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Science and Technology Policy Reforms in China - a Critical Assessment
Science and Technology Policy Reforms in China - A Critical Assessment ERIK BAARK and LIU SUYING The last decade has been a period of stock-taking and new adventures for Chinese policies regarding science and technology. After the new leader- ship had established itself in the late 1970s, and it looked back on the achievements and the mistakes of previous years, there was a strong feel- ing of frustration with the fact that levels of technology in China continued to lag behind advanced countries. To inject vitality into what seemed to be a dormant, but potentially powerful, science and technology (S&T)system required reforms which, in many respects, were more radical than any- thing of the past. We have witnessed a process where the results of research appeared for sale on a market, where scientists became engaged as ))moonlightingcccon- sultants, and where private research units have become fashionable. At the same time, however, these reforms have provided fascinating insights into the structural barriers which exist for technological innovation in modern Chinese society. In many respects, the exposure of such barriers provides crucial clues to the formulation of better S&T policies in China. With this paper we hope to contribute to a critical assessment of the re- forms. We are concerned with the political support of the S&T policy re- forms. The S&T system established after 1949 on the basis of a Soviet model appears to have recovered quickly after the alledgedly shattering onslaughts of ideological anti-intellectualism during the Cultural Revolu- tion. The scientists had barely drawn a sigh of relief before new, ))market- orientedc forces were let loose on them in the 1980s. -
党和国家领导人重视民间外交工作 Party and State Leaders Attach Importance to People-To-People Diplomacy
fmfd-c5.indd 1 11-3-29 上午8:46 党和国家领导人重视民间外交工作 Party and State Leaders Attach Importance to People-to-people Diplomacy 寄希望于人民。 如果只有两国政府的合作 用民间外交的办法,不管 发展民间外交,有利于增 Hopes are placed on the people. 而没有民间交往,两国关系是 从历史上看,还是从现在看, 进各国人民的友谊,有利于促 不可能有扎实基础的。 都有非常重要的作用。 进各国经济、文化的交流和合 State relations would lack a solid China’s people-to-people diplomacy, 作,有利于为国家关系的发展 foundation if there were only governmental whether viewed from a historical cooperation but no people-to-people perspective or from the present, has 奠定广泛的社会群众基础。 contacts. played a very important role. To develop people-to-people diplomacy helps enhance friendship between the peoples, promote economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation among the countries and lay a broad social mass foundation for the development of state relations. 2-p1-11-s5.indd 1 11-3-29 上午8:47 前 言 中国人民对外友好协会成立于 1954 年 5 月,它是中华人民共和国 从事民间外交事业的全国性人民团体,以增进人民友谊、推动国际合 作、维护世界和平、促进共同发展为工作宗旨。它代表中国人民同各国 对华友好的团体和各界人士进行友好交往,在世界舞台上为中国人民的 正义事业争取国际同情,努力为国家总体外交、祖国建设与和平统一、 世界和谐服务。目前,我会与全国 300 多个地方友协密切合作,与世界 上 157 个国家的近 500 个民间团体和机构建立了友好合作关系,是沟通 中国人民和世界人民友谊的桥梁。 Foreword The Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries was established in May 1954. It is a national people’s organization engaged in people-to-people diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China. The aims of the Association are to enhance people-to-people friendship, further international cooperation, safeguard world peace, and promote common development. On behalf of the Chinese people, it makes friendly contacts with China-friendly organizations and personages of various circles in other countries, strives to gain international support for the just cause of the Chinese people on the world arena, and works in the interests of China’s total diplomacy, national construction and peaceful reunification and world harmony. -
Honorary Doctor of Science Prof ZHOU Guangzhao
Honorary Doctor of Science Prof ZHOU Guangzhao Chairman: Our first guest is a renowned physicist and a former President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Born in Changsha, Hunan Province, Prof Zhou Guangzhao read physics at Tsinghua University in Beijing, and then went on to Peking University for his graduate studies. Having taught at Peking University as a lecturer in physics for three years, he went to Moscow as a researcher at Dubra Joint Nuclear Research Institute in the former Soviet Union in 1957. During his stay in the Soviet Union, he began to publish articles in professional journals that won him international recognition. Upon his return to China in 1961, he was in charge of the Theoretical Department of the Nuclear Weapon Research Institute under the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. His research on the application of nuclear energy produced many significant results that contributed to the design and theoretical study of nuclear weapons and laid the ground work for the successful production of China’s first atomic and hydrogen bombs. In 1964, he was appointed Director of Nuclear Weapon Research Institute and then the Chief Engineer of the Ninth Bureau of China’s Ministry of Nuclear Industry. In 1982, Prof Zhou received the highest National Award for Natural Sciences in recognition of his pioneer work and important contributions in developing China’s nuclear weapons. In 1979, Prof Zhou became a fellow of the Institute of Theoretical Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was invited to visit the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the United States in 1980 and the Centre for Nuclear Research in Europe in 1981. -
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No.1 October 2019 EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Tobias BIANCONE, GONG Baorong EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS (in alphabetical order by Pinyin of last name) Tobias BIANCONE, Georges BANU, Christian BIET, Marvin CARLSON, CHEN Jun, CHEN Shixiong, DING Luonan, Erika FISCHER-LICHTE, FU Qiumin, GONG Baorong, HE Chengzhou, HUANG Changyong, Hans-Georg KNOPP, HU Zhiyi, LI Ruru, LI Wei, LIU Qing, LIU Siyuan, Patrice PAVIS, Richard SCHECHNER, SHEN Lin, Kalina STEFANOVA, SUN Huizhu, WANG Yun, XIE Wei, YANG Yang, YE Changhai, YU Jianchun. EDITORS WU Aili, CHEN Zhongwen, CHEN Ying, CAI Yan CHINESE TO ENGLISH TRANSLATORS HE Xuehan, LAN Xiaolan, TANG Jia, TANG Yuanmei, YAN Puxi ENGLISH CORRECTORS LIANG Chaoqun, HUANG Guoqi, TONG Rongtian, XIONG Lingling,LIAN Youping PROOFREADERS ZHANG Qing, GUI Han DESIGNER SHAO Min CONTACT TA The Center Of International Theater Studies-S CAI Yan: [email protected] CHEN Ying: [email protected] CONTENTS I 1 No.1 CONTENTS October 2019 PREFACE 2 Empowering and Promoting Chinese Performing Arts Culture / TOBIAS BIANCONE 4 Let’s Bridge the Culture Divide with Theatre / GONG BAORONG STUDIES ON MEI LANFANG 8 On the Subjectivity of Theoretical Construction of Xiqu— Starting from Doubt on “Mei Lanfang’s Performing System” / CHEN SHIXIONG 18 The Worldwide Significance of Mei Lanfang’s Performing Art / ZOU YUANJIANG 31 Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu, Qi Rushan and Early Xiqu Directors / FU QIUMIN 46 Return to Silence at the Golden Age—Discussion on the Gains and Losses of Mei Lanfang’s Red Chamber / WANG YONGEN HISTORY AND ARTISTS OF XIQU 61 The Formation -
W020131022673709863254.Pdf
COVER The caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis (best known as Cordyceps sinensis), infects ghost moth larvae in the Tibetan Plateau alpine ecosystems. The fungus then erupts from the dead insect head to produce sexual fruiting bodies. The fungus-insect complex, called “winter worm, summer grass” in Chinese, has been used for centuries as a highly-valued traditional Chinese medicine. The failure to artificially culture the sexual fruiting body and overharvesting due to the huge market demand have propelled the fungus towards extinction. The biology of this fungus largely remains unknown, including how it infects the insect hosts and the details of its sexual life cycle in the field. How the fungus survives the extreme cold winter in Tibetan Plateau is also a mystery. Genome analysis indicated that the caterpillar fungus is sexually self-fertile, but its sexual stage is only inducible by the appropriate, yet unknown, environmental factors. Relative to other insect fungal pathogens, the fungus has evolved an extremely large genome but with fewer genes for its specialized lifestyle. Fungal adaptation to extreme cold is putatively associated with mechanisms for increasing lipid accumulation and fatty acid unsaturation as well as enhanced function of antifreeze proteins (see the article by HU Xiao et al. on page 2846). Volume 58 Number 23 August 2013 Journal Ownership by Science China Press; Copyright of Articles: © The Author(s) 2013 Journal’s Policy for Open Access All articles published in the journal Chinese Science Bulletin are subject to the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/). Publishing an article with open access leaves the copyright with the author and allows user to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited. -
Monday 14Th of September at 12:00 Insight Into Tensiometry, Lunch Meeting, Tuesday 15Th of September at 12:00
NEW! BOOTH #15 Precision made simple Optical, force, volumetric and bubble tensiometers for determination of contact angle, surface tension, interfacial tension, wettability, adhesion and more. Attension launch tour at 13th ACC 2009 Our tensiometers will be presented at the 13th Asian Chemical Congress from 14th to 16th of September at stand number 15. Visit us at our booth and sign up for a lunch meeting to learn and discuss tensiometry with our experts and other scientists. 会议期间我们将在15号展台展示我们全部的表面张力系列产品。在 展台注册还可参加免费培训餐会,同我们的表界面专家和科学家进 行交流。 Introduction to tensiometry, Lunch meeting, Monday 14th of September at 12:00 Insight into tensiometry, Lunch meeting, Tuesday 15th of September at 12:00 Attension - a part of Biolin Scientific | Höyläämötie 7, 00380 Helsinki Finland | Tel +358 9 5497 3300 | www.attension.com 13th Asian Chemical Congress Organized by Chinese Chemical Society Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS Under the auspices of Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS) September 13-16, 2009 Shanghai, China Greetings from the Chairman of the Organizing Committee Dear Participants: Welcome to Shanghai! On behalf of the Organizing Committee, it’s my greatest honor and privilege to invite you to attend the 13th Asian Chemical Congress (13ACC) under the auspices of Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS). 13ACC aims to strengthen the cooperation among chemists worldwide particularly in Asia and Pacific. 13ACC will provide an exciting opportunity for participants not only to benefit from the high standard scientific presentations but also explore the cultural features of China. 13ACC will comprise eight General Sessions such as Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Green Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Materials and Polymer Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Education, as well as several mini-symposia. -
This Is a Preprint Draft of a Chapter That Appeared in Naomi Oreskes and John Krige, Eds. Science and Technology in the Global Cold War (MIT Press, 2014)
This is a preprint draft of a chapter that appeared in Naomi Oreskes and John Krige, eds. Science and Technology in the Global Cold War (MIT Press, 2014). Self-Reliant Science: The Impact of the Cold War on Science in Socialist China Sigrid Schmalzer1 At first blush, Chinese science in the Cold War appears to reflect the same move toward "gadgeteering" that Paul Forman has documented in the U.S. field of physics.2 After the communist revolution of 1949, many Chinese scientists who had previously pursued research in basic science began working instead on topics with immediate and direct potential applications. Entomologists shifted their focus from insect classification to insect control.3 Physicists turned from research on theoretical questions to work on fast-tracking China’s weapons program.4 When the political winds blew just right, influential scientists did manage to secure for basic science some level of state support, without which such research would have been impossible not only financially but also politically.5 And some research areas had little hope for application but for other, ideological reasons nonetheless retained political favor even during the most anti-intellectual periods.6 Over all, however, the move toward applied science in post-1949 China appears beyond dispute. Can we then say that the Cold War transformed science in China by causing a shift from basic to applied science? Only provisionally. More even 1 than is generally the case in historical studies, the shift to applied science in China was profoundly overdetermined. Furthermore, "basic" and "applied" have a history that belies their deployment as naturalized categories. -
Who's Behind China's High-Technology “Revolution”?
Who’s Behind China’s Evan A. Feigenbaum High-Technology “Revolution”? How Bomb Makers Remade Beijing’s Priorities, Policies, and Institutions For seven years after the Tiananmen Square tragedy of 1989, virtually all signiªcant issues in U.S.- China relations became subordinate to concern about human rights and China’s suppression of political dissent. Yet in the three years since China’s 1996 missile exercise in the Taiwan Strait, high-technology issues have come increasingly to replace human rights at the center of the contentious and often politicized discussion that characterizes current debate about U.S.-China policy. Recent allegations concerning satellite exports and nuclear espionage, in particular, demonstrate the centrality of high technology to the debate about China’s place in the world. This makes it especially important to explore links that may bind China’s national technology and industrial policies to its ap- proach to security and development. How has the Chinese understanding of this linkage changed as the past priority of militarized growth has given way to the rapid expansion of a commercial economy since the late 1970s?1 Who is responsible for making important technology decisions in China? How have Chinese technology leaders thought about the relationship between technology and national power during the past twenty years? Has political change affected this worldview? Finally, how has renewed contact with international technical circles since the 1970s affected the Chinese approach to national high-tech strategy and investment? Evan A. Feigenbaum is a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s John F. -
Platinum Metals Review
VOLUME 55 NUMBER 1 JANUARY 2011 Platinum Metals Review www.platinummetalsreview.com E-ISSN 1471–0676 © Copyright 2011 Johnson Matthey PLC http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review is published by Johnson Matthey PLC, refiner and fabricator of the precious metals and sole marketing agent for the six platinum group metals produced by Anglo Platinum Limited, South Africa. All rights are reserved. Material from this publication may be reproduced for personal use only but may not be offered for re-sale or incorporated into, reproduced on, or stored in any website, electronic retrieval system, or in any other publication, whether in hard copy or electronic form, without the prior written permission of Johnson Matthey. Any such copy shall retain all copyrights and other proprietary notices, and any disclaimer contained thereon, and must acknowledge Platinum Metals Review and Johnson Matthey as the source. No warranties, representations or undertakings of any kind are made in relation to any of the content of this publication including the accuracy, quality or fitness for any purpose by any person or organisation. E-ISSN 1471–0676 •Platinum Metals Rev., 2011, 55, (1), 1• Platinum Metals Review A quarterly journal of research on the platinum group metals and of developments in their application in industry http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ JANUARY 2011 VOL. 55 NO. 1 Contents 55 Years of Platinum Metals Review 2 An editorial by Jonathan Butler Palladium-Based Alloy Membranes for Separation of High Purity 3 Hydrogen from Hydrogen-Containing Gas Mixtures By Gennady S. Burkhanov, Nelli B. Gorina, Natalia B. Kolchugina, Nataliya R. Roshan, Dmitry I. -
Chronicle of Wu Zhengyi
Accepted Manuscript Chronicle of Wu Zhengyi Lv Chun, Dr. PII: S2468-2659(16)30166-4 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.11.008 Reference: PLD 47 To appear in: Plant Diversity Received Date: 14 November 2016 Accepted Date: 14 November 2016 Please cite this article as: Chun, L., Chronicle of Wu Zhengyi, Plant Diversity (2017), doi: 10.1016/ j.pld.2016.11.008. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Chronicle of Wu Zhengyi (Originally published in appendix one of The Autobiography of Wu Zhengyi ) 1916 I was born in Jiujiang, Jiangxi province on June 12 th of the lunar calendar. My first name “Zhengyi” was given by my grandfather, while I later styled myself “Bai Jian 1” and used the pseudonym “Bai Jian 2”. With the ancestral home of the Wu family in She county, Anhui province, I lived in Yangzhou with a registered hometown in Yizheng, Jiangsu province. 1917 Upon my “One-Year-Old Catch”, we moved back to Yangzhou in December because my grandfather Wu Junsun 1860-1917 died during his journey to assume an official position in Xunyang, Jiangxi province. 1922-24 From the age of four to six, my mother taught me how to read. -
Controlled Exchanges: Public-Private Hybridity, Transnational Networking
John Krige (ed.), How Knowledge Moves: Writing the Transnational History of Science and Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019), 368-410. Chapter Thirteen Controlled Exchanges Public- Private Hybridity, Transnational Networking, and Knowledge Circulation in US- China Scientifi c Discourse on Nuclear Arms Control Zuoyue Wang eijing, May 18, 1988. Wolfgang “Pief” Panofsky, emeritus director Bof the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), had breakfast with T. D. Lee, the prominent Chinese American physicist from Colum- bia, before heading to the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Panofsky was a pioneering particle physicist who, upon Lee’s recommendation, had been appointed the of- fi cial adviser to the Chinese government on its building of the Beijing Electron- Positron Collider (BEPC) at the IHEP. He had come to China to check on BEPC’s progress and make recommendations to top Chi- nese leaders.1 But Panofsky also had an ulterior motive for the trip. He had partici- pated in the Manhattan Project during World War II and had served as an experienced adviser to the US government in the postwar years. His experiences led him to become a passionate advocate for nuclear arms control, especially in his capacity as chairman of the US National Acad- emy of Sciences (NAS) Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC, pronounced “see- sak”). CISAC had been established in 1980 and had carried out fruitful back- channel face- to- face discus- sions with Soviet scientists in the 1980s on nuclear arms control.2 Now Controlled Exchanges 369 Panofsky wanted to see whether he could start a similar dialogue with scientists in China, whose government had yet to join any international nuclear arms control agreements. -
Proquest Dissertations
RICE UNIVERSITY Chen Duxiu's Early Years: The Importance of Personal Connections in the Social and Intellectual Transformation of China 1895-1920 by Anne Shen Chap A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE Doctor of Philosophy APPROVED, THESIS COMMITTEE: Richar^TTSmith, Chair, Professor History, George and Nancy Rupp Professor of Humanities Nanxiu Qian,Associate Professor" Chinese Literature '^L*~* r^g^- ^J-£L&~^T Sarah Thai, Associate Professor History, University of Wisconsin- Madison HOUSTON, TEXAS APRIL 2009 UMI Number: 3362139 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 3362139 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI48106-1346 ABSTRACT Chen Duxiu's Early Years: The Importance of Personal Connections in the Social and Intellectual Transformation of China 1895-1920 by Anne Shen Chao Chen Duxiu (1879-1942), is without question one of the most significant figures in modern Chinese history. Yet his early life has been curiously neglected in Western scholarship. In this dissertation I examine the political, social and intellectual networks that played such an important role in his early career—a career that witnessed his transformation from a classical scholar in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), to a reformer, to a revolutionary, to a renowned writer and editor, to a university dean, to a founder of the Chinese Communist Party, all in the space of about two decades.