Measuring Religion in Japan: ISM, NHK and JGSS

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Measuring religion in Japan: ISM, NHK and JGSS

Survey Research and the Study of Religion in East Asia October 11, 2017 Pew Research Center

Noriko Iwai Director, JGSS Research Center Osaka University of Commerce

Points Introducing three national surveys measuring religion: by Institute of Statistical Mathematics, JGSS and NHK Belief or practices Own belief or religion of one’s family Different situations for men and for women for a successor and for a non-successor for a married and for an un-married A sense of distrust towards religious organizations Belief and political position Today’s life and inheritance of a family grave CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center

Contradiction in the number of followers According to the annual statistical research on religion in 2015 by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan, The number of religious groups in Japan: 181 thousand Shinto followers: 89.5 million (70.4% of the total population) Buddhists: 88.7 million (69.8%) Christians: 1.9 million (1.5%) Other religions: 8.9 million (6.9%) Total: 188.9 million (1.49 times of population) Japanese population:127.1 million

On the other hand, the Japanese National Character Survey in 2013: 72.0% do not have any personal religious faith The Japanese General Social Survey in 2015: 68.6% do not follow any religion CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center

Religious Groups and Membership: 1949-2015 200,000 250,000,000

188,892,506 195,000 200,000,000

190,000 Population 150,000,000 185,000 127.1 million

180,000 100,000,000

175,000 Religious group 50,000,000 170,000 Membership reported by religious groups

165,000 0 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Source: the annual statistical research on religion in 2015 (published in 2017) by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center Major Surveys Measuring Religion in Japan 1. The Japanese National Character Survey （日本人の国民性調査） – The Institute of Statistical Mathematics（統計数理研究所） – Conducted every five years since 1953; latest in 2013 – Includes questions about religion and spirituality – stratified random sampling (N varies by year, 2000-4000; age 20+) 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) – JGSS Research Center, Osaka University of Commerce – Conducted every couple of years since 1999; latest in 2017 – Includes questions about religion – Two-stage stratified random sampling (N varies by year, 3600- 9000;age20+; 1500 for JGSS-2017) Ⓒ Copyright JGSS Research Center

3. Survey on Japanese Value Orientation (日本人の意識調査) – NHK, Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (NHK文化放送研究所） – Conducted every five years since 1973; latest in 2013 – Includes questions about activities related to religion and faith – Two-stage stratified random sampling (N=5400, age16+)

CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center Access to the Data Sets • The Japanese National Character Survey  SSJDA (http://csrda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/access/flow/) - Available three surveys only (1958, 1963, 1968)  The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (http://www.ism.ac.jp/ism_info_e/kokuminsei_e.html )  No access to the whole data, frequencies and cross-tabs available • Japanese Social Survey (JGSS)  SSJDA (http://csrda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/access/flow/ )  ICPSR (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ )  GESIS (https://www.gesis.org/en/home/ ) • Survey on Japanese Value Orientation  SSJDA (http://csrda.iss.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/access/flow/)  GESIS (https://www.gesis.org/en/home/ ) Ⓒ Copyright JGSS Research Center

1. The Japanese National Character Survey by ISM From four different perspectives: 1. Do you have any personal religious faith? yes/no 2. Without reference to any of the established religions, do you think a religious attitude is important, or not important? yes/can’t decide/no 3. Do you believe that there is Life after Death? yes/no 4. How do you think of religion generally? Please choose the statement below that comes closest to your opinion. a) Religion cannot save humanity; only advancement in science can save humanity b) Advancement in science and the power of religion need to cooperate in order to save humanity c) Advancement in science and the redemption of humanity are unrelated. Only the power of religion can save humanity d) Neither advancement in science nor the power of religion can save humanity e) Other(Specify) CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center

The Japanese National Character Survey by ISM 100% 90% 80% 66% 70% Q1 Have religious faith 60% Q2 Spirituality important 50% Q3 Believe life after death 40% 40% 30% 20% 28% 10% 0% 100% 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 Advancement in 90% science only 80% 70% Religion and 60% science cooperate Q4 Save humanity: 50% 45% Only religion Religion or Science 40% 30% 32% Refute both 20% 12% 10% 3% 0% Other 1953 1983 2008 2013 CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) From five different perspective (1-4 ) and in terms of the family grave 1. Do you believe in any religion? Yes/no, but have a family religion/ no 2. Please name the religion 3. How devoted as a religious follower? very/certain degree/not very 4. A member of religious groups? Yes/no (5. How well do you trust religious organizations? Very much/some/not very) 6. How do you feel about your own interment? Where would you like to be buried when you die? Family grave of own parents/spouse’s family/communal/to be scattered etc. 7. Are you inheriting the grave of your family? Yes/no (in the future /sibling or relatives)/no family grave 8. How would you like to manage your family grave in the future?

2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS)

Q1 Do you believe in any religion?

1 2 3 Yes Although I do not believe in No personally, I have a family religion.

Q2 Please name the religion.

(Please specify )

Q3 How would you describe yourself as a religious follower?

1 Very devoted 2 Devoted to a certain degree 3 Not very devoted

CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center Who have a family religion 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) Q3 How devoted? A certain dgree 100% Q1 Do you believe in any religion? 80% Q4 Member of religious group? Not very devoted 60% Devoted to a certain degree Very devoted 100% 40% 78.2% Yes 90% Although I do not believe in personally, I have a family religion 20% 80% 17.0% Yes+have a family religion 0% 70% 1.1% Member of religious groups NA: 0.7% - 1.8% 2000 2001 2015 60% 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2017

50% Yes, I believe in religion(s).

40% 30.4% Q3 How devoted? more devoted 100% 30% 21.2% 80% 30.2% 20% 9.2% 60% 10% 40% 38.5% 0% 6.8% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 2017 20% 21.9% Membership 6.8% < follow a religion 0% 9.2% < have a family religion 21.2% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 2017 CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) Q1 Do you follow a religion? By Size of Cities or by Regional Blocks Size of Cities Cities with more Cities with less than 0.2million than 0.2 million Town and JGSS-2015 Big Cities population population Villages Total Yes 7.4% 8.3% 10.6% 10.2% 9.2% Not believe in personally but 18.1% 23.2% 20.9% 24.7% 21.2% have a family religion No 73.7% 67.7% 67.7% 62.8% 68.6% NA .8% .8% .8% 2.3% 1.0%

Regional Blocks Hokkaido/ Chugoku/ Tohoku Kanto Chubu Kinki Shikoku Kyusyu Total Yes 7.5% 8.9% 11.3% 8.8% 8.9% 9.6% 9.2% Not believe in personally 18.4% 15.8% 23.0% 23.0% 27.1% 27.3% 21.2% but have a family religion No 72.4% 74.5% 65.2% 67.0% 63.1% 62.2% 68.6% NA 1.7% .8% .5% 1.3% 1.0% .8% 1.0% CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) Q2. Name the Religion Code Japanese English Code Japanese English Buddhist Others 10 仏教 Buddhism 42 立正佼成会 Rissho Kosei-kai 11 禅宗（曹洞宗・臨済宗) Zen sect (Soto, Rinzai) 43 霊友会 Reiyukai 12 天台宗 Tendai sect 44 仏所護念会 Bussho Gonenkai Kyodan 13 浄土宗 Jodo sect (Pure Land ) 45 幸福の科学 Happy Science 浄土真宗（本願寺・門 Jodo-Shin sect (True Pure 14 51 崇教真光・真光 Sukyo Mahikari 徒宗・南無阿弥陀仏） Land ) 15 真言宗 Shingon sect 52 天理教 Tenrikyo 16 日蓮宗 Nichiren sect 53 真如苑 Shinnyo-en Shin Yu Gen Kyu Sei Mahikari 17 時宗 Jishu sect 54 神幽玄救世真光文明教団 Kyodan 18 法華経・法華宗 Hokke sect 55 ＰＬ教団 Church of Perfect Liberty 19 本門佛立宗 Honmon Butsuryu Sect 56 霊波之光 Reiha-no-Hikari 82 日蓮正宗 Nichiren Shoshu 57 白光 Byakko Shinko Kai Shinto 58 生長の家 Seicho no ie 20 神道 Shinto 59 金光教 Konkok yo 21 稲荷大明神 Inari Daimyojin 60 黒住教 urozumi kyo Protestant 61 御獄教 Ontake-kyo 30 キリスト教 Christianity 80 先祖供養 Ancester worship Oyamanezunomikoto Shinji 31 カトリック Catholic 22 大山ねずの命神示教会 Kyoukai 32 プロテスタント Protestant 29 仏教＋神道（仏様・神様） Buddhism + Shinto ギリシア正教（日本ハ 33 35 エホバの証人 Jehovah's witnesses リストス正教会） Greek Orthodox Soka Gakkai 36 世界救世教 Church of World Messianity 統一教会（世界基督教統 41 創価学会 37 Soka Gakkai 一神霊協会） Unification Church CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) Q2. Name the Religion 100% 69.3% Not applicable 90% (No religion) 80% 3.9% Don't know, 70% No answer 60% 2.7% Others 50% 2.1% Soka Gakkai 40% 30% 0.7% Christianity 20% 10% 0.7% Shinto 0% 20.5% Buddhism 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 2017 86.0% of followers of Soka Gakkai support New Komeito; 68.5% of New Komeito supporters are followers of Soka Gakkai in 2015 (30 % of New Komeito supporters are not followers of Soka Gakkai) CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 2. Japanese Social Survey (JGSS) Q2. How well do you trust religious organizations?

(%) 100.0 0.3 1.4 0.7 0.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.2 0.5 90.0 17.5 19.5 22.5 20.3 24.4 22.9 20.4 21.7 21.4 19.1 20.7 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 69.3 66.2 63.5 63.1 58.8 61.0 64.2 62.6 65.3 67.6 67.5 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 10.3 10.9 10.4 13.5 11.3 11.3 10.9 11.4 9.3 10.1 9.9 0.0 2.5 2.1 3.0 2.8 4.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.0 1.3 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 2017 very much some not very much don't know NA

Religious organizations are the least trusted among 15 organizations: % of those who do not trust X very much in 2015: religious group (68%) > diet members (57%) > members of municipal councils (49%) > ministries and government agencies (28%) > labor unions (22%) , TV (21%), > police (16%), major companies (15%) , financial institutions (15%), scholars/researchers (13%), schools (12%), newspapers (11%), self-defense forces (10%), courts (9%), hospitals (6%) CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center Comparison of Questions Do you have any personal Do you follow a religion? religious faith? (JGSS) (Japanese National Character Survey)

100% 100% 90% 90% Yes 80% 80% Although I do not believe in personally, I have a family religion Yes+have a family religion 70% Yes 70% Member of religious groups 60% 60% NA: 0.7% - 1.8% 50% 50% 40% 28.0% 40% 30.4% 30% 30% 21.2% 20% 20% 10% 10% 9.2% 0% 0% 6.8% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 2017

% of those who have any personal religious faith by ISM and that of those who believe in or have a family religion by JGSS are close to

each other. CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 3. Survey on Japanese Value Orientation (NHK) In terms of everyday practices related to religions ① I usually practice religious activities such as prayer, participating in religious services, studying and/or missionary work. ② I occasionally pray and participate in religious service. ③ I visit ancestors graves for a couple of times a year. ④ I occasionally read religious books such as bible or scriptures. ⑤ I have gone to a religious facility to pray for good luck (academic and business success, health, etc) during the past couple of years. ⑥ I keep charm and/or amulet close to me for good luck. ⑦ I have drew a fortune slip and/or gone to see a fortune teller during the past couple of years. ⑧ I do not associate with any activities which relates to religion or faith. CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center

3. Survey on Japanese Value Orientation (NHK)

% of yes

 Exceptionally high % of Yes for Q3. I visit ancestors graves for a couple of times a year. CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center 4. Diversification of the grave Variety of graves and memorial ceremonies ・Traditional grave: husband’s family’s ancestral grave ・“joint” grave of husband’s and wife’s families ・Graves without a family name but with a phrase or word such as “in memory of…” or “impermanence.” 「偲ぶ」「無常」・special cemetery that guarantees permanent memorial services ・buried with others in a communal grave regardless of family or marital ties Diversifying in forms ・conventional three-tier tombstone ・large, wall-like tombstones, each of which is used by several families ・flat tombstones laid out on the lawn ・cineraria with locker-like storage places for urns ・communal memorial grounds simply marked with a “virtual cemeteries” on the internet: view photos of the deceased, read their obituaries and wills, and listen to their recorded messages CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center What do Japanese people think about the grave and the relationship with temples?  Do they continue to keep their family grave? If currently do not have it, do they want to have it?  People who want to have their own grave, where, what kind and with how much?  What kind of the relationship do people want to have with temples? (Query from young Buddhist monks of several religious schools) • geographical and relational distance • financial cost: managing fee for the grave and offering

 JGSS questions: 1. current situation of the inheritance of the ancestor’s grave 2. what do people want to do with their ancestor’s grave

JGSS 2000/2001/2010/2015

Q63-1 How do you feel about your own interment? Where would you like to be buried when you die? Please choose only one that best describes the way you feel. 1 Family grave of my parents 2 My spouse’s family grave 3 I want to start a family grave which starts with my spouse and myself. 4 Grave only for my spouse and myself (a locker-style charnel included) 5 Grave only for myself (a locker-style charnel included) 6 Communal grave with others 7 I want my ashes to be scattered over the ocean or mountains. (No conventional grave wanted)

Q 63-2 What are the reasons for choosing above 6 or 7? Please choose all that apply. 1 I would rather be in the family grave or in my own grave, but have no one to look after it. 2 I would rather be in the family grave or in my own grave, but do not want to bother my children to look after it. 3 I want to return to nature. 4 I do not see any meaning in having a family grave or my own. 5 Other(Please specify: ) (nothing marked)

55.0 60.0 54.352.9 Men 2000（1,318人） 2010年（1,148人） 2015年（952人） 50.0 40.0 30.0 21.519.5 18.0 15.1 20.0 11.013.6 5.2 5.1 5.0 10.0 3.1 3.1 2.7 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.3 2.4 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.7 spouse and myselfspouse No response No Communal grave grave Communal My spouse'sMy family My parents' family family parents' My Grave only for myself 0.0 with start that will I want my ashes to to ashes my want I Grave only for my my for only Grave New family grave grave family New be scattered over my spouse and my spouse with others with the ocean orthe mountains myself grave grave

60.0 50.0 40.0 29.9 26.3 30.0 21.921.6 24.824.6 25.1 18.2 19.6 16.4 20.0 12.514.3 6.7 7.3 8.3 5.8 10.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.6 1.8 1.9 0.0 Women 2000 （1,575人） 2010年（1,361人） 2015年（1,127人） - Slight changes can be observed for both men and women during past 15 years. -For men % of those who wish to be buried with their parents gradually decreased whereas, for women % wising to be buried with husband parents gradually decreased. -For both men and women % of those wishing to build a new family grave decreased, and % wanting to be buried in shared graves and scatter ashes increased. -For women % wishing to build a grave just for themselves and their husband also increased. CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center JGSS 2015

Q52-1 Are you inheriting the grave of your family?

1 Yes, I am. 2 No, but I am supposed to in the future. 3 No, because my sibling or relative is (or is supposed to). 4 I have no family grave (or I don't know where the grave is located). 5 Other (Please specify: )

Q52-2 How would you like to manage your family grave in the future?

1 My children or relatives inherit the grave at the current location.

2 My children or relatives inherit the grave after being moved

to the convenient place. 3 The family grave is moved to the communal grave (buried with others) and family members do not manage the grave. 4 A temple or church hold a service for a departed soul forever in compensation for donation. 5 Other (please specify: ) CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center Are you inheriting the grave of your family? （2015）

70.0 60.0 53.3 Men （952） 50.0 39.7 Women （1127） 40.0 32.9 30.0 22.0 18.8 20.0 14.0 5.3 10.0 5.0 2.3 3.4 1.1 2.3 0.0 sibling or relative is Other Yes, I am. I Yes, know where the the where know supposed to in the the to in supposed No answer No o sspoe to) supposed is (or I havefamily no grave (or I don't don't I (or grave No, because my my because No, No, but I am am I but No, future …

•For men, 40% have already inherited and another 20% are expected to inherit in the future. 30% said sibling or relative instead of them. •For women, about the half said sibling or relative instead of them. 36% have inherited or will inherit the family graves. •For both men and women, 5% does not have or know family graves. CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center How would you like to manage your family grave in the future? （2015） 90.0 74.5 80.0 67.2 70.0 Men （554） 60.0 50.0 Women （409） 40.0 30.0 16.4 20.0 9.4 8.8 8.8 10.0 3.4 3.2 0.5 1.5 3.2 2.9

0.0 The family grave is grave at the current current the at grave communal grave Other A temple or church church or temple A relatives inherit the No answer No holda service for a grave after being after grave relatives inherit the departed soul soul departed My children or or children My moved to the the to moved My children or or children My … … … …

• 75% of men and 67% of women prefer traditional ways; pass on their children or relatives • One in six women prefer paying fee to a temple or church for the management • 10% prefer to move to more convenient location Ⓒ Copyright JGSS Research Center Points  Measuring religion: direct or indirect ways to measure religion by three national repeated surveys  Belief or practices  Own belief or religion of one’s family  A sense of distrust towards religious organizations  Belief and political position (for a certain % of population)  A focal point is how to inherit or not inherit the family grave for a majority of Japanese who do not have a personal belief  Today’s life and inheritance of a family grave Different situations for men and for women for a successor and for a non-successor for a married and for an un-married for those who has no child or daughters only Structures of the family (generations of the family) have affected the continuity of one’s family religion CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center Acknowledgements  The Japanese General Social Surveys (JGSS) are designed and carried out by the JGSS Research Center at Osaka University of Commerce (Joint Usage / Research Center for Japanese General Social Surveys accredited by Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology), in collaboration with the Institute of Social Science at the University of Tokyo.  JGSS-2015 is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26245060 (Principal Investigator: Noriko Iwai), the Institute of Amusement Industry Studies (Principal Investigator: Ichiro Tanioka), the research grant from the Japan Center for Economic Research (Principal Investigator: Noriko Iwai), JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24243057 (Principal Investigator: Masayoshi Kato), and the Osaka University of Commerce. CopyrightⒸJGSS Research Center

List of JGSS codebooks JGSS-2000 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2001 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2002 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS Cumulative Data 2000-2003 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2005 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2006 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2008 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2010 Basic spreadsheet/codebook JGSS-2012 Basic spreadsheet/codebook http://jgss.daishodai.ac.jp/english/index.html [email protected] [email protected]