11.2% Residential and Agricultural 1.6% 0.8% Residential and Commercial

18. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? 2014 2016 (n=127) (n=117) Range: 0.5-86 years Range: 0-73 years Mean: 21.68 Mean: 22.07

19. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? (n=130) 2014 2016 10.0% 12.3% No 46.9% 46.9% Yes, a few 43.1% 40.8% Yes, many

20. Do you own property on Lake Freeman?* 2014 2016 (n=94) (n=101) 80.9% 85.1% No 19.1% 14.9% Yes

78 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014-2016: Paired Cases

21. In general, how would you describe your political views? 2014 2016 (n=126) (n=127) 6.3% 7.9% Very conservative 42.1% 39.4% Conservative 42.9% 44.9% Moderate 7.9% 6.3% Liberal 0.8% 1.6% Very liberal

22. What is your gender? (n=136) 2014 2016 27.9% 27.9% Female 72.1% 72.1% Male

23. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? 2014 2016 (n=135) (n=134) 5.2% 3.7% Some formal schooling 38.5% 37.3% High school diploma/GED 16.3% 20.1% Some college 6.7% 6.7% 2 year college degree 20.0% 18.7% 4 year college degree 13.3% 13.4% Graduate degree

24. In what year were you born? 19______(n=136) 2014 2016 1927 to 1977 1927 to 1977 Range: 62 years Range: 50 years Mean Age: 61.85 years old Mean Age: 64.14 years old

79 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Mail Survey Data Report 2014: First Survey Methods Mail Survey

1048 Surveys distributed 295 Bad addresses 368 (48.87%) Completed (% without bad addresses)

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities? More 2 to 5 than Never Once Mean times 5 (1) (2) (n) (3) times (4) a. Fishing in the Tippecanoe River 2.48 38.7% 6.9% 22.1% 32.4% (n=349) b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River 2.17 48.6% 10.1% 17.3% 24.0% (n=346) c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River 2.32 49.9% 3.8% 10.7% 35.7% (n=345) d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River 2.70 34.7% 5.4% 15.5% 44.4% (n=349) e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River 1.43 81.8% 2.9% 5.5% 9.8% (n=346) f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River 1.53 77.8% 3.7% 6.3% 12.1% (n=347) g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River 2.34 43.4% 9.0% 18.5% 29.2% (n=346) h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River 2.18 44.9% 12.5% 21% 21.6% (n=346) i. Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe 1.08 River 96.3% 0.9% 1.2% 1.7% (n=347) j. Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe 1.02 River 98.9% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% (n=348)

80 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

2. With whom do you primarily recreate in the Tippecanoe River? (n=306) 23.5% My family, mostly children 47.7% My family, mostly adults 12.4% Adult friends 16.3% Myself alone

3. Why do you fish? (check all that apply) (n=368) 21.2% For food 5.7% For sport/to get a trophy mount 56.8% For fun/to enjoy the outdoors 6.0% To catch smaller fish for bait 2.7% Other (please specify): See pg. 112 for respondent comments 29.6% I do not fish

4. When motorized boating, how concerned are you about oil spills or other fuel leaks? (n=352) 5.7% Not at all 7.4% Slightly 13.4% Moderately 38.9% Very much 34.7% I do not boat

5. When canoeing/kayaking, how often to do you carry your canoe/kayak over shallow water areas? (n=351) 15.1% Never 29.9% Sometimes 8.0% Always 47.0% I do not canoe/kayak

6. After canoeing/kayaking/boating, how often do you check your vehicle and/or equipment for invasive species? (n=348) 33.3% Never 13.8% Sometimes 19.3% Always 33.6% I do not canoe/kayak/boat

7. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that Apply) (n=368) 74.5% From my house 10.9% I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River 24.7% From a public access point (please specify where): See pg. 112 for respondent comments 8.2% Other (please specify where): See pg. 114 for respondent comments

81 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

8. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? (n=352) 56.3% No 8.5% Yes, both 17.3% Yes, only Lake Freeman 17.9% Yes, only Lake Shafer

9. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? (n=347) 40.3% No 54.8% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): See pg. 115 for respondent comments 4.9% Yes, in another river in (mostly recent time/place): See pg. 119 for respondent comments

10. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? (n=347) 38.0% No 57.9% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): See pg. 119 for respondent comments 4.0% Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): See pg. 124 for respondent comments

11. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River before? (n=343) 58.9% No 28.6% No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River 12.5% Yes

82 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

12. Please circle the number that best describes your opinion of the animal pictured above (1-7)

Mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (n) 2.20 Good 53.6% 13.2% 9.6% 15.6% 3.3% 0.7% 4.0% Bad (n=302) 2.65 Important 47.6% 13.8% 10.9% 9.0% 3.5% 2.9% 12.2% Unimportant (n=311) 2.76 Beautiful 37.4% 12.1% 16.2% 20.5% 5.4% 2.4% 6.1% Ugly (n=297) 2.80 Friendly 35.3% 14.9% 10.0% 27.7% 4.5% 1.7% 5.9% Unfriendly (n=289) 3.80 Active 20.6% 10.1% 11.9% 23.1% 9.4% 9.8% 15.0% Passive (n=286) 2.85 Pleasant 33.3% 15.8% 11.3% 25.8% 5.5% 2.4% 5.8% Unpleasant (n=291) 2.76 Valuable 43.5% 13.7% 8.7% 15.4% 5.0% 4.0% 9.7% Worthless (n=299) 2.63 Clean 40.9% 13.8% 12.4% 20.8% 4.0% 2.7% 5.4% Dirty (n=298) 3.28 Hardy 26.0% 9.4% 16.0% 28.1% 5.9% 8.7% 5.9% Fragile (n=288) 1.84 Harmless 66.0% 11.9% 5.9% 10.9% 1.3% 1.0% 3.0% Dangerous (n=303) 3.46 Dry 18.6% 13.0% 12.3% 34.0% 9.8% 5.3% 6.7% Slimy (n=284)

13. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply) (n=368): 78.8% Put it back where I found it 34.0% Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks 0.0% Take it home alive 0.8% Keep it to use its shell 1.4% Throw it on the river banks 0.5% Eat it 1.1% Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) 1.1% Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or stone 0.3% Take it home dead 0.5% Kill it 4.1% Other (please specify): See pg. 124 for respondent comments

83 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

14. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal pictured on the previous page:

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. If I saw one of these mussels, I 1.98 would catch or touch them. 42.4% 27.3% 21.4% 7.7% 1.2% (n=337) b. I would like to keep one of these 1.36 mussels. 71.5% 23.1% 3.9% 1.2% 0.3% (n=337) c. These mussels are valuable for 2.08 their shells. 41.7% 21.3% 28.5% 4.2% 4.2% (n=333) d. I think these mussels are good 1.76 bait to use while fishing. 55.1% 21.1% 17.3% 5.4% 1.2% (n=336) e. These mussels help to improve 3.77 water quality. 7.7% 2.7% 28.2% 27.9% 33.5% (n=337) f. These mussels harm local 1.82 ecosystems. 50.3% 23.6% 21.8% 2.4% 1.8% (n=330) g. Government money should be 3.10 used to protect these mussels. 19.3% 9.5% 32.6% 19.3% 19.3% (n=337) h. I would try to find/hunt more of 1.52 these mussels. 66.4% 20.5% 9.5% 2.1% 1.5% (n=336) i. These mussels are important to 3.84 the Tippecanoe River 8.8% 2.1% 24.0% 26.4% 38.7% (n=341) ecosystems.

15. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=358) 51.1% No 48.9% Yes, please specify where: See pg. 125 for respondent comments

16. Is it legal or illegal to remove a live, endangered mussel from the waters of Indiana? (n=357) 0.3% Legal 50.1% Illegal 49.6% Don’t know

84 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

17. Is it legal or illegal to remove a dead, endangered mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana? (n=358) 3.9% Legal 23.7% Illegal 72.3% Don’t know

18. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, live mussel from the waters of Indiana? (n=355) 1.1% Legal 32.7% Illegal 66.2% Don’t know

19. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, dead mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana? (n=359) 5.0% Legal 19.8% Illegal 75.2% Don’t Know

20. Have you heard anything about zebra mussels in the Tippecanoe River or any bodies of water in Indiana? (n=357) 45.9% No 54.1% Yes

21. People in our society often disagree about how far to let individuals go in making decisions for themselves. How strongly do you agree or disagree with each of these statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. The government interferes far 3.84 too much in our everyday lives. 4.5% 8.2% 19.9% 33.8% 33.5% (n=352) b. Sometimes the government 3.31 needs to make laws to keep 7.8% 17.0% 21.9% 42.9% 10.4% (n=347) people from hurting themselves. c. It’s not the government’s 3.21 business to try and protect 6.1% 24.3% 27.2% 27.2% 15.3% (n=346) people from themselves. d. The government should stop 3.75 telling people how to live their 2.9% 9.5% 25.4% 33.8% 28.3% (n=346) lives.

85 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) e. The government should do more to advance society’s goals, even 2.15 if that means limiting the 35.3% 31.2% 19.9% 10.1% 3.5% (n=346) freedom and choices of the individuals. f. The government should put limits on the choices individuals 2.30 can make so they don’t get in 31.9% 28.4% 20.3% 16.5% 2.9% (n=345) the way of what’s good for society.

22. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. The way I care for my yard or 4.19 farm can influence the water 3.7% 2.3% 4.3% 51.0% 38.7% (n=351) quality of the Tippecanoe River. b. It is my personal responsibility 4.33 to help protect water quality. 1.4% 0.9% 2.6% 53.8% 41.3% (n=351) c. It is important to protect water 3.93 quality even if it slows economic 3.2% 3.7% 17.2% 48.4% 27.5% (n=349) development. d. My actions have an impact on 4.23 water quality. 1.4% 1.1% 6.0% 56.0% 35.4% (n=350) e. I would be willing to change the 3.95 way I care my yard or farm to 2.3% 2.3% 20.9% 47.1% 27.4% (n=350) improve water quality. f. The quality of life in my community depends on good 3.96 3.4% 4.0% 18.1% 42.4% 32.1% water quality of the Tippecanoe (n=349) River. g. I would be willing to pay more to improve water quality (e.g. 2.93 14.7% 22.5% 27.7% 25.1% 10.1% recreational fees, local taxes, (n=347) etc.). h. Government money should be 3.46 used to support a variety of 7.7% 10.9% 27.2% 35.5% 18.6% (n=349) wildlife in the Tippecanoe River.

86 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) i. When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman and Lake Shafer 3.17 should be lowered to increase 19.0% 9.6% 27.2% 23.5% 20.7% (n=353) water levels of the Tippecanoe River to protect mussels.

23. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. Humans should manage wild 3.13 animal populations so that 7.8% 22.9% 26.1% 34.5% 8.7% (n=345) humans benefit. b. The loss of some individual wild animals is acceptable if the 3.47 5.8% 13.1% 18.4% 53.9% 8.7% population of animals is not (n=343) jeopardized. c. If animal populations are not threatened, we should use 3.66 2.6% 5.8% 24.3% 57.6% 9.6% wildlife to add to the quality of (n=342) human life. d. It is important for humans to 3.62 manage the populations of 2.9% 7.0% 26.2% 52.5% 11.4% (n=343) wildlife. e. The rights of wildlife are more 2.82 important human use of 10.5% 30.4% 31.9% 20.8% 6.4% (n=342) wildlife. f. Animals should have rights 2.41 similar to the rights of humans. 20.8% 41.2% 19.6% 13.5% 5.0% (n=342) g. I object to hunting because it 2.02 violates the rights of an 38.4% 37.2% 14.0% 4.9% 5.5% (n=344) individual animal to exist. h. It is important that Indiana 4.16 always have abundant fish and 1.5% 2.0% 10.2% 51.3% 35.0% (n=343) wildlife. i. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much as I’d like, it’s 4.23 1.7% 1.5% 6.1% 53.8% 36.9% important to know that they (n=344) exist in Indiana.

87 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) j. We should be sure future generations of Indiana will have 4.27 0.9% 1.2% 8.7% 48.5% 40.7% an abundance of fish and (n=344) wildlife. k. It’s important to me to know that there are healthy 4.20 0.9% 1.7% 10.8% 49.6% 37.0% populations of wildlife in (n=343) Indiana. l. It’s important to maintain fish 4.32 and wildlife so that future 0.9% 1.5% 6.1% 47.8% 43.7% (n=349) generations can enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. 4.13 0.3% 1.7% 12.0% 56.9% 29.2% (n=343) n. It’s important that all Indiana 4.10 residents have a chance to 0.9% 1.2% 14.5% 54.4% 29.1% (n=344) learn about wildlife in the state. o. It’s important that we learn as 4.02 much as we can about wildlife. 0.9% 2.6% 17.8% 51.0% 27.7% (n=343)

24. People get information about wildlife from a variety of sources. To what extend do you trust each organization listed below as a source of information about wildlife?

Mean Not at Very Am not (without Slightly Moderately all much familiar am not (2) (3) (1) (4) (5) familiar) (n) a. Neighbors/Friends 3.01 3.2% 14.1% 58.1% 21.7% 2.1% (n=341) b. Natural Resources 3.41 Conservation Service (NRCS) 2.3% 6.7% 31.3% 48.0% 11.7% (n=342) c. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3.41 4.4% 7.9% 27.1% 55.7% 5.0% (n=343) d. Purdue University Extension 3.29 6.7% 9.0% 21.0% 46.9% 16.3% (n=343) e. Indiana Department of Natural 3.47 Resources (IDNR) 3.8% 7.1% 25.0% 60.0% 4.1% (n=340)

88 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Mean Not at Very Am not (without Slightly Moderately all much familiar am not (2) (3) (1) (4) (5) familiar) (n) f. Indiana Department of 2.97 Environmental Management 9.1% 14.7% 34.1% 30.3% 11.8% (n=340) (IDEM) g. Environmental groups (Sierra Club, Natural Resource 2.62 17.9% 16.8% 30.3% 20.3% 14.7% Defense Council, The Nature (n=340) Conservancy, etc.) h. County Soil and Water 2.98 conservation District (SWCD) 8.5% 14.3% 36.0% 29.2% 12.0% (n=342) i. Canoe liveries/rental facilities 2.13 27.1% 26.0% 26.5% 5.9% 14.5% (n=339) j. Local school teachers 2.51 17.1% 25.3% 35.9% 14.1% 7.6% (n=340) k. Conservation officers 3.28 5.8% 8.8% 34.2% 47.4% 3.8% (n=342) l. Naturalists at parks and 3.25 forests 5.3% 9.4% 36.2% 43.8% 5.3% (n=340)

25. Where are you likely to seek information about wildlife? (check all that apply) (n=368) 50.3% Newsletters/brochures/fact sheets 41.0% Conversations with others 10.9% Social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) 14.1% Workshops/demonstrations/meetings 55.2% Exhibits or displays at State Parks or other natural areas 54.9% Internet 10.6% Radio 19.8% Local library 53.8% Newspapers/magazines 7.9% Other

89 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

26. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) (n=368) 84.5% Residential 11.1% Agriculture 0.8% Commercial

27. Do you have a septic system? (n=335) 37.9% No (skip to #29) 1.8% Don’t know 60.3% Yes, it was installed in _____ (year): Range: 1952-2013 Median: 1996

28. Within the last five years, have you had any of the following problems with your septic system? (check all that apply) (n=202) 9.4% Slow drains 1.0% Sewage backup in house 2.5% Bad smells near tank or drain field 0.5% Sewage on the surface 0.0% Sewage flowing to ditch 3.0% Other 85.1% None 4.5% Don’t know

29. Do you have livestock and/or horses on your property along the Tippecanoe River? (n=338) 1.8% Yes, livestock 0.3% Yes, livestock and horses 1.2% Yes, horses 96.7% No, I do not have livestock or horses (skip #31)

30. Do your livestock and/or horses have access to the Tippecanoe River? (n=11) 9.1% Yes, my livestock have access to the river 90.9% No, neither my livestock nor my horses have access to the river

31. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? (n=338) 10.9% No 48.2% Yes, a few 40.8% Yes, many

90 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

32. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? (n=324) Range: 0-79 years Mean: 20.2

33. What is your gender? (n=336) 75.6% Male 24.4% Female

34. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? (n=331) 3.0% Some formal schooling 31.7% High school diploma 18.7% Some college 12.4% 2 year college degree 21.5% 4 year college degree 12.7% Graduate degree

35. In general, how would you describe your political views? (n=312) 9.0% Very conservative 42.3% Conservative 39.7% Moderate 6.4% Liberal 2.6% Very liberal

36. In what year were you born? 19______(n=326) Range: 1926 to 1990 Mean: 60.4 years old Median: 62 years old

37. Are you a member of a religious organization? (n=326) 19.9% Catholic 12.0% Methodist 17.5% Christian nondenominational 2.1% Baptist 0.3% Jewish 10.4% Other (please specify): See pg. 129 for respondent comments 21.2% No affiliation 16.6% Prefer not to answer

91 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

38. How often do you attend religious services or events? (n=306) 27.8% Never 25.2% Once or twice a year 8.2% Once a month 34.3% Once a week 4.6% Several times a week

40. My organization would be willing to support (e.g. put up signs, host events, etc.) that protect the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River (please check all that apply and specify what group). (n=363) 1.4% Watershed group: Nature Conservancy 0.3% Local gym: Mad Intellect Training in Culver, IN 0.5% Hunting club: Quail Forever, Ducks Unlimited 1.6% Church: Winamac 1st UMC, Living Faith Church of the Brethren, Americus Church of God 0.3% School club: Garden Club at Meadowlawn Elementary School 2.2% Social organization/club: Nature Conservancy, Kat Haus Parlor and Social Club, Indiana Credit Est. (ICE), Friends of Tippecanoe River State Park, Anbbee Improvement Assn. 62.2% None

92 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Additional Comments

[pg. 6 #22 i. "unless another solution is out there'] page 9 #28: "We have it cleared and use commercial products, RID-X etc...) We are in the process of moving from our river property. But, we have enjoyed and hope to continue to use/enjoy this beautiful river. 10. Yes in the Tippecanoe River "This spring 7076 N Chamber Qt Mote Yes, in another river "Eel when I was a kid 40 years ago In comment box: "This was sent to [name]- she is my sister and lives in Greencastle. I am [name]- this property has been in our family about 59 years. I have hunted- fished- trapped- this river since age 10 yrs. During the time we have beenhere I have seen a great loss of all wildlife. All types." Note attached to enclosed document 'Kosciusko County Emergency Management': "1. This is being done without consulting small property owners. There is only one really large owner on the Tippy i this county" 2. Grace College is in bed with county government and business. It can not be trusted. 3. Lake Tippecanoe property owners are called Lakers a swear word. 4. With 100+ lakes in the county one would think this county would be a pain in the ss of state government. One would be wrong. [signed]" #22. a-I Changed the 'Neutral' column. Crossed out 'Neutral' and wrote "Not Sure". In Montery, IN on the Tippecanoe River there has been a horrible log jam there for 10 years or better. Is there any way someone can clean it up so we can float through there without being in danger? All waste water treatment plants are located on a waterway. W.M. land fill located three miles from river east of Buffalo, IN. on IN SR 16. Was the old section of land fill lined? I have lived on rivers, all my life. I left there was an abundance of mussels. For many years. I harvested mussels for years, by boat and by hand. We sold, the shells, the meat, and the pearls. We found a few black pearls, the inside of the mussel is themost beautiful thing in the world (Mother of Pearl). This was on White River. We sold them to MD. Cohen in Terre Haute, IN. We out them in the pickup truck, about 1 ton. We were paid about (illegible, maybe 700?) a ton and Mr. Cohen put them on a airplan they were ground up and put in oyster beds, one grain, made 1 pearl. I think. I feel like the dams should not be used to regulate the river levels. The output of the dams should be equal to the input from the river. While I am sensitive to the plight of the endangered mussels, we pay a premium to live on waterfront

93 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey property. There s no compensation, regardless of the water level. We cannot use our property to enjoy the lake in times like these. There is so much conversation and conservation for the mussels below the Oakdale Dam, however, the mussels located right across from our prperty are suffering as well. What is the difference? Also, I would add that both lake levels should be treated the same. Shafer should not be kept at higher levels when Freeman is made to bear the brunt of drought conditions. We have to many otters. We need a hunting season on them because they are eating the fish. To much fertilizer and weed killer go in the Tippecanoe from a lot of drainage. Page 1, question 2: "don't" Page 3, question 12: big "?" next to the whole box Page 5, question 20: the funny comercial In the question that you asked about vegetation along the tippecanoe river, I have a steel sea wall on my property. I would like to comment on the lowering of the level on Lake Freeman. There are some very shallow areas in the upper lake freeman area s well as other areas. My current area is only 5 feet deep. I would be concerned that if the lake level was lowered that the northside of the upper lake would not have water. The river runs on the southside of upper lake freeman. Page 3, question 12: just drew a big question mark by the whole box The biggest threat to the mussel population in our area are the otters that the state reintroduced into the area a few years ago. We would wake up every day to find dead mussels on our bank or piers. This went on for quite a while then stopped. I read tha the other move to other locations and will end up back in our area again in a few years. I hear they are very damaging to the area ponds. They have been more of a nuisance than a help in our opion?Also last year I noticed and reported that we have a stingy grassy vegetation growing on the bottom of the river and on the sides of piers. I was told that it wasn't harmful to the river, but the river doesn't seem as clear as it used to be when it gets low. Could it be the absence of the mussels causing this My husband has lived here on the Tippy for most of his 57 years. Just about 5 years ago we were excited as the good looking grass started making a comeback in our area. Although the excitement was short lived... it It hasn't changed much at all in the yers since and the stringy stuff seems to be taking over the past couple of years. Cover page: What did the mussels do during a dry time before the dams were built? Q22i: Natural run of the river Q38: What does this have to do with mussels I have previously heard about the mussels being endangered, and have noticed a heavy decline in mussel populations around my property in the last 2 years. Otters are eating the mussels

94 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

I feel nature should be alowed to take it's natural course without any type of intervention. That is what god intended to happen. Page 2, question 4: "Stupid question Nothing to do w/ mussel issue" Page 2, question 6: "What does this have to do w/ mussels in Tippicanoe River" Page 3, question 12: "stupid question again" Page 6, question 21, part e: "You mean socialism" Page 10, quesion 37: "-stupid question" Page 10, question 38: "None of your business" Comment box: "Survey obviously slanted for pre-determined result. Very disappointed in Purdue for promoting such a one sided survey. To equate mussels to larger issue of 'wildlife', s intellectually dishonest. Pesticides in water obviously much more detrimental to aquativ life yet few questions on effect of agriculture. As lake is bing lowered I see mussel "beached" as water recedes- can't say whether alive or dead yet, but no doubtlowering of lake is killing mussels in Lake Freeman. Also observed mussel shells as if racoon or other animals have broken shells to eat mussel. If government want to protect species- compensate indivduals who suffer as in ie suit- (illegible) absent fromsurvey." Releasing the otters back in the Tippecanoe River was a huge mistake!! They kill fish just for play, destroy ponds and the mussels. Fishing gets worse every year because of them. ALSO Keep the Chicago idiots out if the river! Windy City Floats (they daage the river like no other) Q13: (Next to "Eat it") Used to when there were more Q14d: I don't use them as bait Q28: (Next to "Sewage backup in house") Sometimes not often, (Next to "Bad smells near tank or drain field") Once Q39: I have no organizations I have fished, swam, ad floated the Tippecanoe River since a young child. I've lived on it for 40 years. I have seen it go through many changes in 50 years, good and bad. Although I'm not seeing near the amount of mussels I have in the past, the grass is coming back which is agreat asset! Along with that I'm seeing more walleye, smallmouth, pike, goggle-eye, largemouth, and channel catfish. At this point in time, the river is about as healthy as I've seen it since the early 60s! Thank you Why would my religion be a part of your survey? [name[ is an uncle - dead. My name is [name] I own the river lot. My Dad, uncle, grandmother, [names] bought the property in early 1960's. Been in family long time. Thank you.

[name] Phone # [phone number] Home # [phone number]

95 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Q16-19: Don't care Q25: TV 1) Do you actually think all this will change anything? (survey) 2) The rich people up on Tippecanoe Lake want to remove all ? in the river they say it floods this million $ dollar homes. I say though. That's the chance you tak when you built homes this. I hope I have some rights yet. I signed a paper no ? on touching my property and they hadn't better!! Years ago they had a guy with a high wheeled tractor moved the trees nothing changed what a joke some people are. we typically use my property for seasonal camping but have not used it for several years. Q10: Farm land Q38: What's this matter?? Iwould like to see the dams open more in the spring to stop flooding every year. Or dredge the river. Every spring my neighborhood floods. Thanks (signed). page 1 # 3: "catch and release" I have always felt the need to be a 100 ft minimum from a point on river bank "edge" to the start of any farmed agriculture (corn, bean, wheat) the farmers runoff of herbicides, pesticides, and ... is obscene! People count too! After this past 2 weeks regarding the lowering of Lake Freeman to protect the mussels I am now seeing mussels exposed on the Tippecanoe River, upper Lake Freeman that are probably dying, so which mussels are we supposedly protecting. I am happy to see interest from Purdue U. in managing Tippecanoe Watershed/ecosystem. Wishing you best of luck in your endeavors! I don't like the lowering of Lake Freeman. It took years to get a place on the lake and now I can't use it. Page 4, beneath question 14: " I have a place on the Tippy up by Winamac, IN. They put in disposal plant on HY 35 and the river. The plant is up stream from my place. Since it was built, the fishing has become very poor, you don't hear any frogs, and thewater is milky. One year you couldn't catch a cat fish! The bass are gone." Page 7, beneath question 23: "My place in Winamac has nearly flooded at least 3 times because they who live charge would not let the dams open and let water out the the lakes thirs big money on the lakes so their will is done and ours is flooded. The rich must have a play ground." Page 8, beneath question 25: "Any one who has a source of money coming from the feds, state, or any money making groups, will lie and tell you just wat you want to hear, any of the above will lie if need be." Comment box: "I have always loved to fish and hunt the outdoors is a home to me. Since my younger days I have seen many fish and animals, birds, drapes, rabbits, quail, (illegible), the fish in mall streams and large streams, we buy bottled water and don't know where it comes from. I tell every one we must take care of our water we need it too live, but as long as you can buy it no one cares but the fisherman and hunter. We know where our heart ies. (Signed)"

96 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

I have not seen the large mussels pictured. However, this past winter I observed muskrats diving and bringing up small mussels to eat. The shells were about 1" to 1.5" across. They left piles of these shells on the ice and the bank. I can't identify te specie but obviously they were numerous. I live on a section near Warsaw, IN south of Atwood. Front page: "[two phone numbers]" Comment box: "People need to know what is really going on! Between agriculture and the environment. I know. Too much water, going into river causing erosion; ie (tiling) more concern about drainage thn ecosystem. Spoke to many organizatoins, such as: DNR, IDEM, Nature Conservancy, Endangered Species people. No one has any power to do anything. or won't $$$ The EPA is for the environment, what are they doing? Tippecanoe Lake, Webster Lake, Winona Lake ll should have fixed dams. When they open the dams, the water flucuation is damaging the ecosystem and erosion. They say it costs too much money for a fixed dam to be installed, just set them and leave them alone, Duh? Lake Associations are running the shw! $$$ Non-bias media needs to inform people what is going on. Good ideas may come from there. [phone number]. Sewage plants, treated or not, should not be allowed to dump into the river. ------> Warsaw shouldn't be allowed to dump raw sewage in river uring excessive rain periods. Tippecanoe River up here needs HELP" Note taped to the front page: "Note, While I live on Tippecanoe River I unfortunately am too busy working to use or enjoy it! I do not feel qualified to answer this survey as I do not have time to interact with the river! 8-23-2014 (signed)" 3. For food "*not very much" 32. "3 months owned property for several years" 34. next to 4 year college degree "3 times" 12. I have no knowledge to give an opinion. ask what is different more then about 10 years ago like what is being dropped on our fields next to the river page 8 question 24 j: "I am one and don't know how to educate on this subject" the front code was scratched out but I was able to read the code through it Page 2, question 7: "Lake Freeman" page 3, question 12: big question mark next to the box Comment box: "We enjoy wildlife on Lake Freeman and would never do anything to destroy it (though the geese are not welcome in our yard!). But to not be able to enjo the lake in the middle of August is not fair! We don't have to worry about hitting stumps etc because we can't even get our boat off of the lift :( We are not sure what mussels are good for (filtering water??) but at the present we are not too supportiveof this procedure of lowering Lake Freeman--" Two yrs. ago, the river was lowered quickly - there were hundereds of mussels on shore. They were everywhere on shore. We would put them back into the water. We wondered how it took two yrs for this to become an emergency. It

97 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey seemed to become front and cnter when we began to see Lake Freeman go down. But the fact that the Lake was lowered with no public notice was alarming. No one had any idea this happen until it did. We often ask ourselves - if it is a problem that the mussels need 500 ct per second" of water, then what kept them alive in previous hundreds of years of deficite rainfall?? Lowering the river slowly so the mussels can migrate to deeper water seems a best solution. I think the issue is silt and pollution - not water levels." I Feel one of the problems in my local area is the dump in buffalo. page 3-4 "Don't care about the mussells. I have 4 boats that I cannot use. And I don't know how they will get winterized!! Someone should have notified me before lowering the lake level!!!!!" page 6 "What about the mussells in Lake Freeman" page 9 questin 27 "No a pumped sewer" page 9 question 31 "on Lake Freeman" page 10 question 34 "5 yrs of apprentice training to be a plumber" page 11 question 39 "I don't care about mussells. I care about the water level in Lake Freeman!!! Additional comments: "I dont understand why they lowered the water in Freeman and not Shaffer lake. That just doesn't seem right to me, but I guess Freeman doesn't have an Indiana Beach. Why don't you build a temporary dam in the river and leave the level of Lake Freeman alone. Thee has to be mussells in Lake Freeman all so. So its all right to kill them. Leave lake Freeman alone period." As far as the mussels are concerned and the questioned pertaining to dead/empty shells on the bank, we haven't seen any dead ones but my husband and neighbors have noticed a LARGE amount of empty shells on the banks. We've also noticed a growing number o muskrats in the water and on the banks. This year my husband and neighbors have had a lot of problems with them stealing the bait off hooks while they were fishing, we often wondered if they were the culprits eating the mussels on the banks of the river Not sure if this is any help but if the mussels are an endangered species and the muskrats are growing in population and eating them, it could be adding to the problem. Glad to help! I'm independent and want to help. I love backpacking and kayaking. Anything to keep nature untouched keeps my life happy. Lake Freeman should not be lowered to save these mussels. Extinction happens. It's part of nature. The lakes we're created for a reason. Sometimes the river will be high, sometimes it will be low. Seems crazy that they can let enough water out of the dam uring periods of heavy rain to cause significant flooding down the Tippy not to mention the tremendous amount of property damage, but we can adjust the dam to try to save these things. I live in Town Along Tippecanoe River. And Also Own A Farm with Frontage on The River But do no use it in any way [name] Pg. 5 # 20 "yes, but not in the Tippecanoe" page 6 # 22 a): "I live on the Wabash watershed" Pages 9 and 10 #'s 26 and 32: crossed out "Tippecanoe" and wrote "Wabash"

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Person goes on to explain that they don't believe that questions in this survey regading political views are directly correlated with wildlife issues. They believe that tax money isn't used the way it should be used, and that's why there isn't enough government money to deal with wildlife issues. And that water levels are risen and lowerd too quickly. 1. Deer damage in this state is obscene, crop damage is in the thousands on a 500 acre farm 2. Deer damage is an indictment of the state's ability and desire to properly manage nature 3. Mussel sheel cuts to the feet were some of the most serious injure I suffered as a kid 4. Mussels have no value now because the state outlawed there takeing 5. This surveys arguments was made in the 60's, 70's and they are not obsolete yet 6. Grant money and politics is the reason for this survey 7. Rattlsnake the ceanest creek in the state is now being polluted by the state with processed sewage 8. Voles are now a problem due to notill farming there appears to be no solution but to start tilling again 9. EPA and the Corp of Engineers are the biggest threats to he survival of all species including man This survey is designed to support your point of view. My question to you... Do you believe you should decide if wildlife live if God decides not? The people that decide what the water levels have no basis for determining how much water should flow throgh the river. You would have those that live in Monticello or any other community near a lake lose ten's of millions of dollars to control the wild life. You would have the community business lose millions of dollars and go out of business. Yes, you contol. Do what you say and not what God says. Life us a balance, God made it that way. Again, I say your survey is to support your position and you will twist it to the point of destroying Monticello. Endangered mussels in the upper Freeman Area have been sacrificed to bring river levels to unnatural levels. Nobody wants to acknowledge the damage. Thousands of dead mussels, low river levels, and this is not a drought year. Typically when a government aency gets involved there's cause and effect. Where's the compromise? Local business is adversely being affected by LOW water levels !! page 4, question 13: 'Throw' was crossed out comment box: "When the vet was low a few years back there was plenty of dead mussels where the river bottom got heated up and dried up! I live at Pulaski Ind in Pulaski county. When this happened I did not kno the clam beds where there. I knew they were up river, but not where it dried up. It's nit just the clams but I don't see the crayfish like I did. But I think it's comin back!!"

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Stop the hundreds of miles of drain tile being laid to drain the fields, and dumping tons of polluted water in the river. It would also stop all the silt thats choking up the river bottom and killing everything in it. Including plants, river bugs (stone lys etc) mussels, crayfish etc. Where did all the river grass go? How many 100yr floods did we go thru the past 5yrs. 3. Stop all the runoff from the field tiles and you'll save the river if not, its all a smoke screen and band-aid. And what do you think bout making the river a catch and release, just for small mouth bass. It takes many years for smallie to reach 3-5 pounds and these fish are your breeders, put 'em back! I thank you for wanting to save the river and its creatures, but like I said I think ts a ll a smoke screen, it won't do any good, you can't stop the almighty farmer in this state. But didn't you know they love the land $$$ We want Lake Freeman back to normal and could care less about the clams. We didn't spend thousands of dollars to not have boat access. Thousands of local business dollars lost. Time to ACT!!! We don't live there all year round. Just visit a few times a year. I have seen several empty shells on my property around the river. I think people need to hear about this issue, because until now I have never heard of it. I was surprised about all the government questions and political views question on a survey about mussels. Any questions about our government is a sore subject with any hard working American. It's hard to say you want government to pay to protect wildlie because it's only the working class that really pays for it because we support the government, and anyone not working. The government can't even run the United States so how can they help the rivers. The Tippecanoe River is always low. you can't fish orfloat. All the water is in Lake Shafer for Indiana Beach. So to me Lake Shafer gets to have all the water and the river is left with barely any water. Lake Shafer makes money so they get the water. Everything runs on greed so anything good and natural is lowly dying because there's no money in nature. But without nature we can't exist. The government and greed that run the US will never understand. Page 2, question 6 I only use the boat at the River" Page 10, question 38: "I read the bible and try to live by Gods words" Comment Box: "There needs to be a book with good pictures in it of all the fish in Indian Rivers. It should tell which ones a endagered and which one should be killed and not released. It would be a good Thesis Paper (book) for a student. The sale of the book could be income. If there is already a book like this please let me know. If someone desides to do the book idea please let e know I might have some ideas for them. Thank you (signed) Russell Voss 1247 S. 575 E Rochester IN 46975" I GUESSED AT THE ID # ON MY FOR, IT WAS EITHER [ID] OR [ID] SO THAT YOU KNOW WHICH MY NAME AND ADDRESS IS [name] [address]

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There are too many fallen trees in the river hindering water flow. I have been closely involved with the US F&W regarding the lowering of Lake Freeman. I was amazed at the power they have to indescrimitily pick an arbitrary # of CFS discharge to protect the endangered species act. In 2012 they said that they neded 200CFS minimum to protect the mussels. In 2014 they said they need 500CFS, and that is the reason Lake Freeman is draining. If you would like the history of our meetings, e-mail me @([email protected]). Sincerely Yours, [Signed] Page 9, question 28: "cracked system from tree falling on it" Written by [name]’s grandson, the answers were hers Q3: (Next to "I do not fish") Often We have been having higher water levels from flooding in recent years. Our river banks have been eroding since 2008 due to higher water levels. I feel it is due to the erosion filling in the river bottom, thereby cauing the river to gain newer high levels since the river capacity has been lowered. It is wrong to use the Lakes (Shaffer and Freeman) to buffer nature. A lake is a lake, not a reservoir. If the lake did not exist and it was only a river, regardless of no rain fall, the levels of water in the river would drop to levels below what you pople want. This is wrong to interfere. The mussels will survive without your input and if they don't, that's nature and the way it works. This is a typical situation of people making decisions that impact other people that can't do anything about your ecisions. I'm extremely upset with what is going on and you have no right to lower the lakes to attempt to protect these worthless mussels. What are you going to do if it doesn't rain? ..keep draining the lakes and kill all the fish. You are wrong, selfsh and only thinking about your own crusade for these stupid mussels. 2011 flooding cause large amounts of sand to be deposited in front of my land in river. Changed river bottom from rocky to sand. Each year a little is removed by river flow can't be good for mussels. How water levels are affecting fishing, boating and all life in the river. Log dams are creating too many unnatural sandbars which seems to be harming all aquatic life and are a hazard to human safety. The fluctuations of Lake Freeman's water levels is very frustrating and unacceptable to me. If this is caused by government and environmentalist group, they should be required to compensate waterway owners for losses, i.e. a monetary penalty for each day he water levels are below normal. Q27: Replaced old one If we could fix stupid, that would be good - we can't. The best answer to the above comment is "remove all warning labels and natural selection can occur!"

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The locals here are all very conscious of the beauty of our surroundings- farmers - maybe not so much - we stay away from chemicals and allow natural growth along this stretch of river. The older locals help to educate folks about care of the area, and they know the cyclic change that occurs. We are truly blessed! Personally would be willing to support anything that would help the endangered species. The questions that I did not answer I considered invasive of our privacy #38 "Redneck tree hugger" #39 "No organization, but I'd stick'em up wherever I could" "When dealing, with river rats, such as myself, its wise to send folks fluent in good-old-boy, and to remember that honey catches more fies than vinegar." Page 8, question 25, next to 'Other': "TV" Page 10, question 34, next to 'High school diploma': "Ged" Comment box: "I have lived on the River for many years. I've seen a great decline in mussels. Many dead mussel beds. From Grenany Bridge to my house. Thee are even zebra mussels in our area. Even frogs have disappeared from our area. Many things have changed over the years. Not for the better. (signed Sam Williams)" Page 9, question 27: "No house on the one acre property" Comment box: "I am a retired Industrial Technology teacher and the legal owner of one acre of land without a house a =long the Tippecanoe River. My 34 year old son is high functioning autistic. He lves to Kayak, Fish and swim in the river. I take part in a few of his kayak and fishing trips. He took part in the First Five pages of the survey. I filled out the rest. Our property is neat the highway 17 bridge. We both respect and appreciate the river. NOTE: I attempted to access the online version of this survey but it stated there was an error. Q27: But won't do anything significant until upriver is dine In a still struggling economy, the level of the lake is important to the community and homeowners. We don't understand the value of these mussels. Do they contribute positively to the water qality? The water quality in relation to the sewer systems will not get significantly better until all the houses upstream and slightly off the lake to put them in as well. If I were 20yrs younger I am sure I would answer some slightly different. But at the age of 82?? Wildlife over personal safety and livelyhood??? Think not." *Note: 'Think not' is underlined, twice.* What does religion have to do with the river or mussels?? Came an just look at the river when it is about 5:30pm everyday an see the sewage from run-off or Monticello, dumping into it. We had to put in a sewage grinder. How about the pig & cattle farm's n field drains. Don't cave in to the boater and people that live on Freeman. Mother Nature will

102 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey take care of the low water situation. Thanks for survey. Before dams were put on the river, the water level rose and ell based on rainfall. Just as it does now. Its the natural course. So why do you think controlling the flow of water is going to really matter? Potawatomi has excellent educational programs regarding Tippecanoe mussels with several significant finds in the area. getintonature.com Page 3, questioin 11: "--> and dead or empty" Comment box (there is an additional cover page and back page in the middle of this survey, the comment is on the inside one) "Thanks for the information and this survey!" We saw a man, about 5 years prior, trapping mussels in his fairly large boat that was built for this purpose-he was active in this endeavor for several days-he stated he sold them to Japan. Sharon and Ray Buchanan Q10: "Yes, in another river (most recent time/place) May 2014 Peshtigo Rvr, IN, Mar., 2014 Dry Creek, MO Page 10: See Dean Jay Akridge for my answer 1. Wild animals cause car accidents and human death! Deer, coons, etc. Deer is not worth more than a huma 2. Clams in lakes exceed those in river million to one and are more useful. In Lake they now are dead along banks. (Lower lakes) 3. Wildcat Creek, Sugar Creek, Blue, etc. have the clams and don't have economic impact 4. The study not done by USFWS was sttistically inconclusive (by any scientist) and clams (mussels) are in 15 states (Citech internet). They will exist in wilderness areas of Missouri, TN, Miss. 5. Clams move to 20ft deep spring holes in river, i.e. Drought 1883, 1934, etc. - 5000 fish I am a farmer resident of the lower river same 45 years ago. I enjoyed it then but only take my boat out 4 or 5 times a year on Shafer now. Article taped to the comment box, titled: "Trying to fool nature with Tippecanoe River's flow" "The water flow on the Tippecanoe River has been maintained in its natural flow for the 80 years that the lake dams have been in existence. It was simple: he same amount of water that came into the small lakes from the river would be let out the other side to preserve the natural flow. Now some government agency from far away has decided it knows best how to intervene in nature's cycle of the river. Itstates that an endangered species somehow now needs more water to survive on the sandbars than it has needed in the past 80 years. If those endangered mussels are truly indigenous to the Tippecanoe River, then it should be obvious that the past 80 yers of natural high low water flow must be what Mother Nature intended for them to live in that river. Someone within the government has decided it now needs to change the natural river flow by dumping in more lake water, thus exploiting the lake's ecsystem. With the dismal track record of government interference of Mother Nature and the national trend to generate more electricity from renewable sources, why are we letting someone purposely wreck the natural river cycles? Will the dumping of morewater to alter the natural low water levels of the river

103 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey cause the spread of more invasive species? What are the total effects on both sides of the dams, where is the need to try to fool Mother Nature?" Having not thought of doing more to support the Mussels in the river, I don't know who would be willing to join in support. Thank you Please help keep this wonderful river clean and safe Thank you [name] I have not been to the Tippecanoe River for the last 30 years. Get people who run there septic into the river My name is [name] not [name]. Please change it from now on thank you. If you want to put up a sign on the property about the mussels please let me know. Thank you. [name] [pg. 1 #1 f. "I live on River." During low water flow times, let less water flow out of Oakdale Dam after sunset and return to 200 to 400 C.F.P.S. after daylight. Need control of wells going down on farms; far too many going down each year. This will lower level of ponds, lakes, river at some point. Putting river otters back in the river was bad thing to do In some cases my choice of neutral was due limited knowledge of the subject of the question. I am also conflicted about how far the various government agencies should go to protect endangered species or wildlife in general. Page 5, question 17: "Would like to have a response, please?" Page 5, question 19: "Please respond" Page 8, question 24, parts a-l: "I've lived on this Tippecanoe River for 64 years that's where I get my facts." Comment box: During the 2012 renovation if he Hog Point Bridge; located where Pretty Prairie Rd crosses the Tippecanoe River, the mussel and bat population was devastated." Page 9, question 26: "No house, not good for building." My family has lived on the River over 30 years. River has widened, trees have fallen in and it is not as deep or clean as it used to be. There was flooding a few years back. It had never flooded before. You can reach me or contact me at [address] (illegible) [address] I dont like the way several questions were written... lead to bias. No more surveys. wont do it next next I live on Lake Shafer, which I realize is the Tippecanoe River, but it is not river like. I kayak often up the Monon and the Little Monon and many of my answers about mussels are from those experiences. We need to control the chemical runoff into our national waterways and aquifers. Because of the past actions of environmental groups and the federal government response to their actions, there is little credibility in the way our environmental laws are enforced. Do not risk the wildlife on our lakes for the mussels in the river. The mussels have survived there for many years without you or anyone else getting involved

104 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey and upsetting the lake environment. I feel the Dam locks of the Tippy should be updated, and all public access should have some improvements, and the TLC public River cleanups should have more publicity! I believe everyone has the right to float our public waters safely and free. Enjoy the iver! Sections of the upper Tippecanoe River have many down trees in the water and restrict the flow of the river. This is natural but is it good for the river and its inhabitants? I have spent my lifetime so far around different areas of the Tippecanoe. I strongly agree with the statement about lowering Lake Schaffer and Freeman to protect the mussels. Most of the time I have seen the mussels is during low water conditions, on th banks of the river. I know the river flucuates with the amount of rain and season, but I have never understood even when rainfall is "good" in the summer (this year as example), why the river is so low. Other rivers in the area (Kankakee) seem not to b as low. If this is due to recreational uses of the two lakes, I believe this is not right. I believe we should manage the river system accordingly, versus using the river for recreation only purposes down stream. Who manages the water levels at the laes, anyway? I would like to contact them to discuss. Thanks Q32: 2002 - Summer home only Have seen raccoon eating mussels on the shore line before. If it would be possible, could sent me information on mussels - types in Indiana and Tippecanoe River too! Any information would be helpful! Cities & City Groups should not try to impose on the freedom/livelihood of rural areas people when they do not practice the same, ie.. No chickens in town, no livestock, etc... Your survey should be more specific about the questions they ask. For instance, I've never lived on the Lake but I own property and visit 30 times a year. You should make distinctions about the river and the Two Lakes. Many people have no idea that the laes are dammed up to create the lakes. You should look into how much damage the dredgers are doing to the mussels. Since many of them are up river and we see (find) many mussels up there how much damage are the dredgers doing? Have you gone to check in theretention ponds that the dredger dumps in to see how many mussels are in there? Suggestion: Pick a Saturday or Sunday morning between 10:30 and 1:00 and go up to the sandbars where the families with small kids are (it's quiet and calm) and observe how man shells and mussels are dug up, and then thrown back into the water. We have found many over the years. Lake levels should not be lowered to protect mussels! I've lived on the river for many years. Since the kids are grown, I don't get down and wade in the river like I used to, but think I'll do it soon. I'll look for mussels too! If an area is needed for research, I'd be glad to allow access through

105 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey ourproperty. The river is quite wide and shallow behind our house and about 1/4 mile each direction. [name], Warsaw [phone number] If the mussels are so important, then the gov't should build a separate reservoir system for them down stream of Lake Freeman. To drain lake Freeman and put that community at risk, for some mussels, is about as absurd as anything. Also, the water flow i Lake Shafer and into Lake Freeman is constant, and these lakes are kept at a constant level, and is stored water. If that water wasnt flowing through, those lakes would flood. If there is a drought, whatever water is flowing, should naturally flow thrugh the dams, as nature intended. If there is no water flowing, it is unnatural to open the lake and let water out. The mussels would either have to move to a wetter spot on the river, or they would die. Nature is a funny thing...... and if there is a rought, farmers don't have the luxury of opening up Lake Freeman to irrigate their crops. What is more important? Page 5, question 16: "probably not legal" Comment box: "The economy in the area depends on tourism and lake recreation- the water level of lake Freeman and Lake Shafer should NOT be lowered for the benefit of mussels. I think some groups are really gettin carried away with protecting the mussels at a greater cost to the area and society in general." I support your efforts to save the mussels but feel there needs to be a good balance between acceptable and unacceptable water levels in both Lake Shafer and Lake Freemen. We need to find a balance between protecting wildlife (mussels) and the level of water in date Freeman. This is a good survey questionnaire, thank you. We have a summer cabin by Warren Bridge, we are concerned over recent fluctuations in water levels in the river. Flooding and low levels. We love the river and spend as much time there as possible. If you ever need to access to the river on private proprty you are more than welcome at our place. Keep up the wonderful work you do. SAVE THE MUSSELS Thank you!!!! 39. Not applicable, but I would be interested in being part fo a watershep group, if there was one. Good water quality will mean nothing to out community if the lake is empty Any water releases should be slow, controlled, involve both dams(both lakes and be balanced according to the weather Lake Freeman alone should not have to hydrate 18 miles of endangered mussels Lowering the water should not be excessive, the mussels should be allowed to move to deeper areas during droughts, not artificially bahed in deep water *There should be an accounting of how many people/ housing areas / farmers are pulling irrigation water out of those 18 miles that contain the mussels, below the dam.

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Could we put a small dam down stream of the mussels to store enough water to protect them? Placing an economic value on mussel vs local economy it appears there is more importance on the mussels. Lake Freeman is being Greatly harmed by the the requiremet to send water down stream to protect the mussels! It could be best if we can solve both needs! I see a greater loss to Freeman than to the value of the mussels! One important fact drain ditches need to be not ? in the river. They could run through wetland or grass to stay silt and chemicals from dumping directly in the river ?. I own the largest foot bridge in Indiana 288' ? the Tippy ? should be willing to puta ? about the mussels on it. In 2013 they had 16,000 people float by it. [name] [phone number] 20. Lake Max 28. Crack from tree falling on it Before the Tippecanoe river was dammed the water flow varied drastically. The addition of the lakes, Tippecanoe, Shaffer, and Freeman probably stabilized the flow thanks to the constant hydroelectric turbine water flow. The Mussels that were in what is ow the lakes should also be protected. If the lakes are held at a steady level we will have water out equal to water in minus daytime evaporation loss, which can be calculated, but is minor. The river has flowed with the lakes in place for over 60 years the boats of today are much cleaner than 30 years ago. If the lakes were not there the river flow would return to it's natural state and at times flow far less than it has since being dammed. Your questions in the this survey were too limiting, and f to be further quoted in a report, were way too biased. I am for protecting fish and birds, but I am for shooting coyotes and deer, the population of each seems to have skyrocketed. I enjoyed scuba diving, but I never disturbed coral. I own a company hat makes natural gas processing equipment, and I am always amazed when the government forces expensive cleanups of gasoline spills, when the natural bacteria in the ground will consume small spills in a matter of 2 years or less. Your survey did not allw for my sighting mussels in more than one location. They are abundant in Cyprus Creek, Sugar creek, and Schlinskler ditch and in the Ohio River. Are the mussels found in the Tippecanoe river also found in the Wabash River? If not why not?. They alsoare abundant on a small island in Lake Freeman near East Pierce road; as the lake lowers they will be killed. My grandkids have found mussels on that island, and I have always made sure that they returned them. The flow on the river should be maintaine at or above the lowest flow rate experienced over the past 60 years, which is probably higher than the minimum experienced prior to the dams. While looking for property and after buying my riverfront home, I heard that the Tippecanoe River was one of the cleanest in the nation. Now, after be here 9 yrs, I am shocked by massive amounts of silt that the state/counties allow to flow into the river Why aren't there silt traps in drainage channels? Shoreline erosion is not the problem, agricultural runoff, largely unchecked, is.

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Great survey. There are a few people out there that are willing to save the fresh water mussels. Most of the land is owed by people that do NOT care, mainly because they are not educated. I would love to help spread the word. Also the Tippy is just one waer way out of thousands that need help. Some runs of Wilsons Creek have not been straighten or dreaded still support many kinds of rare aquatic life including mussels. These natural creeks are more endangered then any river in Indiana and flow through pivate landowners who desperately need to be educated. Unfortunately, more regulations are going to be the only way to save these ancient water filters. Please keep up the awareness Lakes Freeman & Sheefer have been here since the 1920's. As I fill this out Lake Freeman has been lowered over 2 feet to protect mussel beds below Oakdale Dam. In the past 80some years we have been through droughts before. Now the Federal Gov't step in and changes flow votes from the way the dams were permitted to operate. Hen gov't officials are allowed to put a few mussels in one stretch of a River ahead of people's livelihoods who pay their salaries our system is broken. I don't know how muc Purdue has to do with this process, but it's past time to invest dome common sense back into this equation and get these people back to work. After all by lowering the lake we're not only hurting people, but killing one kind of mussel to save anothe. Sounds like our government does it not. [Signed] Page 6, in reference to question 21: "What does this have to do with mussels?" Page 11, in reference to question 39: "I don't belong to any of the above." Comment Box: "I would never eat anything from any river anywhere. You need to stop any and all disharges of sewage et al from bussinesses- factories- into the river- I've been told there are 250 permits to dump sewage into the Tip River. The Tip is a river born of a huge pure water spring- It should never have any private of commercial waste dumped ito it- Save the mussels- fish (e-t eH?)- Totally stop all garbage waters from being dumped into this river- The tip is dangerously poisoned with something- A boy scout died from a cut on his knee while helping pull a canoe over shallow near the river brige at Winnamac I know the den mother- He had a shallow cut from something in the water- It became infected- was sent home from hospital- his whole leg swelled to twice is size and the infection killed him. you can surely get this verified- If you can't lt me know, I can. Another comment- Key Creek which runs throo the 7 pillars nature preserve in Miami County is extremely polluted- I've been up that creek (or drainage) a long way the further up you go the water is redish from soils- But it gets gray an hen turns black an smalls likan open sewer- I've told a woman who I met at 7 pillars (who said she works for DNR about it- Did you have any feed back? Clean it up!!" On the outside of the envelope: "I have removed- broken glass- rusted metal pieces- plastc pipe- styrofoam blocks of insulation- tires and wheels, aluminum cans- etc from the Tip (Indian Name for this is "Ke-Tap- Kwon") on several occasions- The water is so polluted I won't go in it now. I don't know how any water creatures can even live in i- When I first moved here

108 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey in 2003 you could see a lot of fish in the clear water- blue gill cleaned out spawning site all along the river where I live- Its been 6 or 7 years since I've seen a spawning site, y A few years ago when the river was very low, some drunken 4-wheelers were going up and down the river behind our neighborhood doing I am sure untold damgae. The police were called but never responded. :( we now have the number to call the DNR. We have i years past used the river very much. Now that we are older not as much. Love the birds along it esp. the eagles. I just want to make aware that I feel that due to the otters being introduced back into the river as well as an over population of raccoons has truly diminished the mussel population. Also rivers, especially well concealed areas, are a host to many drug elated activities. All the chemicals used to produce these drugs are being washed into the river on a daily basis. Mussels are just on of the wildlife being affected by this. I call to tell about the problems with the bridge will have, the trash we have, the general things The Sheiff Department The DNR Department The County Department in general their answer is always the same answer If we don't see it being done we can't do anything about it! ["if" through "it!" is circled] Had the lake been lowered to increase the waterflow over the dam a few years back, the mussels all along the edge would have been destroyed - there are hundreds in the 100 foot frontage in front of my home alone. When the water was lowered many years agothese mussels were exposed. It is not the dams job or focus to maintain river or lake levels - electricity is their focus and to involve/ force a private company to take on that role is wrong. Page 1, question 1: "On Lake Freeman" Comment box: "The lakes are not flood control lake Nipsco say they only let out what comes in thus they should not lower lake Freeman to save mussels it is nature doing it's own thing. I see mussels on dry banks when ake was lowered and many sandbars exposed mussels so kill some to save some. Not natural" Protecting the mussels is great, but the lake levels cannot be lowered. It will and does affect property values. Our values have been hurt enough. Thanks There are actually two of us answering this survey. ([two names]) [name] has seen the mussels since he was a child. [name] is only familiar more recently... 1967-ish [name] has a masters degree, [name] has a bachelors degree. Both from Purdue. [name] see a lot of open mussel shells on the bottom of the river when he is out fishing. He never bothers them. There are less live ones than when he was a child. Question 25: specified 'Other' as T.V. The river has been polluted from excess farm tiles and drainage to creeks which all end up in the river quickly after it rains you can't stop the pollution as long as

109 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey all the run off ends up in the river the river has gotten in bed shape it is blocked bylog jams to the point you can't even get a boat thru it. We would be very interested in a river cleanup. Not just for the mussels but all wildlife and people as well. My wife and I had to rescue a sand crane caught in a fishing line left behind and see many wounded ducks, geese and other animals. We spend a ot of time on the river and want everyone to appreciate it as well. It was amazing to see all of the mussels when they last drained Lake Shafer, they were at the 6-8' depth, the bottom was the original sand and gravel bottom, surprisingly there was no sediment. The sediment that comes down the river settles out up streambut the sediment that comes on down must go on through the dam, this would be the smaller particles. They only drained it to the 8' depth, it would be interesting to see the whole thing drained to see just how deep the mussels are surviving at. Loweringthe lakes to save the mussels is implying that the mussels can not survive a drought, the lakes were built in 1923, how many droughts were there before they were built going back in time, I'm sure there were some. The dams were built to let the water flo through that is coming down the river, the exact the same flow that has been happening since time began and the mussels have done just fine. My opinion after being on the river now for 17+ years is that the continual lowering of the river to keep lake levels up has a profound impact on river wildlife. The number of times it's dropped each year seems to be directly proportional to the dead shels found in the water in front of my property. Pg. 10 # 32 "Recreational home-summer Q8: Just looking! Q11 and Q12: ? Interesting and worthwhile project! Every person who does respond will have different views. I would like to have a brief summary upon completion and evaluation. There are some subjects which needed a paragraph for resonse. Well done! [name] Save our creeks and rivers please. They are rapidly filling in with silt and topsoil. In the 1960s we floated in boats from C.R.1050 east to Monitor on the middle fork of the Wildcat creek!!! It now stops running in summer. Recreation and property values and businesses are just as important as the wild life. Observing the wildlife around and in the water, I find that the eco system is just fine and thriving. Do not regulate the flow and volume of the water in the lakes to acommodate for the mussels. Recreation in the lakes have been around for 90 years. Oakdale and Norway can be regulated to keep a safe level for mussels and also for lake recreation. There is way too much fluctuation in the levels on Freeman. Nipsco should not put back into the waters what they collect by screens before the

110 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Hydro-gens.They should have to collect it and take to a dump. If the dam's where not in place what would of happened to the mussels? #22 letter I (not when I can not use my boat or get it off the lift.) I live on a road across the street from Lake Shafer so do not live by the Tippecanoe River. So didn't answer some questions.

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Responses to “please specify”

3. Why do you fish? (check all that apply)

Other (please specify): (n=9) Dont fish there Entertain grandson Do not keep caught fish Therapy Fish with son Catch and release, sport Fish sport-let go To eat fish Teach kids

7. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that Apply)

From a public access point (please specify where): (n=73) TALMA put in Pond + river access Pulski Talma Blue Water Beach Pulaski Montery Leiters Ford Bridge at cr18 Talma P.A. Bluewater Beach Pulaski, Winamac Hashel's bridge & 35 bridge Rochester, IN Winamac launch Brown Lane Warren Bridge Tippecanoe, Talma, Mennominee, Gerory Bridge, 19+10 Germery Bridge Bridge highway 18 River Junction Blue Hole

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200 W Either Oakdale or in Horseshoe Bend Germany bridge River Junction, Springboro Bridge Oakdale Puliski- Monterey Talma or Menominee Blue Water Winamac- Pulaski Winamac All of them Old tip town State road 18 Old bridge on 35, 119 Bridge, Pulaski Bridge IN 18 Lighters Ford Winamac area boat ramps Germany Bridge Germany Bridge Monterey Talma Town Park Many places upstream from winimac All within 15 miles from home Haschel's Bridge Oakdale Potawotomi Wildlife Park Parks Germany Bridge Park Bluewater beach- Monticello Germany Bridge Oakdale Park down the road Any bridge area Hashels landing/undertoe 35 bridge Several places around Rochester to Leiters Ford and Entna Green Oakdale dam Blue water Bluewater Old Tipp Town

113 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

River Junction Tippecanoe Germany Bridge Winamac City Park Old US 30 rest park Leiters Ford Public Access Leiters ford, monterey,winamac swing bridge, undertoe Blue Water Beach Talma, IN. P.A. Rochester & Germany Bridge 35 & Haschal's bridge Talma

7. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that Apply)

Other (please specify where): (n=30) From my property Bridge put in old tip town Launch at 2nd Beach Bluewater Drive Monterey Pulaski launch Friends Houses Litters Ford Landing Summer lake house Private land we own on river N/A Bridges Just watch from my house on the river Someone else property Own land along river Oakdale Dam Live on upper Freeman From farm I live on Lake Shafer Pennaton Bridge My property 18 Bridge Our cabin

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My own property Private property on the river, but nit my home Delong bridge Ponderosa Camp Neilbor Friends In Monticello or below Oakdale Dam

9. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): (n=163) Yes 2014- SR19 area Last summer 2013 8-2-14 Monticello Summer/leiters foro Shafer, my pier This summer Tippy River/Lake Freeman Many years ago Pulaski area Off our bank this month River 7/2014 1960's one mi. N. of Buffolo, IN Over the past 20 years July goldberry road Maybe 10 years ago Summer 2012/Upper Lake Freeman by the sandbar Last year/sand bar 7/4/14 5011 E 650 N. Rochester Summer 2013, 3mi south of cr18 8-11-14 Talma P.A. Pulaski 8-Aug-14 Nices bridge and Pulaski 2014 A few, recently, around my home within 5 miles. June 2014 upriver from my house 7/12/14 Can't recall

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2-3 years ago August 30, 2014, Talma Pulaski, County 2014 No sure 7-24-14 Delong June 2014, South of Bicycle Bridge Summer 2014, Tipp. River By our house Last summer July 2014 Kosciusko Co. My property May 2014 Etna green area My house (warsaw) Years ago In front of house Leiters Ford, IN 2 yrs ago - 18 Bridge 2013 W. 10.4 8/31/14 Talma, Indiana Jul-14 08/10/14 lake freeman Hog Point Bridge, 6/13 Upstream from Springboro 8/6/14 June 2014 - my home 4th of July Between Talma and Menominee in Fulton Co. Everday 8/5/14 upper Tippy This summer 2014 July- Winamac Last week A few years 2013 Talman When I was a kid Winamac August ,2014 July by Nice's Bridge 7-8-14 Up river of Leiters Ford ?? 1 year ago at home May-14

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Summer, house Aug-14 2 years ago floating at Buffalo May-14 7/17/14 5 Aug 14- front of house Home 2009 Winamac area July 2014- by my frontage 1990/Leithers Ford Bridge 7/25/14 Near Ora Aug-14 1975 Along owned property Summer 2013 Sept this year Any time in front of house July 2014- Highway 17 Don't know date/time Yesterday by my house 6/11/14 Winamac 2013 behind my house Tippecanoe IN Bridge below Oakdale PWP 8/26/2014 my back yard Several years prior (2 miles above 119 Bridge) 2013 Aug. 9 2014 Lake Freeman 1965 Summer 2014 5 ys ago Summer 2013 2008 Rochester area 2 weeks ago 07-05 / Home 441S. All year in front of the house

117 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Can't remember, years... 8/1/14 Aug 2014 Between Rachester and Leiters Ford 2 months ago near germany bridge 8/10/14 Everyday, in front of my house 2012 My home Its been a long time/ don't really remember 10 yrs ago 7/27/14 7/27/14 Hog Point Bridge Last summer 10 years ago near Oakdale Near my home on 8-2-14 2014 Old Tipp Town Boat Launch 6/21/14 8/2013 S Etna Green Within this summer at residence Within 5 yrs/below Oakdale dam June 2014 Germany Bridge Area's While water down on Freeman Along shore directly along property Buffalo 10 years ago? Lake freeman waters Spring 2014 Jul-14 Summer 2014 dam 8-7-14- off my bank 7/22/14 Warren Bridge Last summer Cottages 1394 N 125 S Current Aug-14 Front of home 8-15-14 8/6/14 July, 14 ~1 mile upstream from Hog Point Bridge Here at Camp Shohola 1/2 yr. ago. Summer of 2014 About 2 years ago, I caught one while fishing in the spring time

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In front of our home June-july, 2014; talma Keans bay 1 week ago Aug.2013/Near the Boy Scout Camp In front of my house when the lake was lowered July old 31 Washed up on the concrete pier at our home 4 or 5 years ago when they drained the lake, lots of mussels on the bottom Last summer, south of Winnamac, just up river from 35 bridge 8/31/14 Probably somewhere Jun-14 Jun-14 2008- Near Monon Creek South of oakdale dam 2014

9. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in another river in (mostly recent time/place): (n=11) EEL river 40 years ago 2012 / Logansport Hoffman lake- 35 yrs ago 8/7/14 Freeman Lake shafer about a year ago 1975 The Tennessee River Monon- June Florida-10 yrs ago maybe Manistee River, Michagan 1999 Wilson's creek, 2 days ago, Kankakee river last week 1984/medaryville

10. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): (n=170) In various arms near sr 110, Talma Local area The summer- 200 yds from house 8/10/14 Monticello Summer/same area lots of open shells 8/16/15

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2013 / Monterey Shafer, 2 years ago 8/10/14 Tippecanoe River/Lake Freeman sandbar since lowering the lake! Jun-13 Raccoons bring them on shore River 7/2014 8/2/14 Over the past 20 years July goldsberry rd 3 years ago at home Last year/sand bar 20 years ago 7/4/14 Jul-14 June 2014, same 8-11-14 Talma P.A. Pulaski 8-Aug-14 Nices bridge and Pulaski 2014 Several - 2 years ago around my home July 2014 upriver from my house 7/12/14 2-3 years ago August 30, 2014 Talma Multiple under the new 31 bridge in Rochester, IN Pulaski, County 2014 Delong Same place 2014 Lake Shafer Summer 2014, Tipp. River Up and down river 8/5/14 July 2014 Kosciusko Co. My property and victnity Some time ago Last summer May etna green area Leiters Ford, IN 1 yr ago - near our home 2012 up river

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8/31/14 Talma, IN 08/10/14 lake freeman Summer 2012 - Between Oakdale dam & Horseshoe Bend Hog Point Bridge, 6/13 Just south of bridge on highway 14 A lot in the same section 15yrs ago canoeing Nice bridge Park area Winamac 4th of July Between Talma and Menominee in Fulton Co. July 2014, upper Freeman 8/5/14 upper Tippy Yearly- around Pulaski July- Winamac I fish all the time, I see them all over A few years 2013 Talman Winamanc 07/04/14 Last month / my property August,2014 All the time more empty than full 7/29/14 Today Always 1970's Summer, house Aug-14 Same as above May-14 Daily North of winamac All the time Near Rochester 1985-present(empty shells) in sand from flooding 25-Jul On banks 14-Aug 1990 Property (raccoons) Summer 2014

121 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Sept this year (racoons) Around our pier All time Germy Bridge to my home All over river Highway 17 to Monteray and beyond. Often, July 2014 ? local area Unknown By my parents, not far from my place This summer Winamac All the time -river behind my house Tippicanoe IN Bridge below Oakdale 8/26/2014 my backyard Last year (same as above) Jul-14 June 2014 Tippe Rvr, IN 6-Aug-14 Summer 2014 2014 Same place Shells Constrntly 441S. All the time Can't remember, years... 8/1/14 Aug 2014 Between Rachester and Leiters Ford All the time 8/10/14 Everyday, in front of my house 2012 My home Not sure exactly, but within the last five years. 7/27/14 7/27/14 Hog Point Bridge Last summer Near my home on 8-2-14 Lake Scharffer 8/5/14 On my sea wall after the floods of 2008 7/2014 S Etna Green Last weekend 7/27/14 at residence

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Same as above June 2014 Germany Bridge area While water Down on Freeman Along shore directly along property 9/1/14 Buffalo 1 month ago Lake freeman waters when they lowered the lake by two feet this summer Don't remember how long ago Jul-14 Summer 2014 dam Always 7/22/14 3 mile bridge to warren bridge 2004 Last summer River edge Current Last year, lake Freeman Sep-14 7/14 along my shoreline Leiters ford to Delong, yesterday Same 8/6/14 This summer/ At my place Same time and place 1/2 yr. ago and now Summer of 2014 Summer two years ago, the river bed was littered with mussel shells Freemod Once in 14 years,empty shell For years/Near the Boy Scout Camp Across the lake/ 1940's early 1950's August in front of house On the concrete and land near our home Animals like the otter will pile them on the river bank after eating them From my bank Same as above 8/31/14 Jul-14 Jul-14

123 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

2010 2008- Near Monon Creek 14-Aug South of oakdale dam 2013

10. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): (n=10) ? Wabash River spring 2014(Lockport area) In front of my home Always by Nice's Bridge 8/7/14 Freeman Wildcat Creek, North Fork 7/2014 Wabash River, yesterday 2002 The St. Joseph River, Mishawaka. Monon-June On lake Freeman when they dropped it to save mussels on river

13. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply)

Other (please specify): (n=15): Don't Don't fish Mussels are very important they show the condition of the water if they don't live nothing else will clean up the river. I have been here since 1961 and its went down hill fast. (Leave alone) Just leave it alone! Leave it alone Not sure Leave alone Leave it Put back None apply N/A don't fish Leave them alone Leave it alone Now that I know they are endangered I will call DNR

124 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

15. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River?Yes, please specify where: (n=161) discussion of reason Freeman is so low - news, paper not necessary. I believe I've heard that clams etc...were on decline paper media DNR News letters newspaper U.S. Gov. Newspaper, outdoor Ind. magazine Newspaper 2012 drought Internet news letters News News when the drought caused the authorities to let more water thru Oakdale dam. To protect the mussels. news Lake Freeman Lake Shafer Conservation newsletter word of mouth DNR, Purdue, endangered list,... Internet Newspaper, Magazine maybe Newspaper after Freeman Lake (illegible) DNR mag/ didn't realuze they were endangered until then. Have notices a lot less over the years. neighbors newspaper News paper last year water flow had to be so many cubic feet for the muscles newspaper TV Newspaper General News Articles DNR Blog media neighbor had friend in DNR News news paper Notre Dame studied club shell mussels on my property for 2 years

125 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey in paper ? Being protected When Lake Freeman was UNEXPECTADLY lowered. When they drain Lake Freeman and no one tells you and my 4 boats are dry docked newspaper I've that they were in dangered from neighbors Journal & Courier local news and lake discussions newspaper News water flow from lakes Everywhere DNR Newspaper article local newspaper Tippecanoe State Park Newspaper Not sure Just talking to folks & reading about it. farm property SFLECC media print, have lived on river since 1994 Magazines DNR WEBSITE LOCAL [A[ER TV Freeman facebook page, low water story paper news Monticello Harold-Journal around town As presdient of the SFLECC, we hqve had numerous meetings with the US F&W regarding the lowering of Lake Freeman news news/internet NEWSPAPER newspaper news articles Newspapers-Roch-Sentinal, Pulaski Independent internet, researching Tippecanoe

126 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey word of mouth various sources Friends during previous droughts in the past Newspaper - lower Lake Freeman Newspaper from DNR Local Paper News Paper local newspaper- Monticello Herald Journal Co - Read About newspaper PWP Tippecanoe, IN newspaper Newspaper, TV Harroid Journal News- 18 News down river from Freeman newspaper Newspaper Internet DNR DNR Book over time reading the boards at state parks newspaper during drought newspapers, friends Indiana Outdoor News Journel/Courier Perdue students every year to study them in the past friends and family TV, Newspaper news TNC naturalists Paper friends and news articles newspaper Nature Consevancy Multiple sources

127 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey newspaper articles newspaper Several years ago when Freeman was down they were found and Freeman had to be raised up then Don't remember A couple years ago in local newspaper News radio two years ago when they first lowered freeman annual lake report lake Freeman newspaper previous articles DNR At Rokita's Town Meeting, In the news, + we live on Lake Freeman- so of course... draining lakes Nature Conservancy News from Lake Lowered & disrupt boating a friend News word of mouth/newspapers Personal research news/magizines News Newspaper Neighbors news From DNR DNR TV articles last year re lowering Lake freeman friend at church, works for organization that helps preserve them News Nature Conservancy Not six but heard they were protected Tippecanoe River State Park newspaper don't touch Newspaper promoting them W.O.M.

128 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey dnr News Paper Journal & Courier I've heard something about mussels in the past; can't remember if they were good, bad, plentiful or scarce. public meetings news, paper newspaper newspaper

37. Are you a member of a religious organization? Other (please specify): (n=32) Amish Lutheran & Presbyterian Reformed Church of America Lutheran Church Missouri Synod Lutheran Presbyterian Taoist presbterian Jehovah's Witness UPC christian church of the Brethren Christian Amish Brothern Evangelical Presbyterian Nazarene druid Presbyterrian Episcople L amish Presbyterian Lutheran First Christian nature Presbyterian

129 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First Survey

Swedenborgian Lutheran Lutheran (Christian) Lutheran church of god

130 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

Mail Survey Data Report 2014: Second Survey Methods

Mail Survey

756 Surveys distributed 212 Bad addresses 260 (47.8%) Completed (% without bad addresses)

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

More 2 to 5 than Never Once Mean times 5 (1) (2) (n) (3) times (4) a. Fishing in the Tippecanoe River 39.5% 7.1% 20.9% 32.4% 2.46 (n=253) b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River 45.6% 8.5% 21.0% 25.0% 2.25 (n=248) c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River 53.6% 2.8% 14.5% 29.0% 2.19 (n=248) d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River 32.5% 4.8% 12.4% 50.2% 2.80 (n=249) e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River 79.8% 2.8% 6.1% 11.3% 1.49 (n=247) f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River 75.6% 7.9% 7.0% 9.5% 1.50 (n=242) g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River 48.0% 8.0% 20.8% 23.2% 2.19 (n=250) h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River 44.0% 13.1% 19.0% 23.8% 2.23 (n=252) i. Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe River 95.5% 1.2% 1.6% 1.6% 1.09 (n=247)

131 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

More 2 to 5 than Never Once Mean times 5 (1) (2) (n) (3) times (4) j. Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe River 98.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.8% 1.04 (n=247)

2. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply) (n=260) 71.5% From my house 16.2% I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River 20.8% From a public access point (please specify where): See pg. 157 for respondent comments 8.8% Other (please specify where): See pg. 158 for respondent comments

3. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? (n=251) 65.7% No 6.8% Yes, both 13.5% Yes, only Lake Freeman 13.9% Yes, only Lake Shafer

4. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? (n=260) 39.6% No 51.5% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): See pg. 158 for respondent comments 8.1% Yes, in another river in (mostly recent time/place): See pg. 161 for respondent comments

5. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? (n=260) 37.3% No 56.2% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): See pg. 162 for respondent comments 5.8% Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): See pg. 165 for respondent comments

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River before? (n=246) 62.2% No

132 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

28.5% No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River 9.3% Yes, in another river 7. Please circle the number that best describes your opinion of the animal pictured above (1-7)

Mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (n) 2.48 Good 45.1% 11.2% 10.7% 24.1% 5.4% 0.0% 3.6% Bad (n=224) 2.60 Important 46.2% 11.6% 7.1% 20.9% 4.9% 4.0% 5.3% Unimportant (n=225) 2.98 Beautiful 29.0% 12.1% 16.1% 30.8% 4.5% 2.2% 5.4% Ugly (n=224) 2.69 Friendly 36.7% 12.8% 10.6% 30.7% 5.5% 1.4% 2.3% Unfriendly (n=218) 3.60 Active 23.6% 8.3% 12.0% 28.7% 7.4% 7.9% 12.0% Passive (n=216) 2.80 Pleasant 29.6% 17.9% 13.0% 26.9% 9.0% 1.8% 1.8% Unpleasant (n=223) 2.84 Valuable 38.7% 11.1% 13.8% 16.9% 8.9% 4.4% 6.2% Worthless (n=225) 2.76 Clean 37.1% 11.8% 13.1% 24.0% 7.7% 2.3% 4.1% Dirty (n=221) 3.34 Hardy 24.5% 12.7% 12.7% 23.6% 12.3% 8.6% 5.5% Fragile (n=220) 1.97 Harmless 61.0% 11.7% 8.1% 13.0% 3.1% 1.3% 1.8% Dangerous (n=223) 3.68 Dry 16.7% 8.1% 11.8% 38.9% 8.6% 9.5% 6.3% Slimy (n=221)

8. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply) (n=260): 80.4% Put it back where I found it 36.2% Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks 0.4% Take it home alive 0.8% Keep it to use its shell 1.9% Throw it on the river banks 0.4% Eat it 1.1% Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) 1.2% Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or stone 0.4% Take it home dead 0.4% Kill it 5.0% Other (please specify): See pg. 165 for respondent comments

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9. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal pictured on the previous page:

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. If I saw one of these mussels, I 2.06 would catch or touch them. 40.9% 27.0% 19.4% 10.1% 2.5% (n=237) b. I would like to keep one of these 1.47 mussels. 68.4% 22.8% 5.1% 1.3% 2.5% (n=238) c. These mussels are valuable for 2.06 their shells. 37.4% 27.7% 27.3% 6.3% 1.3% (n=238) d. I think these mussels are good 1.85 bait to use while fishing. 50.2% 21.7% 22.6% 3.8% 1.7% (n=235) e. These mussels help to improve 3.78 water quality. 5.0% 3.3% 31.4% 28.3% 31.0% (n=239) f. These mussels harm local 1.89 ecosystems. 45.4% 23.3% 28.7% 1.7% 0.8% (n=240) g. Government money should be 3.00 used to protect these mussels. 18.2% 14.8% 30.5% 21.2% 15.3% (n=236) h. I would try to find/hunt more of 1.54 these mussels. 59.7% 28.2% 10.9% 0.8% 0.4% (n=238) i. These mussels are important to 3.78 the Tippecanoe River 6.3% 5.0% 27.5% 27.1% 34.2% (n=240) ecosystems. j. Nature will take care of the 2.62 mussels, therefore we don’t 23.4% 25.9% 27.2% 12.6% 10.9% (n=239) need to protect them. k. Mussels in the Tippecanoe River 3.80 indicate that the river is healthy. 4.2% 3.8% 26.3% 39.6% 26.3% (n=240)

10. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=245) 51.0% No 49.0% Yes, please specify where: See pg. 166 for respondent comments

134 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

11. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman? (n=247) 52.5% No 47.5% Yes, please specify where: See pg .169 for respondent comments

12. Before taking this survey, did you know Lake Freeman was lowered to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=241) 60.6% No 39.4% Yes

13. Who do you think is responsible for the lowering of Lake Freeman (n=260)? 11.5% NIPSCO 4.6% FERC 30.8% USFWS 31.9% IDNR 5.0% SFLECC 1.2% City of Monticello 2.7% Other: See pg. 172 for respondent comments 30.4% Don’t Know

14. When thinking about the quality of life in Monticello, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. Quality of life depends on Lake 3.52 Freeman economics. 6.0% 6.0% 37.2% 31.6% 19.2% (n=234) b. Quality of life depends on 3.49 Tippecanoe River economics. 4.8% 9.1% 33.8% 36.8% 15.6% (n=231) c. Quality of life depends on local 4.13 water quality. 0.4% 1.7% 15.2% 50.0% 32.6% (n=230) d. Local water quality and local 3.97 economics are linked together. 0.9% 3.0% 22.0% 46.6% 27.6% (n=232) e. Seasonal economics are more 2.33 important than water quality of the 26.3% 32.8% 27.2% 9.1% 4.7% (n=232) Tippecanoe River.

135 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

15. When thinking about the lowering of Lake Freeman, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. Business in Monticello is 3.49 adversely affected when Lake 5.0% 9.5% 39.3% 24.4% 21.9% (n=242) Freeman levels are lowered. b. Recreation opportunities are 3.79 reduced when lake levels are 2.5% 6.2% 28.4% 35.4% 27.6% (n=243) lowered. c. Recreation in Lake Freeman is more important than 2.68 protecting endangered 22.9% 25.8% 25.4% 12.5% 13.3% (n=240) mussels in the Tippecanoe River. d. There should be advance 4.06 warning when lake levels are 1.2% 1.2% 20.2% 44.6% 32.6% (n=242) lowered. e. Mussels in Lake Freeman 3.27 suffer when lake levels are 3.3% 10.5% 53.6% 21.3% 11.3% (n=239) lowered. f. The federal government is out 3.76 of touch with local priorities. 1.7% 6.3% 33.1% 32.2% 26.8% (n=239) g. I think we as a nation should 2.49 repeal the Endangered 24.9% 25.3% 33.8% 8.0% 8.0% (n=237) Species Act. h. It is unfair to local business 3.22 owners when lake levels are 5.8% 19.2% 37.9% 21.7% 15.4% (n=240) lowered. i. It is unfair to boaters when 3.21 lake levels are lowered. 5.4% 22.2% 35.1% 20.5% 16.7% (n=239) j. When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman should be 3.23 lowered to increase water 12.5% 13.8% 26.3% 33.8% 13.8% (n=240) levels in the Tippecanoe River to protect mussels. k. Nature will take care of river 2.89 levels without us lowering lake 11.2% 27.4% 34.4% 15.4% 11.6% (n=241) levels.

136 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) l. I think there should be another solution to protecting the 3.36 endangered mussels in the 5.8% 10.7% 43.4% 22.3% 17.8% (n=242) Tippecanoe River other than lowering Lake Freeman levels. m. I think people who live on Lake 2.90 Freeman are overreacting 18.9% 13.9% 34.9% 23.1% 9.2% (n=238) about the lowered lake levels. n. Before lowering Lake Freeman, government officials 3.12 should take local events (e.g. 8.4% 16.7% 38.9% 26.8% 9.2% (n=239) bass tournaments) into consideration. o. I personally lose money when 2.13 Lake Freeman levels are 36.3% 23.3% 35.4% 1.7% 3.3% (n=240) lowered.

16. When thinking about the water quality of the Tippecanoe River, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. The way I care for my yard or 3.98 farm can influence the water 4.6% 6.5% 8.9% 46.0% 33.9% (n=248) quality of the Tippecanoe River. b. It is my personal responsibility 4.25 to help protect water quality. 0.8% 0.8% 8.1% 52.8% 37.5% (n=248) c. It is important to protect water 3.88 quality even if it slows 0.8% 6.0% 20.6% 49.6% 23.0% (n=248) economic development. d. My actions have an impact on 4.07 water quality. 1.6% 2.8% 13.8% 50.2% 31.6% (n=247) e. I would be willing to change the 3.94 way I care for my yard or farm 0.8% 4.8% 18.1% 52.6% 23.7% (n=249) to improve water quality. f. The quality of life in my community depends on good 3.89 1.2% 5.2% 19.0% 52.4% 22.2% water quality of the Tippecanoe (n=248) River.

137 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) g. I would be willing to pay more to improve water quality (e.g. 2.92 12.0% 20.4% 37.6% 24.0% 6.0% recreational fees, local taxes, (n=250) etc.). h. Government money should be 3.45 used to support a variety of 7.2% 12.4% 26.4% 36.0% 18.0% (n=250) wildlife in the Tippecanoe River. i. There is often raw sewage in 3.01 the Tippecanoe River. 8.8% 23.7% 33.3% 25.7% 8.4% (n=249) j. Agricultural tiles contribute to 3.52 excess flooding of the 3.2% 11.3% 35.2% 30.4% 19.8% (n=247) Tippecanoe River. k. Over the years, I have noticed a 3.23 decrease of fish in the 4.8% 16.9% 39.8% 27.3% 11.2% (n=249) Tippecanoe River. l. I think the Tippecanoe River is 2.41 too dirty to recreate in. 24.2% 31.9% 27.4% 11.7% 4.8% (n=248) m. Agricultural runoff (e.g. 3.98 fertilizers, pesticides) pollutes 2.4% 6.0% 14.5% 44.8% 32.3% (n=248) the Tippecanoe River. n. Over the years, I have noticed a 2.92 decrease of wildlife in and 10.9% 27.1% 31.2% 20.2% 10.5% (n=247) along the Tippecanoe River.

17. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. Humans should manage wild 2.92 animal populations so that 7.9% 27.3% 33.1% 28.5% 3.3% (n=242) humans benefit. b. The loss of some individual wild animals is acceptable if the 3.41 6.7% 12.9% 21.3% 51.2% 7.9% population of animals is not (n=240) jeopardized. c. If animal populations are not threatened, we should use 3.69 0.8% 6.6% 25.2% 57.9% 9.5% wildlife to add to the quality of (n=242) human life.

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Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) d. It is important for humans to 3.54 manage the populations of 1.6% 10.3% 28.4% 51.4% 8.2% (n=243) wildlife. e. The rights of wildlife are more 2.83 important human use of 8.7% 28.6% 37.3% 21.2% 4.1% (n=241) wildlife. f. Animals should have rights 2.43 similar to the rights of humans. 18.3% 40.0% 25.4% 12.5% 3.8% (n=240) g. I object to hunting because it 2.00 violates the rights of an 35.8% 40.7% 16.5% 1.6% 5.3% (n=243) individual animal to exist. h. It is important that Indiana 4.15 always have abundant fish and 0.8% 1.6% 12.3% 52.0% 33.2% (n=244) wildlife. i. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much as I’d like, it’s 4.29 0.0% 0.8% 7.9% 52.7% 38.6% important to know that they (n=241) exist in Indiana. j. We should be sure future generations of Indiana will have 4.27 0.0% 1.2% 11.6% 45.9% 41.3% an abundance of fish and (n=242) wildlife. k. It’s important to me to know that there are healthy 4.23 0.0% 0.0% 10.7% 52.7% 35.8% populations of wildlife in (n=243) Indiana. l. It’s important to maintain fish 4.33 and wildlife so that future 0.4% 0.8% 7.4% 48.4% 43.0% (n=244) generations can enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. 4.15 0.4% 0.4% 16.4% 49.6% 33.2% (n=244) n. It’s important that all Indiana 4.09 residents have a chance to 0.0% 1.6% 17.7% 50.6% 30.0% (n=243) learn about wildlife in the state. o. It’s important that we learn as 4.05 much as we can about wildlife. 0.0% 1.6% 21.4% 47.3% 29.6% (n=243)

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18. People in our society often disagree about how far to let individuals go in making decisions for themselves. How strongly do you agree or disagree with each of these statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. The government interferes far 3.93 too much in our everyday lives. 2.5% 6.6% 20.7% 35.3% 34.9% (n=241) b. Sometimes the government 3.20 needs to make laws to keep 9.2% 18.5% 22.3% 42.9% 7.1% (n=238) people from hurting themselves. c. It’s not the government’s 3.30 business to try and protect 4.2% 21.9% 27.8% 32.1% 13.9% (n=237) people from themselves. d. The government should stop 3.75 telling people how to live their 2.5% 10.0% 24.5% 36.5% 26.6% (n=241) lives. e. The government should do more to advance society’s goals, even 2.18 if that means limiting the 31.7% 35.0% 20.8% 9.2% 3.3% (n=240) freedom and choices of the individuals. f. The government should put limits on the choices individuals 2.28 can make so they don’t get in 31.7% 30.8% 20.0% 12.5% 5.0% (n=240) the way of what’s good for society.

19. Do you own or rent the property to which this survey was sent? (n=245) 99.2% Own 0.8% Rent

20. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) (n=260) 82.3% Residential 1.2% Commercial 15.0% Agriculture

21. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? ______years (n=230) Range: 0 to 86 years Mean: 22.1 years

140 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

22. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? (n=239) 9.6% No 52.3% Yes, a few 38.1% Yes, many

23. Do you own property on Lake Freeman? (n=241) 84.2% No 15.8% Yes

24. What is your gender? (n=238) 72.3% Male 27.7% Female

25. In what year were you born? 19______(n=233) Range: 1927 to 1992 Mean: 61.7 years old Median: 62 years old

26. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? (n=234) 5.1% Some formal schooling 35.0% High school diploma 20.1% Some college 8.1% 2 year college degree 17.5% 4 year college degree 14.1% Graduate degree

27. In general, how would you describe your political views? (n=223) 7.6% Very conservative 39.5% Conservative 45.7% Moderate 5.8% Liberal 1.3% Very liberal

28. Are you a member of a religious organization? (n=232) 17.8% Catholic 13.5% Methodist 17.8% Christian nondenominational 6.5% Baptist 0.9% Jewish 6.1% Other (please specify): See pg. 172 for respondent comments 18.3% No affiliation 19.1% Prefer not to answer

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29. How often do you attend religious services or events? (n=213) 23.5% Never 26.8% Once or twice a year 8.5% Once a month 31.9% Once a week 9.4% Several times a week

30. My organization would be willing to support (e.g. put up signs, host events, etc.) that protect the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River (please check all that apply and specify what group). (n=260) 1.9% Watershed group: SFLECC 0.4% Local gym 1.5% Hunting club: Squirrel Fest 2.3% Church 0.8% School club 2.3% Social organization/club: Power from the Past 4.2% Other: Boy Scouts, me and my friends, conservation club, local landowners and farmers, conservation club, I have no organization, rental property, I will help a local organization, don’t have an organization 59.2% None

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Additional Comments Farming causes the most problems for the Tippecanoe River. All the pesticides and fertilizers that run off the farmland and into the ditches and then into the river is killing it. But with farming being #1 here and a main tax base I see little being done bout it. Raw sewage is another problem and it can be addressed with checking suspected homes and business by using dye and checking for leaking into the river. My code # is 5233 16. i. "never seen this" The economic and quality of life of citizens should not outweigh the potential rights of animals, plants and of course mussels. The endangered species has been allowed to grow too large, the endangered species list should be reconsidered and should notoutweigh the rights of citizens, i.e. property, civil, possessory. The endangered list should only hold to the NATURAL habitats of species. The mussels were brought into this area, and therefore they should not be covered in this area under the endangred list. If humans interfere with natural habitat, then there should be help. even though i have only owned my property for 1 year may sister has lived on the river for about 15years and i have enjoyed the water ever since. we float on rafts, swim and camp on our properties. I LOVE THAT RIVER. i personally have seen an eagle, just years ago. we always see a crane which usually stays just down river of us, its amazing. my sister says she has seen an otter this year, and of course we see turtles, squirrels, racoons, deer and the like. i have wondered why there seems to be so many clm shells all along those few miles we float. Tippy river actually seems to be pretty clean. I believe wildlife is important and enjoyable but if not watched some of the above mentioned could over populate and carry great desease, but i do not think theyshould be killed senselessly. I know we respect the river and if everyone along it would do the same well that would be great. we pick up any trash we find while floating and i just cant believe people throw bottles and cans in the water. I am filling this out for my husband [name] because he passed away Sept. 2nd. I know that he would do it if he were alive. I know that how I answered the questions would have been the way it would have. Thank you [name] We have enjoyed floating the Tippi for many years and have introduced our children, grandchildren, and friends to the fun and relaxation. The government shouldn't have put animals in the river that didn't belong, that caused the mussels to be killed off in the first place. For millions of years the earth has a bald with species coming and going. River

143 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey flows change withweather patterns or other natural circumstances then change the water levels with the river Banks as in a tidal effect ebbing back and forth. In my 28 yeas of living in Monticello on both the Tippicanoe River and Lake Shafer I have yet to have encountered a time when the lights were lowered for these mussals. Why has this come to lowering the lake this season! This has not been the driest of seasons ad yet a lowering? Where are these mussals located and on the Tippecanoe River? From Oakdale Dam to the Wabash? I dont really think people are stopping to think how important the mussels are to not only the Tippy but the whole ecosystem. I spend a large amount of time on the Tippecanoe river. I have been on the Tippy and the Wabash my whole life. I have always head that the dams are run of the river dams. If this is true then why does the water level on the Tippy rise and fall some times 12 inches in an hour with no precipitation. I dont think that a company that makes money selling electricity created from these ams can be trusted to do what is right for the rivers and the lakes. It was very obvious that they played a very large part in the massive flooding that happened along the Tippy in 2008. Many people along the Tippy have watched the river leves changing ery rapidly like this for years. No attention has ever been given to it until it started effecting the people on the lakes. It is my opinion and many others that i know along the Tippy, that the people on the lakes will get their way and the Tippecanoe wil be reduced to a very small stream in the drier times of the year. I know it wont be real soon but eventually, mayby a couple of years, the people up stream that are saying low water is putting me out of buisness, or it is hurting my property values, wil get their way. Everyone and all of the wild life along the Tippy and even the Wabash will pay the price when this happens.I wish everyone involved would stop and think about the role that these mussels play in the evironment. I think we should do as muchas we possibly can to see that the mussels and a lot of things that depend on them dont become extinct. Question 15: "I DON'T KNOW A THING ABOUT LAKE FREEMAN OR IT'S IMPACT ON MONTICELLO" I live on Lake "Manitou" full time. I have a small cabin on the Tippecanoe River. They have used herbicide to kill all the weeds in the lake, I mean all the weeds. They are out there several times during the summer putting herbicide in the lake. This has een going on for several years. The lake drains into the Tippecanoe River. It can't be good for mussels. Page 8 #20: "An uninhabited island. At least I assume its uninhabitited. Page 8 #21: "Don't. I simpley own property I never use." Page 8 # 22: "?" I own an island near winamac. Have never been on it. Have seen it once in teh last 30 years. I assume is still there, I still get a tax bill every year which I

144 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey pay. Page 5 g. "In some cases yes" Page 5 n. "Within Reason -Depends" Page 6 c. "Depending on situation" Page 6 g. "I'm taken enough already" Page 6 h. " within reason" Page 6 k. "Do not pay attention" Page 7 a. "wtihin reason" Page 7 d. "within reason" Page 7 e. "There were here first" Page 7 f. "within reason" Page 7 g. "Get a Job- Go Buy a Beef" Page 7 o. "Put down your fricken cell phone + learn something" Page 8 b. "Humans should be held accountable for their actions" page 8 #21 "I'm 3/4 mile est of the river" page 8 #22 "At least until the fricken NIPSCO/ Pioneer power line comes thru to supply the plant in Reynolds, IN. Missed my property by 1/2 mile. Other route was going to take 20% of my property. (300,000) "Not A Chance" I told them. I never could access your web site. I thoroughly enjoy lake Freeman and nature. My personal feeling is that lowering lake freeman does little to protect the mussels in Tippecanoe River and that nature (the Mussels) will adapt to any and all water levels in the River. I believe the wording of the survey questions was extremely vague. For example, does the quality of water effect.... Define quality of water. Look, smell, taste, etc. What is your definition? Overall I believe this was an excellent idea, but I believ you are trying to gather more data from this survey than just do I care about Mussels in the river The river in front of my house was full of mussels until the Summer of 2012. It was the lowest I've seen it in 40 years. There were sandbars forming and the water was real warm. There hundreds of little empty shells the size of a little finger nail wherebaby mussels died. There were birds eating them because the water was so shallow. that same summer we had that green slimy algae that choked off everything. Last summer and this summer barely seen any mussels. I believe the hot shallow water killed most of them off. I had found large ones laying on their sides in shallow water and moved lots to deeper water. We need to keep the level near normal as possible! 6. "only when Lake Freeman was lowered" 7. "stupid questions" next to Friendly, Active, Pleasant 14. b. "From Lake Tippecanoe to Wabash" 14. c. "Disturbed you would ask this" 14. e. "shouldn't we be talking about water flow- the water quality in the Tppecanoe River (beginning to end) is the better (illegible) than it has been in

145 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey the last 50 years" 15. e. "Have seen this" 15. g. "choose IT" 15. n. "I don't care about bass tournaments- I care about our local economy/and that is what this question shold be about. This is a very poor way to ask a very important question!" 16. b. "stupid question!" 16. c. "very leading stupid question!" 16 d. "stupid question" 16. k. "more now than ever" 16. l. "It is one of the cleanest rivers in Indiana" 17. a. rossed out 'so that humans benefit' and wrote "better question now" 17. b. "wow- are these 1st graders coming up with these questions? 17. e. "what?" 17. g. "WOW!" 17. h. "This only happens when management is done" 17. j. "This is done through propermanagement" 17. l. "management" 17. m. "because I take the time to do it." 17. n. "The information is there for the learning." 17. o. That's what management is all about" 28. "yes" 29. "at least" 30. "Absolutely not!" Comment Box: "How about takin into account the economy of Monticello and surrounding area. With out our Lakes our community would not exist as it is today. Many business the rely on recreation would never have come here, without the lake Monticello will suffer greatly. The DAMS hav been here for 80 yrs, and the lakes have always been run of the river. We have gone through many Floods and droughts in that time period, and mussels still survive, Endangered mussels not only live below Oakdale dam, but also in the lakes and in the Tipecanoe above the lakes. I have personally observed several on (illegible, my?) property, which is on upper Lake Freeman between Norway Dam and the old dam just south of Blue Water Beach (Park). If you really The section of the river I use is shallow on many occasions. I've seen motor boats and jet skies on the river. Looks to me like they would tare up the bottom of the river. Recipient mentions extinction as a natural process and how humans are one of many causes of extinction. Mentions the costliness and extremeness of Environmental Groups. Mentions global warming as an example of efforts "gone awry".

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Page 2 #7: "N/A" comment page 10 question 30: No Agricultural is #1 in this area + run off is the main problem for the river. That said I don't see any changes for a long period of time. How many tax $ are being spent on this survey? Note: Question 14 b,c,d,e Don't Know Question 15 e Don't Know They attached a two page typed out comment sheet. Summary: I apologize for my slow response in completing this questionnaire. We have been traveling heavily. This issue is important to us. We though it might be helpful for you to understand our situatin as one example of someone who lives on a lake of the Tippecanoe River. My wife and I moved to Monticello 15 years ago and bought a house on Lake Freeman. We wanted a home on wooded property on a lake. We enjoy nature and our active in Sycamore Audubo society in West Lafayette. He is on the Board of Directors. Our lot is 140 feet of shoreline and is about 55 feet above water. The hillside is steep, descending at about a 45 degree angle. There are springs in the hillside that ooze water year-round. These factors make out hillside unstable. A section of our hillside slid into the lake in the late 90's. Before we purchased the property, we consulted two landscapers, seawall companies and even the Corps of Engineers. One option was to dump rip-rap own the hill into the water until the whole hillside was covered. Some of our neighbors have done that. It is an eye-sore and removed almost all vegetation. One benefit is that is does break up the waves arriving at shore. The other option, which we cose, was to install seawall to stabilize the base of the hill, then to install block walls higher up the hillside and through the seawall into the lake. These actions have prevented any further sliding along the hillside. It has also allowed ground cove to grow on what was previously bare dirt. It has allowed underbrush and trees to grow adding more root structures which absorb water and helps secure banks. Neither option provides a natural shoreline for waterfowl and other wildlife. If you know of ay other options, our community would be grateful to know. One of the challenges is seawall failure. He describes in depth how seawalls are established and how they can fail. Another hazard is lowering the There are lots of issues that should be discussed in more detail, such as protecting rivers and lakes from abuse such as run-off of lawn fertilizer and other things such as the endless pollution from farms. Our rivers and lakes are just protected in spot and small areas. Our fish have almost disappeared in the past twenty to fifty years from bad management, and it has affected birds and wildlife also. We need people who care about these things to see that these things are taken care of. Thanks. I think the effect of lowering the water level on Lake Freeman is overplower. In the past they have lowered the lake level to allow seawall + dock cleaning and no one complained until SFLECC was given the lakeshore by NIPSCO.

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For as long as I can remember, up until the mid to late 1980's, the Tippecanoe River was full of river weed. It was similar to sea weed. There were also numerous weed beds where the water was shallow enough. These weed beds provided shelter and food for any kinds of fish. Especially small mouth bass, rock bass (Goggle Eye), blue gill and sun fish. Thanks to the wide spread use of weed killers on the farm fields and the increase of drainage from these fields into the river the river weed and weed beds areall but non-existant. When this happened, rock bass, blue gill and sunfish also became rare to see or catch. It has also taken a toll on the crayfish, minnows, snails, and mussels. The mussels use to be plentiful, but sadly, now you rarely see a live one. Mainly just their shells. I feel that the biggest threat is the use of weed killers on farm fields along the river and on the ones that drained into the river. Also, if they can open the gates on the Dam to save the mussels why can't they shut them priorto, or during times of flooding to protect us and our property. If you don't know, I will tell you. It's the almighty dollar!!

[name] [road name]. Tippecanoe River My family would be willing to share information among neighbors and friends. I personally feel it is the communities responsibility to care for the environment we live in. Balance is the key. Federal Government should never be the solution as there have ben ample evidence of abuses, from both ends of the political spectrum. I have noticed a decline in mussels in the river the past few years. Also, some types of fish such as blue gill, sun fish used to be in abundance. We don't see many any more. There is an increase in blue herron + bald eagles in my area! 15. "I live in Rochester I have not been following this issue" 17. put a " * " next to e. f. and g. and wrote on the bottom " *This is not science. It is your religion. Gaia (see last page) A thin veil of 'science' hiding a religious agenda" 18. "Bit is a Brave New World..." 25. "Please see #18 above..." 28. "Where is the 'separation of church & state' when you need it?" 30. "Not after reading through this inquisition... intrusive 30 questions. See: Agenda 21, Gia worship, Light Brinser, UN Biodivesity, Pantheism, Illuminism" I own a farm that starts at the second bridge from Oswego (Mouth of River). It is approximately 1/2 mile east of the river with land on both sides. There is little chance of anything but lake water to get in the river. We are very close to the Continenta Divide!

[name] In recent years I have had hundreds of sightings of Bald Eagles fishing. Their

148 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey rookery is just down river of my home. This year I have not seen any. Not one. I fear this is due to poaching or local morons who kill eagles and Great Blue Herons because hey think they are lowering the fish population. Sightings of Herons are down considerably. This is just so sad. While My family and I don't live on the tippicanoe river the quality of water and wildlife affects the city as a whole.It's important that we protect the wildlife from humans destroying and harming what we believe is our and truly isn't. I don't know much about mussels and their affect on the river but we enjoy the river very much. I know that a balance in nature is necessary for a healthy river so I am in favor of anything that helps. I also wonder what affect introducing otters back ito the river has had on the mussel population. The river is viewed as an important part of our community and comparatively speaking (to other area rivers) thought to be very nice and scenic. With this said, many people make mention of how dirty it is and most people that I know will only float or wad (knee deep) because of the water quality. More trash than I would like to see and during/after floods you can see some interesting debris floating down the river. Fishing for recreation only, would never eat a catch from the river. Not sure where our ounty stands re: ordinances or residences grandfathered in re: sewage discharge into the river, but I did hear in the time that I have lived in Winamac that the town park had sewage dumping into the river, was "discovered" by a science class doing a projet and then fixed. If this was true, I can't imagine what might be happening at some of the older cabins along the river. Overall, feel like the community is relatively unaware of most of the content of this survey re: mussels or water quality. I do thik that if better educated on the issues and what the community could do to support initiatives to improve the health of the river and the wildlife that it supports, they would do it! You sound pretty political Recipient mentions that mussels are important indicators of water quality and that removal of vegetation along the river should be closely monitored t assure that the wildlife is not harmed. Do not call my home. Recipient believes that the river would fluctuate normally if there were no dams and that mussels would move from areas that became too dry. 26. Checked High school diploma, crossed out diploma and wrote "11" next to it, possibly referring to 11th grade? Page 1 #2: "on Lake Shafer" Page 8 #21: "Summers since 1957. Year Round 19 years (1995)" We all want clean water. Minimize agricultural run off (primary pollutant). Use common sense for mussells. Quit "guessing" vs. hard science + data. Never an isse until 2012 - and now a monor drought and you drop water level 12" - crazy! I believe that water flow in the tippy is greater because of Lake Freeman and all

149 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey the houses in the water shed. They won't use the dam to protect property on the Tippy they should not use it to protect wildlife. During the time the river was low there was large amounts fo mussel shells close to shore, but still in the water. Looks like something has been feeding on the them to me. Maybe otters? Maybe raccoons? As of Sept. 2014 I no longer live on the Tippecanoe River. I think the biggest polluters is agricultural run off, animal waste and fertilizer. I live north of Rochester and I do think water quality id good here. We live on the river because we love the river! 4. "Don't go down to the river" 6. "Can't see down the banks" 16. i. "Don't Know" 16. j. "Don't Know" comment page 8 question 21: No home there-camp & fish The recipient thinks the Tippecanoe has improved over the last 10 years but agrees we need to continue to maintain it. Has seen more vegetation and mussels now than ever before. Page 4 #10: I see VERY few anymore. Use to see a lot when I was a teenager, I would Fish and swim the river all the time in the summer. When I was a teenager, I would fish and float the river (tippecanoe) all the rime and would see a lot of mussels. Nw I see very few. The popular belief along Lake Shafer and Lake Freeman seems to be, "Mussels aren't good for anything". I think education to try to explain the value of mussels would be helpful. To simply state they are endangered doesn't seem to strike a chord with many eople. An economic breakdown of their vale might go a long way to garnering some support., i.e. without mussels, cost to purify water would increase by x # $. How about clever stickers...'Show me your mussels", "My mussels are bigger than yours". Note: uestion 9 b: I would like to keep one of these mussels "But I wouldn't!" Question 15 k: "Nature didn't build Norway Dam nor Oakdale Dam" Recipient believes that we should focus more on detoxing the river and cleaning the trash from it to benefit all people and nature instead of focusing on mussels. comment page 8 question 18: There's a fine line!!! page 10 question 29: N/A Isn't there some kind of happy medium, where we can all live together, without harming each other or ruining our habitat? Mother Nature takes care of the animals. The inflow to the lakes must match the outflow at the dams. common sense should prevail. What has changed from the last forty years that has caused the outflow at Oakdale Dam to increase the outflow from the inflowto Lake Shafer? If Freeman is lowered than Shafer needs to be lowered as well. The Mussels will move to the water level even when the water flow is low. I'm no expert.

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1. f. "I live here" 30. None: "I do not belong to any groups" 30. across the whole question, underlined: "Absolutely not!" comment page 9 question 27: Independent I believe nature will take care of the mussels in the river as it always has without lowering the lakes. These same mussels live in Lake Freeman + Shafer Why are the ones living in the river more important. Educate the public on the importance of a strong ecosystem and get them involved in the maintenance of it. The littering from the floaters in the summer is terrible! Note: Question 4 Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place) 2013 Question 5 Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place) 2013 Question 6 No, but I've seen a few ead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River Question 7 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 4 I am a furbearing trapper and have been for over 40 years . Otters were reintroduced in Pulaski County 20 years ago on the Tippecanoe river. They should open a trapping season on them that would help preserve the mussels. My suggestion is to advise the public what these mussels are needed for, if they are needed so bad. If they are just endangered then advise the public of that. There is a difference to me. I would be more concerned if it was explained how and why they ar needed. Questions 23-30 in my opinion have nothing to do with saving mussels. Stick to your goal in question and not me personally. I feel that humans have altered the natural flow of water by installing dams at rivers for a select few benefits. When these alternations affect wildlife, the ones that benefit from the dams get upset when they are forced to allow the natural flow returs to normal. Their alternations are part of the cause of the decline of wildlife in the water. We live close to Lake Tippy. 80% of the year the river is more like a creek because local lakes dam their water. when we get lots of rain, these dams come down o prevent flooding or higher levels of flooding to the home down stream. The benefits of a few outweighing the masses, which I feel is just wrong. Comment page 1 #3: she marked 'Yes, only Lake Shafer' and her response was only on land Comment page 2 #7: She did not answer any of them, however, she wrote 'Don't know' Comment page 3 #8: She wrote I don't go on the water. Comment page 8 #20 'Live on Lae Shafer Seasonal' #21 Lake Shafer Seasonal- 26 years #22 Don't know #30 She wrote Don't know across all of them 16. a. "Lake Shafer"

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When we first purchased this prop. 35 yrs ago the river banks were full of Lily pads & water grass, over the years storms and erosion have had trees a long the river have fallen into & across the river blocking the flow that keeps the water flow, from Waraw to Rochaster has hundreds of natural dams from fallen trees. In my opinion, the need to be a really big Program to get these trees of the river and restore the water flow and i think the river clean itself. I'm sure the fish and mussels would retun and wild life would return. [name] Tippecanoe, IN I had lunch with a 94 year old women who grew up on the Tippecanoe River. She recalls every summer, when the river was low, residents would scrape the riverbed and harvest mussels and sell then to Asia. Yet today, the mussels have survived. They are esilient and hardy. I also believe these mussels live in upper Tippecanoe River. That the endangered" mussels thrive in other riverbeds. I also do not believe the science used to arrive at the technical assistance letter (TAL) submitted to FERC is questinable. 1.97% of the flow at Winamac is the amount needed at Oakdale? I'm dubious. I believe there is a watershed issue, brought on by development and agriculture(watering system/irrigation) have affected greatly the amount of water flowing into the Tippecnoe River. The dams have always been operated to maintain the flow of the river. However, when the flow becomes very low some of the mussels may be stressed to survive. Isn't this nature's way ? In years with abundant water the mussels may increase. Therefore are't we trying to interfere with nature when we insist on good conditions every year. Some of the questions do not allow for amplification ... survey seems to imply a zero-sum analysis to which I disagree. I feel we can have both ... win-win. I am curious how the mussels survived in times of low water before the dams were built. It appers they survived. While I believe the health of the environment includes these species, I suspect the DNR etc., over react to the low water and the danger to these mussels. Similarly, efforts to clean up areas along the river for public access (nature acess, etc.) have been stopped due to Indiana Brown Bat habitat in fallen dead trees. This strikes me a ridiculous. Certainly the bat will adapt to a new host if a dead, leaning tree is removed. My family is actively engaged in Indiana natural resourceswith annual passes to the state parks, and national parks passes. We enjoy membership in Audubon Society, Cornell University mailing list, and subscribe to Indiana Outdoors...yet there needs to some balance and consideration for a win-win solution concernng the wildlife and humans. I do not see any discussion in a synergistic way to meet those ends. To much pollution from Winamac 29. made a new box, checked it, and wrote "N/A" The dams disrupt the natural flow of the river and the spread of fish and other

152 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey aquatic animals. The purpose of the dams is to generate electricity, not providing a place to boat. The ability of people living on the lake to boat should not be placed abovethe well-being of everyone else on the river, especially since damaging the ecosystem including mussles directly damages to ability of people on the river to fish and otherwise enjoy the river. It also seems like if one lake is going to be lowered to protct the mussles then both should be, so that neither is affected as much. The dams on the river have operated as {sun? run? illegible} of the river dams for many years and should continue that way. If civilization didn't evolve over time we would be living with dinosaurs. Think about it. Probably for good reasons in the wholescheme of things.

Property value and taxes will suffer if the water levels are not kept stable in the lakes. This would effect education, economic development, and quality of life for humans (mussels = humans)? Lowering lake Freeman lake levels for mussels is a vary short term fix. Water flow output from dams should equal water input flow to maintain natural river level. Farms must control fertilizer and animal waste runoff. I know the Tippecanoe river is a critical part of Indiana's ecosystem. I'm concerned with runoff from farms [chemicals, pesticides] I believe they are damaging the river In august 2014 Shafer Lake was inadvertently lowered due to problems with the dam sluce gates. I was amazed by the number of mussels that became exposed along the Lakefront near my house. I believe that the Freeman and Shafer Lakes and the river aboveShafer are supporting the existence of the mussels. The levels of the Lakes need to be maintained to provide hydroelectric power. This form of power generation also helps the environment. The EPA and its splinter agencies have developed a society" of ther own. They forget that they are to be working "for the people". The bulk of the pollution that I have seen in the river and lake is due to farm runoff. The rivers and lakes suffer light green to brown with every heavy rain. If you want to improve water qality (grass) vegetation buffers need to be use where farm areas dump into the River to slow water down." - Roland Fritts (3786 N Camp Munsee Ct, Monticello IN, 47960- 7277) number 260-543-2502 # 22 was skipped - answer was yes, a few #14. e. Coment- not mutually exclusive #15. c. comment- not mutually exclusive #15. g. comment- modify case by case #15. L. comment- move mussels to Freeman/Shafer #16. I. comment- never encountered raw sewage #.18. e. comment- Liberals goals or conservativegoals? EPA goals? politics? It is my opinion that this survey is a waste of time and money. The Fed's will do

153 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey as the lobbyists demand to secure future votes. The quality of life and the survival of the mussels are only convenient excuses. The mussels have survived floods, drought, heat, cold and every other ecological challenge that can be thrown at them including the pollution of the 60s. I have concerns that they can serve the current political environment in the white house. Wasn't sure how to answer same questions so I answered neutral under #3: [name] Died in 2008. The property went to his widow Pamela. The property is a 'cottage' on the river. My name is Paul G. Inwood and I married Pam in February 2012. We don't spend a lot of time there." comment box: "I'd like to see the Dam(s open up downstream occasionally in the fall/winter/spring to prevent the flooding that occurs every winter." We don't live on the river any more - haven't been on the river for over 30 yrs. [page 6 #16m wrote "Bad!"; had various question marks throughout survey] As a young girl of 8 years my family moved along the Tippecanoe River. My parent's took us on the water. We'd motor boat, float, camp, watch nature change. We'd fish, swim, play even ice skate in the winter. We saw beavers, minks, fish of all kinds,water snakes. Back in those days there were many type of water grass, cray fish and mussels. At the age of 24 or so I myself bought a home along the Tippecanoe River. I've raised my family and now 2 grand kids along this wonderful river. And now our babie see eagles, hawks, otters, king fisher's, ducko, gesse and have learned to respect the River as I did. Our Tippy is worth saving in any way we are able. God bless all who keep nature safe for our next generation! I own this property on the tippy but do not live there, when I was young I lived near the Tippy about 60 miles north of where this property is, and spent a lot of time swimming and fishing in the river, it was in the late 40s and 50s and the river was muc cleaner then, and there where a lot more mussels in the river then. I spend vary little time on the river now. I hope that this survey helps to improve the river and lakes. [name] It seems with all the rain/flooding that we had in Monticello this year that we should have come up with a plan to divert some of this natural resource to our lakes, however mother nature eventually jammed a log in Norway Dam and the problem resolved itsself in about four hours Lake Freeman filled back up and so did Lake Shaffer resulting in happy mussels I guess? Comment page 8 #21 vacationed, lived near river 10 years. Comment page 9 #26 masters, retired science teacher [name] [phone number] daughter of [two names] of/ Meyer Nature Preserves. About 30 years ago several professors and thei assistants joined out Michiana Aquarium Society for anouting at our family's property on The Tippecanoe River a few miles up river from Pulaski. We were capturing and observing and had permission from the fisheries biologist to do so. The professors wre from Southern Illinois University and their purpose was to varify that endangered birds foot clams existed at the site. Upon

154 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey learning that they intended to capture all they could find, return them to their labs to be studies and sacrificed, I strenuousy objected, but to no avail. They left with three large plastic leaf bags of those clams (all we had found) in the trunk of their car and returned to Illinois. I suggested they take only a few for study and confirmation of their existence, but they refusd to do that. The Aquarium Society chose not to report the deed and I can only hope that the men from Southern Illinois missed a few of those clams and that they still are alive and well at that location. [name] page 2 #7: "Have none!" We, as farmers, feed the people and care for the land and water quality the best we can. Caring for the Earth and water is very important, but please don't get values mixed up. People are more important than animals, (the Bible says the Earth will wax oldas a garment). Let's not have any undue regulations for the farmers.

“Additional comments for Survey Code: [ID]. I apologize for my slow response in completing this questionnaire. We have been traveling heavily. The issue is important to us. We thought it might be helpful for you to understand our situation as one example of someone who lives on the lake of the Tippecanoe River. My wife and I moved to Monticello 15 years ago and bought a house on Lake Freeman. We wanted a home on wooded property on a lake. We enjoy nature (particularly birds) and have been an active member of the Sycamore Audubon Society (based in West Lafayette) since we moved here. I am currently on the Board of Directors of Sycamore Audubon. Our lot as 140 feet of shoreline and is about 55 feet above the water. The hillside is steep, descending at about 1 45-degree angle. There are springs in the hillside that ooze water year-round. These factors make our hillside unstable. A section of the hillside slid into the lake in the late 90’s. Before we purchased the property, we consulted with landscapers, seawall companies and even the Corps of Engineers. There appeared to be two options to stabilize the hillside. One option was to dump rip-rap down the hill and into the water until the whole hillside was covered. Some of our neighbors have done that. It is an eye-sore and it removes almost all vegetation. One benefit is that is does break up the waves arriving at shore. The other option, which we chose, was to install a seawall to stabilize the base of the hill, then to install block walls higher up the hillside. It was critical to collect the spring water and direct it via drain tiles through the block walls through the seawall into the lake. These actions have prevented any further sliding of the hillside. It has also allowed ground cover to grow on what was previously bare dirt. It has allowed underbrush and trees to grow adding more root structures which absorb water and helps secure the bank.

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Unfortunately, neither option provides for a natural shoreline for waterfowl and other wildlife. If you know of other options available, our community would be grateful to know. One of the continuing challenges is seawall failure. The seawall plates are pounded vertically into the shoreline just below water level and back-filled with dirt or rock. The tops of the plates are secured by rebar welded to a dead-mean several feet behind the seawall. Unfortunately, the lower ends of seawall plates cannot be likewise secured since they are imbedded in the mud below the water. River current and wave action erode the mud from in front of the bottom of the seawall. Once the bottom is exposed, the dirt or rock behind the seawall washes out under the seawall. Another hazard is lowering the lake level. As long as the water level is maintained, there is near equal pressure on both sides of the seawall. However, once the water level is dropped, the pressure is unequal and the seawalls are pushed outward. In our case, since the top of the steel plates are secured to a deadman, the bottom of the plates push outward. In both cases, the dirt behind the seawall caves in. A minor failure results in loss of level footing, which in turn requires repair of the seawall to stop further erosion. We have had to relay pavers. Others have needed repairs to boat lifts or stairs. A major seawall failure destabilizes the base that is supporting the hill above it. Consequently, a portion of the hillside slides into the lake, threatening homes, taking stairways, trees, shrubs and groundcover with it. This dumps dirt, mud and debris into the lake, presumably affecting water and lake bottom habitat. There are examples of Lake Freeman currently visible. Corrective action sometimes involves additional metal that can be driven into the mud in front of the bulging wall to halt further bulging. Sometimes riprap can be brought in by barge and dumped by hand in front of the seawall to help prevent further erosion and new failures. Sometimes seawalls must be replaced at an estimated $150 per linear foot. My property has experienced seawall bulging on several occasions. Each failure has coincided with the lowering of Lake Freeman. Quick action has prevented a major failure. But each failure has required costly corrective action. Lowering the lake level not only threatens our seawall and hillside, of course it also affects other homeowners, businesses and lake users for business and recreational use, as your survey seemed to focus. Our property is not a cottage; it is our full time home assessed this year for taxes at $406,700. We care about wildlife, including mussels. We care about clean water and our environment. But extreme dry weather or draught conditions will threaten mussels in the river, whether or not the lakes were here. We are frustrated that the rules for our lake are changing, which threatens our lakes and our property.

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Responses to “please specify”

2. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply)

From a public access point (please specify where): (n=39) at oakdale Tippecanoe River State Park All in Fulton County Blue water leiters ford and monterey Talma, Chief Meno., New US 31, St Rd 19, Leiter's Ford Hassle bridge/winamac town park town park Pulaski Tippecanoe River State Park Talma, IN Pulaski/ Winamac-35 Pulaski, undertow (south of Winamac), winamac town park rte 19, old tipp town, menominee, Talma. Oar Dole Gieu access below oakdale dam Swinging bridge in Winamac park CR 200S Oakdale Talma, Menomanee Talma Talma Fisher's Landing + Town Park Swingin Bridge SR35 Bridge old tip town Lakewood Resort (Shafer Lake) Parking area near SR18 Riverside Rentals/Winamac IN anywhere from Leiters Ford to Buffalo, In. any availabe 119 state rd bridge Germany Bridge Monterey, Lieters Ford, Germany bridge monterrey and Tippecanoe State Park

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Below Norway and Oakdale Dams German Bridge state park, undertow, town park pulaski hashel bridge Tipp. River St Park monterey launch

2. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply)

Other (n=23) own property on the river Farm My land Friends house My house is on the Tippecanoe River Private residence friends walk to it frineds house I don't go down to River bt I have access from house Germany Bridge Own Property along the river. no residence there Shafer Lake neighbors house Private properties in the same vicinities From my farmland public access of 35 HW Own boat ramp on lake Shafer (Lowes Bridge) own prperty along river cross over my neighbor's property family's house a friends house by the train tressel area family chain

4. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): (n=109) several years ago Kosciusko county In back of my home on mile north of Pulaski. Haschel Bridge Last year between Tippecanoe State Park and Winamac town proper

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7/10/14 2004 September 2014/ 500 West area in Fulton County June 2013 by our home 2014 between leiters ford and delong / july 2014 This spring Near Delong IN. Aug. 2014, near 350E bridge Jul-14 9/27/2014 Morning Side Lane In front of my cabin Sep-14 2014 and Back Jun-14 June, Warsaw 2-5 years This year behind my house 2013 Lake Freeman this summer Delong Ind 1 yr. south of Winamac between 119 bridge and Pulaski early summer/ Near Nice's Bridge sept August 29th, Tippecanoe River State Park 10/5/14 Lake Freeman- while the water was lowered almost DEAD due to lowered lake level- several of them I threw them back in the water July fulton 6 old US31 to germany bridge 2012/ just below Oakdale dam Aug 2014; near my dock .5 miles sounth of Lowes Bridge This summer/ mi. N. of Pulaski Spring July my property Sept. by our house, north of Pulaski, earlier this summer, when river was low. Daily, At Home From Old Tipp town to Talma. ( i have seen them from all points below 19 to Winamac) 2012 ? about a tear ago didn't pick them up... don't know if they were live or not

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Past week Many times this summer below Winamac Sept, 2014 Warsaw IN Summer 2014- our home summer 2014 by my house 7/4/05 Aug-14 my house Jul-14 front of our home Fifty years ago Lake Shafer - front of my house everyday i'm on it This year Lake Freeman this summer south of Norway Behind our home. Within the past 6 months Sept. 2014 north of Rochester Summer 2014 Several times this summer/ in front of house This summer-Leiters Ford area North of my House on the east side of the island. In 2011 there was 100's of them. None Now. Near Buffalo Bridge 07/14 Winamar unsure of time Winamac Indiana 2014 Long ago/ Winamac different locations On my property while swimming at my dock 2009 under our pier- almost all of the time at home July July- my neighbors two to three years ago near my house 2014 In the areas I fish / this year My farm in Marshall Co. about 10 years ago. august 2014 below bridge near house 2013 this summer winamac

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2010- Behind my house 3 years ago by Talma, IN summer 2014 late summer Summer 2014 in front of my house On Upper Freeman on shore lines not sure what kind. kids have several this summer at our house I had a cottage on the river for 2 1/2 yrs during the late 1980s - I've also seen them when the lake is down. last summer (Monterey area) below oakdale dam Late August 2 years ago Below Oakdale and upstream of SR 18 5 years ago last summer summer 2000 Approx- 10 years ago All the time summer-winamac a couple years ago, near pulaski, but i don't really look for them Lake Shafer in front of my house, August 2014 Spring '14; Tippy October 2013 / pulaski area June 2014 hazel rd 3 or 4 years ago end of oct. summer Pulaski County- Yellowbanks about 30 years ago 3702 N 200 W

4. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in another river in (mostly recent time/place): (n=17) lake freeman this summer As a child - can't remember where but most likely when camping Wabash River 5 yrs ago Long ago 2014/ Wildcat Creek Don't remember- but long time ago, out of state. Tennessee

161 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey shafer near buffalo, 20 years ago. lake freeman this summer 2005 Warsaw IN September 2014 Wabash Wildcat Creek (Kokomo) Wabash River/13 years July Blue River, 2009 1970's near Ft. Wayne, IN Illinois creeks

5. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): (n=112) Kosciusko County on our property Anywhere and anytime your on the river. Haschel Bridge Access my property 2013 September 2014/ 500 West area in Fulton County Jun-14 I don't remember - it's been some time ago all along our floats between leiters ford and monterey / september 2014 all the time near Delong Pretty much every float during 2014, several sandy areas between Talma and Leiter's Ford everyday 9/27/2014 Morning Side Lane In front of my cabin Sep-14 Same as above 14-May June @700W June, Warsaw 1 week This year behind my house this summer Delong Ind summer of 2014 town park All the time all over summer/ Nice's Bridge sept

162 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

2013 Sept 6th TRSP 10/5/14 Lake Freeman while the lake was lowered- this summer close to a river otter den Last year my home July fulton 6 old US 31 to germany bridge summer of 2014 2012/ just below Oakdale dam They are everywhere Lake Freeman 2014 July - my property Sept. ? Lowes Bridge 1999 all the time (empty shells), north of Pulaski Daily, At Home Old tipp town (underlined 'empty mussel shells') OCT 2014 Past week Several times justs of Winamac Aug-14 Sept, 2014 Aug. 2014 Summer 2014- our home summer 2014 by my house 7/4/05 my house often everyday i'm on it This year Lake Freeman this summer, at my cottage Behind our home. Within the past 6 months my house Sept. N of Rochester at any time Summer 2014 several times this summer/ in front fo house This summer-Leiters Ford area My house 2014

163 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

Winamar unsure of time July 2014 Near Hwy 17 Winamac Indiana 2014 1 wk/ SR35 Bridge On my property near my dock when Feeman was lowered due to political issues. under our pier & around Last summer at home Last time Lake Shafer was lower July- my neighbors at the bank of my home on the river lat summer August, below Indian bluff road near my house also two to three years agi 2014 same as 4 My farm in Marshall Co. about 10 years ago. any time in river near house 2013 this summer winamac 11/2/14 Winamac, IN area - behind my house unknown summer of 2014 late summer Same as above Upper Freeman on shoreline while fixing rocks. several times this summer at our house Same answer as 4 above. same as above ("last summer (Monterey area)") River at my Res all summer/ by home Tippy River morningside lane Always from Moterrey and TRSP 1 year ago last summer on the shore summer 2000 1 year ago Quite often summer-winamac a couple months ago, near pulaski

164 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

10-10-14 Talma July '14; Tippy 2011,Winamac June '14 June 2014 hazel rd oct. 8/4/14 summer Pulaski County- Yellowbanks Summer 2014

5. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): (n=11) lakefreeman this summer Same as above Wabash River 5 yrs ago Long ago 2014/ Wildcat Creek lakefreeman this summer 2005 MI, Chippawa River Midland Wabash River/13 years Blue River, 2009 Illinois creeks Wabash River, September 2014

8. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply):

Other (please specify): (n=13) So Not Fish I don't know since I've never encountered any Not Sure Show it briefly to a family member or friend, telling them some history of the mussel industry on the Tippecanoe, then return it to the river. any thing to preserve leave it alone leave it alone When I found them during the 2 times they lowered the lake for seawall repairing, I took them from the bank and moved them to the water so they would not die.

165 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

No opinion not touch it nothing none NA

10. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? Yes, please specify where: (n=108) through the dnr when we put our land into the conservation trust Word of mouth when we moved here All of the above live on the river & in the news newspapers Herald Journal newspaper articles Newspaper newspapers, television We live on lake Shafer and keep aware of lake conditions. Word of mouth. DNR and television DNR Newspaper all sources (underlined 'newspapers, television, DNR') Television News/ Newspaper JC Online television Jec (could have been Jot as well, difficult to read) (circled 'newspapers') NNR News Read about them at the tippecane state park Internet, TV Newspaper newpapers word of mouth Radio newspaper Lake literature Due to my employment & job responsibilities I work closely with the river health groups newspaper I live on Lake Freeman- very informed

166 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

Brige work in town DNR in several local media outlets + from neighbors on Lake Freeman newspapers online information about local lake levels newspaper, tv online New's TV TV News and Meetings on Lake Levels News Yes, About 3 years ago a Notre Dame student ran test tubes by my property. She explained why she was doing it. To test water ware mussels were found abundant. Pulaski county economic development summit, 2013. Chad watts summer of 2013, Newspaper and TV DNR newspaper TV (circled DNR above) TV television TV T.V News-people in our area All mentioned word of mouth newspaper, TV, Conversations - Live on Lake Shafer - Let nature handle unless extreme draught. Been fine for 1000 years TV, newspaper newspsper T.V I live on Lake Freeman newspapers + TV [underlined newspapers and television] Word of mouth in Monticello newspaper ,DNR, Twice this summer SFLECI, neighbors DNR TV, newspapers DNR newspapers, television, DNR Week i just know they are important for the river Talking to people that live here

167 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

All of the above SFLECC Lake Asco DNR website, Newspaper, Personal conversations TV, news, and Lake Shafer Welfare Banquet in September SFLECC television, newspaper Newspaper, realtors I have heard comments that they are fewer and fewer newspaper- DNR local media newsletters Friend DNR-state park info from papers and magazines News Newpaper articles and on-line. Newspaper sttended several meetings (Nipsco/SFLECC) all of those above, this year and previous years newspaper Papers, TV newspapers, tv Friends, newspaper, city gov't very late on the news (underlined 'newspapers') interenet, DNR Notice sent to home regarding drop in Lake Freeman water level newspapers and TV Newspapers and television TV, Internet i talked to people about them when the river was low they said it was killing them but i didn't know there were 6 species newspapers, SFLecc Newspapers newspapers and TV Mom, my whole life Last 2 yrs (circled 'newspapers') newspaper Media, sflecc mailings, NIPSCO TV, word of mouth T.V.

168 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

SUMMER2014 NEWSPAPER Michiank aquarium society outing of family cabin about 30 years ago- birds foot chains

11. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman? Yes, please specify where: (n=107) seen it live on it could not useit seen dying mussels on lake in front of my house all of the above news & people who live there Radio/word of mouth after lake was going down I live on Shafer Hearald Journal, WLFI, Journal and Courier Saw it right in front of my property newspaper or online not sure Past summer Journal WLFI herald journal, WLFL Word of mouth, newspaper, TV, written my state representatives to protect the established residences on both lakes word of mouth/television Newspaper all sources (underlined 'Herald Journal, WLFI, Journal') word of mouth Television News / Newspaper Herald Journal JC ONline WLFI, word of mouth We could not get our boat out Wlfi Internet, TV, word of mouth I live on Lake Freeman and experienced the lowering first hand News? word of mouth TV word of mouth Herald Journal Herald Journal word of mouth word of mouth hrald journal and word of mouth I live on Lake Freeman- very disturbed that this happened at flood times word of mouth

169 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

WLFI, J + C, lots of community discussion radio and newspaper. also saw the lake levels low in august WLFI, J + C, looking WLFI Herald Journal, WLFI, word of mouth herarld journal facebook summer of 2013, WLFI, I&C, word of mouth NWS Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service All, I live on Freeman Herald Journal word of mouth J+C TV WLFI, TV, News- people in our area everywhere word of mouth All of above could see it had been lowered WLFI journal and courier, word of mouth Lake freeman resident TV + both papers television newspaper Word of mouth in Monticello word of mouth Harold Journal Word of mouth mouth journal and courier Gossip WLFI Week word of mouth All of the above Word of mouth (fellow boaters) I live there Journal and Courier, word of mouth WLFI SFLECC WLFI Website wlfi

170 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey word of mouth, Newspaper, Herald Journal WLFI, J&C I while back heard that was going to be done local media radio herald etc.. WLFI and I could see it WLFI, 2012 We experienced a lessening of water by our pier. word of mouth I live on Lake Freeman. It impacted me. H/J - WLFI - JF herald journal Herald journal, WLFI, J & C , word of mouth WLFI, journal and Courier All of them saw it happening HJ, SFLECC, Friends WLFI (underlined 'Herald Times' and 'word of mouth') Live on the lake saw it first hand newspapers and TV Herald Journal, WLFI, Journal and Courier, and word of mouth Live on Lake Freeman when the river was real low and it was real hot out SFLecc newspapers, Radio, word of mouth WLFI, news and review word of mouth at work news Media, sflecc, NIPSCO, word of mouth at family business on Lake Freeman family on Freeman WLFI journal and courier from friends who reside on Lake Freeman word of mouth

171 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: Second Survey

13. Who do you think is responsible for the lowering of Lake Freeman?

Other (please specify): (n=7) the news after mentioned who is in control- I don't remember EPA They were all forced to. Performed by Nipsco EPA ultimately by mandate and threats of arrest NA combined effort of all

28. Are you a member of a religious organization?

Other (please specify): (n=12) Presb. Presbyterian Brethren Lutheran Presbyterian Lutheran Lutheran Confessional Lutheran Episcopal Church of God Pencostal Mennonite

172 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

Mail Survey Data Report: First and Second 2014 Surveys Combined

Methods

Mail Survey

1804 Surveys distributed (Original Survey: 1048; Lake Freeman: 756) 507 Bad addresses (Original Survey: 295; Lake Freeman: 212) 628 (48.4%) Completed (% without bad addresses)

The following report merges data from the two surveys that were mailed in 2014. For analytical purposes in reports and presentations, data from the first and second surveys have been treated as one sample rather than as two separate samples.

173 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

More 2 to 5 than Never Once Mean times 5 (1) (2) (n) (3) times (4) a. Fishing in the Tippecanoe River 2.47 39.0% 7.0% 21.6% 32.4% (n=602) b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River 2.20 47.3% 9.4% 18.9% 24.4% (n=594) c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River 2.27 51.4% 3.4% 12.3% 32.9% (n=593) d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River 2.74 33.8% 5.2% 14.2% 46.8% (n=598) e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River 1.46 80.9% 2.9% 5.7% 10.5% (n=593) f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River 1.52 76.9% 5.4% 6.6% 11.0% (n=589) g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River 2.28 45.3% 8.6% 19.5% 26.7% (n=596) h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River 2.20 44.8% 12.7% 19.9% 22.6% (n=598) i. Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe 1.09 River 96.0% 1.0% 1.3% 1.7% (n=594) j. Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe 1.03 River 98.7% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5% (n=595)

2. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that Apply) (n=628) 73.2% From my house 13.1% I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River 23.1% From a public access point (please specify where): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively 8.4% Other (please specify where): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively

174 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

3. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? (n=603) 60.2% No 7.8% Yes, both 15.8% Yes, only Lake Freeman 16.3% Yes, only Lake Shafer

4. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? (n=450) 54.0% No 42.2% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively

3.8% Yes, in another river in (mostly recent time/place): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively

5. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? (n=444) 51.6% No 45.3% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively 3.2% Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River before? (n=589) 60.3% No 28.5% No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River 11.2% Yes

175 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

7. Please circle the number that best describes your opinion of the animal pictured above (1-7)

Mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (n) Good Bad 2.32 50.0% 12.4% 10.1% 19.2% 4.2% 0.4% 3.8% (n=526) Important Unimportant 2.63 47.0% 12.9% 9.3% 14.0% 4.1% 3.4% 9.3% (n=536) Beautiful Ugly 2.85 33.8% 12.1% 16.1% 25.0% 5.0% 2.3% 5.8% (n=521) Friendly Unfriendly 2.75 35.9% 14.0% 10.3% 29.0% 4.9% 1.6% 4.3% (n=507) Active Passive 3.71 21.9% 9.4% 12.2% 25.5% 8.6% 9.0% 13.7% (n=502) Pleasant Unpleasant 2.83 31.7% 16.7% 12.1% 26.3% 7.0% 2.1% 4.1% (n=514) Valuable Worthless 2.79 41.4% 12.6% 10.9% 16.0% 6.7% 4.2% 8.2% (n=524) Clean Dirty 2.69 39.3% 12.9% 12.7% 22.2% 5.6% 2.5% 4.8% (n=519) Hardy Fragile 3.31 25.4% 10.8% 14.6% 26.2% 8.7% 8.7% 5.7% (n=508) Harmless Dangerous 1.90 63.9% 11.8% 6.8% 11.8% 2.1% 1.1% 2.5% (n=526) Dry Slimy 3.56 17.8% 10.9% 12.1% 36.4% 9.3% 7.1% 6.5% (n=506)

8. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply) (n=628): 79.5% Put it back where I found it 34.9% Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks 0.2% Take it home alive 0.8% Keep it to use its shell 1.6% Throw it on the river banks 0.5% Eat it 1.1% Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) 1.1% Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or stone 0.3% Take it home dead 0.5% Kill it 4.5% Other (please specify): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively

176 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

9. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal pictured on the previous page:

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. If I saw one of these mussels, I 2.01 would catch or touch them. 41.8% 27.2% 20.6% 8.7% 1.7% (n=574) b. I would like to keep one of these 1.40 mussels. 70.2% 23.0% 4.4% 1.2% 1.2% (n=574) c. These mussels are valuable for 2.07 their shells. 39.9% 24.0% 28.0% 5.1% 3.0% (n=571) d. I think these mussels are good 1.80 bait to use while fishing. 53.1% 21.4% 19.4% 4.7% 1.4% (n=571) e. These mussels help to improve 3.77 water quality. 6.6% 3.0% 29.5% 28.5% 32.5% (n=576) f. These mussels harm local 1.85 ecosystems. 48.2% 23.5% 24.7% 2.1% 1.4% (n=570) g. Government money should be 3.06 used to protect these mussels. 18.8% 11.7% 31.8% 20.1% 17.6% (n=573) h. I would try to find/hunt more of 1.53 these mussels. 63.6% 23.7% 10.1% 1.6% 1.0% (n=574) i. These mussels are important to 3.82 the Tippecanoe River 7.7% 3.3% 25.5% 26.7% 36.8% (n=581) ecosystems.

10. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=603) 51.1% No 48.9% Yes, please specify where Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively

177 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

11. People in our society often disagree about how far to let individuals go in making decisions for themselves. How strongly do you agree or disagree with each of these statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. The government interferes far 3.88 too much in our everyday lives. 3.7% 7.6% 20.2% 34.4% 34.1% (n=593) b. Sometimes the government 2.73 needs to make laws to keep 9.1% 42.9% 22.1% 17.6% 8.4% (n=585) people from hurting themselves. c. It’s not the government’s 3.25 business to try and protect 5.3% 23.3% 27.4% 29.2% 14.8% (n=583) people from themselves. d. The government should stop 3.75 telling people how to live their 2.7% 9.7% 25.0% 34.9% 27.6% (n=587) lives. e. The government should do more to advance society’s goals, even 2.16 if that means limiting the 33.8% 32.8% 20.3% 9.7% 3.4% (n=586) freedom and choices of the individuals. f. The government should put limits on the choices individuals 2.29 can make so they don’t get in 31.8% 29.4% 20.2% 14.9% 3.8% (n=585) the way of what’s good for society.

12. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. The way I care for my yard or 4.10 farm can influence the water 4.2% 4.0% 6.2% 48.9% 36.7% (n=599) quality of the Tippecanoe River. b. It is my personal responsibility 4.30 to help protect water quality. 1.2% 0.8% 4.8% 53.4% 39.7% (n=599) c. It is important to protect water 3.91 quality even if it slows economic 2.2% 4.7% 18.6% 48.9% 25.6% (n=597) development.

178 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) d. My actions have an impact on 4.16 water quality. 1.5% 1.8% 9.2% 53.6% 33.8% (n=597) e. I would be willing to change the 3.94 way I care my yard or farm to 1.7% 3.3% 19.7% 49.4% 25.9% (n=599) improve water quality. f. The quality of life in my community depends on good 3.93 2.5% 4.5% 18.4% 46.6% 28.0% water quality of the Tippecanoe (n=597) River. g. I would be willing to pay more to improve water quality (e.g. 2.93 13.6% 21.6% 31.8% 24.6% 8.4% recreational fees, local taxes, (n=597) etc.). h. Government money should be 3.46 used to support a variety of 7.5% 11.5% 26.9% 35.7% 18.4% (n=599) wildlife in the Tippecanoe River. i. When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman and Lake Shafer 3.19 should be lowered to increase 16.4% 11.3% 26.8% 27.7% 17.9% (n=593) water levels of the Tippecanoe River to protect mussels.

13. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. Humans should manage wild 3.05 animal populations so that 7.8% 24.7% 29.0% 32.0% 6.5% (n=587) humans benefit. b. The loss of some individual wild animals is acceptable if the 3.44 6.2% 13.0% 19.6% 52.8% 8.4% population of animals is not (n=583) jeopardized. c. If animal populations are not threatened, we should use 3.67 1.9% 6.2% 24.7% 57.7% 9.6% wildlife to add to the quality of (n=584) human life. d. It is important for humans to 3.59 manage the populations of 2.4% 8.4% 27.1% 52.0% 10.1% (n=586) wildlife.

179 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) e. The rights of wildlife are more 2.83 important human use of 9.8% 29.7% 34.1% 20.9% 5.5% (n=583) wildlife. f. Animals should have rights 2.42 similar to the rights of humans. 19.8% 40.7% 22.0% 13.1% 4.5% (n=582) g. I object to hunting because it 2.01 violates the rights of an 37.3% 38.7% 15.0% 3.6% 5.5% (n=587) individual animal to exist. h. It is important that Indiana 4.16 always have abundant fish and 1.2% 1.9% 11.1% 51.6% 34.2% (n=587) wildlife. i. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much as I’d like, it’s 4.25 1.0% 1.2% 6.8% 53.3% 37.6% important to know that they (n=585) exist in Indiana. j. We should be sure future generations of Indiana will have 4.27 0.5% 1.2% 9.9% 47.4% 41.0% an abundance of fish and (n=586) wildlife. k. It’s important to me to know that there are healthy 4.22 0.5% 1.4% 10.8% 50.9% 36.5% populations of wildlife in (n=586) Indiana. l. It’s important to maintain fish 4.32 and wildlife so that future 0.7% 1.2% 6.6% 48.0% 43.4% (n=587) generations can enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. 4.14 0.3% 1.2% 13.8% 53.8% 30.8% (n=587) n. It’s important that all Indiana 4.09 residents have a chance to 0.5% 1.4% 15.8% 52.8% 29.5% (n=587) learn about wildlife in the state. o. It’s important that we learn as 4.03 much as we can about wildlife. 0.5% 2.2% 19.3% 49.5% 28.5% (n=586)

14. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) (n=628) 83.6% Residential 12.7% Agricultural 1.0% Commercial

180 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

15. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? (n=577) 10.4% No 49.9% Yes, a few 39.7% Yes, many

16. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? ______years (n=550) Range: 0 to 86 years Mean: 21.0 years Median: 17 years

17. What is your gender? (n=574) 74.2% Male 25.8% Female

18. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? (n=565) 3.9% Some formal schooling 33.1% High school diploma 19.3% Some college 10.6% 2 year college degree 19.8% 4 year college degree 13.3% Graduate degree

19. In general, how would you describe your political views? (n=535) 8.4% Very conservative 41.1% Conservative 42.2% Moderate 6.2% Liberal 2.1% Very liberal

20. In what year were you born? 19______(n=559) Range: 1927 to 1992; 65 years Mean: 61.0 years old Median: 62.0 years old

21. Are you a member of a religious organization? (n=556) 19.1% Catholic 12.6% Methodist 17.6% Christian nondenominational 4.0% Baptist 0.5% Jewish

181 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2014: First and Second Surveys

8.6% Other (please specify): Please see Appendices III and IV and for respondent comments from the Original and Lake Freeman surveys, respectively 20.0% No affiliation 17.6% Prefer not to answer

22. How often do you attend religious services or events? (n=519) 26.0% Never 25.8% Once or twice a year 8.3% Once a month 33.3% Once a week 6.6% Several times a week

23. My organization would be willing to support (e.g. put up signs, host events, etc.) that protect the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River (please check all that apply and specify what group). (n=647) 1.6% Watershed group 0.3% Local gym 1.0% Hunting club 1.9% Church 0.5% School club 2.2% Social organization/club 61.0% None

182 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

Mail Survey Data Report 2016

Prepared January 2017 by: Belyna Bentlage Linda Prokopy Natural Resources Social Science Lab Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University

183 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

I. Methods

Mail Survey

1276 Surveys distributed 186 Bad addresses 449 (41%) Completed (% without bad addresses)

The 2016 survey design was based off of the two survey versions from 2014. The first survey from 2014 mailed before Lake Freeman was lowered to protect the mussels. The second survey was created to capture attitudes related to the lowering of the lake and therefore mailed after the event occurred. The 2016 survey uses questions and prompts from both versions, as well as additional questions about the targeted outreach and education campaign, The Heart of the Tippy. The 2016 survey can be found in Appendix IV.

184 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

II. Recreation

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

More 2 to 5 Never Once than 5 Mean times (1) (2) times (n) (3) (4) 2.44 a. Fishing in the Tippecanoe River 41.9% 5.7% 19.4% 33.0% (n=439) 2.15 b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River 50.3% 7.7% 18.3% 23.7% (n=431)

Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe 2.14 c. 53.6% 6.7% 11.7% 28.0% River (n=435) 2.80 d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River 31.6% 4.4% 15.9% 48.0% (n=433)

1.48 e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River 79.2% 3.0% 8.1% 9.7% (n=433)

1.49 f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River 78.1% 4.7% 7.4% 9.8% (n=430)

2.28 g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River 47.7% 6.0% 17.1% 29.3% (n=433) 2.14 h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River 46.3% 14.2% 18.3% 21.2% (n=438)

Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe 1.07 i. 96.1% 1.9% 0.7% 1.4% River (n=432)

Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe 1.03 j. 97.9% 1.4% 0.0% 0.7% River (n=432)

2. Why do you fish? (check all that apply) (n=449) 32.7% I do not fish 22.7% For food 7.8% For sport/to get a trophy mount 59.2% For fun/to enjoy the outdoors 4.5% To catch smaller fish for bait 3.3% Other (please specify): See pg. 216 for respondent comments

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3. When canoeing/kayaking, how often to do you carry your canoe/kayak over shallow water areas? (n=418) 53.1% I do not canoe/kayak 12.9% Never 29.9% Sometimes 4.1% Always

4. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that Apply) (n=437) 17.6% I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River 72.3% From my house 32.0% From a public access point (please specify where): See pg. 216 for respondent comments 7.3% Other (please specify where): See pg. 219 for respondent comments

5. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? (n=439) 65.1% No 8.0% Yes, both 14.1% Yes, only Lake Freeman 12.8% Yes, only Lake Shafer

III. Behaviors Related to Freshwater Mussels

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? (n=437) 48.1% No 49.7% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): See pg. 220 for respondent comments 6.4% Yes, in another river in (mostly recent time/place): See pg. 225 for respondent comments

7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? (n=439) 43.7% No 54.9% Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): See pg. 226 for respondent comments 6.1% Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): See pg. 231 for respondent comments

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8. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River before? (n=434) 40.8% No 45.2% No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River: 14.1% Yes, on the banks of the Tippecanoe River

9. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply) (n=415): 83.9% Put it back where I found it 36.4% Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the river banks 0.2% Take it home alive 0.2% Keep it to use its shell 0.7% Throw it on the river banks 0.2% Eat it 0.9% Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) 0.4% Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or stone 0.0% Take it home dead 0.2% Kill it 4.1% Other (please specify): See pg. 232 for respondent comments

10. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal pictured on the previous page:

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) a. If I saw one of these 1.76 mussels, I would catch or 52.5% 28.2% 11.7% 5.7% 1.9% (n=419) touch them. b. I would like to keep one of 1.39 these mussels. 70.1% 23.9% 4.1% 1.0% 1.0% (n=418) c. These mussels are 1.89 valuable for their shells. 47.1% 24.4% 22.7% 3.8% 1.9% (n=418) d. I think these mussels are 1.73 good bait to use while 54.2% 23.6% 17.9% 3.6% 0.7% (n=419) fishing. e. These mussels help to 3.83 improve water quality. 6.0% 2.9% 27.2% 30.5% 33.4% (n=419) f. These mussels harm local 1.85 ecosystems. 47.3% 24.8% 24.6% 2.1% 1.2% (n=419)

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Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) (3) (4) (n) (1) (5) g. Government money should 2.99 be used to protect these 20.7% 10.7% 32.4% 21.7% 14.5% (n=420) mussels. h. I would try to find/hunt 1.51 more of these mussels. 63.4% 24.7% 10.0% 1.2% 0.7% (n=421) i. These mussels are important to the 3.82 5.9% 4.5% 25.8% 29.8% 34.0% Tippecanoe River (n=423) ecosystems. j. Nature will take care of the 2.63 mussels, therefore we 24.0% 24.2% 27.1% 14.5% 10.2% (n=421) don’t need to protect them. k. Mussels in the Tippecanoe 3.87 River indicate that the river 3.6% 3.6% 24.5% 38.8% 29.5% (n=420) is healthy. l. When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman should be lowered to 2.84 26.8% 9.0% 31.6% 18.8% 13.8% increase water levels of the (n=421) Tippecanoe River to protect mussels. m. I would be willing to pay more to improve water 2.77 22.4% 16.9% 30.2% 22.4% 8.1% quality (e.g., recreational (n=420) fees, local taxes, etc.) n. I think we as a nation 2.27 should repeal the 32.9% 26.7% 27.4% 7.1% 6.0% (n=420) Endangered Species Act.

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IV. Attitudes and Awareness Related to Freshwater Mussels

11. Please check the number (1-7) in each row that best describes your opinion of the mussels pictured above.

Mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (n) 2.41 Good 49.7% 10.8% 8.2% 21.4% 3.6% 1.5% 4.6% Bad (n=388) 2.72 Important 41.1% 14.1% 11.1% 18.1% 5.0% 2.5% 8.1% Unimportant (n=397) 3.18 Beautiful 25.6% 11.8% 16.5% 27.9% 6.8% 5.8% 5.5% Ugly (n=398) 2.93 Friendly 30.2% 11.3% 14.8% 32.5% 5.9% 1.5% 3.8% Unfriendly (n=391) 3.52 Active 21.5% 8.3% 16.7% 31.1% 6.8% 4.5% 11.1% Passive (n=396) 3.03 Pleasant 26.3% 13.4% 15.9% 31.3% 6.1% 3.0% 4.0% Unpleasant (n=396) 3.09 Valuable 31.0% 12.3% 11.3% 27.3% 6.8% 3.5% 8.0% Worthless (n=400) 2.78 Clean 33.0% 16.6% 14.1% 24.2% 4.5% 3.0% 4.5% Dirty (n=397) 3.30 Hardy 24.5% 12.6% 14.4% 27.8% 7.8% 3.3% 9.6% Fragile (n=396) 2.12 Harmless 56.6% 13.0% 7.5% 15.5% 2.3% 1.5% 3.5% Dangerous (n=399) 3.88 Dry 10.0% 8.5% 13.1% 41.9% 12.6% 6.2% 7.7% Slimy (n=389)

12. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=433) 36.0% No 64.0% Yes, please specify where: See pg. 233 for respondent comments

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13. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman in 2014 to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River? (n=430) 50.7% No 49.3% Yes, please specify where: See pg. 240 for respondent comments

14. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, live mussel from the waters of Indiana? (n=387) 1.3% Legal 55.0% Illegal 43.7% Don’t know

15. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, dead mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana? (n=366) 6.0% Legal 32.2% Illegal 61.7% Don’t Know

V. Heart of the Tippy Outreach Campaign 16. A variety of mussel-related outreach items were distributed or displayed in the Tippecanoe River area over the last year. For each item, please indicate if you have seen it.

Percent of Percent of Respondents Respondents who Outreach Item n who saw did not see outreach outreach item item a. Yard Sign 431 21.3% 78.7% b. General Information 429 11.7% 88.3% Brochure c. Website 428 7.7% 92.3% d. Angler Brochure 427 6.3% 93.7% e. Pledge Form 422 12.3% 87.7% f. Interpretive Sign 427 9.6% 90.4% g. Mighty Mussel Stickers 428 4.2% 95.8% h. Canoe Sticker 429 4.7% 95.3% i. Logo Sticker 380 7.6% 92.4% j. Mighty Mussel Mania 423 2.4% 97.6% k. Floating keychain 417 4.3% 95.7% l. String Bag 421 2.6% 97.4% m. Bobber 412 1.7% 98.3% n. Placemat 414 0.7% 99.3%

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Percent of Percent of Respondents Respondents who Outreach Item n who saw did not see outreach outreach item item o. Lesson Plan - "Mighty Mussels Journey 420 0.7% 99.3% Through the Watershed" p. Exhibit - "H2-WOW" 418 1.2% 98.8% q. Mussel Costume - "Molly 421 1.0% 99.0% the Mussel" r. Postcard 420 12.1% 87.9%

16. CONTINUED: A variety of mussel-related outreach items were distributed or displayed in the Tippecanoe River area over the last year. For each item, please indicate if you have seen it.

Number of Outreach Items n Percent Seen 0 249 57.4% 1 82 18.9% 2 37 8.5% 3 13 3.0% 4 24 5.5% 5 14 3.2% 6 5 1.2% 7 4 0.9% 8 4 0.9% 13 1 0.2% 15 1 0.2%

Number of Outreach Items Seen n % Has seen at least one outreach item 185 42.6

Has not seen any outreach items 249 57.4

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17. The outreach items pictured on the previous pages were displayed in a variety of locations. Please select the locations where you saw the mussel-related outreach items (check all that apply).

Percent of respondents who saw outreach items at this Outreach Location location (n=380) Leiters Ford Public Access Site 4.7% Oakdale Dam Public Access Site 1.3% Potawatomi Wildlife Park 1.6% Pulaski County Library (Winamac, IN) 6.1% Tippecanoe River State Park 8.9% Winamac Town Park 9.7% Buffalo Community Daze 2.4% Indiana State Fair 2.9% Monticello Earth Day Celebration 1.1% Mosey Down Main Street (Lafayette, IN) 0.3% Northern Indiana Lakes Festival (Grace College, 0.0% Warsaw, IN) Spirit of Monticello Festival 4.7% Tippecanoe County Fair 0.8% Wabash Riverfest (Lafayette, IN) 0.5% White County Fair 4.2% Hodges Canoe Trips (Delphi, IN) 0.0% Riverside Rentals (Winamac, IN)" 1.3% Tippy-Canoe Rentals (Winamac, IN) 1.6% Springboro General Store 1.1% Twin Lakes Fish & Game 3.7% Other (please specify) See pg. 245 for respondent 13.9% comments

Percent of respondents who saw outreach items at this Outreach Location location (n=380) I have never visited any of the above locations or 42.1% events I have visited the above locations, but didn’t see any mussels-related outreach items at any of the listed 28.2% locations or events

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VI. Wildlife Value Orientations

18. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Neither Strongly Strongly Disagree Agree or Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) Disagree (4) (n) (1) (5) (3) a. Humans should manage 3.05 wild animal populations 9.7% 24.8% 25.3% 31.1% 9.0% (n=411) so that humans benefit. b. The loss of some individual wild animals is 3.34 acceptable if the 8.4% 15.0% 20.4% 47.2% 9.1% (n=407) population of animals is not jeopardized. c. If animal populations are not threatened, we 3.51 should use wildlife to add 4.7% 9.6% 27.0% 47.5% 11.3% (n=408) to the quality of human life. d. It is important for humans 3.55 to manage the 2.9% 12.3% 25.6% 45.5% 13.8% (n=407) populations of wildlife. e. The rights of wildlife are 2.81 more important human 13.5% 26.0% 33.1% 21.1% 6.4% (n=408) use of wildlife. f. Animals should have 2.50 rights similar to the rights 22.9% 29.2% 27.0% 17.2% 3.7% (n=407) of humans.

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Neither Strongly Strongly Disagree Agree or Agree Mean Disagree Agree (2) Disagree (4) (n) (1) (5) (3) g. I object to hunting because it violates the 2.05 37.6% 33.7% 19.0% 6.1% 3.7% rights of an individual (n=410) animal to exist. h. It is important that Indiana always have 4.21 1.7% 1.2% 11.0% 46.3% 39.8% abundant fish and (n=410) wildlife. i. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much as 4.26 I’d like, it’s important to 1.2% 1.2% 8.5% 48.1% 41.0% (n=412) know that they exist in Indiana. j. We should be sure future generations of Indiana 4.30 1.0% 1.2% 8.0% 46.2% 43.6% will have an abundance (n=411) of fish and wildlife. k. It’s important to me to know that there are 4.23 1.0% 1.2% 11.2% 46.7% 39.9% healthy populations of (n=412) wildlife in Indiana. l. It’s important to maintain fish and wildlife so that 4.28 1.2% 1.5% 7.6% 46.9% 42.8% future generations can (n=408) enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about 4.12 wildlife. 1.0% 2.4% 12.4% 52.2% 32.0% (n=410) n. It’s important that all Indiana residents have a 4.10 1.2% 1.5% 13.6% 53.5% 30.2% chance to learn about (n=411) wildlife in the state. o. It’s important that we 4.05 learn as much as we can 1.0% 2.2% 17.0% 50.4% 29.4% (n=411) about wildlife.

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VII. Demographics

19. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) (n=393) 84.7% Residential 6.9% Agricultural 0.0% Commercial 7.4% Residential and Agricultural 1.0% Residential and Commercial

20. If residential, do you reside in this property year-round or seasonally? 78.8% Year-round 21.2% Seasonally

21. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? (n=374) Range: 0-80 years Mean: 21.03

22. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? (n=402) 12.7% No 51.0% Yes, a few 36.3% Yes, many

23. Do you own property on Lake Freeman? (n=414) 84.1% No 15.9% Yes

24. In general, how would you describe your political views? (n=392) 8.2% Very conservative 38.0% Conservative 44.6% Moderate 7.4% Liberal 1.8% Very liberal

25. What is your gender? (n=408) 28.4% Female 71.6% Male

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26. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? (n=398) 3.8% Some formal schooling 31.2% High school diploma 21.2% Some college 8.3% 2 year college degree 21.7% 4 year college degree 13.9% Graduate degree

27. In what year were you born? 19______(n=406) 1925 to 1991 Range: 66 years Mean Age: 62.79 years old

Additional Comments Thank you for your time and assistance! Please use the space below for any additional comments about this survey, wildlife, or natural resources in your community. See pg. 197 for Additional Comments

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Additional Comments (n=149) Dear Ms.Prokopy In the spirit of co-operation & goodwill I was thinking that since I helped you with your agenda that maybe you could help me with mine. One of the issues is that recently the assessor of Pulaski Co. changed the assessment of my property from woods to residential (8 acres, 2 miles from town). There's a small creek that runs through the property, when the river floods, so does about 75% of the property. How could this be considered residential?; Unless you live in a houseboat. I would appreciate all the help I can get. The hearing date for this is Oct.18,2016 at 1PM. THANK YOU !! 2nd issue;;;;My son (an unemployed 3 year student of Purdue) and I were thinking about going and seeing a home Purdue football game; maybe since tickets aren't in tremendous demand thought maybe you could help us out with that?????????? If this is too much ,just say so...... THANK YOU Call & let me know please...... [name, address, phone number] Lots of work to do. It all starts by responding to emails Do not lower the lake Waste management has a landfill less than 3 mi from the river\\Why are the Dams not controlled to Prevent flooding above and Below these Dams? Who controls The Dams these Days?\\Lowering the level of lake freeman seems to have no AFFECT on The River where I live.\\Why is there no map of the river on this survey showing Dam locations and the Areas of the river AFFECTED By the lowering of lake Freeman?\\ We believe it is important to ensure natural resources, including wildlife, be appropriately managed and maintained, we also believe that human intervention is sometimes taken to the extreme in a manner that ultimately may not be beneficial (and may even be harmful) to this cause. For example, lowering lake levels to raise river levels has the potential to harm wildlife in the lakes. Also, I could imagine how higher (changing) river levels could result in greater movement of mussels. We strongly support only interfering with nature when the science is 100% clear on the necessity of doing so, which we do not believe to be the situation with regard to mussels in the Tippecanoe River. I don't think that you should drop lake levels. This endangers boaters, fishermen and swimmers. It is stupid to put the life of a mussel over the life of a human being. Move the mussels somewhere you can control the water level. Build an area for them and leave the lake alone. The mussels have been here and have survived since the dams have been built. They have survived low water levels for over 80 years. They are still here. You drop lake levels and the raccoons eta them on the exposed shoreline. There are way too many white tail deer in Indiana. I have a house on Shafer Lake. I'm not sure if the questions about the Tippecanoe River mean Lake Shafer shoreline or not.

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The same mussels live above freeman what happens to them when you lower the lake Freeman. What happens to the ones above Buffalo to Lake Tippy during a dry spell? I think this is a very worthy project, however, the 'Take the Pledge' yard sign should have a big mussel picture on it so that it is not confused with an anti- alcohol pledge. I rent the home on the Tippy river. I haven't fished or boated on it since 2003. I have little knowledge on the mussels. As a kid we used to find them but never thought it was a problem to the river. I feel that something needs to be done about all the log jams. Some spots are almost impassable. The River has definitely gotten worse with that over the years. All that needs done is cut a path not the whole thing. My husband and I recently purchase the Fish N Fun camprground on the Tippecanoe River in Rochester, IN. We have renamed it as Tippecanoe River Run. I am interested in positing signs and educating our campers about the importance of these mussels. If someone can contact me that would be great. [email address] The water flow of the Tippecanoe River below Oakdale Dam should mirror the water flow in Winamac. The lakes should not be used as a devise to alter water flow artificially. If there is a drought then it is meant that nature will handle the mussels or other wildlife. Humans should not intervene. Wildlife will adapt to extreme forms of nature. If they didn't adapt they would already be extinct. People and family's first. Never lower Freeman during the summer months. I love and protect wildlife and I feel it is important to do so, but not at the expense of humans in ways that create great financial and social hardships. We have to use balance and common sense when these issues arise. I can afford and am willing to pay for the protection of wildlife with a small percentage of my income and assets but not when it increases to large amounts. \It is sad when our government and the tax dollars I pay to protect the wildlife I enjoy, turn around and harm me both socially and financially. Please use balance and common sense to protect wildlife and humans together! Much appreciation for your efforts to study & protect wildlife on/in the Tippecanoe River. \[name]\[phone number] I belive in protecting all wildlife and managing correctly. Not eliminating our same as we humans are doing. We are taking away & destroying our wildlife habitats!! Our polititians & insurance lobbiest should not be involvd with our wildlife management! Until the day politions & insurance companies stay out of the wildlife management. Our land, woods, rivers, streams, and wildlife will be gone!!! [gone underlined three times] Rifles in Indiana deer season! Wow! Really? That should help get rid of all the deer as they wish! Its not hunting! Its target practice! I can remember when Winamac was a small rural town when we bought our lot

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on the Tippy everything was good except when it flooded and they wouldn't open the dams at the lakes, this flooded us out. We lost out on our insurance. Then the city built a sewage plant and things started really getting bad, different kinds of fish started to disappear, silver bass, small mouth bass, northern pike, rock bass, and some types of catfish. The water became dirty and never cleared up. We cross the Wabash river going up and a lot of time it is clearer than the Tippy and this shouldn't be, its so much longer, bigger, and goes through many more large cities! If you're looking for homeowners to say raise my taxes, I'll pay, just go somewhere else, I [Illegible] my fish and you just get over your mussels, check with the farmers, city sewage plants and industry, they don't care. Don't send me any more questionnaires [illegible] postage to clean the river. Did you hear about 5 weeks(?) ago some farmer dumped 50 to 500 gallons(?) of diesel fuel into the river up by the state park. Don't write me anymore. There wasn't a problem with lake levels for 90 plus years until someone wanted to change the flow rate at Oakdale Dam. And the mussels thrived well. The wild life had a food sure. Now property values and lively hoods are suffering. Residents and visitors are wondering if they will be able to use the lakes, or should they find some where else to lie and recreate. Someone needs to wake up. I have observed Muskrats eating clams especially in the winter and leaving piles of shells. This is usually when the river is slightly frozen over and I watch the muskrat dive, come back up on the ice in the same location time after time. I agree with hunting and fishing if it doesn't threaten the existence of the wildlife and that it is done responsibly and humanely. I don't want any animals to suffer. DNR is a joke, catch over your limit of fish get fined that's ok I agree [I agree underlined], kill Lake weeds the fishes home they do nothing. Warsaw can dump raw sewage [raw sewage underlined] in river when times of excessive rainfall that's not right! I think to the state the river is nothing but a drainage ditch. I think the public needs to know just what is going into the river, maybe they will stand up and fight. I'm just a outdoors man seeing all the destruction and what's going on. I walk down to the river at least once a day, just to look + think how it once was (sad). my dad, born in 1919 hunted and fished along Tip. River for years, he would tell me how it was in the 30s thru 50s. What have we done? $$$$$ I am 7600 I don't have amount\I think some one is putting wast through pipe to the river up river [up river is underlined] from me.\[name] The thing you are overlooking is that the otter kills 1,000 to 1 mussels over man. I can show you piles of hundreds & hundreds shells where they eat them! NA If they can hold the water for the people on the lake there is no reason they can't drain it off when there is a threat of flood. The lakes are a part of the

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Tippecanoe River and there is no reason they should stop or slow the flow. I think they should remove the dams and return it back to just a river. The dams are misused and cause damages and unnecessary flooding for people down river of the lakes. Since otters have been reintroduced to the rivers we have seen an increase in piles of mussels on sand bars from the otters. For several years now, a mining company has been seeking to buy a farm on Old SR 25, near the intersection of Old SR 25 and E 800 N, just North of Americus. This mining company has not listened to the community, which is uniformly not interested in sacrificing our quality of life, and the quality of the Wabash River, both of which would be severely impacted by the introduction of this mining work. This case continues in the Courts. I want it to be known that if indeed this company moves into our community, we will vote with our feet and move away. My family & i are interested in opportunities to learn about the Tippecanoe river eco-system. The river is apart of our life & we would like to keep it clean & beautiful. You can reach me at the contact info below. Thank you, [signed name], [phone number], [email address] I think the farmer should stop running their tile straight into the river as we get the rain all the chemicals go to the river from the fields. I tried at least 5 times to find this survey on the internet. Could not find it. [written on additional note book page inserted into book, p 10]\Purdue University, Natural Resources SSL,\It would much appreciated if your mussel- related outreach items on page 5, and 6, could be sent to my 23 yr. resident of along the Tippecanoe river. I support the Heart of the Rivers, and also grew up on the Tippecanoe River prior my purchase of where I reside now. Please send me some of your items to help support our nature and wildlife. \Thank you,\[name]\[address]\[address continued] Having lived here for almost 35 years, I am disappointed on the lake level. In the past NIPSCO would inform us a year + before lowering the lake to allow for work on piers, etc... Now each year we never know in advance until the water level drops. I strongly feel each lake needs to be kept at a safe level First - Why are you picking on Lake Freeman + not making Lake Shaffer share this problem?\Do you have a mussel count? Produce evidence of how many mussels are actually being effected? 2 * 25 * 200 count, we don't know?\Exposed mussels could be moved to deeper water using persons completing court-ordered community from white, carroll, + Tippecanoe Counties. Boy scouts could do this for a project.\FACT [underlined 3x] Lower Lake Levels will destroy home values on Lake Freeman!! This will decrease property values - decreasing property taxes (huge dollars) needed for schools (already suffering) roads (in a mess) etc. If you purchased a home to retire in + enjoy the lake - How would you feel??? \Finally - Why are you destroying our lake values when

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we don't have data to support there is a major problem?? Show me?? Simple Fix Move The Muscles!! [last sentence underlined 3x] [personal information given] USFW has provided no hydrology data to prove that lowering Lake Freeman in a drought mimics run of the river. Therefore the mussels are not behaving as they would naturally without human interference Wildlife is important, but human life is more important! Normal flow of the river is all that should be used to protect the mussels. PLEASE SHARE INFO. ABOUT WILDLIFE IN INDIANA AND ALONG THE TIP. RIVER WHENEVER POSSIBLE. THANK YOU! Thank u for your service to help wildlife

I agree with saving endangered mussels, but do not agree with the junk science method used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They are misusing their authority with the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and are being unreasonable with their demands. Although I do not fish or boat, lowering the lake is detrimental to those who do. I know people who could not get their boats into the water because of the lower levels. I know several whose businesses have suffered (Marinas). Why should the twin lakes area be a vacation destination if people can't be certain they can get into the lake?\What has caused the financial damage is the lack of pressure on the seawall by the lowering allowing the wall to pull out leak + [illegible] wall to collapse. \Why can't [illegible] find a way to relocate the mussels in the same area but [illegible] into the water? Lake Freeman is a lake, not a reservoir. Water in, water out. If there was no lake and river only the flow/quantity of water would fluctuate with the amount of water coming into the river. Why are people interfering with the natural flow of the river....It's not right, the mussels will survive regardless. I oppose lowering the level of Lake Freeman to levels where mussels in shallow areas of the lake are harmed. Mussels in the lake are just as important as those in the river below the Oakdale dam. Mussels below the dam have survived for decades without drastic lake level fluctuations. Love the Tippy! We are retired and do not fish, boat, etc. like we once did. Our sons and grandsons do fish, camp, and motor boat on the river. YES,\SINCE THE ANTI FUR ACTIVISTS IS STOPPING (OR TRYING) TO STOP TRAPPING IN INDIANA, THE RACCOON POPULATION IS ON THE RISE, RACCOONS AND MINK EAT MUSSELS. IN THE, AND DURING, THE LAST 10 YRS I HAVE SEEN MORE AND MORE ENJOY MUSSEL SHELLS ON THE BANKS OF THE RIVER!\[name] [name] took this survey not my husband [name]. These mussels have lived here all the years since the dams were installed, and

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they are still here ['they are still here' underlined], without any human intervention!!! I say, leave nature ALONE ['alone' underlined twice]: we have too much, way too much ['way too much' underlined] of intervention from the so- called "informed" people, who are trying to interfere with the way mother nature is running things! These mussels have and will survive, in spite of your efforts to intervene!!!! I've lived on the river many years. Mussels use to be everywhere. Over the years they have died for one reason or another. Now between 200 and Lieter Ford there are many beds of dead mussels both young and old. Hopefully something can be done. Mussels are very important to the condition of the river [name] My 36 year old son bought a one acre lot on the Tippecanoe River about 7 years ago. He is autistic and therefor loves the solitude of the river. He loves fishing and kayaking the river. The river is a real treasure for him and I also have come to love the river. [personal information: name and address] NA I believe the run of the river is the prime factor to be considered. What water comes to the Norway dam, from the river and other tributaries should go through the dam. That water and any from tributaries feeding Lake Freeman should go through Oakdale dam. Lake Freeman should not suffer alone from short water supplies. Nature should be allowed to care for wildlife in and around the water way. A retention dam could be constructed downstream from the Oakdale dam to hold water to cover mussels between the dam and where the river joins the Wabash. As I believe this could be a 2 or 3 foot high dam, I saw one like it in Defiance, Ohio, state or federal funds could be available for construction of such a project. This could protect the mussels and still let the run of the river be controlled by how much water is supplied by nature. If you're going to inform the public about endangered species make sure that you have something sent to people with pictures and descriptions of said species. On a different note, I seemed to notice the rabbits foot mussel to be the most rare. I've only seen a handful of them in my whole life and I've been on many rivers and other bodies of water every year. We do a lot of catch and release in the Tippy (some keepers). This year we were glad to see some of the plant life coming back with the river. For a couple of years all the grasses that were in the river were gone-and now slowly returning. The state will not spend any money on anything they just take it all. Mussels have survived with run of the river water flow before the dams were built and survived even after the dams were built. And now you feel you need to control the water level for mussel survival. If 500 CFS is the magic number of water flow for mussel survival--what happens when 12,000 CFS comes through and the river floods? If you feel something needs to be done in drought for

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survival then something needs to be done in floods (like scoop them up and put 'em back!) It hurts economy, house prices--which effects school taxes and people will stop buying and building homes here on the lakes if they can't be guaranteed they will be able to get their boats off their lifts when they are here especially on vacation. There are two lakes here-- if Freeman suffers why doesn't Shafer suffer--no difference in these lakes. Nipsco dams regulate both lakes so both lakes should be regulated the same. The dams are run of the river not flood control or mussel survival. 1. There has to be happy medium on changing the lake levels.\2.People's lives matter, lowering the water too much is a safety hazard and no mussels is worth a human life. Thank you for your concern. I live at the end or trails end road. Love it back here and love the Tippy River I believe we need to be concerned about the mussels and the benefits they provide, but tourism is real important to the Lakes Area .I can give you several examples if you contact me. I do not believe you are truly concerned about the river mussels. I believe this theory of mine is proved by the release of river otters into the Tippy. Why would you campaign to "save the mussels" and then reintroduced one of their predators? A response can be mailed to: [name], [address] Please do. Or send any more survey. We are seasonal Rain fall determines the water level in both lakes. I don't see how lowering the water in one lake or the other to save life in the river and put life in danger in either lake is risky nature will take care of itself. \When people get involved they end up causing problems they can't fix without making other people mad. \Somebody should have thought above these problems before they built the dams!!! [arrow pointing to spill] sorry took to river & spilt salsa on it. My political view should be a factor [underlined "factor"] in how I perceive the wildlife of Indiana. A;; people of Indiana, no matter their political views should be able to care and maintain our wildlife (mussels) There was never a law that either Freeman or Shafer would be maintaned at a certain leval. No one can promise how much rain we'll receive. Rain fall dicktate's how much water passes through buffalo. Below the dams should always be the same. "River flow" allows the mussels enough water to live. If you shut off the water to river we loose all fish and aquatic life. The real estate agents tell lies just to sell an over priced house. Who gave them the right? 2014 was an exceptional drought and with climate change we may have to get used to having low water levals every August. In closing I'd rather have the river be alive all year instead of the wave runner's and speed boats in August. It's too bad all the money that's been spent couldn't have been put to good use. Locate the poluters up river and stop them. This river would still be clean if we didn't

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have the algea bloom every year. Properties around the lakes are on wells. Previous to the sewer system now in place, septic systems were used. So, water was drawn out lowering the water table, but the septic systems recharged the water table. With the sewer system, hundreds of thousands of gallons of water are pumped out of the watershed every day and most of that is not returned to the lakes. Most of that water (effluent from the treatment plants), is sent down a creek to the Wabash. So, that leaves the lakes to recharge the water table during drought periods. The premise that what flows in, flows out is incorrect. Not to mention the amount of irrigation that takes place. I would propose that all effluent from the treatment plants be placed back into the lakes' watershed to help mitigate this problem.\\Ted Leuenberger\4900 N. Boxman Pl. Monticello, IN I have more questions than comments. How do the mussels contribute to the heal of the river?Why it is important for the mussels to have a certain water flow? Before the dams were installed how did the mussels survive the various droughts? What is the economic cost to the Monticello and other local economies if the lake levels are reduced to the point that access to the lakes are severely limited? I grew up on a farm, college educated, a retired bank CEO. I am an environmentalist as any good farmer would be. I am pro business as any good banker would be. The level of Lake Freeman should never vary more than a few inches, that is the flow of the river. Homeowners and businesses should never need to worry about Lake Freeman water levels interfering with their livelihood and property values. If the policies of the Fish and Wildlife Agency don't change, property values will decline, taxes will decline and many businesses which rely upon the lakes will be bankrupt. The old system worked for many decades and the mussels survived. We don't need the government telling us how to run our business, they screw up everything they touch. This survey seems to be slanted toward saving the mussels--we need to save White and Carroll County, their property values and their businesses. [respondent drew a fish] We see lots + lots of mussels in the water of the Tippecanoe River in our general area. We have seen raccoons eating mussels on the opposite banks of our shore line too! The DGAD mussel shells we see in the water are really big + old looking! We moved to another state in June 2016, after living 25 years on Lake Freeman.Our main reason for moving was age/health and need to be near to family. However, one other determining factor for selling our house at this time was the uncertainty of water level on Lake Freeman. Since we didn't have a boat it was a lesser concern to us. The fact that the lake level variation during Spring, Summer and early Fall (vacation, travel seasons) greatly concerned us about falling property values. During 13 months of living with 2 realtors. The first

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question of all [all underlined] prospective buyers or views was 1[number circled] what do you know about the lake level situation? The population of mussels is as good as it was 38 yrs ago. The USFW has started war between tax paying citizens that fund the USFW and the mussels. Only for selfish, political reasons, and hidden agendas. You know it, and so do we. These actions will only hurt the views of mussels, and the populations of them. This whole thing is assinine. The dams operated fine for humans and mussels for almost 100 yrs, or the mussels wouldn't still be here. Maybe you should research the USFW's hidden agenda.\Article "America's Big Dam Problem" Survey Analysis:\1) I consider this a meaningless survey for the following reasons;\a) If you do not handle or observe the mussels for some period of time how can you be sure if it is alive or dead?\b) What is the cost benefit analysis of: \b-1) This department of forestry & natural resources program?\b-2) This survey?\b-3) The generation of numerous posters that only bring attention but don't convey any real information?\2) How many mussel die in lake Freeman when the lake water is lowered vs those saved below the dam in the river?\3) What is the population of mussels in the river and how has this varied over the last 5 years? The last 10 years, or say the years preceding the building of the dams.\4) Can't the mussels be reintroduced in other bodies of water?\5) Funds spent on a long term solution would be better received than short term answer that only addresses a few weeks or days of the problem.\\[name],\Retired System Engineer Feed back from a survey is great but the quality of information would be much better by going out on the lakes + river to see first hand. Go out there and walk the river areas to collect this type of information you'd be surprised on what you will find. \If you're really interested in finding information go out to the area that they empty the dredges into. I would imagine you would find all types of information there that can help with your research.\More information could be found by going up the tributaries that dump into the river. Especially by 8.3 West Shafer Dr. Its by the bridge 1/4 mile south of 16. That water is always much colder and is usually quite a different color from the rest of the river. That's probably whats killing everything in the lake. \Whatever you decide to do, please do NOT raise any taxes or fees because its already getting too expensive to visit the lakes. Its ridiculous that we have to pay $69.25 to flush out toilets. There's already bad management at the sewer district so please don't follow their lead. Because if you do no one will support you either. I do not think the lakes should be lowered to protect the mussels. For a long time they have been ok, this hurts the economy and the town of Monticello and property values [value underlined] could be hurt. NO lakes NO People will come here. No boating, unable to get a boat off the lift, due to the low lake levels. We pay HIGH [high underlined] taxes to own a home here! If the mussels are so important, then they should build an alternative system for

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them, i.e. like another dam below Freeman and Oakdale, and let that water out to help preserve them. \\It is ludicrous to endanger the economy of Monticello, and the property values around Lake Freeman for some mussels. Which I understand that they are capable of finding there way to deeper waters. And why all of a sudden to we start lowering lake freeman, and not lake shafer as well. People will start moving away, and the property values will go down, and the economy around those lakes will suffer. \\There has to be a better way, than to lower Lake Freeman. I would love to be part of a group that would be part of a solution. \\[name]\[address]\[address continued] I would like to see the mussels saved but not by lowering Lake Freeman, must find a better solution. By no means should either of these lakes be lowered unless there is an extreme need to do so. I've heard both sides of the argument, appears that the science behind lowering the lake to save the mussels is flawed. Information is confusing would like to understand this in easier terms. We have a fuck load of mussels on our stretch. Water quality is very good. I see dead ones on occasion and wonder if the otters are eating them. I don't want to participate in any more questionnaires. We love the river if anyone wants river access from our property for this research they are more that welcome. We are by Warren Bridge 1907 E 700 N Monterey -----The [family name]. Thanks for all you do!!!!! We live In [address] I believe there are options for managing the mussels without draining lake Freeman. \1. Less impact if lake Shafer is also utilized. \2. Using the data supplied by experts, SFLECC has a different number for the water flow that is a compromise, less damaging to the lake but still maintaining the flow. This should be utilized\\WHY IS NOBODY INVESTIGATING THE AMOUNT OF WATER PUMPED OUT OF THE RIVER FOR IRRIGATION BY LANDOWNERS AND FARMERS? THIS DECREASES THE AVAILABLE WATER ALSO. \THERE COULD BE A BAN ON ANY PUMPING DURING DRY TIMES.

I have asked why we protect the mussels since I think they serve no purpose. I was told it was important so that future people could see them. My response to that is "take pictures"! The lakes were formed for electric power and are flow of river dams .if there were no dams on the river and it is a dry year the water level would fluxuate then what would the musssels do then they would move to where the water level is with out human intervention.so why not let nature take it"s own course. I am a Chemical Engineer. I own a small natural gas engineering company. I live in Evansville, Indiana, and have watched as the Ohio river has been cleaned up over the past 40 years. I bought a cottage on Lake Freeman 9 years ago to escape the heat and humidity of the Ohio river valley. In my business we frequently are asked to study a situation and make recommendations. We designed a super triple overflow water/oil separation unit

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that worked for 20 years in Eastern Kentucky, only to have the EPA insist that it be torn out and bales of straw be placed in the stream to catch any oil leakage from a compressor station. I could give other examples of government stupidity.\\The Mussel saving lowering of Freeman is totally unsupported by any historic studies or facts. The dam is 80 years old, the lake had been run on a run-of-the-river basis since inception. The Mussels survived quite well even through worse droughts than 2012, and in fact were so productive that they were harvest commercially for many years both above and below the lake. The University of Illinois has studied them extensively, and even done limited population studies, all showing no decline in population.\\Using either University of Illinois studies, or the evaporation methods of the EPA, the most one can calculate using the difference in surface area of the river versus the lake is a loss of 18 cubic feet per second on a clear 90?_F day with a 20 mph wind. Since that is achieved no more than 300 hours per year, the loss is minimal compared to the unchallengable mandate from Fish and WildLife to dump 500 CF/Sec. This was modified to a flow indexed to the Winamac flow gauge, which is a little better, but still does not address the calculated water loss versus the water being forced over the dam to protect the Mussels, which have survived quite well without lowering the lake. \\I am all for saving wildlife, and even if I agreed that the mussels are in danger, which they are not, because the water has to be cleaner today than 30 years ago, and the flows have been varying for 80 years without eliminating the Mussels; there is no criteria to remove them from the endangered list; there is no scientific evidence that their numbers are dropping, there is no plan to cultivate them is an artificial environment. There is no plan to colonize them in other clean flowing rivers. Where is the scientific approach to this situation?\\I rowed on the Crew when I was at Purdue, I know that river turned brown at times with mud, and the water smelled sometimes from pollution; but the Mussels not only survived, but thrived; without removing roughly $3 million in tax income from Carroll and White country schools. \\The endangered Species Act needs to be drastically modified. Scientific studies should be required both before a species is added to the list, and an a regular basis thereafter. When a species is placed on the list, the criteria for it's removal from the list should be included at the time of listing. The economic impact of any listing has to be taken into account. AS one who has traveled worldwide in business, to many places most people don't go, I am impressed with our protection of wildlife. However, as we approach the population density of other countries, we must be scientific in our actions.\\Many would argue that the dams should be removed, but they are protecting their back waters from the Asian carp now destroying the Wabash River. For what this mandate is costing the citizens involved, a breeding program could be established in a controlled environment and 10's of thousands of mussels could be planted in dozens of rivers in a matter of years. If F&W were truly concerned about increasing the number of mussels I wold think that that would be something that they would be

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promoting, rather than mandating, without facts the destruction of property values in the affected counties. I wish you would stop wasting money on the poor mussels, fix the real pollution problems in the rivers so we can forget about the mussels. They are endangered because the pollution in the rivers kill them off. I told you the first survey about a boy scout who cut his knee on some thing in the river on a canoe outing at the Bridge at Winnemac and his leg swelled to double size and he died from the infection. Why ? this indicates the water is full of toxic chemicals and other wastes. I also heard from a neighbor that there are 250? permits to allow dumping untreated sewage of what all? In the Tip River- [underlined] " you never replied to me on the fact either". I know that a agricultural run off is poisonous to all the lives in the river. I also told you that blue gill have not been here along my bank in their spawning places for apx. [underline]"The lest 5 years." This river was full of schools of fish when moved here in 2003. [underlined] "there aren't any fish here now. Poison water?" I would like to see you take some water samples and have them analyzed. Would some dept- fish and wildlife or? [underline] " Find out what poisons are in the Tip. Terminate permanently all permits to dump raw effluents into the river." I want to know how many permits are granted to dump sewage of any kind into the Tip??????? Clean up the river water!! If you get that done in time maybe whats left of fish and mussels [underline] "may survive". [circled] : why don't you answer my questions?" White tail deer are a danger and a nuisance Greetings\\From 1995 to 2011 I was pretty active on the Tippy. Amongst several proposals I had was/is "Muscle for Mussels" and attempted to engage Kevin Cummings. Unfortunately, Kevin became ill at that time.\I had a lad set up between Pulaski and Winamac. It was dismantled due to a very hostile neighbor. I may have some contributions that may be beneficial.\\Thank you for your work.\[name]\[phone number] When our lake is lowered to protect the mussels in the river, the mussels we have along the shoreline are killed off -- doesn't seem fair there. Also the area businesses suffer, again a poor trade. I grew up on The Tippy in the late 40's-50's-60's, I now live there. As a child we saw many in the sand & mud in shallows - not so much anymore. Lots of shells on shallow river bottoms. Some on shoreline from raccoons. We are where the river turns rocky-shallow (beautiful) between Buffalo and Pulaski. #17 - I have visited a few of the locations but saw no mussel related items The US Fish and Wildlife Service was just granted a $500,000 grant to save one endangered mussel in the northeast. We have 6 according to your survey. The Fish and Wildlife Service says there are 4 below Oakdale dam which are causing the lakes to be drained, (according to the rules both lakes can be drained however so far they have only drained Freeman). This number of

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endangered mussels should make the Tippecanoe River in line for a 2-million- dollar grant or more. \\There are more options available besides draining the lakes, yet I haven't seen where they have tried to look at other options. At present the Fish and Wildlife Service are pitting two groups of people against each other, the lake people against the river people below Oakdale dam. This is ridiculous! Proposing a solution that does not drain the lakes yet saves the mussels would have everyone working together not against each other. The lake people would help raise funds, (The Lake Shafer Welfare Association gives money to projects each year) as one example. \\Surely somebody can come up with another idea to solve this problem. There is a lot of extra water that goes down the Tippecanoe river in a years time, storing that somehow would be good, putting in irrigation units might work, or circulating the water up from the Wabash river in dry times, the water would cover the mussels and then go back into the Wabash, nothing lost and all are happy. Other ideas might include small dams in certain places, or rerouting tile off of famers fields to cover the mussels. Surely something can be proposed besides stealing water from the lakes. The lakes have been a tremendous lifesaver to the mussels by stopping the sediment from covering them up, so don't make the lake people you enemy, but make them your friend! I hope the survey is useful. Some questions could be in endless - and argumentative discussion. Stopping motorized boat traffic on the Tippy is critical; to its survival. It,s dying! The mussel outreach material seems to skew to a very young crowd. I am not the thought that if the dam did not exist the same problem would exist. In times of drought the rivers would recede leaving the mussels in the same fix. Maybe in these times it would be better to organize people to walk the river and manually place the mussels back in the river. this would require work, but for many wearing a tee-shirt with Manny the Mussel is much easier. [Signed name]\The lakes should pass through as much as the river naturally runs and so more. All creatures are important in some way. We may not like every creature (spiders; snakes; mosquitoes; flies; raccoons; moles; etc.) but they all provide some service or food for another creature. I really object people killing for sport or trophies. if they hunt for food I don't object. With all the litature you've showed it survey, why wouldn't those of us living on the river received some of it by mail? My neighbors have not seen any either. I really can't form a good opinion without knowing more about them. [Illegible name signed] Relocate the mussels or build something along the river as a habitat for them that does not allow all the water to drain out in times of low rainfall.\\It is NOT ACCEPTABLE to lower Lake Freeman, and endanger the lives of humans, damage the local economy and plummet property values (and property TAXES) over the mussels. The river has always had and WILL always have low flow

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periods that endanger the mussels habitat. \\Many other solutions have been suggested already. As long as it is legal to abort human life in the womb, I am not going to be too concerned about mussels. I love the tippy. My residential property is occupied by tenants. Sorry I don't have better input for you. I belive that the mussels are a very big asset to the Tippy River. This river use to be very clean and one of the best small mouth fishing in Indiana! Without the mussels I don't belive it would be as clean as it is. I've fished this river most of my life and have noticed a difference since the water dropped so low that a lot of the mussels were eaten from animals. I hope that somewhere we can all figure out how to make it work for both bodys of water Good Survey - I just get upset when lake is lowered & not able to use our boats- ! Thanks, [gives personal information] P.S.- I remember back in the 50's, the lake (Freeman) was lowered for work on the Oakdale Dam. We then lived on the east side (shallow) and many ["many" underlined] clams were exposed a long way from the water. I can remember them trying to crawl (drag?) toward the water. I know that very many died, but, they are still here today.- Please let nature take its course for all wildlife. At some point in time, human life and quality of life, property rights and values should trump those of animals, wildlife, and water habitats.\\Quit messing with the water levels of our area waters!!!!! [Text types, printed and taped to comments section] The Tippecanoe watershed has been managed by the dams since the mid twenties why has this now become an issue with the muscles.\It is my understanding that muscles all over the world in tidal zones, droughts and other natural fluctuations move under their own power to the adjusted water source.\A consideration to solve the muscle problem as well as the residential landowners impacts along the Tippecanoe River and associated lakes:\Construct a natural underwater levee similar to the blue water beach original dam down stream of Norway Dam that would allow proper water flows, the ability of small watercraft to pass, yet would under low water conditions to remain in a pool type fashion protecting the muscles and not impacting long time residences. I have a concern for Mud Creek where it feeds into the Tippy. I own about 1/3 mile on Mud Creek from the point of the Tippe up river, I do not want it dredged or disturbed. I enjoy our woods and waterways, please contact me I would like to know more about protecting Mud Creek and the Tippe. [email address] \We have a lot of wildlife and trails we enjoy. Sometimes too many beaver chew the trees.

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Survey question | 9-20\I own 18 acres along the river with a one room cabin that you can not drive to you must walk [illegible] I go there 2 or 3 times a week to watch wild life. I live in town also there's no power. It does have a wood stove and a flowing well. I have planted 300 Cyprus trees that I bought from the state. I own an island in the river. I don't live there, no one does. The mussels were here before the dams the will move when in danger that is how nature works to many people want to interfere with nature. If the river level get how they move how stupid are people. ? Not much of a survey for the helping of mussels or any other form of wild life, Tippecanoe river or streams and ditches that flow into the river. Maybe if people would keep the waters clean and do the up keep human actions would not be killing off species. I wished the state would take out the wild rice that's in the river. Thank you I wonder if the fact that the two lakes are here and are cared for (dredging and lowering as seen needed by SFLECC to clean and remove debris) are also a huge part of why the mussels are thriving in the river...... \\The mussels have been thriving over these many years past without special lowering of the river which would seem to indicate that "babying" them now might end up doing more harm than good...... \\There was a commitment when these lakes were created to take care of both the lakes and the river. To change that course of action seems to endanger the vegetation, wildlife, residential and recreational life that has grown since their creation. It seems like lowering the lake unnaturally would not provide good balance in considering ALL wildlife (let alone the other concerns also mentioned) including the mussels. \\I do believe the mussels are a big part of the ecosystem which by that very nature helps the rivers and lakes. However, I believe balance of ALL life on both river and lakes needs to be considered. Also, perhaps reconsider why the mussels have been thriving all these past years in the Tippecanoe while other rivers did not bring safe haven for the mussel. It seems that what has been done over the years prior to these newer regulations to ensure the care of both river and lakes via SFLECC IS keeping the mussels and other wildlife healthy and safe to coexist with us humans...... Instead of sending out "numerous [numerous underlined] copies of this survey - put the money toward something more useful. If a person doesn't respond - oh well. I only answered now so you will stop sending this. I believe the run off from farm fields are also doing a lot of damage to the rivers ecosystem. We now have river otters back that were not here when I was a child. The fish population has dwindled drastically over the years. We use to catch 15 to 25 catfish in a 3 or 4 day weekend, now we are lucky to get 3 to 6. Now that our rivers and streams are poisoned by farm chemicals and turning more acidic from pollution, I don't think the mussels have a chance. Alaskan oysters embryos are already developing with holes in the shells . Until we have

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a clean energy standard, CO2 is going to keep acidifying the waterways. We are the disease on this planet, but as the earth heats viruses, bacterias, and disease will take their toll on us.

We need more cover for minnows to hide and grow in rivers and lakes. Crappie & bluegill limits need to be raised and minimum length needs to be increased by and inch or 2. Channel cats needs to go to a 16" limit." We frequent the river and see a lot of wildlife. I would like to see more river otters and eagles. Due to recent increase of outsiders enjoying the river floating from Chicago area those people have been very abusive to environment with litter. I would like to see local canoe liveries enforce rules to help with litter control. I often fill my kayak with litter picked up along our tips. We travel many sections of the river and have to pick up litter of some kind every time [every time underlined]. I also pick up litter at my personal access every week that we can.\\[name]\[address]\[address continued]\[phone number] I invite you up to my property on Lake Freeman to observe the numerous small mussels that died due to the lowering of the lake this summer! Please send more info and stickers KEEP UP WITH THE GOOD WORK SORRY IT TOOK ME SO LONG TO REPLY-Bio Please correct my last name to [correct spelling] not [incorrect spelling]. Thanks Ag. runoff into the river is a huge problem. Since farming is #1 in Indiana I don't see much being done. I am a member of 3 Audubon Societies. I am an active birder and I submit sighting to Cornell Lab's ebird. I lead bird walks, teach binoculars at after-school programs and advise our parks department. I am pro-nature. \\I understand that we want to protect the biodiversity of our environment so we and our descendants can all enjoy the wonders of our natural world. They are also a critical barometer of the health of our environment, giving us advance warning before humans are affected directly.\\However, the dams that form Lake Freeman and Shafer have been in place since the 1920s. It seems that the mussels have survived the variations of drought and flood through this whole period of time. The dams were operated on a "run of the river" model, keeping the lakes level within +/- 3 inches.\\In 2014 when Lake Freeman was lowered to protect mussels downstream, our seawall failed. The repair cost was $4,000 - however, we were only charged $2,000 due to the salvage content of the removed steel and our relationship with the vendor.\\Our real estate value has dropped 14% since 2014 as indicated by the county assessment.\\In addition, the hydrologists hired by SFLECC determined that the conclusions drawn by F&WS were based on junk science. Also the hydrologists hired by FERC determined the same thing. Yet F&WS so far has not given any credence to this evidence. Perhaps the F&WS has too much power if it takes years to resolve

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these issues. The introduction of the river otter has a lot to do w/declining numbers of clams/shellfish/& mussels in rivers and lakes. IN DNR has a lot to do w/mussel reductions. I would be willing to donate & help farm mussel population & restore rivers & lakes.

The Tippecanoe River, where we live, has changed so much in m lifetime. At one time there were weed beds and river grass everywhere. Now, thanks to the run off from farmland that uses weed killers, there are none. This has caused the demise of several specie of fish, mainly Rock Bass, Sunfish, and Bluegill. Also impacted were he mussel's and crayfish.\The Tippy used to be much deeper than it is now. From flooding and boats that are much too big, erosion along the banks is filling it in.\Maybe doing a better job of operating the Dams' and perhaps put a limit on the size of the motor can be used. All I know for sure is that something must be done soon!!! Not only to protect the mussels, but every species of wildlife that lives in or depends on the river to survive. Thank you for your efforts! I am willing to distribute/display educational, informative displays/outreach items.\[name]\[address]\[address continued]\[phone number]\[email address] I also feel that chemicals from our farm fields play a big part in our rivers. I have lived in my home for 43 years, we had lots of sun fish and bluegill in the river at our property. We have not seen or caught any for quite a few years! The survey is obviously biased.\Nearly everyone loves wildlife in America and no one wants harm to be done to Wildlife.\However, Govt. has decided to save a Mussel instead of save business's, jobs and Home Values, due to the lowering of Lake Freeman to save the Mussels. \Common sense would tell you the mussels have survived since the 2 Dams were put in place and lowering Lake Freeman was not part of saving the Mussels prior to 2014.\Once again Govt. has overstepped it's boundary and lost total sight of "We the People."\The real question that should be asked is:\\Do you think people should be out of work, or business's closed, or the Value of Property decreased in order to save a MUSSEL? No they should not !!!! I see a lot less turtles sunning theirselves than I used to. I never catch them accidentally anymore. Worries me. I have loved this river since first visiting it in 1942. At that time it was pristine. The water was so clear one could see every thing on the bottom. It was full of sea grass and fish one could clearly see. It is so sad to see the deterioration caused by the sediment of farmers draining their fields. It would be wonderful if this could be stopped then maybe the river can come back to life. Jim Blair I am embarrassed that this survey is extremely biased. I am a Purdue grad in Wildlife Sciences. This survey does absolutely nothing to address the issue that the dames are flow through only, and can only let water through at whatever

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rate the water comes.\The real issue is the water escapes the farm fields and parking lots too quickly, but no one is trying to control that. I think it is wrong to lower Lake Freeman in order to save a mussel. I've been here for over 50 years and I saw them when I was a kid and I see more now! They are dangerous to your feet! They cut them and make you bleed when you walk in the water. It is WRONG to spend our money on any mussel!\Spend money on PEOPLE not mussels! Did not see Monticello Library as a site where info is available. Consider it?

It is not humans using mussels so much checkout raccoons. [raccoons underlined]. Most people do not even think much about them, let alone use them. I done this survey once, probably a year ago online. I don't understand why the flow rates were changed in the first place. Also I don't understand why Lake Shafer isn't lowered the same time you lower Freeman. I had dead mussels on the lake in front of my property. What makes them less important then the ones past freeman damn. Mother nature should be making the decisions. We own property in Winamac, IN., along Tippecanoe River. Our property is north by Beason Park, Culver Military Academy. We have seen such an increase in the grasses in ["in" underlined] the river. Many types of grasses, duck weed, also. \The river was very clean this year. You could see the bottom more often than not.\My husband says he hasn't seen this many grasses in the river since the 80's. Common sense, have you hort it. Quit sending us this crap. Wish you the best if this is what you are going to school. Get a real job! My mother, [gives name], owns the house I live in on Tippecanoe River. She gave me this survey. My address is - [address] #3 I know all the channels, but yes, if it is very low I get out and wade.\#6 -50 years ago they were both thick!\#10 D. I did when I was a kid\#16 (all) I have some of the stuff, but I don't look for it when I visit the places that I "X"ed\#22- most of my river frontage is still "wild", while most of my neighbors have it manicured\#18 Needs to be more specific to certain critters in certain areas. Such as deer in the Pulaski Cty. area.\I think our #1 problem with the Tippecanoe is herbicides, pesticides, and silt caused by poor farming practices by greedy farmers!!! (and I was born and raised on a farm). P.S. why is their never any mention of what I have always known as a "jackknife" clam?" less marketing items. more action Do not want the lake lowered for mussels I have owned my home on Upper lake Freeman for 14 years. I think it is a travesty what they are doing with the lake levels. \I believe in natural selection and you are trying artificially at the expense of the land owners who us Freeman for recreation to make this happen. \These mussels will survive if they went

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meant to. Along with the flooding issues on the river now we have to deal with low levels which is [illegible word] our property not usable. is this fair? These mussels have survived for how many years before this artificial survival technologies employed. They will continue to survive. THIS IS WRONG!! YOU ARE WRONG-they need to live based on the natural ecological system not one you create. The dams have been in place since the 1920s. Below dam water levels have fluctuated yearly to maintain lake levels since then and the mussels have survived without government help. It has been proven by science from the State of Indiana's AG's office, from FERC hydrologists and the hydrologist's hired by the SFLECC that artificially "wetting" the downstream nesting beds of mussels by lowering Lake Freeman is not healthy for the mussel population. They have an uncanny ability to move and survive. The water released from the lower dam gates is colder and more harmful to the mussels in the sun baked river bed. The mussels were endangered because of decades the button industry and they will come back. They have survived those decades of heavy harvesting and they will renew by allowing the Tippecanoe River to run into and out of the local dams. I feel it is absolutely ridiculous to drain the lake when it provides economic and recreational funds to Monticello and surrounding areas. The mussels have existed without lowering the lake for decades therefore I see no reason to restrict the use of the lake and drastically lower the income on so many small businesses in the surrounding areas. If these mussels are in danger move them to an appropriate area that continues to supply water to them along the river. The river does not ever completely dry up. Also why is it that no water is lowered on Lake Shafer - during this droughts - Economic problems for Indiana Beach? What about the remainder of businesses that lose so much income! Common sense tells me that before the 2 dams were built in the Monticello area nearly 100 years ago, the mussels lived here. In the time before the dams, there were many years and, perhaps multiple consecutive years, of low to very low water in the river bed. Yet despite that stress, the mussels thrived ... continuing to live in the Tippy. \Along comes man and builds 2 dams for hydro electricity production. They are "run of the river" designs, that is what comes in upstream, goes out downstream. The dams are not designed for flood management.\Having said all that, I do not see how maintaining "run of the river" management creates an artificial problem threat to the mussels.\Additionally on the economic side of this issue, Monticello represents one of the top 5 tourist areas in the state. Property values are greatly diminished by damaging the viability of recreation on the lakes.\The upside of recent past management is win-win-win for the residents, environmentalists and ALL wildlife. The downside is an economic disaster for all except the mussels. In my opinion, this is a gross overreach on the part of Fish and Wildlife ... because they can. The courts are full of this kind of government overreach ... it is a

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waste of time, energy and money in which small towns like Monticello, Delphi, etc. cannot fund the law effort against the BIG government.\Conclusion to me is simply this: the argument of maintaining river flow in low water environments by draining the lakes to accommodate the viability of the mussels is invalid. The mussels will survive - they always have for thousands of years. \Common sense must prevail because it right, not because it has the deepest pockets. Preserving wildlife is an important aspect for this region. but Lake Freeman and Lake Shafer are the economic engineers for the North Central Indiana region. Do not lower the lakes. We recently had a fuel spill mistake on the Tipp. River - Why were we not notified of this awful mistake? Why when we called DNR did they lie and say it was nothing to worry about? Why was it not till after we called many times [many times underlined] to ask what was going on, That they finally put devices in River to try to stop the flow of fuel from going farther down stream? Only after we called Fox New's about this spinn in River Did we finally see Hasord team's at Hacshel Bridge Access - I know this affected the water quality Because: We saw dad fish - there were no turtles on Our drift as they always had been - the King Fisher's did not hang out anymore - We Had Oil Rainbow's in Our drift for 4 weeks - The Raccoon's No Longer were coming up or Riverband to destroy my Deck - (that was the only nicer part - Raccoon's can be bad in our Area) - Don't miss them! I Have many unanswered Questions? ---Please write Back to me- Thank you!! I did not fill some of the question out, people should know not to pick them up they should leave them alone: wildlife is very important. When it comes how rivers, lakes, or ponds. Thank you for your time into fun being an the River. But there is wildlife you have to understand it. I want to let you know that I am extremely frustrated with your questionnaire. It is very leading\\If you want to know what people think why don't you come out and talk with us?\\I am a military veteran and love my country and am as concerned about our environment as any one but there is a point were we go overboard!!\\Please give me a call.\\[name]\\[phone number] Why aren't promotional items made available to residents on the Tippi so we can display from our property?

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Responses to “please specify” 2. Why do you fish? (check all that apply)

Other (please specify): (n=15) Catch carp Don't eat! fun to catch Entertainment Release Turtles snapping To relax Live on tippy And food Group bonding Spending time with grandchildren Teach grand kids Test equipment for lake use Not sure why you are asking this question Because I have to. Spend time with family None 4. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that (apply):

From a public access point (please specify where): (n=105) Town park,HYWY35bridge,etc Potawatomi Wildlife Park Winamac All in Pulaski Co. Talma / Leiters Ford Blue hole Pulaski Winimac Park, Rt 35, Pulaski Public Access Norway Talma, tippecanoe, Monominee, Germany Bridge Germany Bridge Germany Bridge, Leiters Ford Oakdale River Junction Winamac H.W. 35 bridge Germany Bride Park Potawatomi wildlife park Talma or Menominee

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Anenonimee, Germany Bridge Many different points Pulaki Ramp Menominee Ramp Fulton County. Pulaski - Weavers - 35 + Winemac, All sites in Pulaski County Norway, Bluewater Beach, Dodge Camp Under the Bridge on 39 Varies Lieters Ford Leiters Ford Fulton Co Winamac Town Park Pulaski to State Park Winamac Park Germany Bridge I use several different public access sites Haschels, Winamac Park, Weaver Leiters Ford Aubbeenaubbee Pulaski/35 bridge Haschel bridge and public access site Winamac, Ind. Leitersford, Monterey Germany Bridge Oakdale & st.rd 18 Boat Ramps north of Rochester Leiters Ford Rochester Area Germany Bridge Germany Bridge Stevenson's point Oakdale dam site Weavers, South of Pulaski, Pulaski, Norway, Below Norway Dam. Winamac Park Old 31 in Fulton County Germany bridge in Fulton County Monterey IN, Tippecanoe State Park State Rd 18 35 Bridge Winamac St. Rd 18, Oakdale Dam Pulaski

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RT 19, [illegible], many Oak Dale Dam Menominee & Germany Bridge Haskells bridge, 35 bridge, pulaski access Talma public access Delphi River and pond Old 31 Bluewater Leiters Ford Talma, Chief Menomiuii All of them Haschel's Bridge, Winamac Access points Talma Bluewater Monomine? Rochester Wimamac Blue Water Monticello Winamac Town Park State road 18 Haschels Bridge Blue Water St. Rd. 18 Bridge Talma Tolma Access Leiters/Ford Access or Monterey Legion Tippecanoe River State Park Talma Boat Ramp Germay Drive(?) Pulaski My land Winamac Pulaski Public Access points in Winamac, Haschel Bridge, 35 Bridge Horseshoe Bend Old 31 public access Highway 18 Winimac, Ind Tippecanoe Lake Around ora

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Leiters Ford, Monterey Old 31 Tippecanoe/Menominee St Rd 18 Pulaski Winamac IN Haschel Bridge

4. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that (apply): Other (please specify where): (n=30) Cottage Private property Parents house Own home on river is rented Tippecanoe River Run Campground (Formerlly known as Fish N Fun) Landowner U.S. 31 bridge 1/2 wat ro Pulaski - Nice Bridge Exit at my River Property Fulton County Neighbors, friends On my farm Our property abuts river From my property near highway 17 Bridges Cabin Friends who live on the lake My cabin Convenient areas Friends houses Warren's Bridge My land or friends Friends house River Juc. St.Rd 25 Me The river is in my rear property line, but there is a launch site 1/4 mile upstream Friends personal property Monteray

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Lake Freeman Just south of Oak Dale Dam At friends-State Park-Pulaski's accesses ect...

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place): (n=189) This summer Last week, Delong ? most shell i saw were not alive This year west of Warsaw, IN 50yrs ago downstream from Hashels Bridge public landing 2014 between Leiters Ford and Monterey Before 2016 Between Shafer and Freeman We live on river north of Buffalo, so frequently A few years ago at sandbar just up the river from us Below Norway Dam 9/4/16 Summer/Talma Near my house. July, 2016 Last year East Side River, 1/4 N Norway Dam 9-18-16 2015 Jul-16 June and July Summer 2016 This summer Lower Tippy above Big Islands This summer Summer - 379 N Perks-Scham RD Many years ago 9/7/16 [illegible] 3 years ago or so Stepped on them on the bottom Floating seeing them in the water Talma/Week ago My house/ any day in river Yesterday

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July - Pulaski June, July, Aug Summer of 2016 Often Years In Lake Freeman 9-5-16 Afternoon Over summer, upstream from Hog Point Bridge Jul-16 May or June Last time lake lowered Maulers ford at home Summer 2016 in lake shafer Warsaw September 2016 Last year Lake Freeman in shallows that dried up when lake levels were low 9/1/16 09-09-16 under Germany Bridge 1996, Tippecanoe, IN River along prop Yes, at our dock, 4 ft Summer time 200 and Lieter Ford ? July, down River Warren Bridge This summer by the Leiter's Ford bridge July/16 Pulaski Everywhere everyday I [illegible] Winamac Upper Freeman 17-Oct-16 August 2016/ in front of my house 09/03/16, north of Tall oaks Campground This week Rochester Area 09/20/16 Upstream from Maxwell Bridge Summer 2016 16-Aug 2015 by our pier 9-5-16 private property

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Last year 6-2014 Across from TCC Every day We still have a "few" in Buffalo. Above Lake Shafer they're still in river One week ago below oakdale dam This summer 16-Jul 10/1/16 Years ago August 20, 2016 near 35 Bridge Labor day weekend 2016 2016 When water down on Freeman Lake Shafer & Lake Freeman this spring & summer All summer 1/2 ile south of the buffalo bridge Years ago This year on the sand bar area of lake freeman Summer 2016/Rochester 9/10/16 Last weekend- Beaman Lane/ Rochester Warren Bridge area July 2016 Baby clams on fish hooks Month of August/House 2016 Summer & spring 2016 Summer 2016 Jul-16 2011/several Right in front of our home on Lake Freeman in August, 2016. September, 2016 - home Far NE Corner of White Cty 2016 up river from Buffalo Last time lake was lowered in front of home Around 31 Bridge 8-16 While rafting through the Tippecanoe River State Park and when Lake Shafer was drainde they were very thick about 8' down. Summer 2016 Between Haskells bridge & Pulaski access several times this summer 2016 Summer Yesterday - Goldsberry Rd

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Lake Freeman when lake was down. Put 50-60 back in water. 2014 Spring of 2008 Don't remember In between 18 bridge & Hogpoint Bridge August / Sandbar area Not recently - not looking September 2016 June 2016 Delong, IN July 2016 near Old 31 This summer, around STR110 10/15/16 home In front of my cabin Labor day 2016/Across from morning [illegible] In front of our house Jul-16 Last fall Old Road 30 Bridge Jul-16 Summer-my house Delong [Illegible] Summer 2016 in winamac indiana 3 years ago Summer near Nices Bridge In front of our home Lake Freeman when water was lowered July/August-my water front By my House 8/2016 Old US231 to Germany Bridge Near my home Don't recall, but during the 16 years we have lived here, when the lake level was lowered significantly. Across from Bloewater 8-30-16 Aug. 2016 - Home Tippecanoe, IN from my house, property Horshoe bend Many times July - front of home June, 2016 Kosc County Aug-16 Aug 10, 2016 - Along River Ridge Rd. Tippecanoe Daily

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This year/Front of House Last week Sandbar in East Monticello Yesterday in front of my house 1630 E 125 S 9/7/16 In July 2016 at Olson Rd, in Rochester, IN and between Menomiee and Talma Launch Fulton Co Richland Tshp 2016 Sept '16 near Buffalo Bridge 1970? Warsaw, In 2014 7/2016 Haschel Bridge This year at blackford dr tippecanoe in My home 2007 or 2008, in front of house July - German bridge Two Months Ago If I searched hard enough I could probably find both on the Pippi IN Palasky county 2014 Old US 31 Bridge Everyday this sumer Winame Approx. 7 yrs ago 9/2/16 2 weeks ago 10-1-2016 My home On my shore April 2016/my house When they lowered the lake. Date unknown. Sept 12th 2016 This summer in Ora Month Ago (August) Long time Two years ago - home Between Tippecanoe and Menominee First week of June, 2016 October 2015 / pulaski area ? Sept, South of US 35 Every time we are in water

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2014 Palaski-Pulaski Co. Bridge Jul-16 Summer-bridge Spring buro May - Rochester This year/many times

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): (n=25) Eel Rover om 1960 White River East Fork White River Before 2016 Near Martinerille and Shoals Eel River August 2016 Wabash River Last Fall 2015 Kankakee IL 10 yrs Pond about a mile from Tippy Wabash River Lagro IN Agust 2016 1953 Every ditch in white county 2011/several Wabash 2016 2015 Tennessee Wabash 5 years ago Eel River near Chili Long ago - Mich Wabash/30 years Ago Mill creek, wislon creek, eel this summer Wabash river A few years ago in a Wisconsin river 30 years, Iroquois river rensselaer 2012 in the Eel River near Logansport Namakagon River, Wisconsin 08/05/16 Wabash River near Flint Creek Everywhere everyday Wabash river last week

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7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (mostly recent time/place): (n=212)

By my place, I think the coons get them Last week delong Last summer All over 1 year ago downstream from Pulaski 9-24-16 2014 between Leiters Ford and Monterey Near Buffaloe 2014 and Before 2016 North of Bufffalo, raccoons and otters eat them Winamac to Pulaski for 26 yrs All over in the bottom of the river.. otters cleaned them out and left the shells on our pier 3-4 years ago and haven't hardly seen one since Below Norway Dam 9/4/16 Summer/Talma Bluewater Beach in Monticello Near my house Aug. 2016 Same as above Many years ago 9-18-16 Jul-16 June and July Weekly Summer Summer 2016 This summer ______I have seen many shells in the river in front of my home @ 6735W 1400N Warsaw, IN 46580 My Land this summer about 2 inches long on Logs in halves could not find damage on them 100+ called, forgot who it was. didn't come out my Land has a bed of Club Shells on it. I care! Same as above 9/7/16 2015 [illegible]

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3 years ago or so Floated up on shore Along the bank All the Time My house/ any day in river Yesterday Same All thru the Tipp. River Every day Years In Lake Freeman whe water drawn done byUSFW 9-5-16 Afternoon September 2015/off Port Edward Division lane Same place along shore All the time Two weeks ago At home Summer 2016 in lake shafer Leiters Ford/Delong Warsaw September 2016 May 2015 Town Park This summer Lake Freeman about three years ago. (see above) 1-Sep 09-09-16 under Germany Bridge This summer/my house 2013, Tippecanoe, IN Property river Every summer between 200-Lieters Ford Many times and places ? Same as above ?? This summer by the Leiter's Ford bridge All the time allover Everywhere everyday Upper Freeman Everywhere August, 2016/in front of my house

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This week Rochester Area 9/20/16 At home/all the time Several years ago when the water level was down Trails End Raccoon Eat All the time 9-5-16 private property September this year Near Steven's Point about three years ago Same Every day 2011 Any time your there. Warsaw Ind 2010 Last spring below oakdale dam This summer All the time Sep-16 August 20, 2016 near 35 Bridge Labor day weekend 2016 2016 When water down on Freeman coon ate them The last time lake Shafer water was lowered 7-3 years ago Same as above 9/16/2016 When they lower lake freeman in the sand bar area, it becomes smelly and dangerous health concerns I've seen them through the years, seems that it has been quite a few years Summer 2016/Rochester Same as above Lots of shells in our area Warren Bridge Month of August/House 9/6/16 behind my house ; empty 2016 Oct-16 Summer 2016 Jul-16 2011/

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Lake Freeman South of Iron Bridge Saw empty shell in water in front of our home on Lake Freeman early spring, 2016. September, 2016 - home All The Time - 3-5 miles up river from Buffalo coon's Long ago in front of house Any place in the river around Rochester Same as above! Summer 2016 Same 2016 Summer Near Talma access, & all along the river. Yesterday - Goldsberry Rd 5 years ago buffalo Lake Freeman when lake was down. Always in river Spring of 2008 This summer Not sure how to tell In between 18 Bridge and Hogpoint Bridge August / shoreline Always - October 2016 June 2016 Delong, IN July 2016 near Old 31 1986-2016 Buffalo Same as above 10/15/16 home Up and down the river in front of my cabin In front of our house Aug 2016 Raccoon eating July 2016 Old Rd 30 Bridge Jul-16 Summer-in front of my lot Delong [Illegible] Summer 2016 in winamac in Winamac Town Park/Aug 2016 3 years ago This summer Summer river bottom Aug - 2016 At my house

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Lake Freeman-quite a few small ones died because they were out of the water By my House 8/2016 Same as above Behind my house SR 110 30-Jul-16 From Winamac to my home Don't recall, but during the 16 years we have lived here, when the lake level was lowered significantly.. Same 20 yrs Sept. 2016 - Home Tippecanoe, IN from my house, property [address] July 2016 Horshoe damn Occasionaly - front of home Aug 2016 Kos Co All summer long Same as above 8/31-16 front of our home Sept 2016 Winamac Every float Daily Today/Backyard Last week On my boat lift Same places and time of year Same Area 9-13 Pershins 8-27-16 7/16 / North of hgwy 14 bridge 2016 Sept '16 near Buffalo Bridge Warsaw, In 2014 Last year when you lowered Freeman 7/2016 Beason Park My home (Raccoons) Same as above 2 weeks ago Always

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2014 Old US 31 Bridge Jul-16 Everywhere 5 yrs ago 9/2/16 Same Now daily August 2016/my house When they lowered the lake. Date unknonwn. Sept 12th 2016 This summer in Ora Month Ago (August) Summer 2016 May-08 Two years ago - home Most anywhere First week of June, 2016 ? Sept, South of US 35 On Beach area's in River same as #6 above Jul-16 Summer-/ bridge-spring buro Always Leiters Ford Many times

7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in another river (most recent time/place): (n=23) Mill creek Many times many rivers 2012 in the Eel River near Logansport White River 2016 Shoals Wabash River, many years ago. Eel River August 2016 Wabash River - Fall 2015 Everywhere everyday Same as above Kankakee River IL 10 yrs All the time

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Little Monon All the time 1953 Every ditch in white county In Lake Freeman when the water dropped last year 2011/ WABASH 2016 Wabash 5 years ago Long ago MI Wabash/30 years Ago Namakagon River, Wisconsin Eel river

9. If I caught one of these animals on the previous page while fishing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply):

Other (please specify): (n=17)

Take a picture show it to DNR N/A see question #2 Wouldn't catch Nothing Leave it alone Olive oil and garlic with pasta. Just fucking with you. We put them back Do not Bait N/A Don't fish Don't know you could catch them N/A Sometime fish with I don't cathc clams Not bother it Don't recreate Put/throw back in river When lake was lowered we found many mussels dying, put the ones we saw in water

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12. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River?

Yes, please specify where: (n=247) In paper Many places Floods of 08-09-2014 survey Local library Winamac Town Park I lived on the river People & news Newspaper News Paper Everywhere From friends Last survey Local news Papers, news, TV some Local newpaper At the Tippy Park News paper, previous survey News Various sources over many years incl. media & local studies. Talk among us river folk and Monticello paper News News media My Land have a bed there (club shell) On T.V., news, newspaper Seen people study in River News & friends Local news Tippy St Park, Sign at Leiters Ford public access Purdue From a history program Local news reports pertain to proposed bridge work State park info

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Local News, SFLECC Survey News stories From previous survey News paper Newspaper Thru Purdue First survey I did SFLECC and newspaper Purdue survey couple years ago From previous surveys Previous surveys In the news Local paper Same Survey in past Last survey Purdue/EPA Local newspaper Fishing Guide Yes, the newspaper From you Newspaper Newspaper News Survey Paper - Radio - Word of Mouth From you Live on river Monticello, Ind Survey Signs Newspaper & tv DNR Winamac Library Exhibit Potowatomi Park

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News From real estate, agents complaining above lost home pricing on Freeman. Nature Conservancy News Previous articles DNR Last Years Survey On tv news for killing local economy At DNR meetings on lake levels Last year when they lowered Freeman Previous articles Beamin Lane Newspaper and online Newspapers NEWS Media/schools News TV DNR

DNR, Native Conservancy, Kevin Cummings, Hoosier Riverwatch

TV, radio From you last year TV - newspaper In local paper From you Newspaper TV, papers, meetings Previous surveys Paper, meetings SFLECC Last time I took your survey I've lived on the Tippecanoe River for 45 yr. so I was raised to appreciate what they do News paper/tv News

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Live on river/correspondence Home Library Exhibit From last survey On signs Tippy River News They did studies in the town park Radio Papers From Perdue U Living on Lake Freeman, I am very aware Town Porle sign I think outdoor ind. mag The Last Survey Previous mailings Channel 18 News Last yr. when lake was lowered! Yes, Board member for SFLECC State fair Local paper Media DNR Newspaper Purdue survey In Fish & Game Paper This survey last year TV News Mail Paper TV, SFLECC Sign in my yard News In various news articles - I didn't know all six were endangered

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Tippy River Neighbor Local residents Last survey The previous survey Since I moved to Lake Freeman in 2011 I do this survey every year TV, Paper, Internet Stupid surveys Lake Shaffer Local or area news media Envio new outlets DNR Last years survey Lake Free Shafer committee Previous survey/display @ Warsaw event Lakes freem shafer Internet News Little Bit Indiana Outdoors Magazine DNR Previous survey Library Purdue - River Sigh's - family History Computer News paper DNR Newspaper Been to a number of hearings and meetings. Live on Lake Freeman Probably from taking this survey before. Talks from the Nature Conservancy Wildlife biologist talked to me. Paper Boat ramp by Leiter's Ford.

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Newspaper articles, newsletters Re the lowering of the lake to protect them Paper Newspaper Newspapaer Through Purdue information during last survey From you A relative that lives on Lake Freeman In the news and from the SFLECC From Purdue University initiative to Take the Pledge Last survey from Purdue News News on tv Because of the media, local people, and the reason why the river is lowered against the wishes of the local property owners 2014 survey News and meetings Previous mailings Internet I've been sent a survey in the past Here on the lake All the publicity regarding the endangered species Previous notice Not native From USFW SFLECC Papers local Newspaper Previous survey and board at the Winamac Park. Purdue From previous information received News We've been following closely the F&W, FERC, NIPSCO and SFLECC proceedings. Previous survey Media

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Local news

I read the Uof I's studies; I know rthe Japanese harvested Mussels in the River with frontloaders in the 1980's long after the dams were built. I also know that the draught of 2012 was the fifth worse since the dams were built, and the Mussels survived quit well, The worst draughts were 1940 and 1941. and 1988.

News articles pertaining to lake lowering Multiple sources including previous survey Local news SFLCC I live on Lake Freeman...... very aware

Only that there were endangered species in the Tippecanoe River

Read on sign in Winamac town park Everywhere Reading, news reports, attended meetings Newspaper Newspaper. Word of mouth Newspaper, casual conversations Newspaper Locally In conversations about lowering water levels In 2014 through the local paper and literature from SFLECC. Media Postcard Just to leave them where they are and not to disturb them on the river bed surface. Last survey DNR / U.S.Dept. of Natural Resources Only endangered in tippecanoe and not anywhere else Probably in the local newspaper. From neighbors and articles Purdue Same thing as last year SFLECC Winamac town park plaque with pictures and descriptions of mussels

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Rumors about hold up to new brige in LeitersFord Past mailings from Purdue or the State Newspapers, public forum Previous survey Last survey Last years survey Previous mailings, Lake Freeman Madam Carrol Cruise Fund raiser to keep the lakes up Paper T.V. NEWSPAPERS News, prior survey I've done a annual survey before I've done the survey last Year Local news

13. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman in 2014 to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River?

Yes, please specify where: (n=178)

News people raising hell TV + Newspaper Radio Spring flood in Pulaski Co, 2015 In local paper SFLEF Newspaper TV; News paper Saw it News paper article Local news Newspaper News paper News Newspaper reports News media On T.V, news

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News & friends Personal experience People form the Freeman Area Only after noticing a water level drop -TV news News paper Live here SFLECC and newspaper Lowering damages my seawall People that live on the lake Yes in the news Newspaper Local newspaper Newspaper Newspaper Newspaper SLFC / News NIPSCO From people living there I live on Upper Freeman Media See #12 S.F.L.E.C.C./Nipsco Newspaper & tv Winamac Library Exhibit All around Monticello News Don't forget, Lake Shafer feeds Freeman. Complaining residents SFLCC, news DNR Every hard working, tax paying, citizen around Same as above While buying corn at the farmers market Newspaper News

242 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

JC online Newspapers radio news TV 18 NEWS News TV TV, Radio, nabs TV - newspaper In local paper Newspaper Last summer As above Media Paper, meetings Newspaper 2014

Same - I've lived here and see the rising and lowering of the river.

SFLECC / paper / news Newspaper Friends living on freeman We live here Mail Radio Papers News paper I live on Lake Freeman The cost to our economy was great ? Lowered at my house without notice I Line on the Upper LAKE Local paper Yes, I'm a board member for SFLECC L P Media Newspaper Paper

243 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

TV News Radio - Newspaper Community, TV, etc. News In various news articles - I didn't know all six were endangered Radio Neighbor Local residents The Hearold Journal Town Gossiping Paper - radio

I experienced it and couldn't get my boat out of the Shore Station

? Don't remember TV, Paper, Internet Lake Shaffe barquet Same as above News News Lake committee Newspaper Lake assc. News/newsletters Observed water level lower in front of my property I'm on Freeman Newspaper Friends Witnessed it Live on Lake Freeman All over the news Not sure, think J&C Wildlife biologist talked to me. I live there Same as above. Tv & newspaper News

244 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

I live on lake SFLECC newwsletter Announced by SFLCC Same as above In the news and from SFLECC Word of mouth Last survey from Purdue News I live on Freeman First hand knowledge, newspaper, NIPSCO, Paper, mail notification News

I think it is not necessary. If you keep the same intake of water on the river to what is exiting the Oakdale Dame it should not make a differance as what would normally run if the dams were not there. By the way, I think you are trying to get responses that lean your way in this survey. If you want to get real meaningfull comments on this subject why dont you come and interview the people that actually live and care for the Lakes?

Media Same, I think Paper/news/neighbors NIPSCO SFLECC Local news papers Newspaper 2014 survey News, live on the lake News & SFLECC Lake Freeman Resident When it happened 3 years ago

245 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

One man with USFWA has ocst tghe local scholl systems over $1.4 million in lst revenue while professing to save the Mussels without any data, historical or current to back up his claims. The maximum evaoraiton loss from Freeman calculatesd usimg UNiv. Of Illinois methods is 18 cubic feet per second, making his 500 look pretty stupid to this engineer. F&WL should be reuqired to prosent historical scientific studies before being allowed to issue unquestionable mandates. As a resident and in the news Local news People I know live on the lake It was disaster for the area as i live on lake freeman

Received and responded to previous survey and sent $ and thoughts to help SFLECC respond appropriately with scientific study

Live on lake I live on the lake Paper Newspaper Papers, conversations Newspaper Normal conversations Same as above. Media News Didn't agree with Harmful to endangered humans Newspaper Newpapers Same as last year SFLECC News paper Newspapers, town talk, public forum At work Local newspapers, saw lowering the lake resulted in killing mussels in the lake by shoreline Paper

246 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

T.V. newspapers concerned homeowners, tourism groups business owners Personal observance, news, SFLECC I've done a annual survey before I've done the survey last Year Local news

17. The outreach items pictured on the previous pages were displayed in a variety of locations. Please select the locations where you saw the mussel-related outreach items (check all that apply).

Other (please specify): (n=52) Mail Mailed sent to me Neighbor's yard Neighbors yard sign I have received mailers and have a pledge sign in front of my house. A sign in my yard + letter Thanks D.N.A. Our house My Yard At home Newspaper articles Dont remember Computer mailers Newspaper Home Yards Roadside homes Yard Home & neighborhood Trails end Yard sign Yard sign I received the bag after pledging Website and received postcard Friends home In a lawn Neighbors yard

247 Mussels Mail Survey Results 2016

Place some in Monterey IN launch Yard Car Mailbox at home Home, yards In a year along the road News Neighbor Mail Purdue 18 B road Tippecanoe, IN On 199 Pulaski Mail Neighbor Yard Mail In mail/signs in yard Don't go My house A local river rat got me involved Never saw any Mailing At home My house Weaver Launch Pulaski-Hashels None

248 STATE WILDLIFE GRANT PROJECT REPORT—INDIANA Developing an Outreach Campaign to Protect Six Federally Listed Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

In-person surveys were conducted along the Tippecanoe River to measure the public’s perception of endangered mussels. Those who took the survey were shown this picture of four mussels. Participants were asked about their recreational activities along the river and their knowledge about mussels. (Photo by Brant Fisher)

Current Status Ulrich-Schad (Postdoctoral Research Associate), Sophia Vela First year of three-year project (undergraduate student), Dawn Braddock (undergraduate student), Kylie Schofeld (undergraduate student), Fiona Hallett Funding Sources and Partners (undergraduate student), Becca Busse (undergraduate student) State Wildlife Grant Program (T7R16) Purdue University Background Water quality in North America has been declining due Project Personnel to human activities for the past 200 years. As a result, Dr. Linda S. Prokopy, Purdue University the continent has lost nearly 70% of its freshwater mus- Dr. Rod Williams, Purdue University sels. A primary cause was that native North American Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University mussels were historically harvested by the thousands in Belyna Bentlage (Graduate Research Assistant) the 19th and 20th centuries for commercial button and jewelry making, especially from Midwestern rivers. Project Assistants Today, freshwater mussels are the Midwest’s most Dr. Mike Dunn (Postdoctoral Research Associate), Dr. Jessica imperiled animals. More than half of such species

2014 Wildlife Science Report—Outreach to Protect Six Federally Endangered Mussels 1 Objectives Before designing and carrying out the program, we needed to measure public attitudes and levels of awareness of mussels. Two surveys were launched in summer 2014 to empirically measure public perceptions of the six endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River. The first was an in-person survey administered to recreational users and visitors of the river. The second survey was mailed to riverside landowners. Both surveys included questions asking if recipients had heard of the six endangered species of mussels before the survey, whether it is legal to remove native mussels from Indiana waters, and what they would do with mussels they found. We will use the survey results and tools from other endangered species programs to develop an informational campaign and enhance mussel conservation efforts along the Tippecanoe. Methods In total, 396 in-person survey responses were collected from June to August this past summer. Five public-access sites, two canoe-rental locations, and two parks were randomly sampled to assess recreational users’ awareness of and interactions with mussels. The sites ranged from Rochester to Winamac to Monticello. Surveys took about five minutes. They included questions about recreational activities, personal interactions with, and knowledge about the six endangered mussels. During the same timeframe, 1,048 riverside landown- Fiona Hallett conducts an in-person survey in summer ers were sent the mail survey. The response rate was 2014. (Photo by Belyna Bentlage) 50.1 percent. In addition to posing questions used in the in-person survey, the mail survey asked about personal attitudes toward the mussels, local water quality, and wildlife in general. are federally listed as endangered, threatened, or as state species of special concern. The eight states of the Progress Midwest (Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Preliminary findings suggest that recreational users Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri) range from having three to and riverside landowners differ in their awareness of 11 federally listed species of freshwater mussels. Indiana and behaviors toward the endangered mussels. A large is home to 10 federally listed freshwater mussels. majority of recreational users, 78% of the sample, had Six of Indiana’s 10 species live in one river in north- not heard of the endangered mussels before taking central Indiana. Once found in virtually all rivers in Indi- the survey. In comparison, a slight majority (51%) of ana, the clubshell (Pleurobema clava), fanshell (Cypro- riverside landowners were familiar with the mussels genia stegaria), rayed bean (Villosa fabalis), rabbitsfoot before they took the survey. The two populations also (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica), sheepnose (Plethoba- differed in their interactions with the mussels. Rec- sus cyphyus), and snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) mus- reational users were more likely than landowners to sels now mainly reside in the Tippecanoe River. It has report that they know people who take mussels home been illegal to remove any native mussel from Indiana with them after recreating in or along the river or do waters since 1991. Despite federal listing and legal pro- the same thing themselves. These differences highlight tection, native mussel populations continue to decline. the need for targeted messaging for different user Mussels are filter feeders. They can reside for many groups. years in a river’s substrate. These features make mus- In early August, Tippecanoe River levels were so low sels water-quality indicator species. Their health helps that survival of the endangered mussels was threatened. indicate the health of the river in which they live. Be- Consequently, the river’s southernmost lake, Lake Free- cause of the benefits mussels provide to rivers and their man, was lowered in order to raise river levels to its endangered status, the Indiana Department of Natural south. The lowering of Lake Freeman upset many resi- Resources (DNR) and Purdue University are designing dents in Monticello because doing so adversely affected an outreach and education program to increase aware- their recreational activities and local businesses. To cap- ness of mussels and foster positive public engagement ture the public’s reaction to the event, we conducted a with mussels. second mail survey that included original questions from

2 2014 Wildlife Science Report—Outreach to Protect Six Federally Endangered Mussels The Tippecanoe River is home to six federally endangered mussel species. (Photo by Belyna Bentlage) the first, along with questions specific to the lowering of Lake Freeman to protect the endangered mussels. We will use information from this survey to help structure outreach efforts in Monticello and potentially in other areas where local economics may be at odds with conservation efforts. Data from all three surveys will be used to strategically develop and launch an extensive outreach and education campaign. Strategies from the Hellbender Public Attitude Project will also be used to enrich the program. Mes- sages will be created for specific user groups such as anglers, canoers and kayakers, children, and homeowners. We will use our website and social media sites as well as outreach materials for the classroom. After the campaign, we will conduct a second wave of surveys to evaluate effectiveness. Preliminary results from this study have been presented at a national conference. Future publica- tions are coming. Cost: $264,611 for the complete three-year project.

2014 Wildlife Science Report—Outreach to Protect Six Federally Endangered Mussels 3 ENDANGERED SPECIES GRANT PROJECT REPORT—INDIANA Developing a Conservation Stewardship Campaign to Protect Mussel Habitat in the Tippecanoe River

The outer layer of the federally endangered clubshell mussel is tan to yellowish-brown with dark green lines stemming from the beak.

Current Status mussels were historically harvested by the thousands in the 19th and 20th centuries for commercial button and Start of a three-year project jewelry making, especially from Midwestern rivers. Funding Sources and Partners Today, freshwater mussels are the Midwest’s most Endangered Species Grant Program (E16R1) imperiled animals. More than half of such species are Purdue University federally listed as endangered, threatened, or as state species of special concern. The eight states of the Mid- Project Personnel west (Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Dr. Linda S. Prokopy, Purdue University Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri) range from having three to Dr. Rod Williams, Purdue University 11 federally listed species of freshwater mussels. Indiana Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University is home to 10 federally listed freshwater mussels. Belyna Bentlage (Graduate Research Assistant) Six of Indiana’s 10 species live in one river in north- central Indiana. Once found in virtually all rivers in Indi- Background ana, the clubshell (Pleurobema clava), fanshell (Cypro- Water quality in North America has been declining due genia stegaria), rayed bean (Villosa fabalis), rabbitsfoot to human activities for the past 200 years. As a result, (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica), sheepnose (Plethoba- the continent has lost nearly 70% of its freshwater mus- sus cyphyus), and snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) mussels. A primary cause was that native North American sels now mainly reside in the Tippecanoe River. It has

2014 Wildlife Science Report—Protection of Mussel Habitat 1 been illegal to remove any native mussel from Indiana waters since 1991. Despite federal listing and legal protection, native mussel populations continue to decline. Mussels are ﬁlter feeders. They can reside for many years in a river’s substrate. These features make mussels water-quality indicator species. Their health helps indicate the health of the river in which they live. Be- cause of the beneﬁts mussels provide to rivers and their endangered status, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and Purdue University are designing an outreach and education program to increase awareness of mussels and foster positive public engagement with mussels. Objectives The objectives of this project are to: 1) Develop and distribute informational messages and materials consistent with mussel/mussel habitat conservation based on experience and information gained from a related project (Developing an Outreach Campaign to Protect Six Federally Listed Mussels in the Tippecanoe River—T7R16), 2) Provide relevant mussel/mussel habitat conservation appropriate outreach signs and information at a minimum of three high-use areas, 3) Work with the Division of Fish & Wildlife, Fisheries Section regarding the placement of permanent information signs at Tippecanoe River access sites owned or managed by the DNR, 4) Distribute conservation-message-appropriate outreach materials and information to a minimum of three target audience concentrations and at two local community venues, and 5) Use a minimum of two media outlets to distribute a mussel/mussel habitat conservation message. Methods Outreach materials will be developed based on information received in surveys conducted in a related project (T7R16). Outreach materials will be carefully tested with the target audience before they are carried out. Progress This is the start of a three-year project. We are beginning to think about outreach messages and locations.

Cost: $75,128 for the complete three-year project.

2 2014 Wildlife Science Report—Protection of Mussel Habitat STATE WILDLIFE GRANT PROJECT REPORT—INDIANA Developing an Outreach Campaign to Protect Six Federally Listed Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

February 2015 public meeting with partners and stakeholders in Winamac. (photo by Dr. Sarah Church)

CURRENT STATUS BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Second year of three-year project Water quality in North America has been declining due to human activities for the past 200 years. As a FUNDING SOURCES AND PARTNERS result, the continent has lost nearly 70% of its fresh- State Wildlife Grant Program (T7R16) water mussels. A primary cause was that native North Purdue University American mussels were harvested by the thousands for commercial button and jewelry making in the 19th and PROJECT PERSONNEL 20th centuries, especially from Midwestern rivers. Dr. Linda S. Prokopy, Purdue University Today, freshwater mussels are the Midwest’s most Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University imperiled animals. More than half of such species are Belyna Bentlage, Purdue University federally listed as endangered, threatened, or as state Laura Esman, Purdue University species of special concern. The eight states of the Mid- west (Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, PROJECT ASSISTANTS Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri) range from having three Purdue University undergraduate students including to 11 federally listed species of freshwater mussels. In- Becca Busse, Kalli Dunn, Erica Ernst, Jaclyn O’Connor, Dawn diana is home to 10 federally listed freshwater mussels. Braddock, Katelyn Fagan, Rebekah Lumkes, Kylie Schofeld, Six of Indiana’s 10 species live in one river in north- Sophia Vela, and Renee Wickliffe. central Indiana. Once found in virtually all rivers in

2015 Wildlife Science Report—Outreach to Protect Six Federally Endangered Mussels 1 mailed to riverside landowners. Both surveys asked if recipients had heard of the six endangered species of mussels before, whether it is legal to remove native mussels from Indiana waters, and what they would do with mussels they found. We used the survey results and tools from other endangered species programs to develop an informational campaign and enhance mussel conservation efforts along the Tippecanoe River.

METHODS In-person survey responses of recreational users were collected from June to August 2014. The sites ranged from Rochester to Winamac to Monticello. Surveys took about ﬁve minutes. The surveys included questions about recreational activities, personal interactions with, and knowledge about the six endangered mussels. Riverside landowners received a mail survey that included questions used in the survey of recreational users, plus other questions about personal attitudes toward the mussels, local water quality, and wildlife in general. Survey results were analyzed along with the frame- work for community-based social marketing to develop baseline outreach and education materials. Draft materials were presented in February 2015 at a public meeting of interested partners and stakeholders. These included representatives from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, DNR, Natural Resources Conservation Service, county extension ofﬁces, soil & water conservation dis- Original Mighty Mussel designs. (illustration by tricts, Grace College Center for Lakes & Streams, local Jaclyn O’Connor) liveries, and landowners.

PROGRESS TO DATE Indiana, the clubshell (Pleurobema clava), fanshell Results of the 2014 surveys indicated that outreach (Cyprogenia stegaria), rayed bean (Villosa fabalis), should focus on raising awareness about the existence rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica), sheep- of the mussels and about their federally endangered nose (Plethobasus cyphyus) and snuffbox (Epioblasma status. Overall, our surveys showed that visitors to triquetra) mussels now mainly reside in the Tippeca- the Tippecanoe and landowners along the river were noe River. Removing any native mussel from Indiana largely unaware that the mussels lived in the river, nor waters has been illegal since 1991. Despite federal were they aware that it is illegal to remove live mus- listing and legal protection, native mussel populations sels and mussel shells that are empty from the waters continue to decline. of Indiana. We coupled our survey findings with the Mussels are filter feeders. They can reside for many principles of community-based social marketing to years in a river’s substrate. These features allow mussels develop our outreach and education campaign. The to help indicate the health of the river in which they tools we used from community-based social market- live. Because of the benefits mussels provide to rivers ing included getting people to commit to enhancing and because of these animals’ endangered status, the water quality and protecting the mussels, prompting Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and them about the appropriate behaviors, normalizing Purdue University are designing an outreach and edu- these behaviors, rewarding those who engaged in the cation program to increase awareness of mussels and specified behaviors, and removing barriers to informa- encourage positive public engagement with mussels. tion and action. Four undergraduate students, as part Before designing and carrying out the program, of a spring semester class, synthesized these tools with we needed to measure public attitudes and levels of our survey information to draft outreach and education awareness of mussels. Two surveys were launched in materials including: summer 2014 to empirically measure public percep- t$BNQBJHOOBNF)FBSUPGUIF5JQQZ tions of the six endangered mussels in the Tippeca- t-PHPBOETMPHBO noe. The first was an in-person survey of recreational t8FCTJUFheartofthetippy.org users and visitors of the river. The second survey was t.BTDPUNVTTFMDPTUVNFEFTJHO

2 2015 Wildlife Science Report—Outreach to Protect Six Federally Endangered Mussels Original logo design. (illustration by Jaclyn Original costume/mascot design. (illustration by O’Connor) Jaclyn O’Connor)

t4VQFSIFSPNVTTFMTDBWFOHFSIVOU TVNNFSUPFWBMVBUFFGGFDUJWFOFTTPGUIFPVUSFBDI t#VNQFSTUJDLFSTmTINFBTVSJOHEFDBMT and education campaign. t$BNQBJHONFTTBHFTGPSHFUUIFGFSUJMJ[FS QMBOU native plants, babies go back, COST: $264,611 FOR THE COMPLETE THREE- t$BSSZZPVSDBOPFLBZBLTJHOT QMFEHF TUJDLFST YEAR PROJECT for boats t*OGPSNBUJPOBMQPTUFSTGPSBOHMFST t(JWFBXBZJUFNTnPBUJOHLFZDIBJOT TUSJOHCBHT bobbers t(FOFSBMJOGPSNBUJPOCSPDIVSF t-FTTPOQMBO t-BLFSFTJEFOUJOGPSNBUJPOTQFDJmDUPMPXFSJOHUIF lake level Draft designs and outreach materials were presented to partners at a public meeting in February 2015 to obtain feedback. Participants of this meeting divided into small groups focusing on different audiences, in- DMVEJOHBOHMFST ZPVUI WJTJUPSTSFDSFBUJPOJTUT BOESJWFS residents. Feedback was collected on the presented designs and materials, plus any new ideas that were shared. Comments were used to further develop materials under the related project (Developing a Conserva- UJPO4UFXBSETIJQ$BNQBJHOUP1SPUFDU.VTTFM)BCJUBU JOUIF5JQQFDBOPF3JWFS&3 A second wave of surveys will be conducted in

2015 Wildlife Science Report—Outreach to Protect Six Federally Endangered Mussels 3 ENDANGERED SPECIES GRANT PROJECT REPORT—INDIANA Developing a Conservation Stewardship Campaign to Protect Mussel Habitat in the Tippecanoe River

Students spreading our message to protect mussels by “Taking the Pledge.” (photo by Laura Esman)

CURRENT STATUS BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Second year of a three-year project Water quality in North America has been declining due to human activities for the past 200 years. As a FUNDING SOURCES AND PARTNERS result, the continent has lost nearly 70% of its fresh- Endangered Species Grant Program (E16R1) water mussels. A primary cause was that native North Purdue University American mussels were harvested by the thousands for commercial button and jewelry making in the 19th and PROJECT PERSONNEL 20th centuries, especially from Midwestern rivers. Dr. Linda S. Prokopy, Purdue University Today, freshwater mussels are the Midwest’s most Dr. Rod Williams, Purdue University imperiled animals. More than half of such species Dr. Reuben Goforth, Purdue University are federally listed as endangered, threatened, or as Belyna Bentlage, Purdue University state species of special concern. The eight states of Laura Esman, Purdue University the Midwest (Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri) range from PROJECT ASSISTANTS having three to 11 federally listed species of freshwater Purdue University post-doctoral researcher Dr. Mike mussels. Indiana is home to 10 federally listed Dunn, staff Miranda McOsker and Seth Peters, undergraduate freshwater mussels. students including Kira Frendreis, Cheyenne Hoffa, John Six of Indiana’s 10 species live in one river in north- Ohmberger, Jefferson Pike, Sophia Vela and Shannon Wiltzius. central Indiana. Once found in virtually all rivers in

2015 Wildlife Science Report—Protection of Mussel Habitat 1 2) provide relevant mussel/mussel habitat conservation appropriate outreach signs and information at a minimum of three high-use areas, 3) work with the DNR Division of Fish & Wildlife Fisheries Section regarding the placement of permanent information signs at Tippecanoe River access sites owned or managed by the DNR, 4) distribute conservation-message-appropriate outreach materials and information to a minimum of three target audience concentrations and at two local community venues, and 5) use a minimum of two media outlets to distribute a mussel/mussel habitat conservation message.

METHODS Outreach materials were developed based on information received in surveys conducted during summer 2014 and feedback from the February 2015 public meeting, both part of a related project (T7R16). Drafts of informational messages and materials were tested at the 2015 Purdue University Spring Fest event on April 18-19, 2015. Attendees of Spring Fest who tested the materials were adults and children. Designs and messages were further refined based on feedback from this event. Final outreach materials were produced and distributed at local community events and venues throughout summer 2015. Informational packets were distributed Meet Molly the Mussel. (photo by Belyna Bentlage) to canoe rental businesses and bait shops to help increase participation in the pledge campaign. Packets contained informational brochures, pledge forms, and prizes. News media were informed of this program Indiana, the clubshell (Pleurobema clava), fanshell through a news release about the HeartoftheTippy.org (Cyprogenia stegaria), rayed bean (Villosa fabalis), website. rabbitsfoot (Quadrula cylindrica cylindrica), sheepnose (Plethobasus cyphyus) and snuffbox (Epioblasma PROGRESS TO DATE triquetra) mussels now mainly reside in the Tippeca- Based on feedback obtained on draft materials and noe River. Removing any native mussel from Indiana from the Spring Fest audience, we worked with a waters has been illegal since 1991. Despite federal graphic artist to finalize the design for the logo, the listing and legal protection, native mussel populations six Mighty Mussels (each of the federally listed mus- continue to decline. sel species depicted as superhero characters with a Mussels are filter feeders. They can reside for many superhero name), and the carry-your-canoe/kayak years in a river’s substrate. These features allow message. We also worked with a seamstress to design mussels to help indicate the health of the river in and produce a mussel costume. We developed five which they live. Because of the benefits mussels informational messages that included actions people provide to rivers and because of these animals’ can take to protect mussels and mussel habitat. Each endangered status, the Indiana Department of Natural message was linked as a tagline with a mussel species/ Resources (DNR) and Purdue University are designing Mighty Mussel superhero as follows. an outreach and education program to increase t5ISBTIFSUIF$MVCTIFMM.VTTFM %POU1JDL.F awareness of mussels and encourage positive public Up!—Leave all mussels, living, dead, or empty shells in engagement with mussels. the river. The objectives of this project are to: t"WBUIF4IFFQOPTF.VTTFM %POU-JUUFS1JDLVQ 1) develop and distribute informational messages and place all trash in proper bins. and materials consistent with mussel/mussel habitat t(BJMUIF'BOTIFMM.VTTFM $BSSZ:PVS$BOPF conservation based on experience and information Kayak!—Carry your canoe or kayak across shallow gained from a related project (Developing an Outreach water to protect mussels buried in the river. Campaign to Protect Six Federally Listed Mussels in t$IBSNUIF3BCCJUTGPPU.VTTFM #BCJFT(P#BDL the Tippecanoe River—T7R16), Check the gills of fish from the river for glochidia, and

2 2015 Wildlife Science Report—Protection of Mussel Habitat Many of the education and outreach materials distributed to raise awareness of protected freshwater mussels in the Tippecanoe River. (photo by Jeanne Newman) if present, return fish with glochidia to the river. t-FTTPOQMBOGPSUIHSBEFST t(BSZUIF4OVGGCPY.VTTFM 'PSHFUUIF'FSUJMJ[FS We developed a pledge campaign to get people For riparian landowners, reduce fertilizer use and sta- involved in improving water quality and protecting bilize your shoreline to prevent nutrient and sediment freshwater mussels. The three messages that apply to runoff from your yard to the river. anyone recreating on or around the Tippecanoe River t%VLFUIF3BZFE#FBO.VTTFM 5BLFUIF1MFEHF include (1) Don’t Pick Me Up, (2) Don’t Litter, and (3) Pledge to do the practices listed above to improve $BSSZ:PVS$BOPF,BZBL8FEFWFMPQFEQBQFSQMFEHF water quality and protect freshwater mussels. forms and an online pledge where people can pledge The final designs, including our slogan, Healthy to do these three things. We added a fourth pledge Mussels, Healthy River, were then incorporated into message for anglers and river residents, asking anglers outreach and educational products, including: to also pledge to return fish that have glochidia at- t-PHPTUJDLFST UBDIFEUPUIFJSHJMMTUPUIFSJWFS #BCJFT(P#BDL BOE t$BSSZ:PVS$BOPFTUJDLFST river residents to reduce their fertilizer use and stabi- t.JHIUZ.VTTFMTUJDLFSTPOFGPSFBDIPGUIFTQF- lize their stream banks by planting native vegetation cies/characters (Forget the Fertilizer). t.JHIUZ.VTTFM.BOJBBOJOGPSNBUJPOBMHBNF Each person who completed the pledge received posted in public parks that includes the Mighty Mus- a prize (logo sticker, Mighty Mussel sticker packs, sels, their messages, and facts about mussels string bag or floating keychain). Pledge takers were t*OGPSNBUJPOBMCSPDIVSFTPOFGPSUIFHFOFSBMBVEJ- also asked if they would like a yard sign saying they ence and one for anglers had taken the pledge. A total of 191 people took the t'MPBUJOHLFZDIBJOTXJUIUIFMPHPBOETMPHBO pledge either online or at one of the local community t4USJOHCBHTXJUIUIFUISFFNBJOQMFEHFNFTTBHFT events or venues this summer. Below is a list of events t#PCCFSTXJUIUIFMPHP and venues where we distributed outreach materials tHeartoftheTippy.org website—includes information and information to a variety of audiences, including on the mussels, how to protect them, videos of their lures Tippecanoe River residents, anglers, and visitors/ in action, kids activities, and a link to Take the Pledge recreationists.

2015 Wildlife Science Report—Protection of Mussel Habitat 3 Mighty Mussel Mania game deployed at Tippecanoe River State Park. (photo by Laura Esman)

t+VOF #VGGBMP$PNNVOJUZ%B[F #VGGBMP SFQVCMJTIFEJOUIF+VMZJTTVFPG5IF4FOUJOFM BO t+VOF 4QJSJUPG.POUJDFMMP'FTUJWBM online publication of the Purdue University Administrative Monticello and Professional Staff Advisory Committee. t+VMZ 8BCBTI3JWFSGFTU 8FTU-BGBZFUUF The Heart of the Tippy mussel mascot was highlight- t+VMZ .PTFZ%PXO.BJO4USFFU -BGBZFUUF ed in the photographs issued for the Purdue Exponent t+VMZ 5JQQFDBOPF$PVOUZ'BJS -BGBZFUUF Online related to the Mosey Down Main Street event t+VMZ 8IJUF$PVOUZ'BJS 3FNJOHUPO PO+VMZ We targeted canoeists and anglers on the Tippecanoe A local news station, WLFI Channel 18, ran a news River by compiling and delivering “Take the Pledge” segment on how the Wabash Riverfest focuses on packets to three canoe rental businesses and three bait educating people about the river and how to preserve shops. Canoe rental businesses received pledge forms it. The segment highlighted the Heart of the Tippy for all audiences, our general informational brochure to campaign and our freshwater mussel mascot. provide to customers, and prizes to provide to those who We are ﬁnalizing the design of a freshwater mussel in- completed the pledge. We requested that the business terpretive sign, which measures 24 inches by 36 inches. owners contact us when they needed additional items Several copies of this sign will be produced and placed and when they had a collection of completed pledge at high-use sites near the Tippecanoe River. DNR staff forms for us to pick up. Bait shops received copies of our have been contacted about installation of interpretive angler brochure and bobbers to give to customers. signs at Tippecanoe River access sites, and we are work- Purdue University Agriculture News issued a news ing together on delivery and installation. Due to the SFMFBTFPO+VMZ BOOPVODJOHXBZTUPQSPUFDU high water conditions for most of the 2015 recreation freshwater mussels presented on the HeartoftheTippy.org season, installation will be delayed until spring 2016. website (http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2015/ Q2/extension-website-presents-ways-to-help-protect-indi- COST: $75,128 FOR THE COMPLETE THREE-YEAR anas-endangered-mussels.html). This news release was PROJECT

4 2015 Wildlife Science Report—Protection of Mussel Habitat Hello! I’m a student at Purdue University. We’re conducting a study about wildlife in the Tippecanoe River. Would you be willing to participate in a short survey? Why did you come here today? (don’t read options) A. Canoeing/Kayaking B. Motorized Boating C. Fishing D. Swimming E. Wildlife Viewing F. Hiking F. Other______

How many times per year do you visit the Tippecanoe River? (ask for clarification) A. <1 B. 2-3 C. 4-6 D. 7-12 E. 12+ In the past year, have you______in the Tippecanoe River? (read options) A. Motorized Boated B. Ridden a horse C. Ridden an ATV D. Canoed/Kayaked

Do you check your boat for oil leaks or spills? Do you carry your canoe/kayak across low water? Never Rarely Sometimes Always Never Rarely Sometimes Always After boating, do you check for invasive species? After canoeing/kayaking, do you clean your canoe/kayak? Never Rarely Sometimes Always Never Rarely Sometimes Always

(Show picture) Do you know what these animals are? Yes No What are they? Correct Incorrect Clam

Have you seen one of these in the Tippecanoe River? Yes No

If YES: Where? When? What did you do with it?

(Show picture of fish with glochidia) Have you seen a fish with these on its gills? Yes No

If YES, do you know what these are? Correct Incorrect

Before this survey, had you heard anything about six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? Yes No

Is it legal or illegal to remove native, live mussels from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal DK Is it legal or illegal to remove native, dead mussels or empty mussel shells from the waters of Indiana?

Legal Illegal DK

What year were you born? 19____

What is your zip code?

M F Hello! I’m a student at Purdue University. We’re conducting a study about wildlife in the Tippecanoe River. Would you be willing to participate in a short survey? Why did you come here today? (Don’t read options) A. Canoeing/Kayaking B. Motorized Boating C. Fishing D. Swimming E. Wildlife Viewing F. Hiking F. Other______

How many times per year do you visit the Tippecanoe River? (ask for clarification) A. <1 B. 2-3 C. 4-6 D. 7-12 E. 12+ In the past year, have you______in the Tippecanoe River? (Read options) A. Motorized Boated B. Ridden a horse C. Ridden an ATV D. Canoed/Kayaked

Do you carry your canoe/kayak across Never Rarely Sometimes Always low water?

(Show picture) Do you know what these animals are? Yes No What are they? Mussels Seashells Zebra Mussels

Clam Mollusk Oyster

Shells Bivalve Snails

Have you seen one of these in the Tippecanoe River? Yes No

If YES: Where? When? What did you do with it? If NO: What would you do with it?

(Show picture of fish with glochidia) Have you seen a fish with these on its gills? Yes No Don’t check gills

Do you know what these are? Glochidia Juvenile/Baby Mussels Disease Don’t know

Before this survey, had you heard anything about six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? Yes No If YES, where/from whom?

Before this survey, had you heard about the Heart of the Tippy campaign? Yes No If YES, where/from whom?

(Show pictures) Have you seen any Heart of the Tippy promotional/outreach materials? A. Mighty Mussel Stickers G. Mascot M. Placemat B. Canoe Stickers H. Mighty Mussel Mania N. Keychain C. Logo Stickers I. Website O. Bobbers D. General Brochure J. Interpretive Sign P. String Bag E. Angler Brochure K. Exhibit Q. Postcard F. Yard Sign L. Pledge Form IF YES, where have you seen Heart of the Tippy promotional/outreach materials? A. Pulaski County Library in Winamac G. Mosey Down Main Street in Lafayette B. TRSP H. Northern Indiana Lakes Festival/Grace College/Warsaw C. Spirit of Monticello Festival I. White County Fair D. Buffalo Community Daze J. Tippecanoe County Fair E. Monticello Earth Day Celebration K. State Fair F. Wabash Riverfest L. Neighbors

Is it legal or illegal to remove native, live mussels from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal DK Is it legal or illegal to remove native, dead mussels or empty shells from the waters of Indiana?

Legal Illegal DK

What year were you born? 19____ Site:

What is your zip code? Date/Time:

Your Name: M F

Additional Notes/Comments:

REFUSAL: CIRCLE AND PLEASE DESCRIBE REASON FOR REFUSAL

A. Mighty Mussel Stickers

B. Canoe Stickers C. Logo Stickers

F. Yard Sign G. Mascot

H. Mighty Mussel Mania I. Website

J. Interpretive Sign K. Exhibit

L. Pledge Form M. Placemat

N. Keychain O. Bobbers

P. String Bag Q. Postcard

Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

Dear Tippecanoe River Resident,

Historically, the Midwest has supported the most diverse community of freshwater mussels in the world. Presently, about 70% of mussel species are extinct or threatened. Some species of mussels that used to thrive in the Tippecanoe River are no longer found there. Others that used to be common are now very rare. The Tippecanoe River is home to six endangered species of mussels.

Researchers at Purdue University are investigating people’s perceptions of the mussels in the Tippecanoe River. Your insights as a local resident are particularly important to us. We would greatly appreciate your participation in a survey to help us learn how we might best protect these rare species of mussels. This is your chance to be heard.

There are two ways to complete our survey. The most convenient way is for you to provide your responses securely online by entering the following website address into your web browser: http://tinyurl.com/MusselsOutreach If you choose to complete the survey online, you will need to enter the following code: ______. This lets us know that you have completed the survey so that we will stop sending reminders. We have also enclosed a paper version with a postage-paid return envelope if you prefer to respond by mail. The information you provide is confdential and will never be linked to your name, only to this code, which will be used only for the purpose of knowing who has responded.

We ask that this survey be completed by the person in your home who interacts most with the Tippecanoe River and who is at least 18 years old. The survey should take approximately 15-20 minutes to complete.

Your voluntary participation in this survey is very important to ensure that we understand your thoughts and concerns about mussels in the Tippecanoe River. If you have any questions about the survey, please contact Linda Prokopy at Purdue University at (765) 494-0825. Thank you in advance for your help!

Sincerely,

______Linda Prokopy, PhD Purdue University PLEASE READ BEFORE BEGINNING THIS SURVEY: The survey must be completed by an adult member of your household who is 18 years of age or older. Please mark all answers clearly, in pen or pencil, as indicated below:

Example “A” Example “B” X

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

2 to 5 More than Never Once times 5 times a. Fish in the Tippecanoe River

b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River

c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River

d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River

e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River

f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River

g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River

h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River

i. Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe River

j. Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe River Your Outdoor Activities Outdoor Your

2. With whom do you primarily recreate in the Tippecanoe River? My family, mostly children Adult friends My family, mostly adults Myself alone

3. Why do you fsh? (check all that apply) For food To catch smaller fsh for bait For sport/to get a trophy mount Other ______For fun/to enjoy the outdoors I do not fsh

4. When motorized boating, how concerned are you about oil spills or other fuel leaks? Not at all Slightly Moderately Very much I do not boat

5. When canoeing/kayaking, how often do you carry your canoe/kayak over shallow water areas? Never Sometimes Always I do not canoe/kayak

6. After canoeing/kayaking/boating, how often do you check your vehicle and/or equipment for invasive species? Never Sometimes Always I do not canoe/kayak/boat

7. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply) From my house From a public access point (please specify where) ______I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River Other (please specify where) ______

8. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? No Yes, only Lake Freeman Yes, both Yes, only Lake Shafer

2 These are freshwater mussels. There are six endangered species of mussels found in the Tippecanoe River. Mussels like the ones pictured here were once found in every major river of In- diana. Mussels, also known as freshwater clams, have disappeared from many of our rivers, but the Tippecanoe River remains home to a diverse range of freshwater mussels.

Please answer the following questions while thinking about the animal in the pictures above. We are interested in your “gut reaction” to this animal, so please respond even if you have never seen one before.

9. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? No Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place)______Yes, in another river (most recent time/place)______

10. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? No Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place)______Yes, in another river (most recent time/place)______

11. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River? No No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River Yes

12. Please circle the number in each row that best describes your opinion of the mussels pictured above (1-7). Good 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bad Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River Tippecanoe the in Mussels on Views Your Important 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unimportant Beautiful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ugly Friendly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unfriendly Active 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Passive Pleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unpleasant Valuable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Worthless Clean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dirty Hardy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fragile Harmless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dangerous Dry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Slimy

13. If I caught one of the mussels on the previous page while fshing or during some other outdoor activity, I would (please check all that apply): Put it back where I found it Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) Throw/place it in the river if I found it on the Skip/throw it across the water like a rock or river banks stone Take it home alive Take it home dead Keep it to use its shell Kill it Throw it on the river banks Other (please specify) ______Eat it

14. Please answer the following questions while thinking about the mussels pictured on the previous page: Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree Agree a. If I saw these mussels, I would catch or touch them. b. I would like to keep one of these mussels. c. These mussels are valuable for their shells. d. I think these mussels are good bait to use while fshing. e. These mussels help to improve water quality. f. These mussels harm local ecosystems. g. Government money should be used to protect these mussels. h. I would try to fnd/hunt more of these mussels. i. These mussels are important to the Tippecanoe River ecosystem.

15. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? No Yes, please specify where ______

16. Is it legal or illegal to remove a live, endangered mussel from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal Don’t know

17. Is it legal or illegal to remove a dead, endangered mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal Don’t know

18. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, live mussel from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal Don’t know

19. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, dead mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal Don’t know

20. Have you heard anything about zebra mussels in the Tippecanoe River or in any bodies of water in Indiana? Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River Tippecanoe the in Mussels on Views Your No Yes

5 21. People in our society often disagree about how far to let individuals go in making decisions for themselves. How strongly do you agree or disagree with each of these statements? Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree Agree a. The government interferes far too much in our everyday lives. b. Sometimes the government needs to make laws to keep people from hurting themselves. c. It’s not the government’s business to try and protect people from themselves. d. The government should stop telling people how to live their lives. e. The government should do more to advance Your Views on Decision Making society’s goals, even if that means limiting the freedom and choices of individuals. f. The government should put limits on the choices individuals can make so they don’t get in the way of what’s good for society. 22. Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below.

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Disagree Agree The way I care for my yard or farm can a. infuence the water quality of the Tippecanoe River. It is my personal responsibility to help protect b. water quality. It is important to protect water quality even if it c. slows economic development. d. My actions have an impact on water quality. I would be willing to change the way I care for e. my yard or farm to improve water quality. The quality of life in my community depends f. on good water quality of the Tippecanoe River. I would be willing to pay more to improve g. water quality (e.g. recreational fees, local taxes, etc.). Government money should be used to support a h. variety of wildlife in the Tippecanoe River. When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman and Lake Shafer should be lowered to increase i. water levels of the Tippecanoe River to protect mussels.

6 23. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below. Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Disagree Agree Humans should manage wild animal populations a. so that humans beneft. The loss of some individual wild animals is b. acceptable if the population of animals is not jeopardized. If animal populations are not threatened, we c. should use wildlife to add to the quality of human life. It is important for humans to manage the d. populations of wild animals. The rights of wildlife are more important than e. human use of wildlife. Animals should have rights similar to the rights f. of humans. I object to hunting because it violates the rights g. of an individual animal to exist. It is important that Indiana always have abundant h. fsh and wildlife. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much i. as I’d like, it’s important to know that they exist in Indiana.

Your Opinions of Wildlife Opinions of Your We should be sure future generations of Indiana j. will have an abundance of fsh and wildlife. It’s important to me to know that there are k. healthy populations of wildlife in Indiana. It’s important to maintain fsh and wildlife so that l. future generations can enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. It’s important that all Indiana residents have a n. chance to learn about wildlife in the state. It’s important that we learn as much as we can o. about wildlife.

7 24. People get information about wildlife from a variety of sources. To what extent do you trust each organization listed below as a source of information about wildlife?

Not at Very Am not Slightly Moderately all much familiar

a. Neighbors/Friends Natural Resource Conservation Service b. (NRCS) c. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

d. Purdue University Extension Indiana Department of Natural Resources e. (IDNR) Information Sources Indiana Department of Environmental f. Management (IDEM) Environmental groups (Sierra Club, Natural g. Resource Defense Council, The Nature Conservancy, etc.) County Soil and Water Conservation District h. (SWCD) i. Canoe liveries/rental facilities

j. Local school teachers

k. Conservation offcers

l. Naturalists at parks and forests

25. Where are you likely to seek information about wildlife? (check all that apply) Newsletters/Brochures/Fact sheets Internet Conversations with others Radio Social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) Local library Workshops/Public meetings Newspapers/Magazines Exhibits or displays at State Parks or other Other natural areas

26. What type of land do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) Residential Agricultural Commercial

27. Do you have a septic system? No (skip to #29) Don’t know Yes, it was installed in ______(year)

28. Within the last fve years, have you had any of the following problems with your septic system? (check all that apply) Slow drains Sewage fowing to ditch Sewage backup in house Other Bad smells near tank or drain feld None Sewage on the surface Don’t know

29. Do you have livestock and/or horses on your property along the Tippecanoe River? Yes, livestock Yes, livestock and horses Yes, horses

About Your Property Your About No, I do not have livestock or horses (skip to #31)

30. Do your livestock and/or horses have access to the Tippecanoe River? Yes, my livestock have access to the river Yes, my livestock and horses have access to the river Yes, my horses have access to the river No, neither my livestock nor my horses have access to the river

31. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? No Yes, a few Yes, many

32. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? ______years

33. What is your gender? Male Female

34. What is the highest grade in school you have completed? Some formal schooling High school diploma Some college 2 year college degree 4 year college degree Graduate degree

35. In general, how would you describe your political views? Very conservative Conservative

Moderate About You Liberal Very liberal

36. In what year were you born? 19_____

37. Are you a member of a religious organization? Catholic Jewish Methodist Other (please specify) ______Christian nondenominational No affliation Baptist Prefer not to answer

38. How often do you attend religious services or events? Never Once or twice a year Once a month Once a week Several times a week

10 39. My organization would be willing to support (e.g. put up signs, host events, etc.) that promote and protect the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River (please check all that apply and specify what group). Watershed group______Local gym______Hunting club______Church______School club______Social organization/club______None

Thank you for your time and assistance! Please return your completed questionnaire in the postage-paid envelope provided. Please use the space below for any additional comments about this survey, wildlife, or natural resources in your community. About You and Comments You About

11 Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

Dear Tippecanoe River Resident,

There are two ways to complete our survey. The most convenient way is for you to provide your responses securely online by entering the following website address into your web browser: http://tinyurl.com/MusselsLF If you choose to complete the survey online, you will need to enter the following code: ______. This lets us know that you have completed the survey so that we will stop sending reminders. We have also enclosed a paper version with a postage-paid return envelope if you prefer to respond by mail. The information you provide is confdential and will never be linked to your name, only to this code, which will be used only for the purpose of knowing who has responded.

Sincerely,

Example “A” Example “B” X

1. During the last 12 months, how often did you do each of the following activities?

2 to 5 More than Never Once times 5 times a. Fish in the Tippecanoe River

b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River

c. Motorized boating in the Tippecanoe River

d. Bird watch along the Tippecanoe River

e. Hunt along the Tippecanoe River

f. Camp along the Tippecanoe River

g. Swim in the Tippecanoe River

h. Float trip in the Tippecanoe River

i. Ride an ATV in/through the Tippecanoe River

j. Ride a horse in/through the Tippecanoe River Your Outdoor Activities Outdoor Your

2. When recreating in the Tippecanoe River, how do you access the river? (check all that apply) I do not recreate in the Tippecanoe River From my house From a public access point (please specify Other (please specify where) ______where) ______

3. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer? No Yes, only Lake Freeman Yes, both Yes, only Lake Shafer

1 These are freshwater mussels. There are six endangered species of mussels found in the Tippecanoe River. They are federally protected under the Endangered Species Act. Mussels need a specifc level of water to survive. When river levels get too low, Lake Freeman is lowered to put more water into the Tippecanoe River. In the summer of 2012 and in early August of this year this happened. The event has received widespread media attention. Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

4. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river? No Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place)______Yes, in another river (most recent time/place)______

5. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river? No Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place)______Yes, in another river (most recent time/place)______

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River? No No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River Yes

7. Please circle the number in each row that best describes your opinion of the mussels pictured above (1-7). Good 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bad Important 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unimportant Beautiful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ugly Friendly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unfriendly Active 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Passive Pleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unpleasant Valuable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Worthless Clean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dirty Hardy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fragile Harmless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dangerous Dry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Slimy 2 Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River previous page 9. Pleaseanswer thefollowingquestions 8. k. h. g. d. b. e. c. a. f. j. i. indicate thattheriveris healthy. Mussels inthe Tippecanoe River therefore wedon’t need toprotectthem. Nature willtakecareofthemussels, Tippecanoe Riverecosystem. These musselsareimportanttothe mussels. I wouldtrytofnd/huntmoreofthese protect thesemussels. Government moneyshouldbeusedto These musselsharmlocalecosystems. quality. These musselshelptoimprovewater while fshing. I think these mussels are good bait to use shells. These musselsarevaluablefortheir mussels. I wouldliketokeeponeofthese touch them. If Isawthesemussels,wouldcatchor activity, Iwould(pleasecheckallthatapply): If Icaughtoneofthemusselsonprevious pagewhilefshingor duringsomeother outdoor Eat it Throw itontheriverbanks Keep ittouseitsshell Take ithomealive river banks Throw/place itintheriverifIfoundon Put itbackwhereIfound : while thinkingaboutthemusselspictured onthe Disagree Strongly 3 Other (pleasespecify)______Kill it Take ithomedead stone Skip/throw itacrossthewaterlikearockor Call aresourceprofessional(IDNR/Extension) Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

10. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River? No Yes, please specify when and where (e.g. newspapers, television, DNR, etc.)______

11. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman? No Yes, please specify when and where (e.g. Herald Journal, WLFI, Journal and

Courier, word of mouth, etc.)______Your Views on Local Water Resources

12. Before taking this survey, did you know Lake Freeman was lowered to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River? No Yes

13. Who do you think is responsible for the lowering of Lake Freeman? Northern Indiana Public Service Company Shafer & Freeman Lakes Environmental Con- (NIPSCO) servation Corporation (SFLECC) Federal Energy Regulation Commission City of Monticello (FERC) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) Other (please specify) ______Indiana Department of Natural Resources Don’t know (IDNR)

14. When thinking about quality of life in Monticello, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree Agree a. Quality of life depends on Lake Freeman economics. b. Quality of life depends on Tippecanoe River economics. c. Quality of life depends on local water quality. d. Local water quality and local economics are linked together. e. Seasonal economics are more important than water quality of the Tippecanoe River.

4 15. When thinking about the lowering of Lake Freeman, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Disagree Agree

Business in Monticello is adversely affected a. when Lake Freeman levels are lowered.

Recreation opportunities are reduced when lake b. levels are lowered. Recreation in Lake Freeman is more important c. than protecting endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River. There should be advance warning when lake d. levels are lowered. Mussels in Lake Freeman suffer when lake e. levels are lowered. The federal government is out of touch with f. local priorities. I think we as a nation should repeal the g. Endangered Species Act. It is unfair to local business owners when lake h. levels are lowered. It is unfair to boaters when lake levels are i. lowered. When necessary, water levels of Lake Freeman j. should be lowered to increase water levels in the Tippecanoe River to protect mussels. Nature will take care of river levels without us k. lowering lake levels. I think there should be another solution to protecting the endangered mussels in the l. Tippecanoe River other than lowering Lake Your Views on Local Water Resources Water on Local Views Your Freeman levels. I think people who live on Lake Freeman are m. overreacting about the lowered lake levels. Before lowering Lake Freeman, government n. offcials should take local events (e.g. bass tournaments) into consideration. I personally lose money when Lake Freeman o. levels are lowered.

5 16. When thinking about water quality of the Tippecanoe River, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Disagree Agree The way I care for my yard or farm can a. infuence the water quality of the Tippecanoe River. It is my personal responsibility to help protect b. water quality. It is important to protect water quality even if it c. slows economic development. Your Views on Local Water Resources d. My actions have an impact on water quality. I would be willing to change the way I care for e. my yard or farm to improve water quality. The quality of life in my community depends f. on good water quality of the Tippecanoe River. I would be willing to pay more to improve g. water quality (e.g. recreational fees, local taxes, etc.). Government money should be used to support a h. variety of wildlife in the Tippecanoe River. There is often raw sewage in the Tippecanoe i. River. Agricultural tiles contribute to excess fooding j. of the Tippecanoe River. Over the years, I have noticed a decrease of k. fsh in the Tippecanoe River. I think the Tippecanoe River is too dirty to l. recreate in. Agricultural runoff (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides) m. pollutes the Tippecanoe River. Over the years, I have noticed a decrease of n. wildlife in and along the Tippecanoe River.

6 17. Thinking about wildlife in general, how strongly to you agree or disagree with the following statements? Strongly Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Disagree Agree Humans should manage wild animal populations a. so that humans beneft. The loss of some individual wild animals is b. acceptable if the population of animals is not jeopardized. If animal populations are not threatened, we c. should use wildlife to add to the quality of human life. It is important for humans to manage the d. populations of wild animals. The rights of wildlife are more important than e. human use of wildlife. Animals should have rights similar to the rights f. of humans. I object to hunting because it violates the rights g. of an individual animal to exist. It is important that Indiana always have abundant h. fsh and wildlife. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much i. as I’d like, it’s important to know that they exist in Indiana. We should be sure future generations of Indiana j. will have an abundance of fsh and wildlife. It’s important to me to know that there are k.

Your Opinions of Wildlife Opinions of Your healthy populations of wildlife in Indiana. It’s important to maintain fsh and wildlife so that l. future generations can enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. It’s important that all Indiana residents have a n. chance to learn about wildlife in the state. It’s important that we learn as much as we can o. about wildlife.

7 Your Views on Decision Making and About Your Property Agree Strongly Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree ? ______years between your property and the Tippecanoe Tippecanoe and the property between your Strongly Strongly Disagree with each of these statements? with each 8 how far to let individuals go in making decisions for decisions for go in making to let individuals how far agree or disagree or agree lived along the Tippecanoe River Tippecanoe lived along the the property to which this survey was sent? to which the property do you own along the Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) Tippecanoe do you own along the trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers other shrubs, or trees, (skip to #21) own or rent own or type of land . How strongly do you . How strongly Commercial Residential Agricultural Own Rent Yes, a few Yes, many Yes, No What Do you How long have you Are there there Are River? The government should put limits on the choices the on limits put should government The in the get individuals can make so they don’t good for society. way of what’s The government should stop telling people how The government to live their lives. should do more to advance The government goals, even if that means limiting the society’s freedom and choices of individuals. everyday lives. needs to make laws Sometimes the government hurting themselves. to keep people from business to try and not the government’s It’s themselves. protect people from The government interferes far too much in our The government f. e. c. d. b. a. 22. 20. 19. 21.

themselves 18. People in our society often disagree about about disagree society often in our 18. People About You and Your Property

26. 25. 24. 23. 27. In what What isthe What isyour Do youownproperty on In general,howwouldyoudescribeyour Graduate degree 4 yearcollegedegree 2 yearcollegedegree Some college High schooldiploma Some formalschooling Male Yes No Very liberal Liberal Moderate Conservative Very conservative year highest gradeinschool were you born? gender ? Lake Freeman 19_____ Female youhavecompleted? ? political views 9 ?

28. Are you a member of a religious organization? Catholic Jewish Methodist Other (please specify) ______Christian nondenominational No affliation Baptist Prefer not to answer

29. How often do you attend religious services or events? Never Once or twice a year Once a month Once a week Several times a week About You

30. My organization would be willing to support (e.g. put up signs, host events, etc.) that promote and protect the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River (please check all that apply and specify what group). Watershed group______Local gym______Hunting club______Church______School club______Social organization/club______Other______None

10 Thank you for your time and assistance! Please return your completed questionnaire in the postage-paid envelope provided. Please use the space below for any additional comments about this survey, wildlife, or natural resources in your community. About You and Comments You About

11 Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River

Dear Tippecanoe River Resident,

In 2014, a survey about imperiled freshwater mussels in the Tippecanoe River was mailed to landowners along the Tippecanoe River. The results of this survey helped Purdue University and its partners better understand local perspectives and knowledge about mussels in the river. We are now conducting a follow-up survey to measure changes and to gather feedback on related outreach efforts. Your insights are important to us even if you did not receive the survey in 2014 or participate in any outreach activities. There are two ways to complete our survey. The most convenient way is for you to

provide your responses securely online by entering the following website address into your web browser: http://tinyurl.com/MusselsPost If you choose to complete the survey online, you will need to enter the code below:

This lets us know that you have completed the survey so that we will stop sending reminders. We have also enclosed a paper version with a postage-paid return envelope if you prefer to respond by mail. The information you provide is confdential and will never be linked to your name, only to this code, which will be used only for the purpose of knowing who has responded.

Sincerely,

______Linda Prokopy, PhD Purdue University Your Outdoor Activities 1. Duringthelast12months,howoftendidyoudoeachoffollowingactivities? Other(pleasespecify) To catchsmallerfshforbait Forfun/toenjoytheoutdoors Forsport/togetatrophymount Forfood 2. Whydoyoufsh? Other(pleasespecify where) Fromapublicaccesspoint(pleasespecify where) Frommyhouse thatapply) 4. WhenrecreatingintheTippecanoe River, howdoyou Idonotfsh Idonotrecreateinthe Tippecanoe River j. Rideahorsein/throughthe Tippecanoe River i. Ridean ATV in/throughthe Tippecanoe River h. Floattripinthe Tippecanoe River g. Swiminthe Tippecanoe River f. Campalongthe Tippecanoe River e. Huntalongthe Tippecanoe River d. Birdwatchalongthe Tippecanoe River c. Motorizedboatinginthe Tippecanoe River b. Hike along the Tippecanoe River a. Fishinthe Tippecanoe River (check allthatapply) 1 Always Sometimes Never areas? 3. Whencanoeing/kayaking,howoftendoyou Idonotcanoe/kayak carryyourcanoe/kayak Never access theriver Once 2 to5 times overshallowwater ? (check all More than 5 times 5. Do you recreate in Lake Freeman or Lake Shafer?

No Yes, both Yes, only Lake Freeman Yes, only Lake Shafer

These are freshwater mussels. There are six endangered species of mussels found in the Recreation and Your Views on Mussels Tippecanoe River. Mussels like the ones pictured here were once found in every major river of Indiana. Mussels, also known as freshwater clams, have disappeared from many of our rivers, but the Tippecanoe River remains home to a diverse range of freshwater mussels.

6. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place)

Yes, in another river (most recent time/place)

7. Have you seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell in a river?

Yes, in the Tippecanoe River (most recent time/place)

Yes, in another river (most recent time/place)

8. Have you seen a live freshwater mussel on the banks of the Tippecanoe River?

No, but I’ve seen a dead freshwater mussel or an empty mussel shell on the banks of the Tippecanoe River No Yes

2 Your Views on Mussels in the Tippecanoe River itontheriverbanks

otheroutdooractivity, Iwould 9. IfIcaughtoneofthemusselspicturedonpreviouspagewhilefshingorduringsome 10. Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions d. c. mussels. b. a. Endangered Species Act. n. quality(e.g.,recreational fees,localtaxes,etc.). m. shouldbeloweredto increase waterlevelsofthe l. indicatethattheriverishealthy. k. don’tneedtoprotectthem. j. Tippecanoe Riverecosystem. i. h. g. f. e. These musselsareimportanttothe When necessary, waterlevelsofLakeFreeman Nature willtakecareofthemussels,thereforewe These musselsarevaluablefortheirshells. These musselsharmlocalecosystems. I wouldtrytofnd/huntmoreofthesemussels. Government moneyshouldbeusedtoprotect These musselshelptoimprovewaterquality. I thinkthesemusselsaregoodbaittousewhile I wouldliketokeeponeofthese If Isawthesemussels,wouldcatchortouch fshing. them. Tippecanoe Rivertoprotectmussels. these mussels. Mussels inthe Tippecanoe River I thinkweas anationshouldrepeal the the previouspage I wouldbewillingtopay moretoimprovewater Eatit Throw itontheriverbanks Take ithomealive Throw/place itintheriverifIfound Keep ittouseitsshell Put itbackwhereIfound : (check allthatapply) while thinkingaboutthemusselspicturedon 3

stone

Disagree Strongly Take ithomedead Call a resource professional (IDNR/Extension) Other (pleasespecify) Kill it Skip/throw itacrossthewaterlikearockor : Disagree Disagree Agree or Neither Agree Strongly Agree

11. Please circle the number (1-7) in each row that best describes your opinion of the mussels pictured on page 2.

Good 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bad

Important 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unimportant

Beautiful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ugly

Friendly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unfriendly

Active 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Passive

Pleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Unpleasant

Valuable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Worthless

Clean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dirty

Hardy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fragile

Harmless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dangerous

Dry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Slimy

12. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the six endangered species of mussels in the Tippecanoe River?

Yes, please specify where

13. Before taking this survey, had you heard anything about the lowering of Lake Freeman in 2014 to protect endangered mussels in the Tippecanoe River?

Yes, please specify where

14. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, live mussel from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal Don’t know

15. Is it legal or illegal to remove ANY native, dead mussel or its empty shell from the waters of Indiana? Legal Illegal Don’t know 4 16. A variety of mussel-related outreach items were distributed or displayed in the Tippecanoe River area over the last year. For each item, please indicate if you have seen it.

a. Yard Sign b. General Information Brochure No No Yes Yes

c. Website d. Angler Brochure No No Yes Yes Mussel Outreach Evaluation

e. Pledge Form No Yes

5 f. Interpretive Sign No Yes

g. Mighty Mussel Stickers No Yes

h. Canoe Sticker i. Logo Sticker No No Yes Yes

6 k. Floating Keychain j. Mighty Mussel Mania No No Yes Yes

m. Bobber No Yes

l. String Bag No Yes

n. Placemat No Yes Mussel Outreach Evaluation

o. Lesson Plan - “Mighty Mussels Journey Through the Watershed” No Yes

7 p. Exhibit - “H2-WOW” q. Mussel Costume - “Molly the Mussel” No No Yes Yes

r. Postcard No Yes

17. The outreach items pictured on the previous pages were displayed in a variety of locations. Please select the locations where you saw the mussel-related outreach items (check all that apply).

Leiters Ford Public Access Site Hodges Canoe Trips (Delphi, IN) Oakdale Dam Public Access Site Riverside Rentals (Winamac, IN) Potawatomi Wildlife Park Tippy-Canoe Rentals (Winamac, IN) Pulaski County Library (Winamac, IN) Tippecanoe River State Park Springboro General Store Winamac Town Park Twin Lakes Fish & Game

Buffalo Community Daze Other (please specify)

Indiana State Fair Monticello Earth Day Celebration

Mosey Down Main Street (Lafayette, IN) I have never visited any of the above locations or events Northern Indiana Lakes Festival (Grace College, Warsaw, IN)

Spirit of Monticello Festival I have visited the above locations, but Tippecanoe County Fair didn’t see any mussels-related outreach items at any of the listed locations or Wabash Riverfest (West Lafayette, IN) events White County Fair 8 18. Thinking about wildlife in general, please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with the statements below. Neither Strongly Agree or Strongly Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree Agree a. Humans should manage wild animal populations so that humans beneft. b. The loss of some individual wild animals is acceptable if the population of animals is not jeopardized. c. If animal populations are not threatened, we should use wildlife to add to the quality of human life. d. It is important for humans to manage the populations of wild animals. e. The rights of wildlife are more important than human use of wildlife. f. Animals should have rights similar to the rights of humans. g. I object to hunting because it violates the rights of an individual animal to exist. h. It is important that Indiana always have abundant fsh and wildlife. i. Whether or not I get out to see wildlife as much as I’d like, it’s important to know that they exist in Indiana. j. We should be sure future generations of Indiana will have an abundance of fsh and wildlife. k. It’s important to me to know that there are healthy populations of wildlife in Indiana. l. It’s important to maintain fsh and wildlife so that Your Opinions of Wildlife Opinions of Your future generations can enjoy them. m. I enjoy learning about wildlife. n. It’s important that all Indiana residents have a chance to learn about wildlife in the state. o. It’s important that we learn as much as we can about wildlife.

9 19. What type of land do you own along the 20. If residential, do you reside in this property Tippecanoe River? (check all that apply) year-round or seasonally? Residential Year-round Agricultural Seasonally Commercial

21. How long have you lived along the Tippecanoe River? years

22. Are there trees, shrubs, or other vegetative buffers between your property and the Tippecanoe River? About You and Your Property No Yes, a few Yes, many

23. Do you own property on Lake Freeman? No Yes

24. In general, how would you describe your political views? Very conservative Conservative Moderate Liberal Very liberal

25. What is your gender? 26. What is the highest level of school you have completed? Some formal schooling High school diploma/GED Some college 27. What year were you born? 2 year college degree

1 9 4 year college degree Graduate degree