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CONSTRUCTING JERUSALEM: A PALESTINIAN DIGITAL DISCOURSE by IAN LAWRENCE CAMPBELL A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Department of Global Studies and the Graduate School of the University of OreGon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the deGrees of Master of SCienCe and Master of Arts DeCember 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Ian LawrenCe Campbell Title: ConstruCtinG Jerusalem: A Palestinian DiGital DisCourse This thesis has been aCCepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of SCienCe deGree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution ProGram and the Master of Arts deGree in the Department of Global Studies by: Diane Baxter Chairperson Galen Martin Member Seungahn Nah Member and Kate MondloCh Interim ViCe Provost and Dean of the Graduate SChool OriGinal approval siGnatures are on file with the University of OreGon Graduate School. DeGree awarded DeCember 2020 ii © 2020 Ian Lawrence Campbell iii THESIS ABSTRACT Ian LawrenCe Campbell Master of Science and Master of Arts ConfliCt and Dispute Resolution Program and Department of Global Studies DeCember 2020 Title: ConstruCtinG Jerusalem: A Palestinian DiGital DisCourse The followinG interdisCiplinary researCh investiGates diGital communication using a constructivist interpretation for conflict analysis. President Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel formed the basis for the research inquiry of Palestinian digital modes of response. International law remains relevant to the baCkGround understandinG of this research, albeit outside the scope. Data from pro-Palestinian media, translated by the Middle East Media Research Institute (M.E.M.R.I.) and Palestinian Media WatCh (P.M.W.), provided the sources for digital content analysis. Research findinGs unCovered a communication matrix consistinG of five themes and organizational concepts produced through 15 conflict storylines that provide a qualitative understanding of the politics of humiliation in response to an epoch Jerusalem discourse. Digital communication interventions based on research outcomes provide insight for praCticinG empathy in support of digital literaCy to mitiGate future ConfliCt, communicate diverginG views, and employ best-practices for dialoGue in digital spaCes. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Ian LawrenCe Campbell GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of OreGon, EuGene, Or Florida International University, Miami, Fl Miami Dade ColleGe, Miami, Fl DEGREES AWARDED: BaChelor of Arts, Psychology, Political Science, 2014, Florida International University AssoCiate of Arts, PsyCholoGy, 2011, Miami Dade ColleGe AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: DiGital Media, CommuniCation, & LiteraCy Global ConfliCt Analysis International Relations & Development GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: ResearCh Fellow, Ronald E. MCNair ProGram, Florida International University, 2013 PUBLICATIONS: Campbell, I. L., Rivard, J., & SChreiber Compo, N. (2016). MoCk jurors’ perception of blind vs. non-blind interviewing: The role of reCantation. The Journal of Psychological Inquiry. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to reserve my most profound expression of gratitude for Dr. Diane Baxter, thesis advisor, and Committee Chair. Her wisdom, inspiration, and counsel, during fieldwork and manusCript produCtion, remained instrumental throuGh the completion of this thesis. I could not have competed this work without her support. Dr. Baxter’s lastinG contribution on my development refleCts an homage to the dedication and study of Palestinian culture for which she embodies every day in the promotion of peace and education of Israeli and Palestinian communities. I would also like to reCoGnize Dr. Galen Martin, as a committee member and teaching mentor. Dr. Martin introduCed me to the philosophical groundings of constructivism, provided a model for compassion, and remained an invaluable source of support throuGhout my graduate tenure. His kindness and expertise in peace and conflict will not easily be forgotten. I owe a depth of gratitude like none other on this list to Dr. SeunGahn Nah, Committee member and inspirational force behind my research interest of digital communication and media. Dr. Nah is a leader in his field—and a pillar of knowledge, wisdom, and humor. I feel blessed by his presence and fortunate for his keen insights during the production of this research. His service on the committee has left a deep impact on my future career goals. I would like to extend a speCial thanks to Dr. E. George Simms, the executive director of the FIU McNair Scholars Program for seleCtion as a research fellow during my undergraduate tenure. I may not have had the courage vi or drive to pursue this scholarship without the proGram's mission, its exCellent staff, and the student-centric research model. I would also like to reCoGnize my department affiliations at the University of OreGon. The ConfliCt and Dispute Resolution proGram Gifted me with the skills to be a better CommuniCator, throuGh a foCus on empathy. The quality of the program remains a direct reflection of the humanity, inClusivity, and intelleCtual rigor demonstrated by Mr. John InGlish, ProGram DireCtor, and the dedicated team of professionals who work tirelessly with him to teaCh the next generation of conflict resolution professionals. I also feel lastinG gratitude for the Global Studies Department led by Dr. Kathie Carpenter, Department Head, and Dr. Stephen Wooten, Graduate DireCtor. The team of aCademics offered supportive roles throuGhout my graduate journey and ensured graduate curricula that advanced the important work of international studies throuGh keen foCus on global engagement. I would also like to reCoGnize Dr. Dennis Galvan for his auxiliary support both in readinG an early manusCript draft and encouraging teaching interests. Dr. Galvan left an indelible professional mark throuGh the gift of time beginninG with my first Graduate teaChinG assignment throuGh the end of my graduate program. His passion for international development will be fondly remembered in future refleCtions of our work together. I would also like to express my appreCiation for the people and institutions with whom I worked with in the Middle East. Mr. Elias Jabbour, DireCtor of the House of Hope, provided time and insight on discussions of vii Sulha. I am equally grateful for the internship plaCements with the Center for DemoCraCy and Community Development in East Jerusalem and the Baladna AssoCiation for Arab Youth in Haifa, both offered exemplary illustrations of the crucial initiatives undertaken by non-governmental organizations in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. Finally, I am blessed with the support of a surroGate family in the Middle East, Composed of Egyptians, Palestinians, and Israeli Jews. I will forever remember their graciousness, hospitality, and patience in the faCe of my endless questions. viii I dedicate this work to the promotion of digital literaCy, and all the challenGes I met along the way. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page CHAPTER I: CONSTRUCTING JERUSALEM .................................................. 1 BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 FRAMING THE PROBLEM .................................................................................... 1 State Sovereignty ....................................................................................... 2 Israeli Basic Law ....................................................................................... 5 DiplomatiC Law ......................................................................................... 6 AN ORGANIZING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................... 8 Sins of Balfour ........................................................................................... 8 LonG-term ConsequenCes of the Balfour DeClaration. ......................... 9 Calls of Jerusalem ................................................................................... 10 Arab-Israeli War. ................................................................................ 11 Patrons of Peace ...................................................................................... 12 Jerusalem Embassy ACt. ..................................................................... 12 People of Giants ...................................................................................... 13 The Oslo AcCords. .............................................................................. 14 The SeCond Intifada Represented New SeCurity ProtoCols. ............... 15 Expressions of Power .............................................................................. 16 ReCoGnizinG Humiliation. .................................................................. 17 CHAPTER II: CONFLICT AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION .................... 18 BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 18 x Chapter Page IMPARTIALITY VS. NEUTRALITY ...................................................................... 19 DIGITAL NARRATIVES ...................................................................................... 20 CONSTRUCTING DIGITAL DISCOURSE .............................................................. 22 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER III: METHODS ................................................................................. 26 BACKGROUND
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