KKeessttoonn NNeewwsslleetttteerr No. 10, 2009 The bells outside the Znamensky Church in the village of Dubrovitsy (see p.13) Ringing the Changes Keston at Forty (1969-2009) by Michael Bourdeaux So – Keston has existed for 40 years – over of communism. Those were heady days, half my life – and half of that time (exactly 20 though I’m often brought up short when I meet years) I’ve been living in Oxford. It’s almost students from Eastern Europe, from whose unbelievable to reflect that the Berlin Wall memory those days have vanished like a came down just after I came to St Edmund wraith. I wonder to what extent the West – or Hall, Oxford, with a visiting fellowship: my Russia! – will celebrate this 20th anniversary. temporary absence from Keston College seemed to inaugurate the sensational collapse Unlike the world at large, we at Keston never The Caucasus Emirate………… p.4 believed communism would be permanent. Sir John Lawrence, co-founder with me of Keston (the others were Professor Leonard Schapiro Fr Sergei Hackel………………. p.7 and Professor Peter Reddaway) used to say that ‘communism will collapse like a house of Bishop Albrecht Schönherr… ...p.12 cards – and I shall live to see it!’ How right he was – he even inaugurated the new Russia’s Far East……………… p.17 millennium, when his obituary filled the first slot in The Times on 1 January 2000. The other three of us, too, disbelieved the myth persecution and the emphasis on study. It was created by the Kremlin that here was the far from ideal, but we never came up with a harbinger of a new world order. better one until the great day when the work expanded beyond my home, and the Diocese But I’m jumping ahead. My own views on of Rochester (England this time!) offered us at Soviet communism were forged not by reading a reasonable price the opportunity of buying or propaganda, but by the experience of living the redundant school in the rural village of in Moscow on a student exchange – the first Keston in the London Borough of Bromley. one ever for a whole academic year – in 1959- So from 1973 the name ‘Keston College’ came 1960. I came to see, through meeting ordinary to symbolise reliable information on religion in people, that the death of Stalin six years earlier the communist world. We were a ‘college’ in had not inaugurated a golden age for the the old sense of a ‘collegium’ of scholars who Russian people. I gradually came to see that came together for study. persecution of religion lay at the heart of the system and that Nikita Khrushchev had begun Although there was so much to do in making systematically to remove the new green shoots the building first habitable and then suitable of religious liberty. The Christian world was for a study centre, this move provided beguiled, for example, by the fact that the tremendous impetus. People who cared about Russian Orthodox Church was accepted into the truth – when news of renewed acts of membership of the World Council of Churches persecution reached us weekly, sometimes (WCC) in 1961. My view – that this act on the daily – found their way there. In my mind’s world stage masked savage persecution at eye I can see John Simpson of BBC TV home – was not popular in Christian circles. standing outside the door, with a lovely view Many church leaders thought that this belief – of the trees of Keston Common in the expressed in my first book, Opium of the background, interviewing staff about People (1965) – did not merit serious someone’s imprisonment. discussion. I was categorised as an ‘anti- communist’, who may even have been harming The 1970s were years of expansion on a scale the persecuted by publicising the desperation we never expected. Because we were of their plight. constantly short of money salaries were way below what the world or any university would John, Leonard and Peter thought otherwise. offer. We never received any institutional Xenia Dennen, too, worked with Keston before grants, but money came in from private it existed, as it were, helping me in my home individuals (12,000 on the mailing list at one to document the persecution, so we were in the time) and from specialised Christian missions, tiny circle of people who saw through Soviet which were beginning to look for systematic propaganda and shared the frustration that ways of helping the persecuted church. The there was no recognised – or funded – place great Norbertine priest, Fr Werenfried von where serious work on the subject could be Straaten, founder of Aid to the Church in done. These were the days before Amnesty Need, said that Keston’s research was essential International, before any co-ordinated in defining the mission field and backed his Christian work on behalf of the suffering words with financial support. Requests came church. Not a single university, neither in the in to expand our work to include the other USA nor in Western Europe, was studying the communist countries – Czechoslovakia, subject. Then in January 1969 the great Bishop Poland, Romania and many others – in our Fulton Sheen, of Rochester, NY, invited me researches. In our News Service and Religion and my young family to spend a semester at in Communist Lands we constantly noted that his Roman Catholic seminary, lecturing on the religious revival was taking place in the very persecuted church. This was truly a turning teeth of persecution. We tried systematically point, though I returned to London in May to cover Islam, Buddhism and Judaism, as well with no job and no income. as Christianity. Economic necessity sharpened our minds and By the beginning of the 1980s there would before the end of the year the first meeting of often be as many as 30 people working in the the Council of the ‘Centre for the Study of building. We needed them to cope with the Religion and Communism’ took place, already flood of samizdat, unpublished documents registered as an educational charity. The name which reached us from all corners of the Soviet marked our determination to avoid any empire. We found, for instance, that the accusation of being a propagandistic writings of the unregistered Baptists in the organisation – no mention of Russia or of Soviet Union or the Lithuanian Catholics gave Keston Newsletter No 10, 2009 2 us a complete and accurate picture of the most of our staff, acquired a building but had position of their church. The number of no money to maintain it. Despite our hopes to ‘Keston Books’ eventually reached 31. There the contrary, the University did not incorporate were nearly a hundred people who were on our our work into any part of its programme. staff, full or part-time, at some period during However, undaunted, we retained the integrity the years up to 1989. We established the of our work. Preserving the extensive archive, credibility of some of the great names: Fr Gleb a veritable tool of history, was the essential Yakunin, Fr Pavel Adelheim, Anatoli Levitin, and we eventually found a home for it at Aida Skripnikova, Nijole Sadunaite, Fr Baylor University, Waco, Texas, with which Gheorghe Calçiu and countless others. When, we had had links since the 1970s. Our friends ultimately, the church history of the second there are conserving and re-cataloguing it; the half of the 20th century comes to be written, most important parts of it are beginning to be Keston’s archive will reveal the full story to available online. the world. We have always supported our Moscow team Much of our energy was expended in waging a financially, led by the great authority on constant struggle to make the truth heard, Russian religion, Sergei Filatov. Earlier this despite the growing use which the BBC and year there was a press conference in Moscow print journalists made of our work. Opposition presenting the seventh and final volume of from the ‘Left’ was a persistent factor. The Keston’s Encyclopaedia, Religion in Russia British Council of Churches had an ‘East-West Today. This massive work of some 3,000 Relations Advisory Committee’; Sir John pages is the result of 14 years of field work in Lawrence was a founder member and I joined which some of us from the UK have in 1965. We were always in a state of creative participated. It is a monument to scholarship tension with many who seemed too ready to which, in its field, may never be surpassed. listen to the Soviet line, but systematically Even now, with virtually no resources, Xenia contributed until the dissolution of the group in Dennen produces this modest publication, the 1989. The WCC, by contrast, could never Keston Newsletter, from which you can countenance Keston as a possible adviser and regularly read about our continuing activities. was unduly influenced by communist The residue in our bank account from the propaganda throughout the period. In 1985, eventual sale of our building in Oxford is finally, I broke my diplomatic silence and in a sufficient for us to be able to give modest public lecture stated that the WCC had lost its grants for researchers to visit Baylor and work credibility in the biased picture of human in our archives, or for any other related cause rights which it presented. which Keston’s Council decides to support. There were many great days – for example, the We have rung the changes. Our bells (to keep award of the Templeton Prize for Progress in the campanological metaphor) inaugurated a Religion in 1984, which I correctly claimed third millennium very different, perhaps, from was a recognition of the work of the whole what we once thought it would be, but with an staff, not just myself.