INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT 2009 List of Contributors
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INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT 2009 List of Contributors Name of Author Affi liation Place Email Ids B.R. Balachandran Alchemy Urban Systems Private Limited Bangalore [email protected] K. Balagopal Human Rights Forum Andhra Pradesh [email protected] Shirley Ballaney Enviromental Planning Collaborative Ahmedabad [email protected] Jyotsna Bapat Consultant New Delhi [email protected] Samantha Bastian Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad [email protected] Rumjhum Chatterjee Feedback Ventures Pvt Ltd New Delhi [email protected] Tarun Choudhary Infrastructure Development New Delhi [email protected] Finance Company Ltd Sankar Datta Indian School of Livelihood Promotion Hyderabad [email protected] Biswanath Debnath Asian Development Bank Manila,Phillipines [email protected] Nitin Desai Indian Council for Research on New Delhi [email protected] International Economic Relations Ashok Emani Infrastructure Development New Delhi [email protected] Finance Company Ltd. Sanjiv Garg Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. New Delhi [email protected] Manisha Gulati Infrastructure Development Mumbai [email protected] Finance Company Ltd. Ravikant Joshi Consultant Mumbai [email protected] Mandar Kagade Alliance Corporate Lawyers Mumbai [email protected] Ram Kumar Kakani Xavier Labour Relations Institute Jamshedpur [email protected] C.K.Koshy Enviromental Planning Collaborative Ahmedabad [email protected] Beena Mahadevan Government of India Ernakulum beena.mahadevan@rediff mail.com Vijay Mahajan BASIX Hyderabad [email protected] Nirmal Mohanty National Stock Exchange of India Mumbai [email protected] Sebastian Morris Indian Institute of Management IIM, Ahmedabad [email protected] Ramakrishna Nallathiga Center for Good Governance Hyderabad [email protected] Matthias Nohn Enviromental Planning Collaborative Ahmedabad [email protected] Ajay Pandey Indian Institute of Management IIM, Ahmedabad [email protected] Bimal Patel Enviromental Planning Collaborative Ahmedabad [email protected] Shalaka Patil Government Law College Mumbai [email protected] Shreemoyee Patra Lucid Solutions New Delhi [email protected] George E. Peterson Consultant to World Bank United States [email protected] Vidyadhar K. Phatak Urban Planner Consultant Mumbai [email protected] Tata L. Raghu Ram Xavier Labour Relations Institute Jamshedpur [email protected] G. Raghuram Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad [email protected] Swati Ramanathan Janaagraha Centre of Citizenship Bangalore [email protected] and Democracy Sanjukta Ray Consultant New Delhi [email protected] R. Maria Saleth Madras Institute of Development Studies Chennai [email protected] Runa Sarkar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur runaiitk.ac.in V.K. Sharma National Highway Authority of India New Delhi [email protected] Dhiraj Shetty Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad [email protected] C.D. Singh Government of India New Delhi cdsingh1987@rediff mail.com Ashok Kumar Singha CTRAN Consulting Pvt. Ltd. Bhubaneshwar [email protected] Chandrima Sinha Infrastructure Development New, Delhi [email protected] Finance Company Ltd. Satyam Shivam Sundaram Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad [email protected] Nutan Shashi Tigga Xavier Labour Relations Institute Jamshedpur [email protected] Piyush Tiwari University of Aberdeen United Kingdom [email protected] Videh Upadhyay Legal Consultant Mumbai [email protected] Th e views expressed in the report are those of the individual authors and not the institutions they are affi liated to—the IDFC, the 3i Network, or the Publishers. INDIA INFRASTRUCTURE REPORT 2009 Land—A Critical Resource for Infrastructure 3iNetwork Infrastructure Development Finance Company 1 1 YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in India by Oxford University Press, New Delhi © Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited 2009 Th e moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer ISBN-13: 978-019806337-7 ISBN-10: 019-806337-7 Typeset in 11/13 in Adobe Garamond Pro by Excellent Laser Typesetters, Pitampura, Delhi 110 034 Printed in India at … Published by Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001 Foreword Land is the heart of infrastructure development. Th e fi rst India Infrastructure Report (IIR), which was brought out in 2001, identifi ed the process of land acquisition as the most important structural constraint to the development of infrastructure. Th is year we have devoted the entire IIR 2009 to examine various facets of ‘land for infrastructure’. Th e most contentious aspect is land acquisition and unless there is a sustainable resolution of the underlying issues, it will be a major obstacle to building new infrastructure. It has, indeed, emerged as the single most important reason for project delays and consequent cost escalation. Th e acquisition of land by government using its eminent domain powers has drawn resistance in many cases due to inadequate compensation for the land as well as for involuntary displacement of people and loss of their livelihood. Yet, it is important to strike a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and the need to protect the interests of those impacted by the acquisition of the land—landowners, tenants, landless labourers, and others whose livelihoods depend on the land. Th e IIR 2009 examines this issue with sensitivity to the displaced persons, not least because we have an impressive array of authors deliberating on these issues from historical, legal, economic, and sociological perspectives. Th eir suggestions are also timely as there are proposed legislative bills pending in Parliament. Beyond legislation, though, corporates should view resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced persons as their social responsibility, as some have already started doing. Some corporates, without the expertise to handle many of these issues in-house, have started involving professional development agencies to bring all stakeholders together. More equitable forms of benefi t-sharing are also being considered by them. Government on its part, needs to strengthen the institutional framework, including land records and land titling, and remove undue regulatory constraints to the proper development of land markets. State Governments which act more quickly on these fronts stand to gain by attracting more industry and commerce, and also planned urbanization. Another important aspect that this report looks at is leveraging land for infrastructure development. A growing trend worldwide is the use of land as a means of fi nancing infrastructure and there is now a rich menu of land-based fi nancing instruments. Th ere are several advantages of these techniques, as they help to overcome the fi nancial constraints of urban local bodies and capture the value of the developed land. It also helps to pass on the incidence of incremental infrastructure costs (as well as the building of associated access infrastructure) to private developers. While there may be some practical diffi culties in their application currently in India, there is a need to address these issues as such techniques off er enormous potential. I am particularly pleased that the IIR 2009 reports on innovative measures to overcome land constraints. One such method is participatory land pooling and readjustment that has been successfully applied in Gujarat and other places. Looking ahead, much more thought, planning, and design of infrastructure will have to be based on land-saving technologies, such as off shore airports, elevated rail systems and so on. We can learn from international experiences such as that of the Japanese, who have been front-runners in such developments; however we also need to encourage indigenous solutions to our needs and circumstances. I would like to congratulate those who contributed to the production of this report, under the aegis of the 3iNetwork. Rajiv B. Lall Acknowledgements Th is report would not have been possible but for the authors, who made major contributions through not only their papers but also their valuable insights in the Writers’ Workshop held at IIM Ahmedabad on 1–2 November