Tlingit Dictionary

X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell, editor Lukaax̱.ádi • Yéil Hít • Lḵóot Ḵwáan Kaagwaantaan Yádi • Daḵlʼaweidí Dachx̱án Deikéenaa • Yupik • Saami

November 29, 2016

University of Alaska Southeast Goldbelt Heritage Foundation Juneau, Alaska preface Tlingit Dictionary

Introduction

This is a living dictionary project that is the result of generations of collabo- ration between speakers, teachers, researchers, and students. A majority of the nouns come from Jeff Leer’s Interior Tlingit Dictionary, and the verb information and modes from Keri Egglestonʼs extensive verb work hosted by the Alaska Native Knowledge Network. The words and knowledge all comes from many different Tlingit speakers, many of whom have “walked into the forest” and are no longer with us. The language and this work belongs to haa dachx̱ánxʼi sáani—our little grandchildren. When known, sources have been listed as follows: (SN) Naats Tláa Gillian Story & Shaachookwá Constance Naish Tlingit Verb Dictionary (1973); (NR) Ḵeixwnéi Nora & Xwaayeenáḵ Richard Dauenhauer; (JL) Weihá Jeff Leer Tlingit Verbs (1974), Tlingit Stem List (1978), Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary (2001 with Doug Hitch & John Ritter); (AH) Andy Hope; (MJ) Gooshdehéen Mark Jacobs Jr; (KE) X̱ʼaagi Sháawu Keri Eggleston Dictionary of Tlingit, 575+ Tlingit Verbs: The Paradigms, and continued verb research; (GD) Kaxwaan Éesh George Davis; (MD) Sháksháani Marge Dutson; (BF) Kóosh- daakʼu Éesh Bill Fawcett; (JM) Keihéenákʼw John Martin; (CM) Ḵʼaltseen Caro- lyn Martin (LA) Yaxduláḵt’ Lillian Austin; (EM) Dasdiyaa Ethel Makinen; (HJ) G̱ooch Shaayí Harold Jacobs; (SH) Shx̱ásti Sally Hopkins, (SB) Aantsoox̱ Sally Burratin, (JC) Dzéiwsh James Crippen, (EN) Seidayaa Elizabeth Nyman, (TY) Ḵaajeetguxeex Thomas Young, (DK) King̱eestí David Katzeek, (TT) Yaan Jiyeet G̱áax̱ Thomas Thornton, (FS) Ḵaaḵal.aat Florence Sheakley, (CJ) Ḵaal.átkʼ Char- lie Joseph, (HW) Ḵaaháni Helen Watkins, (JH) Gax̱daakashú Joe Hotch, (JM) K’óox Johnny Marks, (FW) G̱unáak’w Fred White, (CG) Ḵaalḵáawu Cyril George, (BC) Keiyishí Bessie Cooley, (RL) Koolyeiḵ Roby Littlefield, (SE) Kaséix̱ Selina Everson, (MH) G̱unéiwti Marsha Hotch, (TV) Naatskʼi Éesh Ted Valle, (WM) Kéet Yanaayí Willie Marks, (EmM) Séig̱éig̱éi Emma Marks, (DA) Shaag̱aw Éesh Devlin Anderstrom, (LF) Achkwéi Lena Farkas, (NL) Daasdiyaa Nellie Lord, (RD) Ḵaanáḵ Ruth Demmert, (NL) Naakil.aan Hans Chester, (IC) Jig̱eit Tláa Irene Cadiente, (IdC) La.óos Tláa Ida Calmegane, (HS) Ḵaax̱tseen Herb Sheak- ley, (PM) Kinkawduneek Paul Marks, (MA) Seidayaa Mary Anderson, (FD) Kux̱aankutaan Fredrica DeLaguna, (NJ) Ḵaakligé Norman James, (HC) Shák- wkʼ Helen Chester, (SaJ) Analahash Sam Johnston, (SuJ) Kaasgéiy Susie James, (LT) X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell, (CW) Yaaneekee Charlie White, Sumiq David Rus- sell-Jensen (DRJ), This project is supported by Goldbelt Heritage Foundation and the Univer- sity of Alaska Southeast. Editing assitance has been done by Éedaa Heather Burge, Kaasteen Jill Meserve, Yat Tootéen Mallory Story, Chalyee Will Geiger, Sísele Collyne Bunn, X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell, Aandax̱ltín Stephanie Tripp, Sum- iq David Russell-Jensen, and G̱unéiwti Marsha Hotch. They typos and errors are the responsibility of the editor. This is a living dictionary, so additions and suggestions are welcome. No one document can accurately portray a language, and this is not intended to do so, but is offered as a learning guide and method to document our langauge and create new words when we need them.

ii Tlingit Dictionary preface Contents

Introduction...... ii A Brief History of Tlingit Dictionaries...... vii Using This Dictionary ...... vii Additional References...... vii Parts of Speech...... viii Alphabetization...... xx Tlingit to English...... 1 ∅ ...... 3 a...... 4 á...... 15 aa...... 18 áa...... 38 ch...... 38 chʼ ...... 43 d...... 46 dl...... 58 dz...... 62 é...... 63 ei ...... 64 éi ...... 64 g...... 65 gw ...... 79 g̱...... 81 g̱w ...... 93 h...... 93 i...... 107 í...... 109 ee...... 110 ée...... 113 j...... 113 k...... 119 kw ...... 137 kʼ...... 137 kʼw...... 143 ḵ...... 143

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ḵw ...... 155 ḵʼ...... 156 ḵʼw...... 156 l...... 156 lʼ...... 162 m...... 164 n...... 164 s...... 169 sʼ...... 174 sh...... 177 t ...... 185 tʼ...... 196 tl...... 199 tlʼ ...... 201 ts...... 202 tsʼ...... 205 u...... 206 ú...... 206 oo...... 206 óo...... 208 w...... 208 x...... 214 xw ...... 217 xʼ...... 218 x̱...... 219 x̱ʼ...... 223 x̱ʼw...... 226 y...... 226 English to Tlingit...... 237 a...... 239 b...... 242 c...... 249 d...... 255 e...... 259 f ...... 261 g...... 265 h...... 268 i...... 271 j...... 273 k...... 273

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l...... 275 m...... 277 n...... 281 o...... 282 p...... 284 r ...... 290 s...... 293 t ...... 305 u...... 310 v...... 311 w...... 311

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vi A Brief History of Tlingit Dictionaries This effort owes all the credit in the world to fluent speakers who have shared the richness of their knowledge over the years, especially those patient enough to field question upon question as second language learners of Tlingit try to put the patterns together that exist for birth speakers naturally. My first efforts to make a dictionary were clumsy and poorly researched, but taught me a great deal about keeping track of data and thinking about how dictionaries are put together. That project was based on two primary sources: English-Tlingit Dic- tionary: Nouns by Gillian Story & Constance Naish, and Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary by Jeff Leer. This version incorporates information from Tlingit Verb Dictionary by Naish & Story, Dictionary of Tlingit, 575+ Tlingit Verbs, and “Con- tinuing Tlingit Verb Documentation” by Keri Eggleston (Edwards), the Tlingit Verbal Structure Handbook and drafts of The Syntax and Information Structure Of Dislocation In Tlingit by James Crippen, Haa Shuká & Haa Tuwunáagu Yís by Nora Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer, and the notes “Tlingit Stem List” and “Tlingit Verbs” by Jeff Leer. Permission for using the Tlingit Verb Dictionary comes from correspondence with Gillian Story & Constance Naish and the Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Fairbanks. The work that has been done by these language warriors is phenomenal, and this dictionary is more of a compilation of their works more than something new. However, many words have been documented and created since the pub- lication of other dictionaries, and the ways that the Tlingit language functions is better understood now due to the work being done in Tlingit linguistics. Many of the nouns and more rarely used verbs come from Leer, the verb conjugations from Eggleston, and the tables and terms from Crippen.

Using This Dictionary One of the keys to using this dictionary is having a basic understanding of how parts of speech function in Tlingit. The summaries below are intended to be a starting point and reference guide. For more detail, see the works of James Crippen, Keri Eggleston, Seth Cable, Nora & Richard Dauenhauer, Jeff Leer, and Gillian Story & Constance Naish. Learning how to identify and use these parts of speech is key for second language learners of Tlingit.

Additional References The descriptions on Parts of Speech in Tlingit have been assembled using the above sources as well as the “Glossary of linguistic terms” by Eugene Loos and published at the SIL International website, the New Oxford American Dic- tionary 2nd ed., the Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics by David Crystal, numerous articles on Wikipedia, and extended conversations with Keri Eggleston, James Crippen, Seth Cable, and Richard Dauenhauer. preface Tlingit Dictionary Parts of Speech

basic nouns common nouns Words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts, whose members may act as any of the following: subjects of the verb, objects of the verb, indirect object of the verb, or object of a postposition. In Tlingit, the starting point for thinking about a noun is that it is called «a saayí» – its name. These nouns can be possessed, causing them to take on a possessive suffix (-i/-í, -u/-ú, -yi/-yí, -wu/-wú). compound noun A noun that is made up of two or more existing words or elements. When forming compound nouns, the tendency is to shorten long vowels and lower high tones, except for the final word. verbal noun Verbal nouns are formed by slightly altering a verb, most commonly by adding a relational suffix (-i/-í, -u/-ú, -yi/-yí, -wu/-wú) or by linking it to an independent partitive pronoun «aa» – the one(s). borrowed noun A noun borrowed from another language, most commonly a neighboring language, Chinook Jargon, or a European language. These are often Tlingi- tized by shifting sounds that are not in Tlingit to the nearest equivalent. proper nouns Proper nouns cannot be possessed and therefore do not take on suffixes. placename The name of a place, which is often a compound noun or verbal noun. Knowledge of placenames helps to greatly understand the Tlingit language, especially oratory. region name «Lingít Aaní» (Tlingit Land) is divided into large areas which contain clans and houses. These areas have names ending with «–Ḵwáan» (people of –). clan name The names of clans often contain placenames, features of a particular land, house names, or borrowed nouns which help identify where and how that clan may have come into being. personal name The names of people are often hard to interpret, because they may be words made for a specific purpose, be it an extremely contracted form, or be very old with the meaning somewhat lost.

viii Tlingit Dictionary preface pronouns Tlingit has 64 pronouns, many of which are identical in sound but not always in placement. It is a journey to learn how to use these correctly, but that is the same in English (who or whom?). A pronoun is a word that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (ex: I, you) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (ex: she, it, this). Pronouns are classified by person (first, second, third, fourth, etc), number (singular, plural), and type. When glossing Tlingit, person and number are marked first, and then the type. person & number Person indicates who the pronoun refers to in reference to the speaker, and number refers to whether the pronoun is singular (one) or plural (more than one). 1st person singular (1s) This is the speaker, and the English equivalents are: me, my, i. 1st person plural (1p) This is a group that includes the speaker, and the English equivalents are: us, our, we. 2nd person singular (2s) This is a person being spoken to, and the English equivalents are: you, your 2nd person singular (2p) This is a group that is being spoken to, and the English equivalents are: you all, you all’s 3rd person singular (3s) This is a person being spoken about but not to, and the English equivalents are: she/he, hers/his, her/him. 3rd person plural (3p) This is a group being spoken about but not to, and the English equivalents are: them, their, they. 3rd person (3) Tlingit verbs pluralize third person objects and subjects differently than first or second person, so this pronoun is a person or group being spoken about but not to, and the English equivalents are: she/he, hers/his, her/him, them, their, they. third person pluralizer (3p) This is a pronoun for verbs that can pluralize the third person object, third person subject, or both third person objects and subjects. 3rd person non-human (3n) This pronoun is used for anything nonhuman. In verbs, the pronoun is the same as a third person human, meaning that the verb does not differentiate whether the subject or object is human or not. 3rd person proximate (3px) This pronoun is used to indicate that it is the person that has already been

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referred to, which we might think of as a main character in a story. It is often used when there is a continuous string of actions, or when it is important that we know that some specific person is continuing to do things or they are continually being done to them. 3rd person obviate (3obv) This pronoun is used to indicate that a person is being talked about who is either new to the dialogue or is unimportant to the main topics. We can think of this as a background character in a story. It is used when some new person comes into a narrative, but is not important to it, or when someone is referred to outside of the main narrative but is not central to it. 4th person human (4h) This pronoun is used to indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and is best translated as “someone” or “a person.” It functions as a placeholder in non-verbal pronouns, such as «ḵaa tláa» (a person’s mother). As an object, it translates as “the verb happens to people” as in «ḵusix̱án» (love of people), and «ḵusax̱waa.áx̱» (i heard someone). Learners need to spot the difference between the contracted form «ḵu-» and the verb prefixes for weather and areal, which are identical. As a subject in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in «yoo duwasáakw» (it is called), «hít wududliyéx̱» (a house was built), and «adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa» (dance paddle). The fourth person human subject will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb theme or mode. 4th person non-human (4n) This pronoun is used to indicate that an unspecified thing is the pronoun. Like the 4th person human pronoun this one is often used as a placeholder in nouns and verbs. It has culturally specified meanings in certain verbs and nouns, for example: «at.óow» (sacred clan-owned item), «at daná» (s/he is drinking alcohol), and «Daḵlʼaweidí» [daḵ-lʼéiw-at~di] (Thing of the Inland Sand – name of an Eagle-Killer Whale Clan). Keep an eye out for these pronouns as you build vocabulary, and you will see it is one of the most powerful set of words in Tlingit. partitive (p) This pronoun is used to refer to parts of a group or set, and can cover a wide range of meanings. In some cases, it can mean some general object, as in «aadóo aayí sáyá?» (whose thing is this?). In other cases, it can refer to a separated groups of things, as in «daaḵw.aa sá?» (which one of a group?). It often means the one or ones that perform a verb, and is used to create words in Tlingit. There are many of these, and you will see more as you study. Here are some examples: «lítaa» (knife; literally “the one that slides”), «x̱út’aa» (adze; literally “the one that chips out wood”), and «ḵutlʼídaa» (shovel; literally “the one that throws away”). reflexive (rflx) This is a pronoun that signals reflexive properties, meaning that something is occurring to the self. In verbs, it most often occurs as an object pronoun and translates as “the subject does the verb to herself/himself.” When

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you study verbs more, you will see that this pushes verbs into middle voice (+d), which will make sense at a later date. For now, consider it as something like “to the self”, which makes more sense when seen with examples, such as: «chush gudachx̱án» (one’s own grandparent – achieved through clan lineage), «sh tóog̱aa ditee» (s/he is grateful; literally “s/he is pleased inside”), and «sh tóo altóow» (s/he is studying it; literally “s/he is teaching inside herself/himself”). reciprocal (recip) This pronoun indicates being together, doing something together, or doing something to each other. In verbs, it occurs outside of the verb itself, is used in addition to other pronouns, and also triggers middle voice (+d). It seems to appear as «woosh» and «wooch» interchangeably, though some speakers have preference for one or the other and there may be rules for why. Common examples are «wooch.een» (being together), «woosh ji.een» (hands together), and «woosh gax̱dusháa» (wedding). pronoun types The type of pronoun is important to keep in mind, and will help the learner in comprehension and speaking, especially for verbs. independent pronoun (i) These are not specifically tied to a grammatical function. They may be used to specify or locate a person, animal, or group. These are the only pronouns that have high tone marks. possessive pronoun (p) These are used to show a relationship between things, including ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» – “her/ his father”), the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”). object pronoun (O) In a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject. Object pronouns in Tlingit have been standardized with the following rule: one letter pronouns are in the contraction part of the prefix, meaning they are attached to the verb, and pronouns with more than one letter are in the precontraction part of the prefix, meaning they appear in front of the verb as a separate word. The exceptions are: the 1st person alternative form «x̱aa-» that is optional when the first letter of the verb is «t» or «d»; and the alternative form of the 4th person «ḵu-» as in «sh tóog̱aa x̱aaditee» (i am grateful). Even though this is how we write it, all open object pronouns will affect conjugation in the preverb. subject pronoun (S) In a verb phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb. It is the one who performs the action. These appear in the verb prefix, immediately before the classifier and after all other prefixes. postpositional pronoun (pp) Many Tlingit verbs involve motion, and grammatically things do not move

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towards pronouns. In addition to motion, there are also concepts that act like motion verbs. For example, the phrase «i eedé kakḵwanéek» translates to “i will tell you” but the grammar is functioning closer to “i will tell it towards you.” Tlingit handles this with a special type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and directional & locational suffix.

relational nouns & suffixes kinship term Tlingit kinship terms are rooted in the matrilineal clan system. Because of this, it is important to understand the traditional Tlingit way of looking at family, friends, and in-laws. Often we see the word “friends” translated in Tlingit as «ax̱ x̱oonxʼi yán» (my clan relatives, friends). This term would not include those from the opposite clan, who generally are «ax̱ kaani yán» (my in-laws) and can also have specific relationships which are dictated by clan genealogy. These terms are fluid, and are not determined only by lineage. If two people grow closer to one another through friendship or marriage, they may choose to use a kinship term for one another instead of calling each other by name. Tlingit kinship terms are listed with the placeholder pronoun «–» (her/his), as in «–tláa» (–ʼs mother). The pronoun can be replaced by another pronoun or noun. For example: «ax̱ tláa» (my mother), «i tláa» (your mother), «g̱ooch tláa» (wolf mother), and «naa tláa» (clan mother). body part In Tlingit, a body part does not exist without belonging to something. A removed body part would still need a noun or pronoun to attach to, because if your hand was removed you would still consider it your hand. If the discon- nected body part is permanently removed, then this is shown by making it an alienated body part, which means adding a possessive suffix. plant part A plant part is similar to a body part, except that it often does not have the same inalienability. The possessive suffix is often built into the plant part. land part In helping to identify how placenames are constructed, and how to talk about land formations, land parts are marked in this dictionary. They can be possessed, but more commonly stack up with other parts of speech in the same way as compound nouns and names. directional & relational terms The following terms show the way in which nouns are connected in terms of space and/or location, which may include motion or the conclusion of actions. independent base A word that notes a fixed position in the Tlingit universe, does not need a possessor, and can take on a suffix. relational base A word that notes the relationship between two things and therefore needs a possessor, and can take on a suffix.

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relational noun A word that notes the relationship between two things and therefore needs a possessor, but cannot take on a suffix. relational suffix A suffix that attaches to the end of a noun, independent base, or relational base and shows location or direction. relational suffixes tlingit gloss meaning cnj -t arrived at a point; arriving at ∅ -x̱ at moving at; repeatedly arriving at ∅ -de toward to, toward, until, manner of na -dáx̱ from from, out of na -náḵ leave without, leaving behind na -náx̱ through through, along, by, via, across na -g̱aa after around, about, by, after, for na

particles & other parts of speech interjection An interjection quickly conveys a feeling. They are difficult to translate, because the meaning depends on the situation, tone, volume, and relationship of the speakers. When looking at the meanings here, keep in mind that it can change dramatically depending on the situation. These should be used on a regular basis when surprised, happy, teasing, and more. They are easy to learn, and replacing them in your speech even when you are not speaking Tlingit will help you continue to think in Tlingit. idiom A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g., rain cats and dogs, see the light). These are sayings in Tlingit that cannot be interpreted through straight analysis of the components, and often carry a significant cultural meaning. proverb There are many proverbs in Tlingit that are tied to oratory, and some of them may take the learner a long time to learn how to properly use. Many speakers will point them out in storytelling, but will not go into great detail about what they may mean and how they may be used. They function somewhat like cultural riddles that tie the moment to a larger, more spiritual meaning. determiner Words that convey the distance from the speaker and something referred to, and may be used to signify physical distance, the time span between things (right now, long ago), or the significance of something.

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particle Particles are words that rarely appear on their own, and their meaning tends to come from combining with other words in ways that requires memorization. Learning how to interpret and use particles is critical to gaining a high level of fluency, as they can connect thoughts in ways unique to the language and can help a speaker “sound” like a native speaker of the language. question particle Questions in Tlingit are formed by one of two ways: adding the particle «gé» which creates a yes/no question; adding a question particle (daa, wáa, xʼoon, etc) with the particle «sá». conjunction A conjunction combines multiple thoughts, especially in strings of oratory. number Tlingit has a variety of ways of conveying numbers. In general, you can pluralize nouns to show there are more than can be easily counted or that counting may not be important. Otherwise, a number can be added before the noun. The suffix «-náx̱» is added to note the number of people, and «-dahéen» to note the number of times (twice, three times). color A word that notes the color of something. In Tlingit, colors are nouns, and are used with the verb «[noun] yáx̱ yatee» to describe the color of something. There is a set list of nouns that describe colors, but the set may vary from re- gionally or individually. These can also combine with other nouns and drop the verb phrase, for example: «sʼagwáat yáx̱ yatee» (brown like hemlock bark) and «sʼagwáat keitl» (brown dog). adjective A word or phrase naming an attribute, added to or grammatically related to a noun to modify or describe it. In Tlingit there are two types: a prenominal adjective appears directly before the noun it modifies and a postnominal adjectives appears directly after the noun it modifies. adverb A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there). Tlingit adverbs work best when immediately preceding the verb they modify. suffix In addition to the relational suffixes in the above table, the following suffixes may attach to nouns with the following functions: noun suffixes tlingit gloss meaning -ch ergative subject of transitive verb -x̱ locative denotes group for «-x̱ sitee» verb

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noun suffixes tlingit gloss meaning -kʼ dim diminutive -xʼ pl plural -i ~ -yi- ~ pos possessive -u ~ -wu -xʼ residing at, on, in, by -u at verbless locative phrase -n with with, using, as soon as

verbs The Tlingit verb is the most dynamic part of the language in terms of structure and change. The definition of a verb is: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen. verb theme A skeletal representation of the verb that shows the necessary components for using that verb. Verbs in this dictionary are listed by theme and alphabetized by the verb root. Common conjugations are given with third person object and subject pronouns when those pronouns are in the theme. For Tlingit, when the theme changes, it is a different verb, and it may differ in meaning, specifica- tion of the phenomenon the verb is describing, or in transitivity. transitivity The presence (or absence) or objects and subjects in a verb, and in Tlingit includes the following possibilities: transitive (object & subject), subject intransitive (subject only), object intransitive (object only), and impersonal (neither subject nor object). verb type The following table lists the five Tlingit verb types and some of their special characteristics. These are listed in the verb theme.

type description special characteristics act for someone to do something –i imperfective classifier no primary imperfective (use progressive for something to happen event imperfective); often uses object pronouns; +i for something to be a certain way state imperfective classifier no primary imperfective (use progressive motion for something to move imperfective); conjugation prefix changes based on type of motion positional for something to be positioned only occurs in imperfective

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preverb The part of the verb phrase that is not connected to the verb itself, but affects the meaning of the verb and how the verb functions. For motion verbs, the directional preverb determines the conjugation prefix of the verb, as shown in the following table adopted from Crippen. Preverbs (+17) tlingit cnj meaning áa ∅ there daag̱í ∅ from water to shore gági ∅ from shadow into open g̱unaÿéi ~ g̱unéi ∅ beginning, starting f héeni ∅ into water neil(t), neilx̱, neildé ∅ inside, homeward, into building ÿan, ÿax̱, ÿánde ∅ completing, finishing ḵut ga astray, lost, yaax̱ g̱a into vehicle or boat haat, haax̱, haa(n)dé ∅ here, this way, toward speaker ux̱ (+ kei) ∅ blindly, out of control e2 ḵwáaḵx̱ (+ daaḵ) ∅ by mistake, wrongly ÿan, ÿax̱, ÿánde ∅ ashore, onto ground, resting héenx̱ g̱a into water yóot, yóox̱, yóode ∅ hence, away, off ḵux̱, ḵux̱x̱ ḵúx̱de ∅ aback, reversed direction, return (+d) ḵux, ḵuxx̱ ḵúxde ∅ aground, into shallow water e1 kei ∅ up, upward yei ∅ down, downward

down to shore, beachward yeiḵ, yéèḵ S ∅ daaḵ ~ dáàḵ ∅ inland from shore, back from open, off s of fire d daak ~ dáàk ∅ seaward, into open, falling from sky, s onto fire yéi — thus, so c yóo — quotation b ÿaa ~ ÿa — mental state or activity yoo ∅ back and forth, to and fro a yaa na along, down, obliquely, progressive

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verb prefix The part of the verb that comes before the root, and is attached to the verb itself, which includes some object pronouns, and all thematic prefixes, conjugation prefixes, subject pronouns, the classifier, and other components used for verb conjugation. The more common ones are shown in the following table, along with the symbols used for glossing them in Tlingit. Areal (+13) tlingit gloss meaning ḵu- areal relating to a space ka- comp compared to

Inalienable Incorporated Nouns (+11) tlingit meaning tlingit meaning ji- hand/possession x̱ʼa ~ x̱ʼe ~ ḵʼa- mouth/opening tu- inside sha- head/top sa- ~ se- voice/neck shu- end lu- nose/point a- a- thematic daa- around ḵu- weather

Surface (+10–+9) tlingit gloss meaning ka- rnd spherical ka- hsf horizontal surface/on ÿa- vsf vertical surface/face

Self Benefactive (+8) tlingit gloss meaning ka- sb to do the verb for the self (+d)

Outer Conjugation (+7) tlingit gloss meaning ga- ga-cp ga- conjugation prefix ga- ga-cj ga- conjugation

Irrealis (+6) tlingit gloss meaning u- irr irrealis

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Inner Conjugation (+5) tlingit gloss meaning ∅- ∅-cp ∅ conjugation prefix g̱a- g̱a-cp g̱a conjugation prefix na- na-cp na conjugation prefix na- na-cj na conjugation

Perfective & G̱a-mode (+4) tlingit gloss meaning ÿu- ~ u- pfv perfective g̱a- g̱a-md g̱a mode

conjugation prefix A component of the verb that appears only in certain modes, but affects the stem variation and certain conjugations. There are four conjugation prefixes, and their meaning likely comes from motion verbs, as listed below:

type general description ∅ motion that comes to an end na unbounded motion ga upward motion g̱a downward motion

classifier A component of the verb that appears immediately to the left of the root, and serves the following functions: 1) creation of new verbs by noting causation (someone doing it as opposed to it happening), classification (types of objects or actions); 2) conjugation for the completion of the verb, which is referred to as –i (incomplete) and +i (complete); 3) noting middle voice (subject is also an object or verb is reflexive) or the removal of an object or subject from the verb theme. The groups and their general description are below:

type general description ∅ default s causation or classification l causation or classification sh pejorative (usually)

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Classifier –i +i –i +i

∅ ∅- ÿa- s sa- si-

d+∅ da- di- d+s s- dzi-

–i +i –i +i

l la- li- sh sha- shi-

d+l l- dli- d+sh shji-

verb root The heart of the verb, from which meaning is derived, which is most often one syllable, although there are multi-syllable exceptions. The root is what you look up in Tlingit dictionaries when translating to English. The root is often denoted with the √ symbol. suffix Suffixes in Tlingit verbs are much less common, but often occur when noting the habitual or repetitive nature of a verb, as shown in the table below. Suffixes (–2 to –4) tlingit gloss meaning -i ~ -yi ~ u- ~ wu- rel relative clause marker -x̱aa miss miss the target of action -een dec decessive (used to) -ni cndl conditional -x̱ rep repetitive -ch hab habitual nominalizing (turns verb to noun or nom -i ~ -yi ~ u- ~ wu- adjective)

postverb Similar to suffixes, postverb material is much less common that preverb material, with the most common being the variations shown below: Verb Auxilaries tlingit gloss meaning neech ~ nooch hab habitual (always) neejéen ~ noojéen dec-hab decessive habitual (always used to)

xix Tlingit Dictionary Alphabetization This dictionary is similar to recent publications as far as alphabetization goes, with exception to additional detail in vowels. Early publications in Tlingit tended to alphabetize according to the location of the sound in the mouth, moving generally from the lips to the back of the throat. Over time, that changed to an alphabetization system that more closely matches English. The difference between this dictionary and some recent publications is the sepa- ration of vowels into the following order: short and low, short and high, long and low, long and high. For example, the group of «a» vowels are sorted in this order: a, á, aa, áa. In the dictionary, the vowels are organized into groups, which means that the long vowels are listed immediately after the short vowels instead of according to how they would be alphabetized in English. The reason for doing this is to help learners see how the vowels work in groups, at times moving between long and short, and low and high.

Here is the alphabetization order:

∅ h s x̱ a i sʼ x̱ʼ á í sh x̱ʼw aa ee t y áa ée tʼ . ch j tl chʼ k tlʼ d kw tsʼ dl kʼ tsʼ dz kʼw u e ḵ ú é ḵw oo ei ḵʼ óo éi ḵʼw w g l x gw lʼ xw

g̱ m xʼ g̱w n xʼw

xx Tlingit to English

Tlingit to English ∅ – ∅ ~ a

• perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every ∅ time) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet ¹ (subject pronoun) s/he [subject]; he/she ∅- • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen [subject] | third person subject (3.S) • in a verb • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to phrase, the subject is the agent in the verb • other do it; it wonʼt happen subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject • repetitive imperfective | (1s.S) s/he does it (regularly) • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject • potential decessive | (1p.S) s/he would have done it • conditional | if/when s/he does it • i- | you [subject] → second person singular subject (2s.S) +i verb modes • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he subject (2p.S) does it • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) • perfective (+) | s/he did it • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person • potential (+) | s/he might do it pluralizer (3pl) • potential (–) | s/he might not do it • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it human subject (4h.S) ∅ group • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) → reciprocal subject (recip.S) • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) ∅- ² (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (–d,∅,–i) | • da- | (+d,∅,–i) Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and • di- | (+d,∅,+i) optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the s group verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • si- | (–d,∅,+i) change group and become a different verb when • s- | (+d,∅,–i) the activity the verb describes changes, and • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), sh group • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes ∅- ⁓ a- (object pronoun) her/him [object]; him/her • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, [object] | third person object (3.O) • in a verb and then l group, and then the rare sh group phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write –i verb modes • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does all single letter object pronouns as part of the it verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open not do it object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is process of doing it «∅-» but will change to «a-» if the subject is also • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker • imperative | do it! in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE)

3 ∅ – a Tlingit to English

• x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object • daak | seaward; out into open; falling from sky (1s.O) • ḵux̱ ⁓ ḵux̱dé [+d] | reverting; returning • haa | us [object] → first person plural object • N-xʼ ḵux̱ [+d] | reverting to N; returning to N (1p.O) motion confined to a location • i- | you [object] → second person singular • N-xʼ | coming near N object (2s.O) • N-ÿa | coming up to N • yee | you all [object] → second person plural • N + gunaÿa- | separating from N object (2p.O) • N + jishá- | getting ahead of N • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) • gági | emerging; coming out into open • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person • dáagi | coming out of water pluralizer (3pl) • héeni | going into water • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person • g̱unayéi ⁓ g̱unéi | beginning proximal object (3prx.O) • N-x̱ | moving in place at N; while stuck at N • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person • N-xʼ + ÿax̱ | turning over by N human object (4h.O) • áa + ÿax̱ | turning over • at | something [object] → fourth person • shú + ÿax̱ | turning over end by end nonhuman object (4n.O) • ÿetx̱ | starting, taking off, picking up • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (part.O) oscillating motion • yoo | moving back and forth; to and fro • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) • ÿan + yoo | moving up and down ( from • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → surface) reciprocal object (recip.O) | these hanging ∅ conjugation motion preverbs • N-x̱ sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up at N preverbs create motion verbs using the ∅ • ÿax̱ + sha-ÿa-oo | hanging up conjugation prefix revertive motion motion towards a terminus • a-ÿa-oo [+d] | reverting, turning back • N-{t,x̱,de) | arriving at N; coming to N • kei + a-ÿa-oo [+d] | escape, flee, run away • neil(t) ⁓ neilx̱ ⁓ neildé | moving inside; coming home oblique unbounded motion • N-xʼ + neil(t) | moving inside house at N • N-x̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, • haat ⁓ haax̱ ⁓ haa(n)dé | coming to our vicinity circuitously along N • yóo-{t,x̱,de} | going away; going off somewhere • N + daa-x̱ | circling around N • kux ⁓ kuxx̱ ⁓ kúxde | moving aground; into • N-dé + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, shallow water circuitously toward N • ÿan ⁓ ÿax̱ ⁓ ÿánde | moving ashore; to rest; • hé-dé | moving over that way, aside, out of the completing way • N-xʼ + ÿan | coming to rest at N • N-dáx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, • N-náx̱ + ÿan | moving across N; to the other circuitously away from N side of N • N + jikaa-dáx̱ | getting out of Nʼs way • ÿan + kʼi- | setting up; erecting • N-náx̱ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, • ÿan + sha- | setting up; leaning against circuitously along, through N • N-xʼ + ÿa-oo ⁓ ÿaa | moving obliquely, motion toward area circuitously at N • kei | moving up • N + daséi-xʼ | exchanging places with N • ux̱ + kei | moving out of control, blindly, amiss • woosh + kaanáx̱ [+d] | gathering together, • N-x̱ʼé-xʼ + kei | catching up with N assembling • yei | disembark, exit boat or other vehicle • yeiḵ ⁓ yeeḵ | moving down to shore • héeni + yeiḵ | moving down into water a • daaḵ | moving up from shore; back from open • dáag̱i + daaḵ | moving farther up from shore a ¹ (possessive pronoun) its | third person nonhuman • ḵwáaḵx̱ + daaḵ | moving by mistake, wrongly possessive (3N.P) • used to show a relationship

4 Tlingit to English a

between things, including ownership («haa aaní» • du | her/his → third person human singular – “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» possessive (3Hs.P) – “her/his father”), the link to a relational base • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to me”), and conjugation of possessive (3p.P) certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (3N.P) (JC, KE) • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive possessive (3prx.P) (1s.P) • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person • haa | our → first person plural possessive obviate possessive (3obv.P) (1p.P) • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human • i | your → second person singular possessive possessive (4h.P) (2s.P) • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman • yee | you allʼs → second person plural possessive (4n.P) possessive (2p.P) • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive • du | her/his → third person human singular (part.P) possessive (3Hs.P) • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural (rflx.P) possessive (3p.P) • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive possessive (recip.P) (3N.P) a- (subject pronoun) someone [subject in a motion • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal verb, appears as an object pronoun] | fourth possessive (3prx.P) person human subject (4h.S) • in a verb phrase, • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person the subject is the agent in the verb • used to obviate possessive (3obv.P) indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human and best translated as “someone” • as a subject possessive (4h.P) in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman «yoo duwasáakw» (it is called), «hít wududliyéx̱» possessive (4n.P) (a house was built), and «adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa» (dance • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive paddle) • will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all (part.P) non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive theme or mode • will appear as «a-» in the (rflx.P) object position for motion verbs • other subject • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) possessive (recip.P) • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject a ² (possessive pronoun) that other galʼs/guyʼs | third (1s.S) person obviate possessive (3obv.P) • used to • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject show a relationship between things, including (1p.S) ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship • i- | you [subject] → second person singular term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), subject (2s.S) the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du subject (2p.S) toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive pluralizer (3pl) (1s.P) • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person • haa | our → first person plural possessive human subject (4h.S) (1p.P) • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] • i | your → second person singular possessive → reciprocal subject (recip.S) (2s.P) a- ⁓ ∅- (object pronoun) her/him [object]; him/her • yee | you allʼs → second person plural [object] | third person object (3.O) • in a verb possessive (2p.P) phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is

5 a Tlingit to English

not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write a ít aa (compound noun) the next one; the all single letter object pronouns as part of the following one | “the one(s) following it” | a + ít verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter + aa → its-(4n.P) + following + one(s)-(part.i) as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open • (KE) object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause (postpositional pronoun) that other gal/ contraction in the verb prefix • the default form is a ee- ⁓ a- guy: (to) that other gal/guy | third person «∅-» but will change to «a-» if the subject is also obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • used in certain third person [∅-] and there is no ergative marker verbs where something is going towards the in the verb phrase • other object pronouns are object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of listed below | (JC, KE) pronoun that combines three things: possessive • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • (1s.O) other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, • haa | us [object] → first person plural object KE) (1p.O) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular • i- | you [object] → second person singular postpositional (1s.PP) object (2s.O) • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • yee | you all [object] → second person plural postpositional (1p.PP) object (2p.O) • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) postpositional (2s.PP) • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural pluralizer (3pl) postpositional (2p.PP) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person proximal object (3prx.O) human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third human object (4h.O) person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • at | something [object] → fourth person • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman nonhuman object (4n.O) postpositional (3p.PP) • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person (part.O) proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) reciprocal object (recip.O) • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → a dákx̱u (compound noun) food: steamed food | fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) a + √dákw-x̱-u → its-(3n.p) + √cooked-in-pit. • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person [repetitive].[relational] • (JL) nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive a daax̱ yaa dulsheech át (compound noun) banister; railing | “thing people go along postpositional (part.PP) touching around it” | a + daa-x̱ + yaa + du-l- • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional √shee-ch + át → its-(4n.P) + around/about. (rflx.PP) along/repeatedly + along + someone-(4h.S). • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal cl-(–d,l,–i).√touch.[repetitive] + thing-(4n.i) postpositional (recip.PP) • (KE) a ee- ⁓ aan (postpositional pronoun) it: (to) it | third person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used a déinde aa (compound noun) rest of it | “the ones in its vicinity” | a + déin-de + aa → its-(3N.P) + in certain verbs where something is going towards vicinity.towards + one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) the object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of pronoun that combines three things: a géit yaa nasgít (verbal noun) shenanigans | possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational “violating it (law or custom)” | a + géi-t + yaa suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below + na-s-√gít → its-(3n.P) + against/opposing. | (JC, KE) at-(arrived) + along + (progressive).cl-(+d,s,– • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular i).√acts-so • (SE) postpositional (1s.PP) • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural

6 Tlingit to English a

postpositional (1p.PP) a kát sh kadultsex̱t át (compound noun) bicycle • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular | “thing a person kicks themselves around on” | postpositional (2s.PP) a + ká-t + sh + ka-du-l-√tsex̱-t + át → its-(3n.P) • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural + on.at-(arrived) + [reflexive] + hsf.someone- postpositional (2p.PP) (4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√kick.[repetitive] + thing- • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person (4n.i) • (KE) human singular postpositional (3s.PP) (compound noun) • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third a káxʼ yóok duwahéigi át stirrer; stirring stick | a + ká-xʼ + yóo-k + du- person plural postpositional (3p.PP) ÿa-√háa-k-i + át → its-(3n.P) + on.at-(residing) • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman + along.[repetitive] + someone-(4h.S).cl- postpositional (3p.PP) (–d,∅,+i).√move-(small parts).[repetitive]. • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person [relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (EM) proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third a káx̱ sh kawdujiléedi át (compound noun) person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) slide (at a park) | “thing on which people slide • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → themselves” | (JM) • a + ka-x̱ + sh + du-ji-√léet-i fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) + át → something-(4n.P) + on.at-(repeatedly) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person + rflx + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,sh,+i).√slide. nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) [relational] + thing-(4n.i) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive a káa dul.usʼku át (compound noun) washboard postpositional (part.PP) | “thing on which things are washed” | a + ká + • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át → its-(3n.P) + on + someone- (rflx.PP) (4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√wash.[repetitive].[relational] • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kát dul.usʼku át • postpositional (recip.PP) a káa ḵududziteeyi yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound a jáḵwti (verbal noun) beat up old thing | a + noun) law; words one lives by | “words a person √jáḵw-t-i → its-(3n.p) + √beat-up.[repetitive]. lives on” | a + ká + ḵu-du-dzi-√tee-yi + yoo + [relational] • (JL) x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → its-(3n.P) + on + areal.someone- a kachóox (compound noun) dough shaped with (4h.S).cl-(+d,s,+i).√be.[relational] + along + hands; clay shaped with hands; something mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√communicate.[repetitive] shaped by hands and clay-like or dough-like | • (KE) “its thing shaped by hand” | a + ka-∅-√chóox → a siyeiḵ (compound noun) • variants: a sayeiḵ (T) • its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rub/massage • (JL) day: the next day | usually with a «-xʼ» relational a kagaadí (compound noun) rafter | a + ka-∅- suffix | (JL) √gaat-í → its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rafter. a tayeex̱ nasyéḵ (compound noun) • variants: [relational] • (JL) a tayeex̱ nasyíḵ • underline | “marking a kagúḵxʼu (noun) • variants: góoḵ • eggs: dried underneath it” | a + tayee-x̱ + na-s-√yéḵ → its- salmon eggs | usually dried in stomach or (4n.p) + underneath-repeatedly/along + na-md. gunnysack strung in tree | a + ka-∅-√gúḵ-xʼ-u → cl-(–d,s,–i).√mark • (FS) its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry-salmon-eggs. a tuḵ akoogaanjí (compound noun) firefly | “its [repetitive].[relational] • (JL) butt is always lit” | a + tuḵ + a-ka-ÿu-∅-ÿa- a kaxóowu (compound noun) rick: big rock used as √gaan-ch-í → its-(4n.P) + butt/bottom + her/ a weight | “its rock on it for weight” | a + ka-∅- him/it-(3.O).hsf.[perfective].s/he-(3.S).cl-(– √xóow-u → its-(3n.p) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√weigh- d,∅,+i).√burn/light.[repeatedly].[relational] down-with-rocks.[relational] • (JL) a tóo at dultʼixʼx̱i át (compound noun) freezer a kát sh is.éex̱ át (compound noun) crockpot; | “thing that freezes something inside of it” | a cooker: slow cooker | a + ká-t + sh + i-s-√.ée-x̱ + + tóo + at + du-l-√tʼixʼ-x̱-i + át → its-(4n.P) + át → its-(4n.p) + on.at-(arrived) + self-(rflx.O) inside + something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl- + [peg vowel].cl-(+d,s,–i).√cook.[repetitive] + (+d,l,–i).√freeze/harden.[repetitive].[relational] thing-(4n.i) • (JL) + thing-(4n.i) • (JL)

7 a Tlingit to English a tóo yoo kawdzigít (compound noun) experience [a-theme].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√paddle (something a person has been through) | “s/ ag̱anáa (interjection) oh no! | often used to express he fell through it” | a + tóo + yoo + ka-ÿu-dzi-√gít grief or regret; sometimes used for pretend grief → its-(3n.p) + inside + too/fro + hsf.pfv.cl- | (KE) (+d,s,+i).√fall/occur • (GD, MD) akoolx̱éitlʼ (verbal noun) fear | a-ka-ÿu-l-√x̱éitlʼ → a tóonáx̱ kadusʼíḵsʼ át (compound noun) straw a-theme.hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,l,–i).√afraid • (JL) (for drinking) | “thing that somone draws through it by sucking” | a + tóo-náx̱ + ka-du-∅- aldaawáa (noun) checkers; games played using √sʼíḵ-sʼ + át → its-(4n.P) + inside.through + hsf. string in the hands | (KE) someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√draw-out-(by alḵáa (verbal noun) • variants: at ilḵáa • stick suction).[repetitive] + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • gambling; gambling; bingo; game of chance | variants: kaxéesʼ • a-l-ḵáa → [a-theme].cl-(+d,l,–i).√gamble-(with a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át (compound noun) sticks) • (KE) phone; telephone | “thing through which alʼeix̱ (verbal noun) dance | a-∅-√lʼeix̱ → someone talks” | a + tú-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-du-l-√. [a-theme]cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dance • (KE) át-k-i + át → its(3n.P) + inside.through + (verbal noun) hunt | a-∅-√lʼóon → along + mouth.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,– alʼóon [a-theme].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√hunt • (KE) i).√communicate.[repetitive].[relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (RD) alʼóoni (verbal noun) hunter | a-∅-√lʼóon-i → [a-theme].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√hunt.[relational] • (KE) a x̱oo aa (compound noun) some of them | “the one(s) among it” | a + x̱oo + aa → its-(4n.P) + anahoo (noun) rutabaga; turnip | (KE) among + one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) anax̱ ⑴ (particle) through it; along it | áa-náx̱ a yáx̱ (particle) like: itʼs like that | often appears → it.through/along • (KE) || ⑵ (preverb) | for with «áwé» as in «a yáx̱ áwé!» (thatʼs what itʼs motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion like!) verb (unbounded) ach kooshx̱ʼílʼaa yeit (compound noun) sled (for Ana.óot (borrowed noun) • variants: Giyakw, recreational sledding) | “the one(s) beneath to Guteix̱ʼ • Aleut | from Sugpiaq aluʼuut: people/ slide with” | áa-ch + ka-ÿu-sh-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa + yee-át community | (JC, KE) → something-(4n.i).erg-(inst) + hsf.[perfective]. Anáaski (borrowed noun) • variants: Anásgi cl-(+d,sh,–i).√slip/slide.the-one(s)-(part.i) + • Alaska | from Unangan Alaxsxi-x: object beneath.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) to which the action of the sea is directed | adawóotl (verbal noun) war; trouble; rush; hurry Bergsland, Knut (ed.) (1994). Aleut Dictionary: | “s/he troubled/warred” | (KE) • a-∅-da-√wóotl Unangam Tunudgusii. Alaska Native Language → her/him/it-(3.O).s/he-(3.S).cl-(+d,∅,– Center • (KE) i).√agitated/trouble/war Anóoshi (borrowed noun) Russian | (KE) adátxʼi (compound noun) children | “somethingʼs Anóoshi aaní (compound noun) Russia | “Russian children” | this could be translated as land” | Anóoshi + aan-í → Russian + land- “somethingʼs children” but always refers (occupied).[relational] • (KE) to human children | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i → [somethingʼs-(4n.P) + child.pos] • variants: Anóoshi héeni (compound noun) vodka | “Russian atyátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (C) • water” | Anóoshi + héen-i → Russian + water/ river.[possessive] adátxʼi daat yawustaag̱i ḵáa (compound noun) guardian at liedem | “protects & serves the asg̱eiwú (verbal noun) seiner; fisher: seine fisher; children” | adátxʼi + daat + ya-ÿu-s-√taaḵ-i + ḵáa seine boat; boat: seine boat | a-s-√g̱eiwú → → children + about + vsf.pfv.cl-(+d,s,–i)√care- [a-theme].cl-(+d,s,–i).√web/seine • (KE) for.[relational] + person-(4h.i) • (GD, MD) asḵuḵgu náakw (compound noun) medicine: cough medicine | “coughing medicine” | the adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa (compound noun) dance paddle | a-du-∅-√lʼeix̱ + a-∅-√x̱áa → [a-theme]. verb root for cough has been documented as someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dance + √ḵooḵ and √kooḵ, and is presented here as √ḵooḵ

8 Tlingit to English a

| a-s-√ḵúḵ-kw-u + náakw → a-theme.cl-(+d,s,– • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → i).√cough.[repeatedly].[relational] + medicine reciprocal independent (recip.i) (JL, NS) • (JL) ash ² (possessive pronoun) this galʼs/guyʼs | third astʼeix̱í (verbal noun) fisher (troller) | “fishes with person proximal possessive (3prx.P) • used to a hook” | a-s-√tʼeix̱-í → [a-theme].cl-(+d,s,– show a relationship between things, including i).√fish-(with hook).[relational] • (KE) ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), asxʼaan sháachʼi (compound noun) bird: green bird (sparrow or finch); sparrow: green bird the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next (sparrow or finch); finch: green bird (sparrow or to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du finch) | “green plant on the tip of the tree branch” toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • “proximate | aas-xʼaan + sháachʼ-i → tree.tip-(of branch) third person represents the topic of discourse, + green-plant-that-grows-on-trees.[relational] the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or • (KE, JL) the person ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other possessive pronouns asxʼeit (verbal noun) • variants: asxʼeet (At,T) • are listed below | (JC, KE) hunting | (JL) • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive ash ¹ (independent pronoun) this guy/gal | third (1s.P) person proximal independent (3prx.i) • haa | our → first person plural possessive • independent pronouns are not linked to (1p.P) anything grammatically, and are most often • i | your → second person singular possessive used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and (2s.P) «uháan áyá» (it is us) • “proximate third person • yee | you allʼs → second person plural represents the topic of discourse, the person possessive (2p.P) nearest the speaker’s point of view, or the person • du | her/his → third person human singular ealier spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield possessive (3Hs.P) 1962: 38) • other independent pronouns are listed • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural below | (JC, KE) possessive (3p.P) • x̱át | me → first person singular independent • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive (1s.i) (3N.P) • uháan | us → first person plural independent • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal (1p.i) possessive (3prx.P) • wa.é | you → second person singular • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person independent (2s.i) obviate possessive (3obv.P) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human independent (2p.i) possessive (4h.P) • hú | s/he → third person human singular • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman independent (3Hs.i) possessive (4n.P) • hás | them → third person plural independent • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive (3p.i) (part.P) • á | it → third person nonhuman independent • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (3N.i) (rflx.P) • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal independent (3prx.i) possessive (recip.P) • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate ash ³ (object pronoun) this gal/guy [object] | third independent (3obv.i) person proximal object (3prx.O) • in a verb • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and independent (4h.i) is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to • át | something → fourth person nonhuman write all single letter object pronouns as part of independent (4n.i) the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one • aa | one, some → partitive independent letter as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» (part.i) • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) cause contraction in the verb prefix • “proximate

9 a Tlingit to English

third person represents the topic of discourse, • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third the person nearest the speaker’s point of view, or person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) the person ealier spoken of and already known.” • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → (Bloomfield 1962: 38) • other object pronouns are fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) listed below | (JC, KE) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) (1s.O) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive • haa | us [object] → first person plural object postpositional (part.PP) (1p.O) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional • i- | you [object] → second person singular (rflx.PP) object (2s.O) • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal • yee | you all [object] → second person plural postpositional (recip.PP) object (2p.O) ash kadulyát yé (compound noun) playground • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) | “the place people play” | a-sh + ka-du-l-√yát • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person + yé → it-[inst] + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,– pluralizer (3pl) i).√child + place/way • (SE) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person proximal object (3prx.O) at ¹ (object pronoun) something [object] | fourth • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person person nonhuman object (4n.O) • in a verb human object (4h.O) phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and is • at | something [object] → fourth person not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write nonhuman object (4n.O) all single letter object pronouns as part of the • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object verb prefix and all pronouns more than one letter (part.O) as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → contraction in the verb prefix • used to indicate reciprocal object (recip.O) that an unspecified thing is the pronoun, and is best translated as “something” • as an object can ash ee- (postpositional pronoun) this gal/guy: signal the unidentified as in «at x̱waa.áx̱» (i hear (to) this gal/guy | third person proximal something), or can create special meanings as an postpositional (3prx.PP) • used in certain verbs object verbs, such as: «adaná» (s/he is drinking it) where something is going towards the object and «at daná» (s/he is drinking alcohol) • other (literally or figuratively) • a special type of object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) pronoun that combines three things: possessive • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • (1s.O) other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, • haa | us [object] → first person plural object KE) (1p.O) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular • i- | you [object] → second person singular postpositional (1s.PP) object (2s.O) • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • yee | you all [object] → second person plural postpositional (1p.PP) object (2p.O) • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) postpositional (2s.PP) • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural pluralizer (3pl) postpositional (2p.PP) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person proximal object (3prx.O) human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third human object (4h.O) person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • at | something [object] → fourth person • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman nonhuman object (4n.O) postpositional (3p.PP) • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person (part.O) proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O)

10 Tlingit to English a

• woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → FS) reciprocal object (recip.O) at danáayi (verbal noun) drunk ¹; drunkard at ² (possessive pronoun) somethingʼs | fourth | “drinking something” | at + da-√náa-yi person nonhuman possessive (4n.P) • used to → something-(4n.O) + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√drink. show a relationship between things, including [relational] • (KE) ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship at dáli (verbal noun) weight: a certain measure term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), of weight; pound (weight unit) | at + ∅-√dál-i the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√be-heavy. to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du [relational] • (JL) toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) at daayí (compound noun) birch | “somethingʼs • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive bark” | at + daayí → somethingʼs-(4n.P) + bark (1s.P) • (KE) • haa | our → first person plural possessive at daayí ḵákw (compound noun) basket: birch bark (1p.P) basket | “somethingʼs bark basket” | at + daayí • i | your → second person singular possessive + ḵákw → somethingʼs-(4n.P) + bark + basket (2s.P) • (KE) • yee | you allʼs → second person plural (compound noun) frame (of house, possessive (2p.P) at daa.ideidí boat, etc) | “thing of somethingʼs body” | at • du | her/his → third person human singular + daa.-it-át-í → somethingʼs-(4n.p) + body/ possessive (3Hs.P) around.remnant.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural possessive (3p.P) at dultʼéexʼ (verbal noun) cast (to help set a • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive broken bone) | at + du-l-√tʼéexʼ → something- (3N.P) (4n.O) + someone-(4n.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√frozen/ • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal hard • (JL) possessive (3prx.P) at duxáshgu (verbal noun) tongue: cut tongues for • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person an íx̱tʼ | “cut from something” | in order to gain obviate possessive (3obv.P) spiritual power, an íx̱tʼ would fast regularly, and if • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human it were meant to be an animal would present itself possessive (4h.P) and then die in front of the fasting íx̱tʼ, who would • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman then cut the tongue and keep it in a pouch, thus possessive (4n.P) gaining spiritual power by having that animal as • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive a «yeik» (spirit helper) | (JL) (part.P) • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive at gutu.ádi (compound noun) animal in the woods; (rflx.P) animal that walks on land | “thing of the woods”; • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal “thing of the wilderness” | at + gú-tú-át-i → possessive (recip.P) somethingʼs-(4n.P) + base.inside.thing-(4n.i). [relational] at ashoowatán (verbal noun) mean something; signify something; denote something; simile at gutú (compound noun) woods; bush; brush; | “to compare one’s words to things” | (NR, NS) underbrush; wilderness | “inside the base of • at + a-shu-ÿu-ÿa-√tán → something-(4n.O) + something” | (KE) • at + gú-tú → somethingʼs- [a-theme].end.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√tán (4n.P) + base.inside • variants: at gatú (T), et getú (C) • at áatʼláni (compound noun) • variants: átʼláni • food: cold food; drink: cold drink; seafood: raw at ee- (postpositional pronoun) something: seafood | at + √áatʼ-láni → something-(4n.O) + (to) something | fourth person nonhuman √cold.[??] • (JL) postpositional (4n.PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object at chʼéx̱ʼdi (verbal noun) cursor (on computer) (literally or figuratively) • a special type of | “points at something” | at + ∅-√chʼéx̱ʼ-t-i → pronoun that combines three things: possessive something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√point • (HC,

11 a Tlingit to English

pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rock • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, (KE) KE) at kax̱útʼti (verbal noun) wood chips (from adzing) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular | at + ka-∅-√x̱útʼ-t-i → something-(4n.O) + hsf. postpositional (1s.PP) cl-(–d,∅,–i).√chop/chip.[repetitive].[relational] • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • (JL) postpositional (1p.PP) • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular at ka.áax̱u (verbal noun) wrappings (for a present postpositional (2s.PP) or something bundled and tied) | at + ka-∅-√. • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural áax̱w-u → something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– postpositional (2p.PP) i).√bundle/wrap.[relational] • (JL) • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person at káx̱ adéli (verbal noun) guard; watchman | human singular postpositional (3s.PP) “protects something” | at + ká-x̱ + a-∅-√dél-i • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third → somethingʼs-(4n.P) + on.at-(repeatedly) + person plural postpositional (3p.PP) [a-theme].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√protect.[relational] • • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman (KE) postpositional (3p.PP) (verbal noun) dried thing, esp. food • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person at kaawaxúkw | “something was dried” | at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√xúkw → proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) something-(4n.O) + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√dry • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) at kaayí (verbal noun) cord (of wood) | “something • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → measured” | at + √kaay-í → something-(4n.O) + fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) √measure.[relational] • (KE) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person at kuna.áaḵw (compound noun) | at kuna.áag̱u nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) plan; directions; commandment; suggestion | at • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive + ka-u-na-∅-√.áaḵw → something-(4h.O) + hsf. postpositional (part.PP) irr.na-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√command • (JL) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP) at kookeidí (compound noun) parable | “a thing • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal that is measured against something” | at + ka-ÿu- postpositional (recip.PP) ∅-√kaay-át-i → something-(4n.O) + compare. pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√measure.something-(4n.i). at éewu (verbal noun) food: cooked food [relational] • (NR, JL, KE) | “something cooked” | at + ∅-√.ée(w)-u → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cook. at kʼé (verbal noun) thing: good thing | at + ∅-√kʼé [relational] • (JL) → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√good • (JL) at kachʼáakʼu (verbal noun) carver | “carves at layeix̱ sʼaatí (compound noun) carpenter something” | at + ka-∅-√chʼáakʼw-u → | “master builder” | at + la-√yeix̱ + sʼaatí → something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√carve- something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,l,–i).√make/use + design/incise.[relational] • (KE) boss/master • (KE) at kahéeni (compound noun) juice | at + ka-héen-i at la.át (verbal noun) baggage; luggage; stuff → somethingʼs-(4n.p) + on.water.(possessive) packed up for carrying | áa-t la.√.át ² → there- • (KE) around cl-(–d,l,–i).√carry-(personal belongings) • at la.át ashayalihéin → he has many pieces of at kasayé (verbal noun) strange: something strange baggage (SN) • (KE) | at + ka-sa-√yé → something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl- (–d,s,–i).√strange • (JL) at luxʼaaḵáawu (compound noun) troublemaker | “person at the point of something” | at + lú-xʼaa- at katáxʼaa (verbal noun) pliers | “the one that ḵáa-wu → somethingʼs-(4n.p) + noise/point.tip. something” | at + ka-√táxʼ-aa → something- someone-(4h.i).[relational] • (KE) (4n.O) + hsf.√bite.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • variants: kakatáxʼaa • at natéeyi (verbal noun) hunter | at + na-∅-√tée- yi → something-(4n.O) + na-con.cl-(–d,∅,– at katé (verbal noun) bullet | at + ka-∅-√té → i).√carry-(general/compact)?.[relational] • (JL)

12 Tlingit to English a at sag̱ahaayí (verbal noun) will; wish(es) | something to the landward side” | at + tʼáa-∅-√. “something one wills to do” | at + sa-g̱a-∅-√haa- éexʼ-i → something-(4n.O) + landward-side.cl- yí → something-(4n.O) + voice.g̱a-md.cl-(–d,∅,– (–d,∅,–i).√shout/call-out.[relational] (JL) i).√willing.[relational] • (KE, JL) at tsʼíkʼwti (verbal noun) muscles of a shell at sax̱án (verbal noun) love (of things); love (of creature; pincher | “pinches something” | at + everything) | at + sa-√x̱án → something-(4n.O) ∅-√tsʼíkʼw-t-i → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,– + cl-(–d,s,–i).√love • (KE) i).√pinch-[repetitive].[relational] • (JL) at sʼaan.ax̱w dzáas (compound noun) spear which at uhéini (verbal noun) property that has been binds rope around seal | “thonging that wraps claimed | at + wu-∅-√héin-i → something- up limbs” | this spear was invented by a small (4n.O) + pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√claim.[relational] beaver in Basket Bay | at + sʼaan-∅-√.áx̱w + • (JL) dzáas → something-(4n.O) + limb.cl-(–d,∅,– at wujaaḵw (verbal noun) accomplishment | i).√tie-up/wrap-up + thonging • (KE) “something that is fitting” | at + wu-∅-√jaaḵw → at sʼéilʼi (compound noun) rags (for cleaning or something-(4n.O) + pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√fitting wiping) | “something torn” at wulyáaḵw (verbal noun) simile; comparison | at shax̱ishdi dzáas (compound noun) spear at + wu-la-√yáaḵw → something-(4n.O) + pfv.cl- for clubbing | “clubbing something on the (–d,l,–i).√compare/represent-as • (JL) head laces” | at + sha-∅-√x̱ish-t-i + dzáas at wulyú (compound noun) speech: public → something + head.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√club. speaking; public speaking | “something declared [repeatedly].[relational] + babiche/thonging publicly” | (NR, HC, DK) • at + ÿu-l-√yú → • (KE) something-(4h.O) + pfv.cl-(+d,l,–i).√declare/ at shí (verbal noun) singing; song; music | at speak-publicly-(?) • variants: ḵaankageetxʼ yoo + ∅-√shí → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,– x̱ʼawditaaní • i).√sing • (KE) at wuskóowu (verbal noun) elder; knowledgeable at shí ḵóok (compound noun) radio; phonograph; person | “knows something” | at + ÿu-s-√kóo-wu stereo; music box; ipod; music device | “song → something-(4n.O) + [perfective].cl-(+d,s,– box” | at + ∅-√shí + ḵóok → something-(4n.O) + i).√know.[relational] cl-(–d,∅-–i).√sing + box • (KE) at wooskú daakahídi (compound noun) school at shéexʼi (verbal noun) singers; choir | at + | “house around wisdom” | (KE) • at ÿu-s-√kú + ∅√shée-xʼ-i → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,– daaká-hít-i → something-(4n.O) + [perfective]. i).√sing.[plural].[relational] • (KE) • variants: et cl-(+d,s,–i).√know + around-outside.house. shéexʼi (C) • [relational] • variants: ; áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé, sgóon, shgóon • at shéeyi (verbal noun) singer | at + ∅√shée-yi → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sing. at xáshdi téel (compound noun) moccasins | [relational] • (KE) “something cut up shoe” | (KE) • at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + téel → something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cut/ (verbal noun) laughter | at + ∅-shooḵ → at shooḵ saw.[repetitive].[relational] + shoe • variants: something-(4n.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√laugh/smile keish téel (Y) • • (KE) (compound noun) blanket sewn (compound noun) gunpowder | “burns at xáshdi xʼóow at tugáni from scraps of hide | “something cut up blanket” something inside” | at + tu-∅-√gán-i → | at + ∅-√xásh-t-i + xʼóow → something-(4n.O) + something + inside.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light. cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cut/saw.[repetitive].[relational] + [relational] • (KE) blanket • (KE) (compound noun) buckshot; at tux̱ʼwánsʼi (compound noun) fish camp; camp moccasin lining | “something rotted to powder” | at xʼaan aaní for drying fish | “something dried by smoke land” at + tu-∅-√x̱ʼwán-sʼ-i → something + inside.cl-(– | at + ∅-√xʼaan + aan-i → something-(4n.O) d,∅,–i).√rot-to-powder.[repetitive].[relational] + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + land- • (KE) (inhabited).[relational] • (CG) at tʼaa.éexʼi (verbal noun) town crier | “yells

13 a Tlingit to English at xʼaan hídi (compound noun) smokehouse atyátxʼi (compound noun) children | “somethingʼs | “something dried by smoke house” | at + children” | this could be translated as ∅-√xʼaan + híd-i → something-(4n.O) + cl- “somethingʼs children” but always refers to (–d,∅,–i).√dry-by-smoking-(fish) + house. human children. there has been debate about [relational] • (KE) • variants: et xʼaan hídi (C), whether one «atyátxʼi» is human and «adátxʼi» sʼeiḵ hídi (T), sʼeiḵ daakahídi, sʼeiḵ daakéedi is nonhuman but the consensus is that both (C) • were used for human children only | at + yát-xʼ-i → [somethingʼs-(4n.P) + child.pos] • (KE) • at x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ • question | at + x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ → something- variants: adátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), edétxʼi (4n.O) + mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√ask • (JL) (C) • (compound noun) babysitter | at x̱ʼéidi (compound noun) arrowhead; tip of atyátxʼi latíni harpoon or spear | “somethingʼs mouth thing” | “watches children” | (KE) • at + yát-xʼ-i + la- at + √x̱áa-át-i → somethingʼs-(4n.p) + mouth/ √tín-i → somethingʼs-(4h.P) + child.[plural]. opening.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) [possessive] + cl-(–d,l,–i).√see.[relational] (verbal noun) possession: sacred clan- at x̱ʼéeshi (compound noun) fish: dryfish | thinly at.óow cut and dried fish • possibly from a neighboring owned item | “something bought” | used to Na-Dene Northern Athabascan language | (KE) denote something that is owned by a clan and • variants: at duwax̱ʼéeshi • cannot be claimed by an individual • things that can be at.óow are names, houses, stories, songs, at yawusḵá (verbal noun) promise | “something land, the image of animals and the supernatural, told” | at + ya-ÿu-sa-√ḵá → something-(4n.O) + and objects made with the images of those things vsf.pfv.cl-(–d,s,–i).√say/tell • (JL) • at.óow may be jointly claimed by multiple clans, at yátxʼi daa yoo at kooneik ḵáa (compound but use of at.óow that is not claimed by your clan noun) advocate: court appointed special is inappropriate unless proper permissions have advocate | “doing on behalf of children” | at been given • the children, grandchildren, and yátxʼi + daa + yoo + at + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√nei-k + ḵáa → close relatives of clans would often be dressed in children + around/about + to/fro + something- some of the most valuable at.óow of a clan that (4n.O) + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√do/work-on. recognizes the relationship publicly | at-∅-√.óow repetitive + person-(4h.i) • (GD, MD) → something-(4n.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√buy atkʼátskʼu (compound noun) child: adolescent | at- atskanée! (interjection) • variants: atsganée • scary! kʼátskʼu → its-(4n.P).adolescent/small • (KE) | (KE) atxaayí (compound noun) centipede | (KE) awliwás (verbal noun) dryfish, hard | “roasted atx̱a át (compound noun) moth | “thing that eats dry fish” | a-ÿu-∅-li-√wás → her/him/it-(3.O). something” | at-∅-√x̱a + át → something- [perfective].s/he-(3.S).cl-(–d,l,+i).√roast/scorch- (4n.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL) (by fire) • (KE) • variants: naa.át ax̱a át • ax̱ (possessive pronoun) my | first person singular atx̱á (verbal noun) food; meal | “thing eaten” | át- possessive pronoun (1s.P) • used to show √x̱á → thing.√eat • (KE) a relationship between things, including ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship atx̱á daakahídi (compound noun) restaurant; term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), tavern | “building around food” | atx̱á + daaka- the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next hít-i → food + around-outside.house.[relational] to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du • (KE) toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive atx̱á jishagóon (compound noun) utensil: kitchen pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) utensil; kitchen utensil | “food tool” | atx̱á + • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive ji-shagóon → food + hand.components/parts (1s.P) • (KE) • haa | our → first person plural possessive (1p.P) (verbal noun) snacks | “little atx̱aaxʼí sáani • i | your → second person singular possessive things eaten” | át-√x̱á-xʼ-i + sáani → thing.√eat. (2s.P) [plural].[peg vowel].[diminutive] • (FW)

14 Tlingit to English a – á

• yee | you allʼs → second person plural person plural postpositional (3p.PP) possessive (2p.P) • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman • du | her/his → third person human singular postpositional (3p.PP) possessive (3Hs.P) • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) possessive (3p.P) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) (3N.P) • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) possessive (3prx.P) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) obviate possessive (3obv.P) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human postpositional (part.PP) possessive (4h.P) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman (rflx.PP) possessive (4n.P) • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive postpositional (recip.PP) (part.P) ax̱áa (verbal noun) paddle | “paddler” | a-∅-√x̱áa ² • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive → a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√paddle/row • (KE) (rflx.P) • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal ayaheeyáa (compound noun) curlew | (KE) possessive (recip.P) ayáx̱ (particle) correct; thatʼs how | often appears ax̱ adée (interjection) my precious! | term of with «áwé» as in «ayáx̱ áwé!» (thatʼs how it is!) endearment used for children or for members of the opposite clan. used often when a child is in need of comfort, or in public when flirting with á clan opposites | (DK) á ¹ (particle) | [ focus particle] | this particle puts ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼé (kinship term) my wonderful focus on the previous word or phrase. • it is often grandchild!; grandchild: my wonderful heard when giving someone a name, and the grandchild! | term of endearment used when name is said and repeated while “killing money;” speaking lovingly to a grandchild | dachx̱án-√kʼé the name is said followed immediately by «á!» → grandchild.√good/fine • (DK) á ² (independent pronoun) ⑴ it | third person ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan (postpositional pronoun) me: (to) nonhuman independent (3N.i) • independent me | first person singular postpositional (1s. pronouns are not linked to anything PP) • used in certain verbs where something is grammatically, and are most often used in going towards the object (literally or figuratively) phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan • a special type of pronoun that combines three áyá» (it is us) • common suffix combinations are things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are affect tone and vowel length | (JC, KE) listed below | (JC, KE) • ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular • aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it postpositional (1s.PP) • aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural time] postpositional (1p.PP) • aadé [áa-dé] | towards it • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular • aan [áa-n] | with it postpositional (2s.PP) • anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural • át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it postpositional (2p.PP) • áwu [áa-wu] | located at it • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person • áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it || ⑵ • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third | other independent pronouns are listed below

15 á Tlingit to English

• x̱át | me → first person singular independent • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal (1s.i) independent (3prx.i) • uháan | us → first person plural independent • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate (1p.i) independent (3obv.i) • wa.é | you → second person singular • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human independent (2s.i) independent (4h.i) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural • át | something → fourth person nonhuman independent (2p.i) independent (4n.i) • hú | s/he → third person human singular • aa | one, some → partitive independent independent (3Hs.i) (part.i) • hás | them → third person plural independent • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) (3p.i) • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → • á | it → third person nonhuman independent reciprocal independent (recip.i) (3N.i) á ⁴ (noun) | common suffix combinations are listed • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal below. take note of the ways that suffixes affect independent (3prx.i) tone and vowel length • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it independent (3obv.i) • aag̱áa [áa-g̱áa] | after it; following it • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human • aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that independent (4h.i) time] • át | something → fourth person nonhuman • aadé [áa-dé] | towards it independent (4n.i) • aan [áa-n] | with it • aa | one, some → partitive independent • anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it (part.i) • át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • áwu [áa-wu] | located at it • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → • áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it reciprocal independent (recip.i) • áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it ³ (independent pronoun) that other gal/guy á ách ¹ (particle) because of it | áa-ch → it-because | third person obviate independent (3obv.i) • • (KE) independent pronouns are not linked to anything grammatically, and are most often used in ách ² (particle) with it; using it | áa-ch → it.with- phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan (instrumental) • (JC) áyá» (it is us) • other independent pronouns are ách at dusx̱a át (compound noun) fork | “thing a listed below • “proximate third person represents person eats with” | (KE) • áa-ch + at + du-s-√x̱a the topic of discourse, the person nearest the + át → one(s)-(part.i).erg-(inst) + something- speaker’s point of view, or the person ealier (4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,–i).√eat + spoken of and already known.” (Bloomfield 1962: thing-(4n.i) • variants: aan at dusx̱a át • 38) | (JC, KE) (particle) | [interrogative: marks yes/no • x̱át | me → first person singular independent ágé questions] | this particle is used to turn any (1s.i) statement into a yes or no question • the • uháan | us → first person plural independent placement of the particle is often determined by (1p.i) grammar, but at times is determined by what • wa.é | you → second person singular part of the phrase is being questioned | (KE) • independent (2s.i) variants: gé • • yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i) áhé (particle) this here is | á-hé → [focus-particle]. • hú | s/he → third person human singular this • (KE) independent (3Hs.i) ákyá (particle) is it this right here? | á-gé-yá → • hás | them → third person plural independent [focus-particle].[yes/no question].right-here (3p.i) • (KE) • á | it → third person nonhuman independent (3N.i) ákyú (particle) is it that way over there? | á-gé-yú

16 Tlingit to English á

→ [focus-particle].[yes/no question].way-over- reciprocal independent (recip.i) there • (KE) át ² (preverb) arriving there | for motion verbs, ák.hé (particle) is it this here? | á-gé-hé → [focus- creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a particle].[yes/no question].here • (KE) terminus) | áa-t → there.at-(arriving) • (JC) ák.wé (particle) is it that there? | á-gé-wé → át ³ (preverb) moving around there | for motion [focus-particle].[yes/no question].there • (KE) verbs, creates a na-conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | áa-t → there.at-(moving around) ánkʼw (noun) • variants: énkw (C) • brat; person who cries easily | (KE) • (JC) (verbal noun) director; planner; át ¹ (independent pronoun) something | fourth át ḵukawu.aag̱ú person nonhuman independent (4n.i) commander | “orders people around”; “directs • independent pronouns are not linked to people” | (KE) • variants: át at kawu.aag̱ú, ét et anything grammatically, and are most often kawu.aag̱ú (C), ét ḵukawu.aag̱ú (C) • used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and át wududziḵúx̱u át (borrowed noun) car; «uháan áyá» (it is us) • used to indicate that an automobile | “thing that people drive around” | unspecified thing is the pronoun. Like the fourth (KE) • áa-t + ÿu-du-dzi-√ḵúx̱-u + át → there.at- person human pronoun this one is often used as (arrived) + pfv.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,+i).√go- a placeholder in nouns and verbs. It alters a lot (by boat or car).relational + thing-(4n.i) • of words when used in a variety of forms. Keep an variants: káa • eye out for it as you build vocabulary, and you will át yana.á (verbal noun) fish migration; migration: see it is one of the most powerful words in Tlingit. fish migration | áa-t + ya-na-∅-√.á → there. For example: at.óow (sacred clan-owned item), at at-(arrived) + vsf.na-con.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√inspect/ daná (s/he is drinking alcohol), and Daḵlʼaweidí peer • (JL) [daḵ-lʼéiw-at~di] (Thing of the Inland Sand Bar – name of an Eagle-Killer Whale Clan). • other átkʼ aheen (verbal noun) faith; belief; trust | “s/ independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) he believes it” | át-kʼ + a-∅-√heen → it-(4n.i). • x̱át | me → first person singular independent [locative] + [a-theme].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√believe • (1s.i) (KE) • uháan | us → first person plural independent átkʼ aheení (verbal noun) believer | át-kʼ + a-∅- (1p.i) √heen → it-(4n.i).[locative] + [a-theme].cl- • wa.é | you → second person singular (–d,∅,–i).√believe.[relational] • (KE) independent (2s.i) (compound noun) thing: important • yeewháan | you all → second person plural átx̱ sateeyí át thing; important: thereʼs something important independent (2p.i) in it | “it is really something” | át-x̱ sa-√tee-yí + • hú | s/he → third person human singular át → thing-(4n.i).[locative] + cl-(–d,s,–i).√be. independent (3Hs.i) [relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (GB) • hás | them → third person plural independent (3p.i) átʼiweit (compound noun) pot: cooking pot | • á | it → third person nonhuman independent “cooking thing” | at-.√ée(w)-u-át → something- (3N.i) (4n.O).√cook.[relational].thing-(4n.i) • (JL) • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal átʼláni (compound noun) slime (inside clamshell) | independent (3prx.i) “raw seafood”; “cold food or drink” | √.áatʼ-láni → • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate √cold.[?] • (JL) independent (3obv.i) • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human áwé (particle) that there is | this particle is used independent (4h.i) often in Tlingit oratory and conversation to signal • át | something → fourth person nonhuman a pause or that the speaker intends to speak or independent (4n.i) continue speaking | á-wé → [focus-particle].that • aa | one, some → partitive independent áwu (particle) at: located at it | áa-wu → it.located- (part.i) at • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) (particle) at: residing at it; at: located at it | áa- • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → áxʼ

17 á – aa Tlingit to English

xʼ → there.at-(residing or at rest) independent (2p.i) • hú | s/he → third person human singular áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé; sgóon; shgóon; at independent (3Hs.i) (compound noun) school wooskú daakahídi • hás | them → third person plural independent | “place where people are taught there” | (KE) (3p.i) • áa-x + ḵaa + ée + at + du-l-√tóow + yé → there. • á | it → third person nonhuman independent at-(residing) + someoneʼs-(4h.P) + [empty base] (3N.i) + something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,– • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal i).√teach + place independent (3prx.i) áx̱ ⑴ (particle) at: moving around at it; at: • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate repeatedly arriving at | áa-x̱ → there.at-(moving independent (3obv.i) around or arriving repeatedly) || ⑵ (preverb) • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation independent (4h.i) motion verb (unbounded) • át | something → fourth person nonhuman áx̱ sh kalgan sʼeenáa (compound noun) light: independent (4n.i) electric light | aa-x̱ + sh + ka-l-√gan + sʼeenáa • aa | one, some → partitive independent → there.at-(repetitive) + self-(rflx.O) + hsf.cl- (part.i) (+d,l,–i).√burn/light + light • (JL) • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → áyá (particle) this right here is | á-yá → [focus- reciprocal independent (recip.i) particle].this-right-here aa ² (possessive pronoun) oneʼs; someʼs | partitive áyú (particle) that way over there is | á-yá → possessive (part.P) • used to show a relationship [focus-particle].that-way-over-here between things, including ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), the link to a relational base aa («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) aa ¹ (independent pronoun) one of; some of | partitive independent (part.i) • independent pronouns • other possessive pronouns are listed below | are not linked to anything grammatically, and (JC, KE) are most often used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive (here i am) and «uháan áyá» (it is us) • used to (1s.P) refer to parts of a group or set, and can cover a • haa | our → first person plural possessive wide range of meanings. In some cases, it can (1p.P) mean some general object, as in aadóo aayí sáyá? • i | your → second person singular possessive (whose thing is this?). In other cases, it can refer (2s.P) to a separated groups of things, as in daaḵw. • yee | you allʼs → second person plural aa sá? (which one of a group?). It often means possessive (2p.P) the one or ones that perform a verb, and is used • du | her/his → third person human singular to create words in Tlingit. There are many of possessive (3Hs.P) these, and you will see more as you study. Here • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural are some examples: lítaa (knife; literally “the one possessive (3p.P) that slides”), x̱út’aa (adze; literally “the one that • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive chips out wood”), and ḵutlʼídaa (shovel; literally (3N.P) “the one that throws away a space”). • other • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) possessive (3prx.P) • x̱át | me → first person singular independent • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person (1s.i) obviate possessive (3obv.P) • uháan | us → first person plural independent • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human (1p.i) possessive (4h.P) • wa.é | you → second person singular • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman independent (2s.i) possessive (4n.P) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive

18 Tlingit to English aa

(part.P) sitting with her/him) | (KE) • Mary chʼa neilt • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive áa → Mary is sitting at home (SN) (rflx.P) • prohibitive: líl ee.aayíḵ! | donʼt be sitting! • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal • imperfective (+): .áa | s/he sits; s/he is sitting possessive (recip.P) • imperfective (–): tlél u.aa | s/he doesnʼt sit; s/he isnʼt sitting aa- (object pronoun) one [object]; some [object] | partitive object (part.O) • in a verb phrase, N-t tu-x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ sit (for singular the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject to be seated) | for (singlular) S to be subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all seated on her/his butthole | this phrase is often single letter object pronouns as part of the verb humorous in Tlingit, referring to “really sitting prefix and all pronouns more than one letter upright” | Tsu te ayu kaayag̱ ijeitx̱ awliyex̱ a as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open kaa ayu tux̱ʼada.aa. → He was also using a object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause rock for a chair, heʼs sitting his butthole on contraction in the verb prefix • other object it. (CW) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – transitive) • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object seated (to have live creature seated there) (1s.O) | for S to have O (live creature) seated at N • haa | us [object] → first person plural object | only occurs in the imperfective • could be (1p.O) used to indicate that one has a child or animal • i- | you [object] → second person singular seated, but would generally not be used to object (2s.O) refer to an adult | (KE) • dóosh ḵóok yíkt as.áa • yee | you all [object] → second person plural → he sat the cat in the box (and it was very object (2p.O) docile and remained there) (SN) • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) • imperfective (+): át as.áa | s/he has her/him • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person seated there pluralizer (3pl) • imperfective (–): tlél át oos.áa | s/he doesnʼt • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person have her/him seated there proximal object (3prx.O) • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person N-t + l-√.áa ¹ (* positional verb – impersonal) human object (4h.O) situated there (of a building) | for a building • at | something [object] → fourth person to be situated at N | only occurs in the nonhuman object (4n.O) imperfective | (KE) • hit tlein át la.aayín; kei • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object oowagán ḵu.aa → there used to be a large (part.O) house there, but it burned down (SN) • ax̱ • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) hídi ANB Hall tuwánt la.áa → my house is • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → next to the ANB Hall (SN) reciprocal object (recip.O) • imperfective (+): át la.áa | itʼs situated there • imperfective (–): tlél át ul.aa | itʼs not √aa ¹ (verb root) | classification: singular sit; situated there situated | plural form: √ḵee ¹ √aa ² (verb root) inspect; examine; kiss; consider; S-∅-√.aa ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) think over; come to senses sit (for singular subject to be seated) | for (singlular) S to be seated | only occurs in N + daa + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² (na act verb – subject the imperfective • a noun phrase with (-t) intransitive) examine; inspect; judge; assess | postposition is used to indicate where one is for S to examine, inspect, look into N; for S to sitting, but this noun phrase is not required by judge, assess N | (KE) • haa daa yagax̱dus. the verb, for example: «.áa» (s/he is sitting) or áa → weʼre going to be examined / weʼre «át .áa» (s/he is sitting there) • the plural verb going to get a checkup (SN) • haat áyá x̱at stem is used when indicating that one person kawduwaḵáa yee ḵusteeyí a daa yanḵas.aa → is sitting with another, even though the subject they sent me here to look into your way of is singular, for example: «du een ḵéen» (s/he is life (to judge whether it is good or not) (SN) sitting with her/him) or «du een x̱aḵéen» (i am • imperative: a daa yanees.á! | examine it!

19 aa Tlingit to English

• prohibitive: líl a daa yees.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt • perfective (–): tlél kawu.aa | it didnʼt grow; examine it! it didnʼt flow • imperfective (+): a daa yas.éix̱ | s/he is • future (+): kei kakg̱wa.áa | it will grow; it examining it will flow • imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoos.éix̱ | s/he • future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt grow; isnʼt examining it it wonʼt flow • perfective (+): a daa yawdzi.aa | s/he yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – examined it impersonal) quake: earthquake; earthquake | • perfective (–): tlél a daa yawus.aa | s/he for the earth to quake | (SN) didnʼt examine it • progressive imperfective: yóo aan yoo kaya. • future (+): a daa yakg̱was.áa | s/he will éik | the earth is quaking (right now) examine it • perfective (+): yóo aan kaawa.áa | the earth • future (–): tlél a daa yakg̱was.aa | s/he wonʼt quaked examine it ka-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal) grow (of N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² (∅ motion verb – plant) | for a plant to grow | classification: subject intransitive) kiss | for S to kiss N | (KE) plant | In classical Tlingit, this verb meant • du sée x̱ʼéide yawdzi.áa → she kissed her specifically for a plant with a long stalk to grow daughter (SN) (the length of the plant indicated by the s- • imperative: ax̱ x̱ʼéit yees.á! | kiss me! classifier), however this meaning has been lost • prohibitive: líl ax̱ x̱ʼéix̱ yees.aayéeḵ! | donʼt for most current speakers, and now just means kiss me! for a plant in general to grow. | (KE) • perfective (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawdzi.áa | s/he • imperfective (+): kasa.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs kissed me growing • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéit yawus.á | s/he • imperfective (–): tlél koos.éix̱ | it doesnʼt didnʼt kiss me grow; itʼs not growing • future (+): ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.áa | s/he will • progressive imperfective: kei kanas.éin | itʼs kiss me growing • future (–): tlél ax̱ x̱ʼéide yakg̱was.aa | s/he • perfective (+): kawsi.aa | it grew wonʼt kiss me • perfective (–): tlél kawus.aa | it didnʼt grow √aa ³ (verb root) | classification: plant, water grow; • future (+): kagux̱sa.áa | it will grow pour forth (of water) • future (–): tlél kagux̱sa.aa | it wonʼt grow

ka-∅-√.aa ³ (na act verb – impersonal) ⑴ grow O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive) (of plant) | for a plant to grow | classification: ⑴ grow it (plant) | for S to cause O (plant) plant, water | (KE) • táakw eeteedé yaa to grow | classification: plant, water | (KE) • ḵunahéin: kayaaní kei kana.éin → springtime séew ḵa g̱agaan kagaaních áwé kei kanas.éin is coming; the leaves are coming out/the → the rain and sunshine are making them plants are growing (SN) • daa sá i táayi gèixʼ (plants) grow (SN) • i shax̱aawú kei kasa.á! → ka.éix̱? → what is growing in your garden? let your hair grow (implying it has been cut

(SN) || ⑵ flow, pour forth (of water) | for short before)! (SN) || ⑵ turn it on (hose) | a stream of water to flow, pour forth | gílʼ for S to turn on O (hose), cause O to flow | héen yaadáx̱ héen diyéet kaawa.áa → a small tʼáa kát akawsi.áa → he turned the hose on waterfall is flowing over the cliffand hitting a the floor (caused the water to pour out over certain place down below the floor) (SN) • imperfective (+): ka.éix̱ | it grows; itʼs • imperative: kanas.á! | grow it! growing; it flows; itʼs flowing • prohibitive: líl keesa.éix̱iḵ! | donʼt grow it! • imperfective (–): tlél koo.éix̱ | it doesnʼt • imperfective (+): aksa.éix̱ | s/he grows it; s/ grow; itʼs not growing; it doesnʼt flow; it isnʼt heʼs growing it flowing • imperfective (–): tlél akoos.éix̱ | s/he isnʼt • progressive imperfective: yaa kana.éin | itʼs growing it; s/he doesnʼt grow it growing; itʼs flowing • perfective (+): akawsi.aa | s/he grew it • perfective (+): kaawa.aa | it grew; it flowed • perfective (–): tlél akawus.aa | s/he didnʼt

20 Tlingit to English aa

grow it • future (+): aadé yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run • future (+): akagux̱sa.áa | s/he will grow it there • future (–): tlél akagux̱sa.aa | s/he wonʼt • future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱wa.aa | the fish grow it wonʼt run there ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ (na event verb – impersonal) aa ee- (postpositional pronoun) one: (to) one; some: daylight; daybreak; dawn | for it to become (to) some | partitive postpositional (part.PP) • daylight, dawn | (KE) used in certain verbs where something is going • progressive imperfective: yaa ḵeina.éin | itʼs towards the object (literally or figuratively) • a getting to be daylight special type of pronoun that combines three • perfective (+): ḵeiwa.aa | itʼs daylight things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and • perfective (–): tlél ḵeiwu.aa | itʼs not relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are daylight listed below | (JC, KE) • future (+): ḵeikg̱wa.áa | it will be daylight • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular • future (–): tlél ḵeikg̱wa.aa | it wonʼt be postpositional (1s.PP) daylight • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural postpositional (1p.PP) O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ (na event verb – transitive) celebrate; set apart (a day) | for S to celebrate • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular O, set apart O (a particular day) | (KE) postpositional (2s.PP) • imperative: ḵeinas.á! | celebrate it! • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural • prohibitive: líl yoo ḵeesa.éigiḵ! | donʼt postpositional (2p.PP) celebrate it! • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person • progressive imperfective: yaa aḵeinas.éin | human singular postpositional (3s.PP) s/he is celebrating it • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third • perfective (+): aḵeiwsi.aa | s/he celebrated it person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • perfective (–): tlél aḵeiwus.aa | s/he didnʼt • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman celebrate it postpositional (3p.PP) • future (+): aḵeigux̱sa.áa | s/he will celebrate • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person it proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • future (–): tlél aḵeigux̱sa.aa | s/he wonʼt • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third celebrate it person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → √aa ⁴ (verb root) migrate (of fish) fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) {na motion preverb} + ya-∅-√.aa ⁴ (na • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person motion verb – impersonal) run (of fish); migrate nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) (of fish) | for fish to run, migrate • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive • progressive imperfective: yaa yana.éin | the postpositional (part.PP) fish are running • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional • perfective (+): yaawa.aa | the fish are (rflx.PP) running; the fish ran • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal • perfective (–): tlél yawu.aa | the fish arenʼt postpositional (recip.PP) running; the fish didnʼt run aaa (particle) yes | it is unclear whether the form • future (+): yakg̱wa.áa | the fish will run used is dialect or personal preference; some • future (–): tlél yakg̱wa.aa | the fish wonʼt run forms may be influenced by the English “uh-huh” • {∅ motion preverb} + ya-∅-√.aa ⁴ (∅ motion variants: aáa, áaa, aaá • verb – impersonal) | for fish to run aadáx̱ ⑴ (particle) from it; after it (that time) • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa yana.éin | áa-dáx̱ → it.from • (KE) • variants: aax̱ • || | the fish are running there ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na- • perfective (+): át yaawa.áa | the fish ran conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | (JC) || there ⑶ | for carrying motion verbs, refers to lifting an • perfective (–): tlél át yawu.á | the fish didnʼt object off of something, creating a ga-conjugation run there motion verb (upwards)

21 aa Tlingit to English aadé (preverb) ⑴ towards it | this particle has S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – object intransitive) special functions when used as a preverb that is weave basket or mat | weave basket or mat not denoting direction for a motion verb; it can (using tree roots or bark) direct one verb concept to another, or change • imperfective (+): da.áak | s/he is weaving the function of the verb in combination with (with tree roots or bark) other preverbs, suffixes, and postverbs, as in the • perfective (+): da.ák | s/he wove (with tree examples below | áa-dé → it-towards • aadé roots or bark) awux̱aayi yé → the way s/he ate it • tlél aadé √aak ² (verb root) | classification: fire fire: build ag̱waax̱aayi yé → thereʼs no way s/he can eat it fire • x̱wasikóo aadé awux̱á → i know s/he ate it || (∅ event verb – ⑵ | for motion verbs, creates a na-conjugation shóo-t⁓ + a-S-d+∅-√.aak ² motion verb (unbounded) | aadé woogoot → s/he subject intransitive) fire: build a fire | for S walked towards it • (JC) to build a fire (using wood) | classification: wood, fire | (KE) • a tóot ax̱waa.ák → I fixed aadé kdulxesʼ yé (verbal noun) garbage dump; the fire in it (SN) • dei át ágé awduwa.ák? → dump: garbage dump | “place where people have they already made a fire? (SN) dump” | aa-dé + ka-du-l-√xáa-sʼ + yé → there. • imperative: shóot eeda.ák! | build a fire! towards + hsf.someone.cl-(+d,l,–i).√dump/pour. • prohibitive: líl shóox̱ eeda.aagíḵ! | donʼt [in series] + place • (JL) build a fire! aadé [verb]-i yé (particle) | “the way the verb • perfective (+): shóot awdi.ák | s/he built a happened”; “how the verb happened” fire • perfective (–): tlél shóot awda.aak | s/he aadóo sá (question particle) who | when asking who is the subject of a verb, the ergative «-ch» didnʼt build a fire often attaches to create «aadóoch» • determiners • future (+): shóode agux̱da.áak | s/he will may be added to «sá» as in «aadóo sáyá» build a fire (who is this?), «aadóo sáwé?» (who is that?) • • future (–): tlél shóode agux̱da.aak | s/he question particles combine most commonly to wonʼt build a fire form questions, but can also be used to create aakʼé– (adjective) good; well | prenominal statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át adjective: appears immediately before the noun wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, it modifies | aa-√kʼé → one(s)-(part.O).√good/ whatever went around there) (David Kadashan fine • (JC) 6) | aadóo sá du jeewú? → who has it? • aadóoch (verb root) attempt; try sá aawax̱áa? → who at it? • (JC,KE) • variants: √aaḵw ¹ aa sá • ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – subject intransitive) try; attempt | for S to try, attempt (conjunction) following it; and then | (KE) aag̱áa | kax̱waa.aaḵw ee yái ax̱walg̱eeni → i tried to aag̱áa [verb]-i yé (particle) | “the time the verb look at your face (that is, to get a response happened”; “when the verb happened” from you) (SN) • imperative: kana.aaḵw! | try! (interjection) yes (emphatic agreement) | (JL) aahá • perfective (+): kaawa.aaḵw | s/he tried, √aak ¹ (verb root) | classification: tree bark or attempted roots weave basket or mat • perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | s/he didnʼt O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) weave try basket or mat | weave basket or mat (using • perfective (–): tlél kawu.aaḵw | s/he didnʼt tree roots or bark) | teey woodee a.áak g̱áach try sákw → sheʼs weaving yellow cedar bark for • future (+): kakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he will try a mat (SN) • ḵákw wuduwa.ák → baskets are • future (–): tlél kakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he wonʼt try woven (SN) O-ka-u-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – object • imperfective (+): a.áak | s/he is weaving it (a intransitive) test; try out | for S to try out, test O basket or mat, using tree roots or bark) | note that in classical tlingit, this verb had a • perfective (+): aawa.ák | s/he wove it (a thematic prefix (u-) which seems to be falling basket or mat, using tree roots or bark) out of modern day speech, especially in the

22 Tlingit to English aa

imperative form for this verb. this is indicated • imperative: át kana.aaḵw! | give her/him in the theme as (u)-. alternate forms given orders! here show one form with the thematic (u)- and • prohibitive: líl át kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give one without, both of which are acceptable in her/him orders! modern speech | chʼa akaawa.aaḵw áwé, wáa • perfective (+): át akaawa.aaḵw | s/he gave sá yakwg̱aḵaayí → he tested him to see what her/him orders he would say (SN) • ḵukaawa.aaḵw → he • perfective (–): tlél át akawu.aaḵw | s/he tried out the people (SN) • akoo.aaḵw wé yéi didnʼt give her/him orders jiné → heʼs giving the job a try (JL) • (KE) • future (+): át akakg̱wa.áaḵw | s/he will give • imperative: kana.aaḵw! / kuna.aaḵw! | try it! her/him orders • prohibitive: líl kee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt try it! • future (–): tlél át akakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he wonʼt • imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | s/he is trying give her/him orders it yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-.aaḵw ² (∅ motion verb • imperfective (–): tlél akoo.aaḵw | s/he isnʼt – transitive) decide about it; plan it | for S trying it to make a decision about O; for S to finish • progressive imperfective: yaa akuna.áḵw | planning O | (KE) s/he is starting to try it • imperative: yan ka.áḵw (dé)! | make a • perfective (+): akaawa.aaḵw | s/he tried it decision (now)! • perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | s/he didnʼt • prohibitive: líl yan kayi.aag̱úḵ (tsá)! | donʼt try it make a decision (yet)! • future (+): akakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he will try it • progressive imperfective: yánde yaa kana. • future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he wonʼt áḵw | s/he is making a decision try it • perfective (+): yan akaawa.áḵw | s/he made O-x̱ʼa-ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ (na act verb – a decision transitive) speak: give the opportunity to • perfective (–): tlél yan akaawa.aaḵw | s/he speak; speak: give directions on what to say; didnʼt make a decision direct: give directions on what to say | for S to • future (+): yánde akakg̱wa.áaḵw | s/he will give O an opportunity to speak; for S to give O make a decision directions as to what to say | (KE) • future (–): tlél yánde akakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he • imperative: x̱ʼakuna.aaḵw! / x̱ʼakana.aaḵw | wonʼt make a decision give her/him an opportunity to speak! O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (∅ act verb – transitive) • prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼakee.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give plan | for S to plan O | (GD, LA, KE) • has her/him an opportunity to speak! du ḵu.éexʼi has akaawa.áḵw. → they have all • imperfective (+): ax̱ʼakoo.aaḵw | s/he is the plans set for their party (JL) • ldakát yan giving her/him an opportunity to speak akaawa.áḵw → it has been planned out (SN) • • perfective (+): ax̱ʼakaawa.aaḵw | s/he gave yéi kawtuwa.aaḵw → we planned thus (SN) her/him an opportunity to speak • imperative: ka.áḵw! | plan it! • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼakawu.aaḵw | s/he • prohibitive: líl kayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt plan it! didnʼt give her/him an opportunity to speak • imperfective (+): akoo.aaḵw | s/he is • future (+): ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he will give planning it her/him an opportunity to speak • progressive imperfective: yaa akana.áḵw | • future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he wonʼt s/he is starting to plan it give her/him an opportunity to speak • perfective (+): akaawa.áḵw | s/he planned it √aaḵw ² (verb root) plan; order; command; • perfective (–): tlél akawu.aaḵw | s/he didnʼt instruct plan it • future (+): akakgwa.áaḵw | s/he will plan it át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb – ̱ • future (–): tlél akakgwa.aaḵw | s/he wonʼt transitive) orders: give her/him orders; ̱ command her/him; instruct her/him | for plan it S to give orders to, command, instruct O | át át + O-ji-ka-u-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² (na act verb – akaawa.aaḵw wé yéi jiné → heʼs directing/ transitive) order; instruct | for S to give O supervising the job (JL) • (KE) orders, instructions (esp. concerning work)

23 aa Tlingit to English

| (KE) postpositional (2s.PP) • imperative: át jikuna.aaḵw! | give her/him • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural things to do! postpositional (2p.PP) • prohibitive: líl át jikayi.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt give • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person her/him things to do! human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • imperfective (+): át ajikoo.aaḵw | s/he is • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third giving her/him things to do; s/he gives her/ person plural postpositional (3p.PP) him things to do • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman • progressive imperfective: át yaa ajikuna. postpositional (3p.PP) áḵw | s/he is starting to give her/him things • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person to do proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • perfective (+): át ajikaawa.aaḵw | s/he gave • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third her/him things to do person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • perfective (–): tlél át ajikawu.aaḵw | s/he • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → didnʼt give her/him things to do fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) • future (+): át ajikakg̱wa.áaḵw | s/he will give • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person her/him things to do nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • future (–): tlél át ajikakg̱wa.aaḵw | s/he • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive wonʼt give her/him things to do postpositional (part.PP) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional át + sh + ji-ka-S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² (na event verb (rflx.PP) – subject intransitive) make self do something | for S to make oneself do something | (KE) • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal • imperative: át sh jikanida.aaḵw! | make postpositional (recip.PP) yourself do it! √aan ¹ (verb root) sit quietly; meditate; observe • prohibitive: líl át sh jikayida.aag̱úḵ! | donʼt while seated make yourself do it! a-S-∅-√.aan ˀ ¹ (? act verb – subject intransitive) • perfective (+): át sh jikawdi.aaḵw | s/he sit quietly; meditate; observe weather (while made herself/himself do it sitting quietly) | for S to sit quietly (esp. while • perfective (–): tlél át sh jikawda.aaḵw | s/he watching signs of the weather at sundown); didnʼt make herself/himself do it for S to meditate (esp. while watching signs of • future (+): át sh jikagux̱da.áaḵw | s/he will the weather at sundown); for S to observe the make herself/himself do it weather while sitting quietly | classification: • future (–): tlél át sh jikagux̱da.aaḵw | s/he weather | gáant oodu.ánjeen → they used to wonʼt make herself/himself do it sit outside, quietly watching the clouds (SN) aan ¹ (noun) land ¹; town; village; settlement | • x̱ʼawool dzeit kán a.án → heʼs sitting quietly inhabited or owned land | (KE) on the steps of his porch meditating (SN) • imperfective (+): a.án | heʼs sitting quietly aan ² (postpositional pronoun) with it | with it | postpositional pronoun: a + een ⁓ aan • (KE) and meditating (verb root) kind; gentle; pleasant; good aan ⁓ a ee- (postpositional pronoun) it: (to) it | third √aan ² person nonhuman postpositional (3p.PP) • used looking in certain verbs where something is going towards O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) the object (literally or figuratively) • a special kind; gentle | for O to be kind; for O to be type of pronoun that combines three things: gentle | (KE) possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational • imperative: itukla.aan! | be kind! suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below • imperfective (+): tuli.aan | s/he is kind | (JC, KE) • imperfective (–): tlél tool.aan | s/he isnʼt • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular kind postpositional (1s.PP) • future (+): kei tugux̱la.aan | s/he will be kind • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • future (–): tlél kei tugux̱la.aan | s/he wonʼt postpositional (1p.PP) be kind • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular

24 Tlingit to English aa

O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object aan at dusx̱a át (compound noun) fork | “thing intransitive) | classification: inanimate a person eats with” | (KE) • a-ee-n + at + du- attractive; good-looking | for O to be s-√x̱a + át → its-(4n.P).[empty base].with + attractive, good-looking | (KE) something-(4n.O) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,– • imperfective (+): kasi.aan | it is good- i).√eat + thing-(4n.i) • variants: ách at dusx̱a át • looking aan galaḵú (verbal noun) flood | “flooded land” | • imperfective (–): tlél koos.aan | it isnʼt good- (KE) • from verb: aan + O-l-√ḵoo⁓ (ga state): for looking O to flood, be flooded • variants: aan galḵú • • progressive imperfective: kei kanas.aan | it is starting to become good-looking aan kaduskʼíx̱ʼti át (compound noun) | (A), aan • perfective (+): kawsi.aan | it became good- duskʼíx̱ʼti át (T) crochet hook | “thing a person looking hooks/gaffs with” | a-een + ka-du-s-√kʼíx̱ʼ-t-i + • perfective (–): tlél kawus.aan | it didnʼt át → it.with + hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,s,– become good-looking i).√hook/gaff.[repetitive].[relational] + thing- • future (+): kei kagux̱sa.aan | it will be good- (4n.i) • (JL) looking aan kadusʼíxʼw át (compound noun) glue | “thing • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱sa.aan | it wonʼt be something is glued with” | → a-ee-n + ka-du- good-looking √sʼíxʼw + át its-(4n.P].[empty base].with + hsf. O-ya-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² (ga state verb – object someone.√adhere-to + thing • (SE) intransitive) attractive; good-looking; pleasant- aan kwéiyi (compound noun) flag | “land marker” faced | for O to be attractive, good-looking, | (KE) • aan + √kwéi-yi → land-(inhabited) + pleasant-faced | classification: animate | √mark.[relational] yakwsi.aan aadé yeeliyex̱i ye → the way youʼve (compound noun) flagpole | made it (totem pole), it has a pleasant face aan kwéiyi tugáasʼi “housepost in the flag” | (KE) • aan + √kwéi-yi + (SN) • xíxchʼ tleil yakoos.aan → a frog isnʼt tu-gáasʼ-i → land + √mark.[relational] + inside. pleasant-faced; it is kind of ugly (SN) • (KE) housepost.[relational] • imperfective (+): yaksi.aan | s/he is good- looking aan sʼaatí (compound noun) mayor | “master of the • imperfective (–): tlél yakoos.aan | s/he isnʼt land” | aan + sʼaatí → land + master • (KE) good-looking aan x̱ʼayee (compound noun) town: in a town, on • progressive imperfective: kei yakanas.aan | the streets of a town | “beneath the mouth of s/he is starting to become good-looking town” | (KE) • aan + x̱ʼa-yee → land + mouth/ • perfective (+): yakawsi.aan | s/he became opening.beneath good-looking • perfective (–): tlél yakawus.aan | s/he didnʼt aan yaduxasʼ át (verbal noun) razor | “thing a become good-looking person shaves with” | (KE) • a-ee-n + ya-du-∅- • future (+): kei yakagux̱sa.aan | s/he will be √xasʼ + át → somethingʼs-(4n.P).[empty base]. good-looking with + vsf.someone-(4h.S).[classifier].√scrape + • future (–): tlél kei yakagux̱sa.aan | s/he thing • variants: aan yatxasʼ át • wonʼt be good-looking aan yátxʼi sáani (compound noun) high class people; aristocrats | “little children of the land” | (verb root) village: make village √aan ³ term of respect, often said to the people of a land N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˀ ³ (? act verb – subject where the speaker is visiting as a guest | (KE) intransitive) settle; village: make village | for • aan + yát-xʼi + sáani → [land + child.plr.pos + S to make village at N; for S to settle at N little (used in plural diminutive)] • variants: aan | áa wutudzi.aan → we settled there/we yátxʼu sáani • made it our village (SN) • Jilḵáatdáx̱ áwé has wuligáasʼ; tlei Aangóonxʼ has wudzi.aan aandaat kanahík (verbal noun) monkey | → they moved from Chilkat and settled in “running around on the land” | (KE) • aan-daat Angoon/made Angoon their village (SN) + ka-na-∅-√hík → land-(inhabited).about + • perfective (+): áa woodzi.aan | s/he settled hsf.ns-cp.[classifier].√run/jump(?) • variants: there; s/he made a village there aandaat kanahígi (T), aandaat kanaheek (At),

25 aa Tlingit to English

aandaat keneheek (C) • • Aanshooká Hít | End of Town House aandaayaagú (compound noun) rowboat | “boat aantḵeení (compound noun) townspeople; crowd around the land” | (KE) • aan-daa-yaakw-u or large group of people | “seated on the land” → land-(inhabited).around.canoe/boat. | (KE) • aan-t + √ḵee-n-i → [land-(inhabited). [relational] at-(arrived) + √seated/situated.(stem-var). [relational]] Aangóon (placename) Angoon | “village isthmus” | aan + góon → land/village + portage/passage- Aanx̱ʼaakhíttaan (clan name) Clan: Dog Salmon across-it/isthmus (KE, TT) • (KE, TT) (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the House in the Middle of the Village”; Origin: Angoon aankadushxit át (verbal noun) camera | “thing a person writes/photos/x-rays with” | a-ee-n | Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog + ka-du-sh-√xit + át → somethingʼs-(4n.P). Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Eagle, Gull | [empty base].with + hsf.someone-(4h.S). aan-x̱ʼaak-hít-taan → land-(inhabited).ravine. [classifier].√write thing-(4n.i) • (KE) house.people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) aankanáagu (compound noun) large-leaved avens | “medicine on the land”; aven: large- Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • Aanx̱ʼaak Hít | Middle of Town House leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum) or possibly • Yanxoon Hít | Logjam House arnica species—Arnica species, especially A. amplexicaulus, A. latifolia, A. gracilis | aanyádi (compound noun) high class person; WARNING: arnica increases body temperature aristocrat | “child of the land” (high ranking when taken internally, externally it acts as an Tlingit people; of good lineage) | (KE) • aan + antiseptic | (KE) • aan + ka-náakw-u → land + yát-i → [land + child.pos] • variants: aanyédi on.medicine.[relational] (C) • aankayéx̱aa (verbal noun) plane for scraping aas (noun) tree | in Sitka, «shéiyi» is often used for wood | “the one to whittle with” | (KE) • a-ee- “tree” | (KE) n-ka-∅-√yéx̱-aa → somethingʼs-(4n.P).[empty aas jiseiyí (compound noun) tree: the shelter of a base].with.hsf.[classifier].√make/construct. tree; shelter: shelter of a tree | “in the shelter of one(s)-(part.i) the treeʼs arms” | aas + ji-seiyí → tree + hand/ Aanḵáawu (compound noun) Deity: God, Lord, arm.shelter/area-below • (KE) • variants: aas Creator; God; Lord; Creator | “person of the land seiyí (At) • above” | a post-contact term from Christianity | Aas Ḵwáani (compound noun) Tree People (KE) • (dikee) + aan-ḵáa-wu → (above) + land- | “People of the Trees” | this term is used (inhabited).person.[relational] • variants: Dikee ceremonially, often when speaking to the spirits Aanḵáawu, Haa Aanḵáawu • of the trees | (KE) • aas + ḵwáan-i → [tree + aanḵáawu (compound noun) person: rich person; people-of.rel] person of wealth; chief; king; rich person; aas yádi (compound noun) tree– sapling | “tree person of wealth; chief; king | “person of the child” | (KE) • aas + yát-i → [tree + child.pos] land” | (KE) • aan + ḵáa-wu → [land + person. rel] aasdaag̱áadli (compound noun) fungus: bracket fungus; conks; tree fungus | “cracker around (compound noun) firecracker(s) aansaganeit the tree” | (KE) • aas + –daa + g̱áatl-i → tree + | “thing that burns with it” | a-een-sa-√gan-i- around + cracker.[relational] át → its-(3n.p).with.cl-(–d,s,–i).√burn/light. [relational].thing-(4n.i) • (JL) aasdaakʼóox̱ʼu (compound noun) tree pitch | “pitch around the tree” | (KE) • aas + –daa + Aanshookahíttaan (clan name) Clan: Brown kʼóox̱ʼ-u → [tree + around + pitch.rel] Bear (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the House on the End of Town”; Origin: Prince of Wales | aasdaaxʼéesʼi (compound noun) tree: tumor in a Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | aan-shú- tree, with branches growing from it; tumor in a ká-hít-taan → land-(inhabited).end.on.house. tree, with branches growing from it | “tangled people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) mound around the tree” | (KE) • aas-daa- √xʼéesʼ-i → tree.around.√tangle.[relational] Heinyaa Ḵwáan

26 Tlingit to English aa aasgutug̱ayḵí (noun) owl without ear tufts | “you same clan | (KE) all sit in the woods!” | a spiritually powerful √aat ¹ (verb root) | classification: plural subject animal that is connected to the «kóoshdaa» walk (plural); go (by walking, plural) | singular (land otter) and is known by multiple names • form: √goot ¹ seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive one to {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject intransitive) walk (plural); go (by suicide • the name «aasgutug̱ayḵí» (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl walking, plural) | for (plural) S to walk, go • some speakers translate this, especially in the (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as “hawk” • the • áxʼ áwé woosh kaanáx̱ kei s da.átch → that name «kóoshdaa yéigi» (land otterʼs spirit helper) is where they assemble (SN) • woosh kaanáx̱ comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, has gux̱da.átch → they are coming together/ assembling for a meeting IC) • aasgutu-g̱a-yi-√ḵí → forest.[g̱a conj-pre]. you-all-(2p.S).√sit-(plural) • variants: kʼákw, • imperative: {∅ preverb} yi.á! | you all go {____}! aasgutuyikhéix̱waa, kóoshdaa yéig̱i • • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | you aasgutuyikhéix̱waa (noun) owl without ear tufts all donʼt go {____}! | “magic in the woods” | a spiritually powerful • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ animal that is connected to the «kóoshdaa» repetitive preverb} yi.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt (land otter) and is known by multiple names • ever go {____}! seeing one can be a sign of something to come, • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa and killing one has been known to drive one to (ha)s na.át | they are going {____} suicide • the name «aasgutug̱ayḵí» (you all sit • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ in the woods!) comes from the call of the owl preverb} (ha)s una.át | theyʼre not going • some speakers translate this, especially in the {____} Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as “hawk” • the • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s uwa.át | name «kóoshdaa yéigi» (land otterʼs spirit helper) they went {____} comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wu.aat IC) • aasgutu-yík-√héix̱waa → forest.[g̱a conj- | they didnʼt go {____} pre].in-(shallow container).magic • variants: • future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | they kʼákw, aasgutug̱ayḵí, kóoshdaa yéig̱i • will go {____} aasgutuyiksháa (compound noun) spider | • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | “women in the woods” | aas-gutú-yík-sháa → they wonʼt go {____} tree.forest.in-(shallow container).women {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion aasgutuyik.ádi (compound noun) spider | “thing verb – subject intransitive) walk (plural); go (by in the woods” | aas-gutú-yík-át-i → tree.forest. walking, plural) | for (plural) S to walk, go (by in-(shallow container).thing-(4n.i).[relational] walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • DRJ • imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.á! | you all go {____} aasgutú (compound noun) forest; wilderness; timbered area | “inside the base of the tree(s)” | • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.aadíḵ! | (KE) • aas + gú-tú → tree + base.inside donʼt you all go {____} • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ aashát (noun) trout: steelhead trout | (KE) repetitive preverb} yida.átjiḵ!! | you all donʼt –aat (kinship term) aunt: –ʼs paternal aunt | in ever go {____}! Tlingit kinship, the term for a paternal aunt is • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb) yaa used for all females of a fatherʼs clan who is in the (ha)s nada.át | they are going {____} same generation as the father. This term can also • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s wudi.át | extend to any women of the opposite moiety who they went {____} are of the fatherʼs generation as an expression • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s wuda. of personal closeness. • can be used to show aat | they didnʼt go {____} personal closeness with a female member of the • future (+): {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.áat | they opposite clan who is not necessarily the fatherʼs will go {____}

27 aa Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has gux̱da.aat | → their town was attacked (and captured) they wonʼt go {____} • (KE) • imperative: ḵaa éet jeeyda.á! | you all attack woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ event someone! verb – subject intransitive) assemble; congregate; • prohibitive: líl ḵaa éex̱ jeeyda.aadíḵ! | donʼt gather together; meet | for (plural) S to you all attack anyone! assemble, congregate, gather together ( for • progressive imperfective: ḵaa éede yaa (ha) meetings) | axʼ áwe woosh kaanáx̱ kei s s jinda.át | theyʼre attacking people da.atch → that is where they assemble (SN) • perfective (+): ḵaa éet has jiwdi.át | they • woosh has gux̱da.atch → they are coming attacked someone together/ assembling for a meeting (SN) • • perfective (–): tlél ḵaa éet has jiwda.aat | (KE) they didnʼt attack anyone • imperative: woosh x̱oot yida.á! | you all • future (+): ḵaa eedé has jigux̱da.áat | they come together! will attack someone • prohibitive: líl woosh x̱oox̱ yida.aadíḵ! | • future (–): tlél ḵaa eedé (ha)s jigux̱da.aat | donʼt you all come together! they wonʼt attack anyone • progressive imperfective: woosh x̱oodé yaa (ha)s nada.át | they are coming together a-ya-u-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject • perfective (+): woosh x̱oot has wudi.át | intransitive) turn back (plural, by walking); go they came together back (plural, by walking) | for (plural) S to • perfective (–): tlél woosh x̱oot has wuda.aat turn back, go back (by walking or as general | they didnʼt come together term) | (KE, JC) • future (+): woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.áat | • imperative: ayeeda.á! | you all turn back! they will come together • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (–): tlél woosh x̱oodé has gux̱da.aat | ayeeda.átx̱iḵ | donʼt you all ever turn back! they wonʼt come together • progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s ayanda. át | they are turning back N + jikaadáx̱ + ya-u-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion • perfective (+): has ayawdi.át | they turned verb – subject intransitive) get out of way | for back (plural) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC) • perfective (–): tlél has ayawda.aat | they • imperative: du jikaadáx̱ yay.á! | you all get didnʼt turn back out of her/his way! • future (+): has ayagux̱da.áat | they will turn • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du back jikaadáx̱ yaa yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all ever get • future (–): tlél has ayagux̱da.aat | they wonʼt out of her/his way! turn back • progressive imperfective: du jikaadáx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át | they are getting out of her/his neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) way let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in • perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawa.át | (plural) O | keitlxʼ neil wududzi.át → they let they got out of her/his way the dogs in (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yawu.aat • imperative: neil has sa.á! | let them in! | they didnʼt get out of her/his way • prohibitive: líl neilx̱ has isa.aadíḵ! | donʼt let • future (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.áat | them in! they will get out of her/his way • perfective (+): neil has awsi.át | s/he let • future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ has yakg̱wa.aat | them in they wonʼt get out of her/his way • perfective (–): tlél neil has awus.aat | s/he didnʼt let them in ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject • future (+): neildé has agux̱sa.áat | s/he will intransitive) attack; assault | for (plural) s to let them in attack, assault, fall upon | to indicate who is • future (–): tlél neildé has agux̱sa.aat | s/he being attacked, use –éet (to –). for example: wonʼt let them in haa éet has jiwdi.át. ʼthey attacked usʼ. it is also acceptable to use this verb without specifying a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ (∅ motion verb who was attacked | has du aanít jiwduwa.at – transitive) appoint; choose | for S to appoint

28 Tlingit to English aa

(plural) O, choose (plural) O for a certain contracts to «gán». learners should be careful position | objects in this verb are always plural, to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning while subject may be singular or plural | a too is “going outside”. daak has wududzi.at → they were appointed yínde + sh + ka-S-l-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – (SN) • (KE) subject intransitive) bend over; lean down | for • imperative: a tóo daak has sa.á! | appoint (plural) s to bend over, lean down | (KE) them! • imperative: yínde sh kanayil.á! | you all • prohibitive: líl a tóo daak has isa.átjiḵ! | bend over! donʼt appoint them! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yínde • perfective (+): a tóo daak has awsi.át | s/he yoo sh kayil.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all bend over! appointed them • progressive imperfective: yínde yaa has sh • perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak has awus.aat | kanal.át | they are bending over slowly s/he didnʼt appoint them • perfective (+): yínde has sh kawdli.aat | • future (+): a tóo daak has agux̱sa.áat | s/he they bent over will appoint them • perfective (–): tlél yínde has sh kawul.aat | • future (–): tlél a tóo daak has agux̱sa.aat | s/ they didnʼt bend over he wonʼt appoint them • future (+): yínde has sh kakg̱wal.áat | they {na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – will bend over subject intransitive) walk (plural); go (plural, by • future (–): tlél yínde has sh kakg̱wal.aat | walking or generally) | for (plural) S to walk, they wonʼt bend over go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, {ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – JC) • i x̱ánde gax̱too.áat → we ʼre coming to subject intransitive) walk (plural); go (plural, by your place (SN) • gáande s woo.aat → they walking) | for (plural) S to walk, go | (KE, JC) went outside (SN) • du een woo.aat → he • aan ká kei átch g̱uwakaan → the deer climb accompanied him/went with him (SN) up to the mountain pastures (in July) (SN) • imperative: {na preverb} nay.á! | you all go • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {ga {____}! preverb} kei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all (ever) go • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yeey.aadíḵ! | {____}! donʼt you all go {____}! • progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na (ha)s na.át | they are going {____} repetitive preverb} yoo yi.átgiḵ! | donʼt you • perfective (+): {ga preverb} has woo.aat | all ever go {____}! they went {____} • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa • perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} has wu.aat | (ha)s na.át | they are going {____} they didnʼt go {____} • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na • future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat | preverb} yaa (ha)s una.át | theyʼre not going they will go {____} {____} • future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei (ha)s gug̱a. • perfective (+): {na preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | aat | they wonʼt go {____} they went {____} • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s wu.aat N-x̱ + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga motion verb – subject | they didnʼt go {____} intransitive) walking along | for (plural) s to • future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.áat | be walking, going (by foot or as general term) they will go {____} along N (basically plural; see √goot ¹ for • future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s gug̱a.aat | singular) | this is an example of a progressive they wonʼt go {____} epiaspectual paradigm (leer, 91), which basically means that all forms are based on the gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (na motion verb – subject progressive aspect. the progressive epiaspect is intransitive) go to the bathroom; bathroom: characterized by: 1)having the yaa preverb in go to the bathroom; pee: go pee; urinate: go all forms, 2)having no perfective form, and 3) urinate; poop: go poop; defecate: go defecate denotes semantically a continuous transition | for (plural) S to go to the bathroom | a from one location or state to another | (KE) euphemism that literally means “go outside” • imperative: áx̱ yaa gay.á! | you all be walking although the indepdendent base «gáan»

29 aa Tlingit to English

along there! • perfective (–): tlél has ashuwu.aat | s/he • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ didnʼt lead them yaa yi.átjiḵ | donʼt you all be walking along • future (+): yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.áat | s/he there! will lead them • progressive imperfective: áx̱ yaa (ha)s na.át • future (–): tlél yaa (ha)s ashukg̱wa.aat | s/he | they are walking along there wonʼt lead them • future (+): áx̱ yaa (ha)s guga.áat | they will ̱ {ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ (g̱a motion verb – be walking along there ̱ subject intransitive) walk (plural); go (plural, • future (–): tlél áx̱ yaa (ha)s gug̱a.aat | they by walking) | for (plural) S to walk, go (by wonʼt be walking along there walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • shaa woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event kaadáx̱ yei has na.át kal.átḵ → theyʼre coming verb – subject intransitive) assemble; congregate; down the mountain without anything (that gather together; meet | for (plural) S to is, having hunted unsuccessfully) (SN) assemble, congregate, gather together ( for • imperative: {g̱a preverb} yaa g̱ay.á! | you all meetings) | axʼ áwe woosh kaanáx̱ kei s go {___} da.atch → that is where they assemble (SN) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {g̱a • woosh has gux̱da.atch → they are coming preverb} yei yi.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____} together/ assembling for a meeting (SN) • • progressive imperfective: {g̱a preverb} yei (KE) (ha)s na.át | they are going {____} • imperative: woosh kaanáx̱ gayda.á! | you all • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {g̱a gather together! preverb} yei (ha)s una.át | theyʼre not going • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {____} woosh kaanáx̱ kei yda.átjiḵ! | donʼt you all • perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} (ha)s woo.aat | gather together! they went {____} • progressive imperfective: woosh kaanáx̱ kei • perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} (ha)s wu.aat (ha)s nada.át | they are beginning to gather | they didnʼt go {____} together • future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei has gug̱a.áat | • perfective (+): woosh kaanáx̱ has wudi.aat | they will go {____} they gathered together • future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei (ha)s gug̱a. • perfective (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ has wuda. aat | they wonʼt go {____} aat | they didnʼt gather together √aat ² (verb root) | classification: baggage and • future (+): woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a.áat personal items carry | they will gather together {∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (∅ motion verb • future (–): tlél woosh kaanáx̱ kei (ha)s gug̱a. aat | they wonʼt gather together – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | a common use yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ (ga event verb – for this verb is N + jee-t⁓ + O-S-l-√.aat⁓ ² (∅ transitive) lead (plural objects, especially by motion), such as «du jeet la.át!» (give them to walking) | for S to lead (plural) O (especially her/him!) | (KE, JC) • yei at gux̱la.áat → heʼs by walking ahead) | classification: plural going to unload/bring stuff up from the boat objects | objects in this verb are always plural, (SN) while subject may be singular or plural | (KE, • imperative: {∅ preverb} la.át! | carry them JC) • wanadóo yaa ashuna.át → he ʼs leading {____}! the sheep (SN) • du yátxʼi át ashoowa.aat → • prohibitive: Líl {∅ preverb} ila.aadíḵ! | she leads her children around (SN) donʼt carry them {____}_! • imperative: yaa (ha)s shuga.á! | lead them! • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awli.át | s/he • prohibitive: líl has shuyi.aadíḵ! | donʼt lead carried them {____} them! • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awul.aat | s/ • progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s ashuna. he didnʼt carry them {____} át | s/he is leading them • future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱la.áat | s/he will • perfective (+): has ashoowa.aat | s/he led carry them {____} them • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱la.aat | s/he

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wonʼt carry them {____} • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keela.aadíḵ! | donʼt carry them {____} {na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² (na motion verb • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawli.át | s/he – transitive) carry; take; give | for S to carry, take plural O (esp. baggage) | (KE, JC) • ḵóok carried them {____} yaakw yíkde gax̱toola.áat → weʼre going to • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawul.aat | load the boxes on the boat (SN) s/he didnʼt {____} • imperative: {na preverb} nal.aat! | carry • future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱la.áat | s/he them {____}! will carry them {____} • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yoo ila.átgiḵ! | • future (–): tlél du jeedé akagux̱la.aat | s/he donʼt carry them {____}! wonʼt carry them {___} • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa aanáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ act verb – anal.át | s/he is carrying them {____} transitive) button up | for S to button up O | i • perfective (+): {na preverb} awli.aat | s/he kʼoodásʼi aanax̱ kala.a! → button up your carried them {____} shirt! (SN) • aanax̱ akawli.at → he buttoned it • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awul.aat | up (SN) • (KE) s/he didnʼt carry them {____} • imperative: aanáx̱ kala.á! | button it up! • future (+): {na preverb} agux̱la.áat | s/he • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aanáx̱ will carry them {____} keela.átx̱iḵ! | donʼt button it up! • future (–): tlél {na preverb} agux̱la.aat | s/ • imperfective (+): aanáx̱ akla.aat | s/he is he wonʼt carry them {____} buttoning it up • imperfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akool.aat | s/he √aat ³ (verb root) | classification: small round or hooplike objects carry isnʼt buttoning it up • perfective (+): aanáx̱ akawli.át | s/he {∅ motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ buttoned it up event verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S • perfective (–): tlél aanáx̱ akawul.aat | s/he to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects) | didnʼt button it up (KE, JC) • kasʼéet nadáakw ká yan akawli.át → • future (+): aanáx̱ akagux̱la.áat | s/he will he put the screws on the table (SN) • guk.ádi button it up du jeet akawli.át → he gave her earrings (SN) • future (–): tlél aanáx̱ akagux̱la.aat | s/he • imperative: {∅ preverb} kala.á! | carry them wonʼt button it up {____}! N-t + ka-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – impersonal) • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} keela.aadíḵ! | lie there | for small, round or hoop-like objects donʼt carry them {____} to lie at N | (KE) • kasʼéet nadáakw kát kala.át • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawli.át | s/he → the screws are (lying) on the table (SN) carried them {____} • imperfective (+): át kala.át | they are lying • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawul.aat | there s/he didnʼt {____} • imperfective (–): tlél át kool.át | theyʼre not • future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱la.áat | s/he lying there will carry them {____} • future (–): tlél du jeedé akagux̱la.aat | s/he N-t + O-ka-S-l-√.át ³ (* positional verb – wonʼt carry them {___} transitive) lying there | for S to have O (small, round or hoop-like objects) lying at N {na motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ • imperfective (+): át akla.át | s/he has them event verb – transitive) carry; take; give | for S lying there to carry O (small, round or hoop-like objects) | • imperfective (–): tlél át akool.át | s/he (KE, JC) • kasʼéet nadáakw ká yan akawli.át → doesnʼt have them lying there he put the screws on the table (SN) • guk.ádi du jeet akawli.át → he gave her earrings (SN) kei + O-ya-S-l-√.aat ³ (∅ motion verb – • i kʼoodásʼi anax̱ kala.á! → button up your transitive) turn (boat or car) | for S to turn O shirt! (SN) • anax̱ akawli.át → he buttoned it (boat, car) | heide kei yala.a! → turn (your up (SN) boat) this way! (SN) • kei ayagux̱la.aat, at • imperative: {∅ preverb} kala.á! | carry them ḵuwuhaayí → heʼs going to turn, when the {____}! time comes (SN) • (KE)

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• imperative: kei yala.á! | turn the wheel! haa een yoo x̱ʼawli.atk → he talked to us / • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei conversed with us (SN) yeela.átjiḵ! | donʼt turn the wheel! • imperative: x̱ʼanayil.á! | you all speak! • progressive imperfective: kei yaa ayanal.át | • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo s/he is turning the wheel x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all speak! • perfective (+): kei ayawli.át | s/he turned • imperfective (+): yaa (ha)s x̱ʼanal.át | they the wheel are speaking • perfective (–): tlél kei ayawul.aat | s/he • perfective (+): has x̱ʼawli.aat | they spoke didnʼt turn the wheel • perfective (–): tlél has x̱ʼawul.aat | they • future (+): kei ayagux̱la.áat | s/he will turn didnʼt speak the wheel • future (+): has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they will speak • future (–): tlél kei ayagux̱la.aat | s/he wonʼt • future (–): tlél has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they wonʼt turn the wheel speak √aat ⁴ (verb root) | classification: human lie down yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – subject | singular form: √taa intransitive) stop talking | for (plural) S to stop talking | (KE) N-t + l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – impersonal) lie there | for several things to lie at N; for several • imperative: yan x̱ʼayla.á! | you all stop persons or animals to lie dead, unconscious, or talking! incapacitated at N | (KE) • prohibitive: líl yan x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt you • imperfective (+): át la.át | theyʼre lying there all stop talking! • imperfective (–): tlél át ul.át | theyʼre not • perfective (+): yan has x̱ʼawli.át | they lying there stopped talking • perfective (–): tlél yan has x̱ʼawul.aat | they sh + S-d+l-√.át ⁴ (* positional verb – subject didnʼt stop talking intransitive) lying down | for (plural) s to be • future (+): yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they will lying down | (KE) • dei s sh il.át → they are stop talking already lying down (SN) • future (–): tlél yánde has x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they • imperfective (+): has sh il.át | they are lying wonʼt stop talking down • imperfective (–): tlél has sh ul.át | they yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – subject arenʼt lying down intransitive) speak; talk; converse | for (plural) S to speak, talk, converse | (KE) yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ (∅ motion verb – • imperative: yoo x̱ʼayla.á! | you all converse! subject intransitive) lie down | for (plural) S to • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo lie down | (KE) x̱ʼayla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all converse! • imperative: yan sh yil.á! | you all lie down! • imperfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼali.átk | they • prohibitive: líl yax̱ sh yil.aadíḵ! | donʼt you converse; they are conversing all lie down! • imperfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼeil.átk | • perfective (+): yan has sh wudli.át | they they donʼt converse; theyʼre not conversing lay down • progressive imperfective: (yeisú) yaa (ha)s • perfective (–): tlél yan has sh wul.aat | they x̱ʼanal.át | they are (still) conversing didnʼt lie down • perfective (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawli.át | they • future (+): yánde has sh gug̱wal.áat | they conversed will lie down • perfective (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼawul.aat | • future (–): tlél yánde has sh gug̱wal.aat | they didnʼt converse they wonʼt lie down • future (+): yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they will √aat ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think; talk | converse classification: plural subject | singular form: • future (–): tlél yoo (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they √taan ⁵ wonʼt converse x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (na event verb – subject intransitive) N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ act verb – speak; talk; speech: make speech | for subject intransitive) think over; consider; make (plural) S to speak, talk, make a speech | up mind | for (plural) s to think over, consider,

32 Tlingit to English aa

make up oneʼs mind about N | a daa yoo you all speak to her/him! tugax̱tula.aat → weʼre going to think it over • perfective (+): du éet has x̱ʼawli.át | they (SN) • (KE) spoke to her/him • imperative: a daa yoo teeyla.át! | you all • perfective (–): tlél du éet has x̱ʼawul.aat | think about it! they didnʼt speak to her/him • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a daa • future (+): du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.áat | they yoo tuyla.átgiḵ! | donʼt you all think about it! will speak to her/him • imperfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuli.átk | • future (–): tlél du eedé (ha)s x̱ʼagux̱la.aat | they think about it; they are thinking about it they wonʼt speak to her/him • imperfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tool. √aat ⁶ (verb root) | classification: plural, hinged átk | they donʼt think about it; they arenʼt objects open; close thinking about it • perfective (+): a daa yoo (ha)s tuwli.át | √aatʼ (verb root) cold they thought about it O-S-s-√.áatʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) cold; cool; • perfective (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tuwul.aat chill | for S to make O cold, cool | the form «as. | they didnʼt think about it átʼx̱» gives both a basic imperfective meaning • future (+): a doo yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.áat | “s/he is chilling it” and a repetitive imperfective they will think about it meaning “s/he chills it (regularly)” | heen awsi. • future (–): tlél a daa yoo (ha)s tugux̱la.aat | atʼ → he cooled the water (SN) • ax̱ x̱ʼoos oos. they wonʼt think about it atʼch → my feet are always cold (SN) • (KE) N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion • imperative: sa.átʼ! | chill it! verb – subject intransitive) reconsider; change • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isa. mind | for (plural) S to change mind about N; átʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chill it! for (plural) S to think over and reconsider N • imperfective (+): as.átʼx̱ | s/he is chilling it | ḵux̱ has toowdli.át → they were converted • imperfective (–): tlél oos.átʼx̱ | s/heʼs not (changed their thinking) (SN) • (KE) chilling it • imperative: a daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.át! | change • progressive imperfective: yaa ana.úsʼ | s/he your minds about it! is (in the process of ) chilling it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a • perfective (+): awsi.átʼ | s/he chilled it daatx̱ ḵux̱ tuyil.átjiḵ! | donʼt change your • perfective (–): tlél awus.áatʼ | s/he didnʼt minds about it! chill it • perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwdli.át | • future (+): agux̱sa.áatʼ | s/he will chill it they changed their minds about it • future (–): tlél agux̱sa.áatʼ | s/he wonʼt chill it • perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵux̱ has tuwul.aat s-√.áatʼ (∅ state verb – impersonal) cold | for an | they didnʼt change their minds about it inanimate object to be cold | (KE) • future (+): a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal.áat | • imperfective (+): si.áatʼ | itʼs cold they will change their minds about it • imperfective (–): tlél us.áatʼ | it isnʼt cold • future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵúx̱de has tukg̱wal. • progressive imperfective: yaa nas.átʼ | it is aat | they wonʼt change their minds about it getting cold N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ (∅ motion verb – • progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa unas. subject intransitive) speak; talk to | for (plural) átʼ | itʼs not getting cold s to speak, talk to N | in classical tlingit, the • perfective (+): wusi.áatʼ | it got cold verb stem √taan ⁵ refered to a singular subject • perfective (–): tlél wus.áatʼ | it didnʼt get and the verb stem √.aat ⁵ was used to indicate cold a plural subject. in modern tlingit however, this • future (+): gug̱as.áatʼ | it will be cold distinction is being lost. many speakers use the • future (–): tlél gug̱as.áatʼ | it wonʼt be cold verb stem √taan ⁵ for both singular and plural ḵu-s-√.áatʼ (ga state verb – impersonal) cold subject | (KE) (weather) | for the weather to be cold | • imperative: du éet x̱ʼayla.á! | you all speak classification: weather | ya taakw kei to her/him! ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ shákdei → maybe itʼs going to be • prohibitive: líl du éex̱ x̱ʼayla.aadíḵ! | donʼt cold this winter (SN) • (KE)

33 aa Tlingit to English

• imperfective (+): ḵusi.áatʼ | the weather is √aatlʼ (verb root) insufficient • variants: √aatsʼ, cold √aachʼ • • imperfective (–): tlél ḵoos.áatʼ | the weather ya-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ (na state verb – impersonal) isnʼt cold insufficient | for something to be insufficient, • progressive imperfective: kei ḵunas.áatʼ | not enough | i toowúch áge yakakgwa.aatlʼ? the weather is getting cold ̱ → do you think itʼs going to be insufficient? • perfective (+): ḵuwsi.áatʼ | the weather got (SN) • ya atx̱a yagoo.aatlʼ → this food is not cold enough (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwus.áatʼ | the weather • imperfective (+): yakoo.áatlʼ | itʼs didnʼt get cold insufficient • future (+): kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather • perfective (+): yakaawa.áatlʼ | it was will be cold insufficient • future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱sa.áatʼ | the weather • future (+): yakakgwa.áatlʼ | it will be wonʼt be cold ̱ insufficient O-sa-∅-.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) (verb root) strap cold | for O (person) to feel cold | √aaw classification: animate | haa seiwa.atʼ → we O-ya-S-s-√.áaw (∅ event verb – transitive) strap; feel cold (SN) • (KE) tie up with string | for S put a strap on O; for • admonitive: | that you donʼt get cold! i sa.átʼ S to tie up O with a string | yax̱wsi.áaw → i tsáa! see strapped it (JL) • ayasa.áwx̱ → he is putting a • progressive imperfective: yaa sana.átʼ | s/he strap on it (JL) • (KE) is starting to get cold • imperative: yasa.áw! | tie it up with a string! • perfective (+): seiwa.átʼ | s/he is cold • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeesa. • perfective (–): tlél sawu.áatʼ | s/he isnʼt cold áwx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it up with a string! • future (+): sakg̱wa.áatʼ | s/he will be cold • progressive imperfective: yaa ayanas.áw | s/ • future (–): tlél sakg̱wa.áatʼ | s/he wonʼt be he is tying it up with a string cold • perfective (+): ayawsi.áw | s/he tied it up with a string O-ya-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) • perfective (–): tlél ayawus.áaw | s/he didnʼt cold | for Oʼs face to be cold | x̱at yawdzi.atʼ → tie it up with a string my face is cold (SN) • (KE) • future (+): ayagux̱sa.áaw | s/he will tie it up • admonitive: | see that your face doesnʼt get with a string cold! i yas.átʼ tsáa! • future (–): tlél ayagux̱sa.áaw | s/he wonʼt tie • progressive imperfective: yaa yanas.átʼ | it up with a string her/his face is getting cold • perfective (+): yawdzi.átʼ | her/his face is √aaxʼw ¹ (verb root) fracture; crack cold √aaxʼw ² (verb root) bitter • perfective (–): tlél yawus.áatʼ | her/his face isnʼt cold O-s-√.áaxʼw ² ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) bitter; spicy | for O to be bitter; for O to be • future (+): yakg̱was.áatʼ | her/his face will be cold spicy hot | at danoogú áge si.aaxʼw? → does it have a bitter taste? (SN) • kei gux̱sa.aaxʼw, yei • future (–): tlél yakg̱was.áatʼ | her/his face wonʼt be cold isa.eeni → it will be bitter if you cook it that way (SN) • (KE) O-d+s-√.áatʼ (∅ – object intransitive) chilled; • imperfective (+): si.áaxʼw | itʼs bitter cold | for O to be chilled, cold | used to talk • imperfective (–): tlél us.áaxʼw | itʼs not bitter about a body part being cold, or an inanimate • progressive imperfective: kei nas.áaxʼw | itʼs object that has been made cold | (JL) getting bitter • perfective (+): wudzi.átʼ | it is chilled • perfective (+): wusi.áaxʼw | it got bitter aatlein– (adjective) much; lots of | prenomial • perfective (–): tlél wus.áaxʼw | it didnʼt get adjective: appears immediately before the noun bitter that it affects | (KE, JC) • future (+): kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it will be bitter • future (–): tlél kei gux̱sa.áaxʼw | it wonʼt be

34 Tlingit to English aa

bitter listen to her/him • future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.aax̱ | s/he aax̱ ⑴ (particle) from it; after it (that time) | áa-dáx̱ → it.from • (KE) • variants: aadáx̱ • wonʼt listen to her/him || ⑵ (preverb) | for motion verbs, creates a na- O-S-∅-.áx̱ch ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) hear | conjugation motion verb (unbounded) | (JC) || for S to be able to hear O | for the forms that do ⑶ | for carrying motion verbs, refers to lifting on not occur with this verb, see the ∅-conjugation object off of something, creating a ga-conjugation eventive verb «aawa.áx̱» ʼs/he heard itʼ, which motion verb (upwards) occurs in all modes except the imperfective | núkt duwa.áx̱ch → a grouse can be heard (verb root) hear; listen; sound off √aax̱ ¹ (drumming) (SN) • wasoos duwa.áx̱ch → a O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) hear cow can be heard lowing, mooing (SN) • | for S to hear O | this verb could be used to nadaakw duwa.áx̱ch → a table can be heard talk about hearing the sound of someone, creaking, squeaking (SN) • (KE) like their footsteps or other commotion, but • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl hearing someoneʼs voice is «O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹» ee.áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt hear it! | gaaw tleil x̱wa.aax̱ → I didnʼt hear the bell/ • imperfective (+): aya.áx̱ch | s/he can hear it drum (SN) • a x̱ʼéide aawa.áx̱ → he heard the • imperfective (–): tlél oo.áx̱ch | s/he canʼt message (SN) • (KE) hear it • imperative: .áx̱! | hear it! • future (+): kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | s/he will be able • perfective (+): aawa.áx̱ | s/he heard it to hear it • perfective (–): tlél awu.aax̱ | s/he didnʼt • future (–): tlél kei akg̱wa.áx̱ch | s/he wonʼt hear it be able to hear it • future (+): akg̱wa.áax̱ | s/he will hear it N-gaa+ ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb – subject • future (–): tlél akg̱wa.aax̱ | s/he wonʼt hear it ̱ intransitive) listen for | for S to listen for N | N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject (KE) intransitive) listen | for S to listen to N | (KE) • imperative: a kayéikg̱aa ḵunees.aax̱! | listen • imperative: át sa.áx̱! | listen to it! for the sound of it! • prohibitive: líl áx̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listen to • perfective (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵoowdzi.aax̱ | s/ it! he listened for the sound of it • perfective (+): át wusi.áx̱ | s/heʼs listening to • perfective (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵuwus.aax̱ | it; s/he listened to it s/he didnʼt listen for the sound of it • perfective (–): tlél át wus.aax̱ | s/heʼs not • future (+): a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | s/he listening to it; s/he didnʼt listen to it will listen for the sound of it • future (+): aadé gux̱sa.áax̱ | s/he will listen • future (–): tlél a kayéikg̱aa ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | s/ to it he wonʼt listen for the sound of it • future (–): tlél aadé gux̱sa.aax̱ | s/he wonʼt listen to it O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) hear | for S to hear O (a voice, esp. singing) N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject | x̱at seiwa.ax̱ he heard my voice (SN) • xóots intransitive) listen to; obey; give heed | for S shákdei sax̱waa.áx̱ → maybe I heard a bearʼs to listen to, obey, give heed to N | du tlaa x̱ʼéit voice (SN) • (KE) awes.áx̱ → he obeys his mother (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): aseiwa.áx̱ | s/he heard a voice • imperative: du x̱ʼéit sa.áx̱! | listen to her/ • perfective (–): tlél asawu.aax̱ | s/he didnʼt him! hear a voice • prohibitive: líl du x̱ʼéix̱ isa.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt • future (+): asakg̱wa.áax̱ | s/he will hear a listen to her/him! voice • perfective (+): du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱ | s/heʼs • future (–): tlél asakg̱wa.aax̱ | s/he wonʼt hear listening to her/him; s/he listens to her/him a voice • perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéit wus.aax̱ | s/heʼs not listening to her/him; s/he doesnʼt listen O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-.aax̱ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) hear; to her/him understand; comprehend | for S to hear O • future (+): du x̱ʼéide gux̱sa.áax̱ | s/he will with understanding; for S to understand, comprehend O | Lingít age x̱ʼeeya.áx̱ch do you

35 aa Tlingit to English

understand Tlingit? (SN) • tleil ḵaa x̱ʼei.áx̱ch object carry → he doesnʼt understand people (that is, the {na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² (na motion verb language) • (KE) – transitive) carry; give; take | for S to carry O • perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwa.áx̱ | s/he understood (textile-like object) | du kinaak.adi yaa ana.ax̱ her/him → heʼs carrying his coat (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawu.aax̱ | s/he didnʼt • imperative: {na preverb} na.aax̱! | carry it understand her/him {____}! • future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wa.áax̱ | s/he will • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yi.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt understand her/him carry it {____}! • future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wa.aax̱ | s/he wonʼt • perfective (+): {na preverb} aawa.aax̱ | s/ understand her/him heʼs carrying it {____}; s/he carried it {____} N + x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ (na motion verb • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awu.aax̱ | s/ – subject intransitive) listen | for S to (take time he didnʼt carry it {____} to) listen to N | one fluent speaker suggests the • future (+): {na preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | s/he finer meaning “take time to listen” for this verb, will carry it {____} thus distinguishing it slightly from the related • future (–): tlél {na preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | s/ verb «du x̱ʼéit wusi.áx̱» “s/he listened to, obeyed he wonʼt carry it {____} her/him” | i x̱ʼeit x̱wasi.áx̱ → iʼm listening to {∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb – you (SN) • (KE) transitive) carry; give; take | for S to carry O • imperative: du x̱ʼéide ḵunees.aax̱! | listen to (textile-like object) | sʼísaa haat áx̱! → bring her/him! the cloth! (SN) • lʼaak ax̱ jeet aaa.áx̱ → she • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du gave me a dress (SN) • (KE) x̱ʼéide yoo ḵees.áx̱giḵ! | donʼt listen to her/ • imperative: {∅ preverb} .áx̱! | carry it him! {____}! • perfective (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵuwdzi.aax̱ | s/he • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} ee.aax̱íḵ! | donʼt listened to her/him carry it {____}! • perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵuwus.aax̱ | s/ • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa he didnʼt listen to her/him ana.áx̱ | s/he is carrying it {∅ preverb} • future (+): du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.áax̱ | s/he will • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} aawa.áx̱ | s/he listen to her/him carried it {____} • future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéide ḵukg̱was.aax̱ | s/he • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awu.aax̱ | s/ wonʼt listen to her/him he didnʼt carry it {____} O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) play • future (+): {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.áax̱ | s/he will (instrument) | for S to play O (musical carry it {____} instrument) | the form «ali.áx̱ch» gives both • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akg̱wa.aax̱ | s/he a basic imperfective meaning “s/he is playing wonʼt carry it {____} it” and a repetitive imperfective meaning “s/he N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ² (* positional verb – impersonal) plays it (regularly)” | tu.ooxsʼ yeit ali.ax̱ch → lie there | for a textile-like object to lie at N | heʼs playing a wind instrument (SN) • (KE) i kʼoodásii yoot ax̱ → your shirt is lying over • imperative: la.áx̱! | play it! there (SN) • (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ila. • imperfective (+): át .áx̱ | itʼs lying there áx̱jiḵ! | donʼt play it! • imperfective (–): tlél át u.áx̱ | itʼs not lying • imperfective (+): ali.áx̱ch | s/he is playing it there • imperfective (–): tlél ool.áx̱ch | s/he isnʼt playing it kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² (∅ motion verb • perfective (+): awli.áx̱ | s/he played it – transitive) take off | for S to take off O (shirt, • perfective (–): tlél awul.aax̱ | s/he didnʼt dress, coat, etc.) | for taking off oneʼs hat, play it replace «kaax̱» with «sháatx̱» “off the head” • future (+): agux̱la.áax̱ | s/he will play it throughout the paradigm, as in «sháatx̱ kei • future (–): tlél agux̱la.aax̱ | s/he wonʼt play it awdi.áx̱» “s/he took off her/his hat” • note that this verb is not used for taking off pants, shoes, √aax̱ ² (verb root) | classification: textile-like socks, etc. for these, use: «x̱ʼoosdáx̱ awdiyíḵ»

36 Tlingit to English aa

“s/he took them off (pants, socks, shoes)” | i didnʼt tie it up kʼoodásʼi kaax̱ kei idatí → take off your shirt! • future (+): yánde akg̱wa.áax̱w | s/he will tie (SN) • (KE) it up • imperative: kaax̱ kei ida.áx̱! | take it off! • future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wa.aax̱w | s/he • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kaax̱ wonʼt tie it up kei ida.áx̱jíḵ! | donʼt take it off! O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie • progressive imperfective: kaax̱ kei anda.áx̱ | together; bundle; wrap up | for S to tie O s/he is taking it off together in a bundle; for S to wrap O up | xʼúxʼ • perfective (+): kaax̱ kei awdi.áx̱ | s/he took daasa.ax̱w! → tie up the hooks in a bundle! it off (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél kaax̱ kei awda.aax̱ | s/he • imperative: daasa.áx̱w! | wrap it up! didnʼt take it off • prohibitive: líl daa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap • future (+): kaax̱ kei agux̱da.áax̱ | s/he will it up! take it off • imperfective (+): adaasa.áax̱w | s/heʼs • future (–): tlél kaax̱ kei agux̱da.aax̱ | s/he wrapping it up wonʼt take it off • imperfective (–): tlél adaa.us.aax̱w | s/heʼs √aax̱w (verb root) tie up; tie together; bind; not wrapping it up bundle; wrap • perfective (+): adaawsi.áx̱w | s/he wrapped it up O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie up | for S to tie up the mouth of O (esp. a sack) | • perfective (–): tlél adaawus.aax̱w | s/he ya gweil x̱ʼakḵwas.áax̱w → Iʼm going to tie up didnʼt wrap it up this sack (SN) • future (+): adaagux̱sa.áax̱w | s/he will wrap • imperative: x̱ʼasa.áx̱w! | tie the mouth of it it up up! • future (–): tlél adaagux̱sa.aax̱w | s/he wonʼt • prohibitive: líl x̱ʼa.ees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie the wrap it up mouth of it up! O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) • imperfective (+): ax̱ʼasa.áax̱w | s/heʼs tying tie together; wrap up | for S to tie O together the mouth of it up by the stems; for S to wrap the stems of O | • imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼeiws.aax̱w | s/heʼs kʼeikaxwein akʼikawsi.ax̱w → he tied up the not tying the mouth of it up stems of the flowers (SN) • perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwsi.áx̱w | s/he tied the • imperative: kʼikasa.áx̱w! | wrap its stems up! mouth of it up • prohibitive: líl kʼikees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt wrap • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawus.aax̱w | s/he its stems up! didnʼt tie the mouth of it up • imperfective (+): akʼikasa.áax̱w | s/heʼs • future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱sa.áax̱w | s/he will tie the wrapping its stems up mouth of it up • imperfective (–): tlél akʼikoos.aax̱w | s/heʼs • future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱sa.aax̱w | s/he wonʼt not wrapping its stems up tie the mouth of it up • perfective (+): akʼikawsi.áx̱w | s/he wrapped its stems up yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie up; secure | for S to tie up, secure O (esp. a • perfective (–): tlél akʼikawus.aax̱w | s/he boat to shore) | (KE) didnʼt wrap its stems up • imperative: yánde .áx̱w! | tie it up! • future (+): akʼikagux̱sa.áax̱w | s/he will wrap • prohibitive: líl yánde yi.áx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it its stems up up! • future (–): tlél akʼikagux̱sa.aax̱w | s/he wonʼt • imperfective (+): yánde a.aax̱w | s/heʼs tying wrap its stems up it up; s/he ties it up O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w (∅ act verb – transitive) tie • imperfective (–): tlél yánde oo.aax̱w | s/he together | for S to tie hands of O (a captive) isnʼt tying it up; s/he doesnʼt tie it up | (SN) • perfective (+): yánde aawa.áx̱w | s/he tied • imperative: sʼaansa.áx̱w! | tie her/his hands it up together! • perfective (–): tlél yánde awu.aax̱w | s/he • prohibitive: líl sʼaanees.aax̱úḵ! | donʼt tie

37 aa – ch Tlingit to English

her/his hands together! House • imperfective (+): asʼaansa.áax̱w | s/heʼs • Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House tying her/his hands together • Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail • imperfective (–): tlél asʼaanus.aax̱w | s/heʼs House not tying her/his hands together áa yax̱ (preverb) turning over | for motion verbs, • perfective (+): asʼaanwusi.áx̱w | s/he tied creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a her/his hands together terminus) | áa + ÿax̱ → there + turning-over • (JC) • perfective (–): tlél asʼaanwus.aax̱w | s/he (noun) spear | “one that attacks” | (KE) • didnʼt tied her/his hands together áadaa √.aat⁷-aa → √attack.one(s) • future (+): asʼaangux̱sa.áax̱w | s/he will tied her/his hands together áagadi (compound noun) basket: unfinished basket • future (–): tlél asʼaangux̱sa.aax̱w | s/he | “woven thing (out of bark)” | √.áak-át-i → wonʼt tied her/his hands together √weave-(bark).thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) Áakʼw (placename) Auke Lake | áa-kʼw → lake. áa [diminutive] • (TT) áakʼw (compound noun) lake: little lake | áa-kʼw → áa ¹ (noun) lake | (KE) lake.[diminutive] • (KE) áa ² (noun) it; place: that place; time: that time; Áakʼw Ḵwáan (region name) Áakʼw: People of reason; fact; there: that place | common suffix the Áakʼw Area | “People of the Little Lake” | combinations are listed below. take note of the Included Communities: Auke Bay, southern Lynn ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length Canal, Juneau area, and northern Admiralty | (KE) Island | áa-kʼw + ḵwáan → lake.[diminutive] + • ách [áa-ch] | because of it; with it people-of (AH • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • aagáa [áa-gáa] | after it; following it ̱ ̱ Wolf/Eagle Clans • aadáx̱ / aax̱ [áa-dáx̱] | from it; after it [that • Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses Facing time] Each Other • aadé [áa-dé] | towards it • aan [áa-n] | with it Raven/Crow Clans • anax̱ [áa-náx̱] | through it; along it • Yax̱tehittaan | People of the Big Dipper House • át [áa-t] | arriving at it; at it • Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek • áwu [áa-wu] | located at it • Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay • áxʼ [áa-xʼ] | residing at it; located at it • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor (Port • áx̱ [áa-x̱] | moving along it; repeatedly at it Stewart in northern Behm Canal) (kinship term) grandparent: –ʼs grandparent | áa ḵuyadujee yé (verbal noun) jail | “the –áali punishing people place” | (KE) • áa + ḵu-ya-du- used in Southern Tlingit instead of –léelkʼw | (JL) ∅-√jee + yé → [there + someone-(4h.O).vsf. áanjís (borrowed noun) oranges | from English someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√awful/terrible + “oranges” | (KE) place] áanjís kahéeni (compound noun) orange juice Áa Tlein (region name) Atlin | “Big Lake” | (KE, | áanjís + ka-héen-i → orange(s) + hsf.water. TT) [relational] • (KE) • variants: áanj kahéeni • Áa Tlein Ḵwáan (region name) Atlin: People Áankich (borrowed noun) Anchorage | (KE) • of the Atlin Area | “People of the Big Lake” | borrowed placename, from English “Anchorage” Included Communities: Atlin | (TT, AH, NR, JC, áatʼl (noun) pit lined with skunk cabbage used JL, HJ) for food storage | likely related to verb root √áatʼ Wolf/Eagle Clans (cold) | (JL) • Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of the Mainland • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar ch

Raven/Crow Clans ¹ (suffix) because | often appears as «ách áwé» • Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River -ch

38 Tlingit to English ch

(because of that) or «ách áyá» (because of this) s/heʼs (in the process of ) straining it | (KE) • perfective (+): akawlicháa | s/he strained it • perfective (–): tlél akawulchá | s/he didnʼt -ch ² (suffix) | ergative marker | marks the subject of a transitive verb | (JC) strain it • future (+): akagux̱lacháa | s/he will strain it -ch ³ (suffix) | instrumental marker | used to mark • future (–): tlél akagux̱lachaa | s/he wonʼt a noun that is used as an instrument to perform strain it the verb | tíx’x’i sáani x̱aat ách daa wdudzi.ax̱u wé yáanaa → small strings of spruce roots tying √chaak (verb root) pile; stack; fill the pack (Shaadaaxʼ, Haa Shuká 76–77) • (JC) O-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive) pile; stack; pack | for S to pile, stack away neatly, chál (noun) platform cache; house cache; shed | compare Eyak «jił» (platform cache; bunkbed) | pack O ( food, clothing, firewood, etc.) | ḵaa (KE, JC) • variants: chíl (S, T) • shukat yan kawdichak → he was through packing before the others (SN) • dzeit tayee chán (noun) smell: bad smell, odor; stench; odor: akaawachak → he piled it (firewood) under strong odor the stairs (SN) • (KE) √chán ˟ (verb root) stink; odor: have strong odor • imperative: kachák! | pack it! • prohibitive: líl kayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt pack it! O-l-√chán ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) • imperfective (+): akacháak | s/heʼs packing stink; smell bad; odor: have strong odor | for it O to stink, have unpleasant odor, smell bad; for • imperfective (–): tlél akoocháak | s/he isnʼt O to smell strongly | gishóo áya lachan nooch packing it → pigs always stink (SN) • lichan awe we eex̱! • perfective (+): akaawachák | s/he packed it → that oil smells bad (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél akawucháak | s/he didnʼt • prohibitive: líl eelchániḵ | donʼt be stinky! pack it • imperfective (+): lichán | she/he/it stinks • future (+): akakgwacháak | s/he will pack it • imperfective (–): tlél ulchán | she/he/it ̱ • future (–): tlél akakgwacháak | s/he wonʼt doesnʼt stink ̱ pack it • progressive imperfective: kei nalchán | she/ he/it is starting to stink O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive) • perfective (+): wulichán | she/he/it stank stack; pack; fill | for S to fill, pack to the • perfective (–): tlél wulchán | she/he/it top neatly, stack up ( food, clothing, etc.) | didnʼt stink shakx̱waachak → I filled it (a suitcase) (SN) • future (+): kei gux̱lachán | she/he/it will • imperative: shakachák! | pack it! stink • prohibitive: líl shakayeecháagiḵ! | donʼt • future (–): tlél kei gux̱lachán | she/he/it pack it! wonʼt stink • imperfective (+): ashakacháak | s/heʼs packing it (verb root) strain; filter; drain off √chaa • imperfective (–): tlél ashakoocháak | s/he O-ka-S-l-√chaa (∅ act verb – transitive) strain; isnʼt packing it filter; drain off | for S to strain, filter, drain off • perfective (+): ashakaawachák | s/he packed O | tax̱heeni kalacha → strain the broth! (that it is, pour it out, leaving all the solids behind)! • perfective (–): tlél ashakawucháak | s/he (SN) • tleiḵw kaheeni kax̱wlichaa → I strained didnʼt pack it the fruit juice (SN) • (KE) • future (+): ashakakg̱wacháak | s/he will • imperative: kalachá! | strain it! pack it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (–): tlél ashakakg̱wacháak | s/he keelachéix̱iḵ! | donʼt strain it! wonʼt pack it • imperfective (+): aklachéix̱ | s/he is O-ka-S-l-√cháak (∅ act verb – transitive) pile; straining it stack | for S to pile, stack O | classification: • imperfective (–): tlél akoolcheix̱ | s/he isnʼt stick-like objects | chʼa we chaash straining it kax̱toolachaak yee.at sakw → weʼll pile up • progressive imperfective: yaa akanalchéin | those branches for bedding (SN)

39 ch Tlingit to English

• imperative: kalachák! | pile it! • (KE) • prohibitive: líl keelacháagiḵ! | donʼt pile it! chíl xook (compound noun) fish air-dried in cold • imperfective (+): akalacháak | s/heʼs piling weather and allowed to freeze | “cache dried” | it chíl + √xook → cache + √dried • (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél akoolcháak | s/he isnʼt piling it chíx̱ʼi (noun) • variants: (T), chéex̱ʼi (At), chéex̱ʼaa • perfective (+): akawlichák | s/he piled it (At), chéx̱ʼi, chéix̱ʼaa (C) • shade; shadow(s) cast • perfective (–): tlél akawulcháak | s/he didnʼt by landforms, etc. | (KE) pile it cheech (noun) porpoise | (KE) • future (+): akakgwalacháak | s/he will pile it ̱ (particle) | term of endearment, especially • future (–): tlél akakgwalacháak | s/he wonʼt chkʼw ̱ made to grandchildren | (DK) • variants: shkʼw • pile it (noun) cod: tomcod | (KE) –chaan (kinship term) mother-in-law: –ʼs mother- chudéi in-law | (KE) chush (postpositional pronoun) self: (to) -selfʼs | reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP) • used in certain (borrowed noun) Chinese | from Cháanwaan verbs where something is going towards the “China man” | (KE) object (literally or figuratively) • a special type of Cháanwaan héeni (compound noun) soy sauce pronoun that combines three things: possessive | “Chinese personʼs water” • variants: kóoshdaa pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • lóoxʼu • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, cháasʼ (noun) salmon: pink salmon; humpy; KE) salmon: humpback salmon | (KE) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular postpositional (1s.PP) cháash (noun) brush; bough with needles on it • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural (especially of spruce); branch with needles on it postpositional (1p.PP) (especially of spruce) | (KE) • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular cháash hít (compound noun) brush house; hut postpositional (2s.PP) | temporary shelter, often built while traveling • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural or hunting, or for women in isolation for first postpositional (2p.PP) menstruation or the birth of a child | (JL) • • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person variants: (T), chashhít (At, T) • human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third cháashgaa (verbal noun) cup; can | from Russian “чашка” | (KE, JC) • variants: (Y), gúxʼaa • person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman cháatl (noun) halibut | (KE) postpositional (3p.PP) cháatl astʼeix̱í (compound noun) halibut fisher | • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person cháatl + a-s-√tʼeix̱-í → halibut + [a-theme].cl- proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) (–d,s,–i).√fish-with-hook.[relational] • (KE) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) (noun) grebe: horned grebe; grebe: red- cháax̱ • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → necked grebe | (KE) fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) cháayoo (borrowed noun) tea | from Russian “чаю” • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person (chayu) • variants: dée (T) • nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive chéx̱ʼi (noun) • variants: chéix̱ʼaa (C), chíx̱ʼi (T), chéex̱ʼi (At), chéex̱ʼaa (At) • shade; shadow(s) postpositional (part.PP) cast by landforms, etc. | (KE) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP) chéiwís (borrowed noun) cherries | from English • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal “cherries” | (JC) postpositional (recip.PP) chichuyaa (compound noun) shark (porpoise-like) chush ⁓ sh- (possessive pronoun) -selfʼs | reflexive | “looks like a porpoise” | cheech-ÿu-ÿa-√yaa → possessive (rflx.P) • used to show a relationship porpoise.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√look-like/resemble between things, including ownership («haa aaní»

40 Tlingit to English ch

– “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) – “her/his father”), the link to a relational base • x̱át | me → first person singular independent («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to me”), and conjugation of (1s.i) certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • uháan | us → first person plural independent • other possessive pronouns are listed below | (1p.i) (JC, KE) • wa.é | you → second person singular • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive independent (2s.i) (1s.P) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural • haa | our → first person plural possessive independent (2p.i) (1p.P) • hú | s/he → third person human singular • i | your → second person singular possessive independent (3Hs.i) (2s.P) • hás | them → third person plural independent • yee | you allʼs → second person plural (3p.i) possessive (2p.P) • á | it → third person nonhuman independent • du | her/his → third person human singular (3N.i) possessive (3Hs.P) • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural independent (3prx.i) possessive (3p.P) • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive independent (3obv.i) (3N.P) • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal independent (4h.i) possessive (3prx.P) • át | something → fourth person nonhuman • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person independent (4n.i) obviate possessive (3obv.P) • aa | one, some → partitive independent • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human (part.i) possessive (4h.P) • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → possessive (4n.P) reciprocal independent (recip.i) • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive Chookaneidí (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear (part.P) (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Grass River”; • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive Origin: Glacier Bay | Teiḵweidí Migration, (rflx.P) Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Chookaneidí Group • • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal Primary Crest: Brown Bear, Porpoise, Spirit Bear possessive (recip.P) • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Eagle, Murrelet, Glacier, chúsh (independent pronoun) -self | reflexive Iceberg, Lady in the Ice, Killer Whale | chookán- independent (rflx.i) • independent pronouns héen-át-í → grass.river/water.thing-(4n.i). are not linked to anything grammatically, and [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) are most often used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» Xunaa Ḵáawu (here i am) and «uháan áyá» (it is us) • signals • Naanaa Hít | Upriver House reflexive properties, meaning that something is • Xáatl Hít | Iceberg House occuring to the self. In verbs, it occurs outside • Xóots Sʼaag̱í Hít | Brown Bear Bones House of the verb itself and is used in addition to other • Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House pronouns. When you study verbs more, you will • Aan Eeg̱ayaak Hít | On the Beach Below Town see that this pushes verbs into middle voice (+D), House which will make sense at a later date. For now, • Shuxʼaa X̱áay Hít | First Yellow-cedar House consider it as something like “to the self”, which makes more sense when seen with examples, such Sheetʼká Ḵwáan • Xáatl Hít | Iceberg House as: chush gudachx̱án (oneʼs own grandparent – • Aan Eegayaak Hít | On the Beach Below Town achieved through clan lineage), sh tóogaa ditee ̱ ̱ House (s/he is grateful; literally “s/he is okay inside”), and sh tóo altóow (s/he is studying it; literally “s/ chookán (noun) grass | (KE) • variants: chookén he is teaching inside herself/himself”). • other (C), chookwán (T) •

41 ch Tlingit to English choon (noun) wound | (JL) s/he is kneading it • imperfective (–): tlél akoochoox | s/he (verb root) wound; injure √choon ¹ doesnʼt knead it; s/he isnʼt kneading it O-∅+d-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – object • perfective (+): akaawachúx | s/he kneaded it intransitive) wounded; injured; hurt; bruised • perfective (–): tléil akawuchoox | s/he | for O to be wounded, injured, bruised; for O didnʼt knead it to be hurt (emotionally) | the most common • future (+): akakg̱wachóox | s/he will knead use of this verb is in the perfective form—other it forms are very rare • note that it can also refer • future (–): tlél akakg̱wachoox | s/he wonʼt to a mental state, as in «ḵúnáx̱ haa wdichún» knead it “weʼre really hurting (emotionally)” (after the (verb root) mooch; cadge; sponge off of; loss of a family member, e.g.) | waanganeens √choox̱ ̱ freeload ḵaa oodachúnch → once in a while a person is wounded (by octopus) (SN) • ax̱ tlaa at + u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – subject wudichún → my mother was injured (SN) intransitive) mooch; freeload | for S to mooch, • (KE) freeload; for S to obtain things often without • perfective (+): wudichún | s/he got injured payment | (KE) • perfective (–): tlél wudachoon | s/he didnʼt • imperative: at g̱achoox̱! | freeload! get injured • prohibitive: líl at eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt freeload! O-S-l-√choon ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) injure; • imperfective (+): at uchoox̱ | s/he is hurt; wound; bruise | for S to injure, hurt, freeloading; s/he freeloads wound, bruise O | guwakaan wududlichún → ̱ • imperfective (–): tlél at uchoox̱ | s/he isnʼt a deer was wounded (SN) • gandaasʼaají x̱at freeloading; s/he doesnʼt freeload wulichún → a bee wounded me (that is, stung • perfective (+): at woochoox̱ | s/he me) (SN) freeloaded • imperative: lachún! | injure her/him/it! • perfective (–): tlél at wuchoox̱ | s/he didnʼt • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl freeload ilachúnx̱iḵ! | donʼt injure her/him/it • future (+): yei at gugwachoox̱ | s/he will • perfective (+): awlichún | s/he injured her/ ̱ freeload him/it • future (–): tlél yei at gugwachoox̱ | s/he • perfective (–): tlél awulchoon | s/he didnʼt ̱ wonʼt freeload injure her/him/it • future (+): agux̱lachóon | s/he will injure O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ (g̱a – transitive) mooch; her/him/it bum; sponge; cadge | for S to mooch, bum, • future (–): tlél agux̱lachoon | s/he wonʼt scrounge O (off of N); for S to obtain O ( from injure her/him/it N) often without payment | add «–eex̱» in the preverb to indicate who is being mooched (verb root) twist (to make limber) √choon ² off of • NS and JL both recorded examples of chooneit (compound noun) arrow | “wounding this verb without the irrealis • more research thing” | √choon-át → √wounded.thing-(4n.i) may be needed | chʼa tlakw áwe achoox̱ nooch • (KE) → heʼs always sponging / getting what he √choox (verb root) knead; massage; roll; pat can for nothing (SN) • gan achoox̱! → heʼs cadging firewood (SN) • du eex̱ yei kḵwachoox̱ O-ka-S-∅-√choox (∅ act verb – transitive) → iʼm going to sponge it off of him JL • (KE) knead; press; pat | for S to knead, press, pat O • imperative: (du eex̱) g̱achoox̱! | mooch it with palm of hand | sakwnein akaawachúx → (off of her/him)! he kneaded the bread (SN) • dleey kaxakwlʼi • prohibitive: líl (du eex̱) eechoox̱úḵ! | donʼt kax̱waachúx → i patted out the ground meat mooch it (off of her/him)! in to patties (SN) • kawduwachúx → people • imperfective (+): (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | s/he is press it (mud) with their hands (SN) mooching it (off of her/him); s/he mooches it • imperative: kachúx! | knead it! (off of her/him) • prohibitive: líl keechooxúḵ! | donʼt knead it! • imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) oochoox̱ | s/ • imperfective (+): akachóox | s/he kneads it;

42 Tlingit to English ch – chʼ

he isnʼt mooching it (off of her/him); s/he anyplace | chʼa + goo-xʼ + sá → just + where.at- doesnʼt mooch it (off of her/him) (residing).one(s)-(part.i) + voice/name • (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél (du eex̱) awuchoox̱ | chʼa gwátgeen sá (particle) whenever (in the s/he didnʼt mooch it (off of her/him) future); time: any time (in the future) | (KE) • • perfective (+): (du eex̱) aawachoox̱ | s/he variants: chʼa gútgeen sá (Y) • mooched it (off of her/him) • future (+): (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | s/he chʼa g̱ég̱aa (adverb) in vain; for nothing; without will mooch it (off of her/him) success | “the one that just swings back” | chʼa + • future (–): tlél (du eex̱) yei akg̱wachoox̱ | s/ √g̱éḵ.aa → just √swing.one(s)-(part.i) • (JM, KE) he wonʼt mooch it (off of her/him) chʼa g̱óot (particle) different; other | chʼa + g̱óo-t chx̱ánkʼ (kinship term) grandchild! | in Tlingit → just + different.at-(arrived) • (KE, JL) kinship, this term is used for biological chʼa g̱óot yéide (adverb) different: going in grandchildren as well as people who are different directions; differently | chʼa + g̱óo-t grandchildren of a clan • this term is used when + yé-de → just + different.at-(arrived) + way/ speaking directly to a grandchild | (KE) manner.towards • (SaJ) chʼa keetáanáx̱! (interjection) Cool it!; Calm chʼ down! | (KE) • chʼa + kee-√táa-náx̱ → just + upwards.√sleep(?).through (particle) very: the very; just | this particle chʼa (adverb) any old way (carelessly); rarely appears on its own, but instead often chʼa koogéiyi however (thoughtlessly); carelessly | (KE) interacts with other particles | (KE) • chʼa + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√géi-yi → just + hsf.pfv.cl- chʼa aadóo sá (particle) • variants: chʼa aa sá • (–d,∅,+i).√against/oppossing.[relational] whoever; anybody; anyone | chʼa + aadóo + sá → (particle) at least; once in a while | “just just + who + voice/name • (KE) chʼa kʼát at the base of it” | chʼa + kʼí-ká-t → just + base. chʼa aan ¹ (particle) although; even though; on.at-(arrived) • (KE) • variants: chʼa kʼikát, chʼa however; nonetheless; yet | there are two kʼeekát (At,T) • particles that create a shift in an argument: «ḵu. (particle) at least; once in a while | aa» makes more of a gradual shift in thinking, chʼa kʼikát “just on the base of it” | chʼa + kʼí-ká-t → just + and «chʼa aan» is more of an abrubt shift in base.on.at-(arrived) • (KE) • variants: chʼa kʼát, argument | (KE) chʼa kʼeekát (At,T) • ² (particle) with: just with it | chʼa + chʼa aan (particle) every single thing | chʼa + a-ee-n → just + its-(4n.i).[empty base].with chʼa ldakát át ldakát + át → just + all + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) (particle) • variants: chʼa aanídáx̱, chʼa aanínáx̱ (particle) every single person; chʼa aan ḵúnáx̱ • kind: do it with kindess!; chʼa ldakát ḵáa everybody | (KE) • chʼa + ldakát + ḵáa → just + gentle: do it gently! | (DK) all + person-(4h.i) (particle) whatever; anything | chʼa + chʼa daa sá (particle) every single place | chʼa daa + sá → just + what + voice/name • (NR, JL) chʼa ldakát yé + ldakát + yé → just + all + place • (KE) (particle) any (certain) one; chʼa daaḵw.aa sá (adverb) for nothing; in vain; without whichever one | chʼa + daaḵw-aa + sá → just + chʼa neechx̱ success | “just along the beach” | chʼa + neech-x̱ which.one(s)-(part.i) + voice/name • (NR, JL) → just + beach.along/at-(repeatedly) • (SE) (particle) whenever (in the chʼa gútgeen sá (Y) (particle) always; all the time; future); time: any time (in the future) | (DA) • chʼa tlákw constantly | often used before repetitive forms of variants: chʼa gwátgeen sá • verbs to create “always {verb}” | (KE) (particle) wherever; anywhere; chʼa gootʼá sá (particle) however many; any anyplace | chʼa + goo-t-aa + sá → just + where. chʼa wáa kugei sá amount | | chʼa + wáa + ka-u-∅-√gei + sá → just at-(arrived).one(s)-(part.i) + voice/name • (KE) + how + [comparitive].irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√big/lots • variants: chʼa gootʼé sá (C) • + voice/name • (NR, JL) chʼa gooxʼ sá (particle) wherever; anywhere; chʼa wáa sá (particle) however; any (old) way |

43 chʼ Tlingit to English

| chʼa + wáa + sá → just + how + voice/name • • imperfective (+): akachʼáakʼw | s/he is (NR, JL) carving it • imperfective (–): tlél akoochʼáakʼw | s/he chʼa wáa yateeyi aa sá (particle) any kind (of); whichever kind | | chʼa + wáa + ya-√tee-yi + sá isnʼt carving it → just + how + [comparitive].irr.√big/lots + • perfective (+): akaawachʼákʼw | s/he carved voice/name • (NR, JL) it • perfective (–): tlél akawuchʼáakʼw | s/he chʼa yákʼw (adverb) suddenly; immediately; right didnʼt carve it away | (KE) • variants: chʼa yáakʼw, chʼa yóokʼ • • future (+): akakg̱wachʼáakʼw | s/he will chʼa yéi (particle) ordinary ; usual | (KE) carve it • future (–): tlél akakgwachʼáakʼw | s/he wonʼt (particle) time: short time; ̱ chʼa yéi yigoowáatlʼ carve it while: a short while | can be used before a phrase to indicate that it occured for a short time chʼáagu– (adjective) old; ancient | prenomial | Chʼa yéi yigoowáatlʼ áwé chʼas xíxchʼ yáx̱ yoo adjective: appears immediately before the noun x̱ʼayatánk. → She could only speak like a frog for that it affects | (KE, JC) a while. • (GD, MD) chʼáakw (adverb) ⑴ long ago; back then; in the old chʼa yóokʼ (particle) suddenly; immediately; right days | (KE) • variants: chʼákw • || ⑵ time: for a away | (KE) • variants: chʼa yákʼw, chʼa yáakʼw • long time chʼakʼyéisʼ (compound noun) eagle: immature chʼáakʼ (noun) eagle: bald eagle eagle | “discolored eagle” | chʼáakʼ-√yéisʼ → chʼáakʼ loowú ⑴ (compound noun) eagleʼs beak eagle.discolored/bruised • (KE) (alienated) || ⑵ (color) yellow: dark yellow (particle) just; only chʼas chʼáalʼ ⑴ (noun) willow | (KE) || ⑵ (color) white √chʼaachʼ (verb root) spotted | used to describe someoneʼs face when the color has gone out | (JM) O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ (∅ – object intransitive) spotted | for O to be spotted, have spots | sʼíxʼ –chʼáatwu (body part) skin: –ʼs skin (surface) | kawdichʼachʼ → the dish is spotted (SN) • (JL) (KE) • perfective (+): kawdichʼachʼ | it is spotted; it chʼeix̱ʼ (noun) berry: thimbleberry | (KE) • got spotted variants: chʼeex̱ʼ • ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) √chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) dirty spotted | for a natural object (wood, rock, etc.) to be spotted | this verb only occurs in O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) the imperfective | kadlichʼachx̱i yax̱ yatee du dirty; soil | for S to dirty, soil O (esp. clothing keenaanáx̱ → it (a flicker) is spotted on top or person) | ilí! i lʼaagí gag̱eelachʼéix̱ʼw → (SN) • tsaa doogú kadlichʼachʼx̱ áwe yakʼei → a donʼt! you will dirty your dress (SN) • (KE) sealskin that is spotted is real good • (KE) • imperative: lachʼéx̱ʼw! | get it dirty! • imperfective (+): kadlichʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs spotted • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • imperfective (–): tlél koolchʼáchʼx̱ | itʼs not ilachʼéx̱ʼwx̱uḵ! | donʼt get it dirty! spotted • progressive imperfective: yaa analchʼéx̱ʼw | s/heʼs getting it dirty √chʼaakʼw (verb root) carve; carve design; incise • perfective (+): awlichʼéx̱ʼw | s/he got it dirty O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw (∅ act verb – transitive) • perfective (–): tlél awulchʼéix̱ʼw | s/he didnʼt carve | for S to carve O (usually smaller, get it dirty detailed work) using a knife | eex̱ sʼíxʼi • future (+): agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | s/he will get it akaawachʼakʼw → he carved an oil dish (SN) dirty • shal saxwti kadachʼaakʼw ashigook → he • future (–): tlél agux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | s/he wonʼt knows how to carve spoon handles (SN) • get it dirty (KE) O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) • imperative: kachʼákʼw! | carve it! dirty | for O to be dirty • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • imperative: ilachʼéx̱ʼw! | get dirty! keechʼákʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt carve it!

44 Tlingit to English chʼ

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl akawulchʼeesh | s/he didnʼt splash it (on her/ ilchʼéx̱ʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt get dirty! him) • progressive imperfective: yaa nalchʼéx̱ʼw | • future (+): (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼéesh | s/ she/he/it is getting dirty he will splash it (on her/him) • perfective (+): wulichʼéx̱ʼw | she/he/it is • future (–): tlél (du daadé) akagux̱lachʼeesh | dirty s/he wonʼt splash it (on her/him) • perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéix̱ʼw | s/heʼs not (noun) murrelet; auklet | (KE) dirty chʼeet • variants: √chʼeix̱ʼ • push point; poke • future (+): gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | s/he will get dirty √chʼeex̱ʼ • future (–): tlél gux̱lachʼéix̱ʼw | s/he wonʼt O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) get dirty point | for S to point at, point out O | yaakw aawachʼéx̱ʼ → he pointed at the boat (SN) (verb root) tire (of eating it) √chʼeix̱ʼw ² • (KE) chʼéix̱ʼw (noun) dirt; dirtiness; dust | (KE, JL) • imperative: chʼéx̱ʼ! | point at it! chʼiyáash canoe: sea otter hunting canoe with an • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl angular prow for breaking the waves eechʼéx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at it! • perfective (+): aawachʼéx̱ʼ | s/he pointed at it (verb root) splash √chʼeesh • perfective (–): tlél awuchʼéix̱ʼ | s/he didnʼt ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – impersonal) point at it splash | for a liquid to splash, be splashed | te • future (+): akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | s/he will point at it heent yeeg̱eexʼi, kei kdachʼíshch → when you • future (–): tlél akg̱wachʼéix̱ʼ | s/he wonʼt throw rocks in the water, it splashes up (SN) point at it • waa ḵusa.aatʼi sayú, heen kei kandachʼíshi, iltʼíxʼx̱ → when it is very cold, the water N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ motion verb – subject freezes as it splashes (as spray or droplets) intransitive) point | for S to point in the (SN) • (KE) direction of N | at x̱waachʼéx̱ʼ → i pointed • imperfective (+): kadachʼéesh | it is over there (SN) splashing • imperative: át eechʼíx̱ʼ! | point there! • perfective (+): kawdichʼísh | it splashed • prohibitive: líl át yichʼéex̱ʼiḵ! | donʼt point • perfective (–): tlél kawdachʼeesh | it didnʼt there! splash • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa nachʼíx̱ʼ | • future (+): kagux̱dachʼéesh | it will splash s/heʼs pointing there • future (–): tlél kagux̱dachʼeesh | it wonʼt • perfective (+): át uwachʼíx̱ʼ | s/he pointed splash there • perfective (–): tlél át woochʼéex̱ʼ | s/he O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh (∅ act verb – transitive) didnʼt point there splash | for S to splash O (on N) | add «N • future (+): aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | s/he will point daadé» in the preverb for “splash on N” | ya there heen ax̱ daat kaylichʼísh → you splashed some • future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | s/he wonʼt water on me (SN) point there • imperative: (du daadé) kalachʼísh! | splash it (on her/him)! O-ya-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (du point | for S to point at O (a person) | x̱at daadé) keelachʼíshx̱iḵ! | donʼt splash it (on yaawachʼex̱ʼ → he pointed his finger at me her/him)! (SN) • (KE) • imperfective (+): (du daadé) aklachʼéesh | • imperative: yachʼíx̱ʼ! | point at her/him! s/he is splashing it (on her/him) • prohibitive: líl yeechʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt point at • imperfective (–): tlél (du daadé) her/him! akoolchʼéesh | s/he isnʼt splashing it (on her/ • imperfective (+): ayachʼíx̱ʼt | s/he is pointing him) at her/him • perfective (+): (du daadé) akawlichʼísh | s/ • imperfective (–): tlél awoochʼíx̱ʼt | s/he isnʼt he splashed it (on her/him) pointing at her/him • perfective (–): tlél (du daadé) • perfective (+): ayaawachʼíx̱ʼ | s/he pointed at her/him

45 chʼ – d Tlingit to English

• perfective (–): tlél ayawuchʼéex̱ʼ | s/he didnʼt • future (–): tlél x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | s/he point at her/him wonʼt be a slow eater/talker • future (+): ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | s/he will point chʼu same; even; still | this particle rarely appears at her/him on its own, but instead often interacts with other • future (–): tlél ayakg̱wachʼéex̱ʼ | s/he wonʼt particles | (JL, KE) • variants: chʼoo • point at her/him chʼu déix̱ (particle) both | (KE) chʼéen (noun) ribbon; bow (ribbon); hair tie | (JL) chʼu shóogu (particle) same: the same | (KE) (noun) skate (ocean creature related to chʼéetg̱aa (particle) then: just then; time: just at that the shark and the ray) | (KE) chʼu tle time | used before a verb to create “when {verb}” –chʼéex̱ʼi (body part) finger: –ʼs first finger | (KE) or “while {verb}” • will be used often to tie a series √chʼéeyáḵw ˟ slow of actions together | use varies from speaker to speaker, and it can appear multiple times in one O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object sentence, often to show the immediacy of a string intransitive) slow | for O to be slow | neilyeexʼ yéi jiné aan x̱at lichʼéeyaḵw → iʼm slow at of actions • (KE) • variants: chʼu tlei • housework (SN) • a yáanáx̱ lichʼéeyaḵw: chʼu tleix̱ (particle) forever yasátgi shí áwé → itʼs too slow (that is, you are singing it too slowly): itʼs a fast song (SN) • tlax̱ ḵútx̱ wulichʼéeyáḵw → he was entirely too d slow (JL) • (KE) • imperfective (+): lichʼéeyáḵw | s/he is slow da- (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (+d,∅,–i) | • imperfective (–): tlél ulchʼéeyáḵw | s/he Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and isnʼt slow optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the • progressive imperfective: kei nalchʼéeyáḵw verb root contains meaning, and the classifier | s/he is starting to slow down; s/he is getting communicates what the verb does • classifiers slow change group and become a different verb when • perfective (+): wulichʼéeyáḵw | s/he got slow the activity the verb describes changes, and • perfective (–): tlél wulchʼéeyáḵw | s/he examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and didnʼt get slow «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is O-x̱ʼa-l-chʼéeyáḵw ˟ (ga state verb – object –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete intransitive) slow | for O to be slow in eating activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default or talking | this verb has been documented and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, with and without the «ya-» thematic prefix which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), (x̱ʼayawlichʼéeyáḵw / x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw); antipassives that remove the embedded object both forms are acceptable and do not seem pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») to change the meaning | atx̱a teen x̱at subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw → iʼm slow in eating/I eat of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier slowly (SN) • (KE) changes from there to move into certain modes • imperfective (+): x̱ʼalichʼéeyáḵw | s/he is a • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, slow eater/talker and then l group, and then the rare sh group • imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeilchʼéeyáḵw | s/he isnʼt a slow eater/talker –i verb modes • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does • progressive imperfective: kei it x̱ʼanalchʼéeyáḵw | s/he is getting to be a slow • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does eater/talker not do it • perfective (+): x̱ʼawlichʼéeyáḵw | s/he • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the became a slow eater/talker process of doing it • perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawulchʼéeyáḵw | s/he • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it didnʼt become a slow eater/talker • imperative | do it! • future (+): x̱ʼagux̱lachʼéeyáḵw | s/he will be a • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every slow eater/talker time)

46 Tlingit to English d

• perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet the subject of a subject intransitive verb or the • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen object or a transitive or object intransitive verb • • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to variants: dax̱-, daḵ- • do it; it wonʼt happen dag̱anḵú (compound noun) afterlife | “in the area of • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it the interior land” | daaḵ-aan-ḵu → inland.land- • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it (inhabited).areal • variants: dax̱anḵú • (regularly) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it dag̱asáa (verbal noun) squid | dag̱a-∅-√sáa → • conditional | if/when s/he does it distr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√narrow [?] +i verb modes Dag̱istinaa (clan name) Clan: Thunderbird (Eagle/ • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he Wolf Moiety) | “Inland Channel Clan”; Origin: does it Blake Channel, Wrangell Island | Teiḵweidí • perfective (+) | s/he did it Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group • Primary Crest: • potential (+) | s/he might do it Thunderbird • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Eagle, • potential (–) | s/he might not do it Shark, Sun | daaḵ-séet-i-naa → inland.channel. • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it [peg vowel].clan/tribe/nation • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) ∅ group • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) Jilḵáat Ḵwáan • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House • da- | (+d,∅,–i) • Shísʼg̱i Hít | Sapling House • di- | (+d,∅,+i) G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan s group Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) • Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House • si- | (–d,∅,+i) (suffix) number of times | (JL) • s- | (+d,∅,–i) -dahéen • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) dahooní (verbal noun) salesperson; shopkeeper; clerk | “seller” | da-√hoon-í → cl-(+d,∅,–i).√sell. l group • la- | (–d,∅,–i) [relational] • (KE) • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –dakán (relational base) facing away from – • l- | (+d,∅,–i) (verbal noun) sewing | da-√ḵáa-sʼ → cl- • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) daḵéisʼ (+d,∅,–i).√sew • (KE)

sh group (compound noun) • variants: daaḵ • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) daḵka.ádi ka.ádi • animal | “inland thing” | daaḵ-ká-át-i → • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) inland.on.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) daḵká (compound noun) inland; interior; up in the woods; back (away from the open); back (away (relational base) straight towards –; –dachóon from the waterʼs edge); back (inside) | daaḵ-ká directly towards – | (KE) → inland.on • (KE) (kinship term) grandchild: –ʼs –dachx̱án (clan name) Clan: Killer Whale grandchild | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used Daḵlʼaweidí (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Inland for biological grandchildren as well as people who Sandbar”; Origin: Stikine River | Killerwhale are grandchildren of a clan | (KE) Migration, Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crests: dagatgiyáa (noun) hummingbird | possibly Killerwhale, Eagle • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Dog a borrowed noun or a verbal noun | (KE) • Spirit, Octopus, Seal, Glacier, Iceberg, Flicker, variants: digitgiyáa • Shark, Moth | daaḵ-lʼéiw-át-i → inland.sand. –dagiygé (relational base) middle of – | dagi-ÿá- thing.[possession] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) gé → into-open.vsf.against/opposing • (KE) • Taantʼá Ḵwáan variants: –dagikyé, –dagiyigé • • Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House • G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House dag̱a- (verb prefix) each of them | pluralizes

47 d Tlingit to English

• Yasku Hít | Wasgo(?) House [ from Haida] dágáa (particle) sure: for sure | (KE) • variants: • Kóon Hít | Flicker (Woodpecker) House sdágáa • Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan dákde át (compound noun) thing heading offshore, • Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House esp. wind | daak-de + át → seaward-towards + • Yaa Ayanasnaḵ Kéet Hít | Killerwhale Chasing thing-(4n.i) • (KE) after It (Seal) House (compound noun) mackerel | • Kéet Oox̱ú Hít | Killerwhale Tooth House dákdesaxʼaak “swims underwater out to sea” | daak-de-sa- Jilḵáat Ḵwáan √xʼaak → seaward.towards.cl-(–d,s,–i).√swim- • Chʼeet Hít | Murrelet House (underwater) • (KE) • Tleilú Hít | Moth House • Kéet Gooshí Hít | Killerwhale Dorsal Fin House dákwtasi (compound noun) • variants: dákwx̱utasi • Kéet Ḵwáani Hít | Killerwhale People House • ⑴ cracklings of rendered fat || ⑵ grease unfit • Kéet Lʼóotʼi Hít | Killerwhale Tongue House for consumption || ⑶ fertilizer | “fat rendering • Kéet Déx̱ʼi Hít | Killerwhale Backbone House sinew” | √dákw-tasi → √render-fat.sinew (relational noun) weight: –ʼs weight (usually Áatlein Ḵwáan –dáli in pounds) | –√dál-i → √be-heavy.[relational] Deisleen Ḵwáan • (JL) Taagish Ḵwáan • Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House √dáskw ˟ (verb root) quick-tempered O-tu-ka-u-∅-√dáskw ˟ (ga state verb – object daleiyí (noun) trout: lake trout | (KE) intransitive) quick-tempered | for O to be daneit (compound noun) box: large box for storing quick-tempered grease, oil | daa-∅-√né-át [?] → around/about. • prohibitive: líl itukoodásguḵ! | donʼt be cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) quick-tempered! daséikw (verbal noun) breath; life | x̱ʼa-√sáa-kw → • imperfective (+): tukuwadáskw | s/he is mouth.√breathe/rest • (KE) • variants: x̱ʼaséikw quick-tempered • • imperfective (–): tlél tukoodáskw | s/he isnʼt quick-tempered (compound noun) book | “paper/ datóow xʼúxʼ • progressive imperfective: kei tukunadáskw | book to read” | da-√tóow + xʼúxʼ → cl-(+d,∅,– s/he is getting to be quick-tempered i).√read/count + membrane • perfective (+): tukaawadáskw | s/he was datóow xʼúxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) library quick-tempered | “building around reading paper/book” | datóow • perfective (–): tlél tukawudáskw | s/he + xʼúxʼ + daaka-hít-i → cl-(+d,∅,–i).√read/ wasnʼt quick-tempered count + membrane + around-outside.house. • future (+): kei tukakg̱wadáskw | s/he will be [relational] quick-tempered • future (–): tlél kei tukakgwadáskw | s/he daxadooshóonáx̱ (number) seven people | used ̱ for counting people only | (KE) wonʼt be quick-tempered (noun) cranberry: lowbush cranberry; dax̱adooshú (number) seven | “someone extends dáxw [their hand] to the second one” | déix̱-aa-du- Lingonberry w-ÿa-√shú → two.one(s)-(part.i)..someone. -dáx̱ (relational suffix) • variants: -tx̱, -x̱ • from; out [perfective].[classifer].√extends • (CG) of; since (that time) | contraction from «-dáx̱» to «-tx̱» is optional when the suffix attaches to dax̱áchxʼi (verbal noun) boat: tugboat | towers ( from tow) | da-√x̱ách-xʼ-i → cl-(+d,∅,–i).√tow. an open noun • contraction to «-x̱» occurs when [plural].[relational] • (JL) attaching to «áa» (that place), which creates «aax̱» ( from there) • closed monosyllable Tlingit twice; two times | (KE) dax̱dahéen suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable two different kinds, types; two dax̱yeekaadé suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding different ways, directions | déix̱-yee-ká-dé → two. vowel | (KE, JC) below.on.towards • (KE) dáx̱gaa (number) two by two | (KE) –dayéen (relational base) facing – | (KE) ̱

48 Tlingit to English d dáx̱g̱aanáx̱ (number) two people by two | (KE) hitting a certain place down below (SN) • imperfective (+): kanaadaa | itʼs flowing (number) two people | used for counting dáx̱náx̱ • progressive imperfective: yaa kanadéin | itʼs people only | (KE) starting to flow –daa ¹ (relational base) around –; about –; • perfective (+): kaawadaa | it flowed; itʼs concerning – | (KE) flowing –daa ² (body part) body: –ʼs body; body: around –ʼs • perfective (–): tlél kawudaa | it didnʼt flow; body itʼs not flowing • future (+): kakg̱wadáa | it will flow (verb root) | classification: water flow; rise; √daa ¹ • future (–): tlél kakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt flow flood N-náx̱ + ya-∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – (∅ motion verb – impersonal) daaḵ + ∅-√daa ¹ impersonal) flow through; flood | for water, tide | for the tide to rise, come in | yan kat the tide to flow through N; for water, the tide to oowadaa → itʼs high tide (that is, the tide flood N | heen naadaa → the creek is flowing has flowed in completely to the shore) (SN) (SN) • (KE) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: anax̱ yaa • progressive imperfective: daaḵ nadéin | the yanadéin | itʼs flowing there tide is coming in • perfective (+): anax̱ yaawadáa | it flowed • perfective (+): daaḵ uwadáa | the tide is in there • future (+): daaḵ gug̱adáa | the tide will rise • perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawudá | it didnʼt kei + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – impersonal) tide; flow there rise | for water level, tide to rise | (KE) • future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wadáa | it will flow • progressive imperfective: kei nadéin | itʼs there rising • future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wadaa | it wonʼt • perfective (+): kei uwadáa | it rose flow there • perfective (–): tlél kei wudá | it didnʼt rise N-t⁓ + ka-∅-daa (∅ motion verb – impersonal) • future (+): kei kg̱wadáa | it will rise flow; rise | for water to flow, rise to N | a • future (–): tlél kei kg̱wadaa | it wonʼt rise katʼoott kadein → the liquid is half gone / shí + N + lóot⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ (∅ motion verb – flowed away (SN) • (KE) impersonal) bleed; run | for Nʼs nose to bleed • progressive imperfective: wé héen aadé yaa | to say “Nʼs nose is running”, replace «shí» kanadéin | the water level is starting to rise “blood” with «héen» “water”, as in «héen ax̱ lóot to there uwadáa» “my nose is running | (KE) • perfective (+): wé héen át kaawadáa | the • progressive imperfective: shí du lóode yaa water level rose to there nadéin | her/his nose is starting to bleed • perfective (–): wé héen tlél át kawudá | the • perfective (+): shí du lóot uwadáa | her/his water level didnʼt rise to there nose is bleeding; her/his nose bled • future (+): wé héen aadé kakg̱wadáa | the • perfective (–): tlél shí du lóot wudá | her/ water level will rise to there his nose isnʼt bleeding; her/his nose didnʼt • future (–): wé héen tlél aadé kakg̱wadaa | bleed the water level wonʼt rise to there • future (+): shí du lóode kgwadáa | her/his ̱ √daa ² (verb root) accustomed to; figure out nose is going to bleed • future (–): tlél shí du lóode kg̱wadaa | her/ N + kát⁓ + ya-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ act verb – his nose isnʼt going to bleed subject intransitive) watch; keep eye on | for S to keep an eye on, watch N | de chʼaakw áya i kat ka-∅-√daa ¹ (na motion verb – impersonal) flow; wux̱adéin → iʼve been watching you for a long run | for water, blood to flow; for a nose to time (to see how you behave) (SN) run | haa káx̱ kaawadaa → the tide caught • imperative: a kát woodá! | keep an eye on us (that is, flowed onto us) (SN) • she du jint her/him/it! kaawadaa → his hand was bleeding (SN) • • prohibitive: líl a káx̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt keep (KE) • g̱ílʼ yaadáx̱ heen diyeet kaawa.aa → a an eye on her/him/it! small waterfall is flowing over the cliff and • imperfective (+): a kát woodéin | s/he is

49 d Tlingit to English

keeping an eye on her/him/it flesh” | daa-dleey-í → body.flesh.[relational] • imperfective (–): tlél a kát woodéin | s/he daak (independent base) out to sea; out into the isnʼt keeping an eye on her/him/it open; falling from sky • perfective (+): a kát yaawadáa | s/he kept an eye on her/him/it –daakahídi (compound noun) building: –ʼs • perfective (–): tlél a kát yawudá | s/he didnʼt building | “builing around –” | daaká-hít-i → keep an eye on her/him/it around-outside.house.[relational] • (JC) • future (+): a kaadé yakg̱wadáa | s/he will –daakakʼátsʼi (compound noun) thorn: its thorn(s) keep an eye on her/him/it | “sharps around it” | daa-ka-√kʼátsʼ-i → around. • future (–): tlél a kaadé yakg̱wadaa | s/he hsf.√sharp.[relational] • (JL) wonʼt keep an eye on her/him/it –daakanóoxʼu (kinship term) ancestor: –ʼs N + káa + yan⁓ + ya-u-S-∅-√daa ² (∅ motion ancestor (term of respect, usually referring to verb – subject intransitive) watch; keep eye on | –ʼs motherʼs motherʼs father) | “shell around the for S to keep an eye on, watch N | (KE) outside surface of –” | in Tlingit kinship, this is a • imperative: a káa yan woodá! | keep an eye clan from the opposite moiety, that is the motherʼs on her/him/it! motherʼs fatherʼs clan • use of this term signifies • prohibitive: líl a káa yax̱ yeedaayíḵ! | donʼt a special ancestral relationship, often referred keep an eye on her/him/it! to as “protective outer shell” | daaká-nóoxʼ-u → • perfective (–): tlél a káa yan yawudá | s/he around-outside.shell.[relational] • (KE) didnʼt keep an eye on her/him/it –daakashú fate: –ʼs fate | “the end around the • future (+): a káa yan yaawadáa | s/he kept outside surface of –” | daaká-shú → around-outisde. an eye on her/him/it end • (KE) • future (+): a káa yánde yakg̱wadáa | s/he (relational base) around outside of – | (JC) will keep an eye on her/him/it –daaká • future (–): tlél a káa yánde yakg̱wadaa | s/ daakeit (compound noun) container | “thing he wonʼt keep an eye on her/him/it around the outside” | daaká-át → around- outside.thing-(4n.i) N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² (na event verb – impersonal) accustomed to; used to | for N to √daakw (verb root) render become used to, accustomed to it (of manner of a-S-∅-√daakw (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) speech or flavor of food) | has du x̱ʼeix̱ woodaa render | for S to render something down ( for → theyʼve grown accustomed to using certain oil) (esp. seal blubber) | tsaa taayí aawadakw words all the time (SN) → he rendered seal oil (SN) • agax̱toodáakw • imperative: i x̱ʼéix̱ nadá! | get used to it! → we are going to render it down (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: du x̱ʼéix̱ yaa • imperative: adákw! | render it! nadéin | s/he is getting used to it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • perfective (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ woodaa | s/he got eedákwx̱uḵ! | donʼt render it! used to it • imperfective (+): adáakw | s/he is rendering • perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ wudaa | s/he it didnʼt get used to it • perfective (+): aawadákw | s/he rendered it • future (+): du x̱ʼéix̱ gug̱adáa | s/he will get • perfective (–): tlél awudaakw | s/he didnʼt used to it render it • future (–): tlél du x̱ʼéix̱ gugadaa | s/he wonʼt ̱ • future (+): akg̱wadáakw | s/he will render it get used to it • future (–): tlél akg̱wadaakw | s/he wonʼt –daa ax̱áayi (body part) flippers: –ʼs flippers (of render it fish) | “–ʼs body paddles” | daa + ax̱áa-yi → daaḵ (independent base) up in the woods; inland around/about/body + paddle.[relational] • (NR) from shore; back from open; off of fire; away daa yaa ḵug̱átch (verbal noun) dizziness | daa + from the waterʼs edge | (JC, KE) yaa + ḵu-∅-√gát-ch → around/about + along + ̱ √daaḵ ¹ (verb root) clear up areal.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√disoriented.[habitual] • (JL) N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ (na event verb – –daadleeyí (body part) flesh: –ʼs flesh | “–ʼs body impersonal) conscious; come to; sober | for

50 Tlingit to English d

N to regain consciousness; for N to come to hide | “body flab” | (JL, KE) • daa-√leil-í → oneʼs senses; for N to sober up | ḵaa daa yaa body.√flabby/wrinkled anadáḵ → heʼs coming to/coming back to (verb root) imprint; mark consciousness after drinking (SN) • daa √daalʼ akg̱wadáaḵ → heʼs going to get back to his O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) type; senses (SN) • (KE) print | for S to type O | i jiyís kakḵwaladaalʼ → • imperative: i daa anadaaḵ (dé)! | sober up lʼll type it for you (SN) • (KE) (now)! • imperative: kaladálʼ! | type it! • progressive imperfective: du daa yaa • prohibitive: líl keeldáalʼiḵ! | donʼt type it! anadáḵ | s/he is beginning to sober up • imperfective (+): akladáalʼ | s/he is typing • perfective (+): du daa aawadaaḵ | s/he it; s/he types it sobered up • imperfective (–): tlél akooldáalʼ | s/he isnʼt • perfective (–): tlél du daa awudaaḵ | s/he typing it; s/he doesnʼt type it didnʼt sober up • progressive imperfective: yaa akanaldálʼ | s/ • future (+): du daa akg̱wadáaḵ | s/he will he is (in the process of ) typing it sober up • perfective (+): akawlidálʼ | s/he typed it • future (–): tlél du daa akg̱wadaaḵ | s/he • perfective (–): tlél akawuldáalʼ | s/he didnʼt wonʼt sober up type it • future (+): akagux̱ladáalʼ | s/he will type it √daaḵ ² (verb root) move residence • future (–): tlél akagux̱ladáalʼ | s/he wonʼt kei + O-s-√daaḵ ² (∅ motion verb – object type it intransitive) move residence; migrate | for O to (verb root) snow heavily move household (permanently), migrate | NS √daan and JL record this verb without the mandatory a-ya-ka-∅-√dáan (∅ event verb – impersonal) «kei» in the preverb, but it appears to be the snow | for it to snow heavily | dleit same verb | yaadáx̱ haa gux̱sadáaḵ → weʼre yakaawadan → the snow is coming down so going to move from here/never coming back heavily, one canʼt see far (SN) • yei x̱wajée haa (SN) • ixkeede wsidaaḵ → he moved south kaa ayakg̱wadáan → i think itʼs going to snow permanently (SN) • (KE) real heavily on us (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): aax̱ kei wsidáḵ | s/he moved • progressive imperfective: yaa ayakanadán | from there itʼs starting to snow heavily • perfective (–): tlél aax̱ kei wusdaaḵ | s/he • perfective (+): ayakaawadán | itʼs snowing didnʼt move from there heavily; it snowed heavily • future (+): aax̱ kei gux̱sadáaḵ | s/he will • perfective (–): tlél ayakawudáan | itʼs not move from there snowing heavily; it didnʼt snow heavily • future (–): tlél aax̱ kei gux̱sadaaḵ | s/he • future (+): ayakakg̱wadáan | it will snow wonʼt move from there heavily • future (–): tlél ayakakg̱wadáan | it wonʼt daaḵw.aa sá (question particle) which one (of a snow heavily set) | determiners may be added to «sá» as in «daaḵw.aa sáyá» (which one is this?), «daaḵw.aa –daanóogu (verbal noun) feel: –ʼs sense of feel; sáwé?» (which one is that?) • question particles sense of feel | daa-∅-√nóok-u → around/body. combine most commonly to form questions, but cl-(–d,∅,–i).√feel/taste.[relational] • (JL) can also be used to create statements like «jánwu √daasʼ (verb root) wear through (with wire); snare alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) snare | mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around for S to snare O | xoots x̱wadlidásʼ → i snared there) (David Kadashan 6) | daaḵw.aa sá i tuwáa a brown bear (SN) • (KE) sigóo? → which one of them do you want? • • imperative: eeldásʼ! | snare it! daaḵw.aa naax̱ sá isitee? → which clan/moiety/ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl tribe are you? • (JC,KE) eeldásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt snare it! –daaleilí (body part) skin: –ʼs wrinkled/flabby • perfective (+): awdlidásʼ | s/he snared it skin; hide: –ʼs wrinkled/flabby hide; wrinkled: • perfective (–): tlél awuldáasʼ | s/he didnʼt –ʼs wrinkled skin/hide; flabby: –ʼs flabby skin/ snare it

51 d Tlingit to English

• future (+): akg̱waldáasʼ | s/he will snare it daaw (noun) ⑴ kelp: ribbon kelp || ⑵ kelp: ribbon • future (–): tlél akg̱waldáasʼ | s/he wonʼt kelp on which herring have spawned snare it daaxʼoon (number) four | (KE) (body part) body: –ʼs body parts | –daashagóon (compound noun) Thursday; daa-shagóon → body.components/parts • (KE) daaxʼoon yakyee day: Thursday | “fourth day” • variants: daaxʼoon –daat (relational noun) about –; concerning – | yagiyee, daaxʼoon yagee • (JC) daaxʼoondahéen (number) four times | (KE) (question particle) for what (purpose) daat g̱aa sá (number) four people | used for | this often translates to “for what purpose” daaxʼoonínáx̱ counting people only | (KE) or “going after what” • determiners may be added to «sá» as in «daat g̱aa sáyá» (what is –daayí (plant part) bark: –ʼs bark | (KE) this for?), «daat g̱aa sáwé?» (what is that for?) daa.aax̱w (verbal noun) bundle | “tie around” • question particles combine most commonly to | daa-∅-√.aax̱w → around/about.cl-(–d,∅,– form questions, but can also be used to create i).√.bind/wrap • (JL) statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, –daa.it (body part) body: –ʼs body | (KE) whatever went around there) (David Kadashan –daa.it nagóowu (compound noun) actions: –ʼs 6) | daat g̱aa sá hóon daakahídidé yaa neegút? → actions | “–ʼs body extends to it” | daa-it + na- what are you going to the store for? • (JC,KE) ∅-√góo-wu → body/around.ends + na-md.cl- (–d,∅,–i).√extend.[relational] • (JL) daa(t) sá (question particle) what | the most common form is «daa» • determiners may be –daa.it x̱ʼáak (body part) joints: –ʼs joints | added to «sá» as in «daa sáyá» (what is this?), “between –ʼs body” | daa.it + x̱ʼáak → body- «daa sáwé?» (what is that?) • question particles (ends) + between • (JL) combine most commonly to form questions, daa.ittunéekw (compound noun) arthritis | “pain but can also be used to create statements like at the ends of the body” | daa.it-tú-néekw → «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he body-(ends).inside.sick/hurt hunts mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | daa sá i daa.itwéisʼi (body part) gland: –ʼs gland | daa.it- tuwáa sigóo? → what do you want? (NR) • daat wéisʼ-i → body-(end).gland.[relational] • (KE) eetéenáx̱ sá iyatee? → what do you need? (NR) dáa (noun) ermine; weasel | (KE) • (JC,KE) dáadzi (noun) firestone; iron pyrite | (KE) (question particle) for what (benefit) daat yís sá (body part) testicles: –ʼs testicles | (JM, | this often translates to “for what benefit” or –dáadzi JL) “for what is it being given” • determiners may be added to «sá» as in «daat yís sáyá» (what is dáag̱i (preverb) out of the water onto the beach, this for?), «daat yís sáwé?» (what is that for?) shore | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation • question particles combine most commonly to motion verb (towards a terminus) | (KE, JC) form questions, but can also be used to create –dáali (body part) rumen: –ʼs rumen (of statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át ruminant); stomach: –ʼs main stomach (of wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, ruminant); tripe: –ʼs tripe (of ruminant) | (JL, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan KE) 6) | haa, daat yís sáwé a káaxʼ x̱ʼeedagáxʼx̱ (borrowed noun) dollar; silver dollar; ag̱eeshaayít? → why do you pray to marry? (RZ, dáanaa ⑴ Dauenhauer, “Tracking ʼYuwaan Gagéetsʼ”) • silver; money; coin | from Chinook Jargon (JC,KE) «dála» || ⑵ (color) silver | (KE) –daateedí (relational noun) wake: –ʼs wake (of dáanaa katʼéex̱ʼi (compound noun) silversmith a boat in water) | daa-teet-í → around.wave. | “silver pounder” | dáanaa + ka-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ-i [relational] • (JL) → silver + hsf.cl-(-d,∅,-i).√smash/pound. [relational] • (KE) • variants: dáanaa tʼéex̱ʼi • –daatʼaawú (body part) fin: –ʼs fins (of fish) dáanaa la.aadí (compound noun) bank teller

52 Tlingit to English d

| “carrier of the money” | dáanaa + la-√.aat-í Sheltered Harbor”; Origin: Xaakka.aan (empty → money + cl-(–d,l,–i).√carry-(baggage and clam shell town), Baker Island | G̱aanax̱.ádi personal items).[relational] • (JL) Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Raven | deikée + gaanáx̱-át-i → out-to-sea + dáanaa sʼaatí (compound noun) rich person ̱ | “silver master” | dáanaa + sʼaatí → silver + sheltered-place.thing.[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, master/boss • (KE) JC, JL, HJ) dáanaa shoowú (compound noun) half dollar; Heinyaa Ḵwáan fifty cents | dáanaa + shoowú → dollar + half-of √deil (verb root) protect • (KE) yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil (∅ motion verb – subject dáanaa tʼéex̱ʼi (compound noun) silversmith intransitive) watch; lookout; protect; guard | | “silver pounder” | dáanaa + ka-∅-√tʼéex̱ʼ-i for S to keep watch, keep a lookout | sháal káx̱ → silver + hsf.cl-(-d,∅,-i).√smash/pound. yan aawadél → he watched the fishtrap (SN) [relational] • (KE) • variants: dáanaa katʼéex̱ʼi • • (KE) • imperative: yan adél! | keep watch! (verbal noun) money: counterfit dáanaa yélaa • prohibitive: líl yax̱ eedeilíḵ! | donʼt keep money | dáanaa + √yél-aa → money/silver + watch! √raven.one(s)-(part.i) • perfective (+): yan aawadél | s/he kept dáasʼaa (verbal noun) snare | “the one that snares” | watch √dáasʼ-aa → √snare-one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél yan awudeil | s/he didnʼt dáat (noun) jelly; jam; jello | “jiggle” | (JL) keep watch • future (+): yánde akg̱wadéil | s/he will keep dáax̱ (noun) canoe under construction | (KE) watch de (particle) already; now: (by) now | appears • future (–): tlél yánde akg̱wadeil | s/he wonʼt before verbs to create “already [verbed]” or “at the keep watch time of [verb]” • variants: dei • Deisleen (placename) Teslin | multiple -de (relational suffix) to; toward; until; in the interpretations of the name exist, including manner of | closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes “hunting by moonlight” (BC), “trail on which are high tone, and open monosyllable suffixes people hid themselves” (GS), and a borrowed are opposite of the tone of the preceding vowel | word from a neighboring Athabascan language (KE, JC) Deisleen Ḵwáan (region name) Teslin: People of de x̱waa (adverb) finally | dei x̱waa kut wudiḵeen the Teslin Area | “People of Teslin” | Included → finally he flew away (BC) Communities: Teslin • multiple interpretations of the name exist, including “hunting by moonlight” (particle) soon | (JC) desgwách (BC), “trail on which people hid themselves” dei (noun) path; trail; road; street | (KE) (GS), and a borrowed word from a neighboring dei yaax̱ (compound noun) trail: side of the trail; Athabascan language | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) path: side of the path; road: side of the road; Wolf/Eagle Clans street: side of the street | dei + yaax̱ → trail/ • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar road + edge-of • Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of the Mainland dei yík (compound noun) bed of the path, trail, road; trail: on the trail; path: on the path; road: Raven/Crow Clans on the road; trail: on the trail | “in the road” | dei • Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River + yík → trail/road + in-(shallow container) House • Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House (compound noun) Haida | “way out to Deikeenaa • Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail sea tribe” | (KE) • deikée-naa → out-to-sea.clan House (independent base) out to sea; out to the deikée (clan name) Clan: Beaver (Raven/ open | (JC) Deisheetaan Crow Moiety) | “People of the End of the Trail Deikée G̱aanax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: Raven House” | Deisheetaan Migration • Deisheetaan (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “Out to Sea People of Group • Primary Crests: Beaver, Split Beaver

53 d Tlingit to English

(Teslin) • Secondary Crests: Raven, Dragonfly, he did made him ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at Mosquito, White Frog, Sockeye, Hawk, Bullhead, kalidéixʼi → Iʼm real ashamed (SN) Needlefish | dei-shú-hít-taan → road/trail.end. • imperfective (+): akalidéixʼ | she/he/it house.people-of-house • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) makes her/him ashamed • imperfective (–): tlel akooldéixʼ | she/he/it Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • Dáanaa Hít | Silver House doesnʼt make her/him ashamed • Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House • perfective (+): akawlidéixʼ | she/he/it made • Goon Hít | Spring (of water) House her/him ashamed • Shdéen Hít | Steel House • perfective (–): tlél akawuldéixʼ | she/he/it • Tuḵká Hít | Needlefish House didnʼt make her/him ashamed • Yéil Hít | Raven House • future (+): akagux̱ladéixʼ | she/he/it will make her/him ashamed Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • future (–): tlél akagux̱ladéixʼ | she/he/it • Yéil Sʼaagí Hít | Raven’s Bones House ̱ wonʼt make her/him ashamed • Kaaḵáakʼw Hít | Basket/Arch House déi (particle) now | often appears after verbs in the Áatlein Ḵwáan imperative form to put urgency or immediacy Deisleen Ḵwáan into the command | (KE) Taagish Ḵwáan déi áwé! (interjection) knock it off!; stop it!; thatʼs • Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House enough! | (KE) Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan (verbal noun) shelter (from wind or weather); • Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House déili harbor | √déil-i → √protect.[relational] Deishú (placename) Haines | “End of the Trail” | –déin vicinity | (JC, KE) dei-shú → train/road.end • (KE) déix̱ (number) two | (KE) • variants: déex̱ (Y,A,T) • √deixʼ (verb root) ashamed; shame déix̱ yakyee (compound noun) Tuesday; day: O-ka-∅-√déixʼ/ ˟ (na state verb – object Tuesday | “second day” • variants: déix̱ yagiyee, intransitive) ashamed; shame: feel shame | déix̱ yagee • for O to be ashamed; for O to be feel shame | (GD, KE) • ax̱ dlaakʼ kayadéixʼ → my sister di- (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (+d,∅,+i) | is ashamed (SN) • tlax̱ tléil koodéixʼ → heʼs Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and never ashamed (because hardened) (SN) optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the • imperative: ikanadéixʼ! | be ashamed! verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • prohibitive: líl ikoodéixʼiḵ! | donʼt be communicates what the verb does • classifiers ashamed! change group and become a different verb when • imperfective (+): kayadéixʼ / kaadéixʼ | s/he the activity the verb describes changes, and is ashamed examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and • imperfective (–): tlél koodéixʼ | s/he isnʼt «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root ashamed but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • perfective (+): kaawadéixʼ | s/he became –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete ashamed activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • perfective (–): tlél kawudéixʼ | s/he didnʼt and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, become ashamed which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), antipassives that remove the embedded object • future (+): kakg̱wadéixʼ | s/he will be ashamed pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • future (–): tlél kakg̱wadéixʼ | s/he wonʼt be ashamed of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ (na act verb – transitive) • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, shame: put to shame; embarassed | for O to and then l group, and then the rare sh group be shamed by S; for O to be embarrassed by S; for O to be put to shame by S | (GD, KE) • –i verb modes • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does du yéi jineiyích kawlidéixʼ → his work/what it

54 Tlingit to English d

• imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does Lord; Creator | “person of the land above” | a not do it post-contact term from Christianity | (KE) • • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the dikée + aan-ḵáa-wu → above + land-(inhabited). process of doing it person.[relational] • variants: Aanḵáawu, • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it Dikáanḵáawu • • imperative | do it! (compound noun) artificial • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every dikée g̱eiwú intelligence | “high net” | dikée + g̱eiwú → time) above + net • (AB) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen –dix̱ʼkatʼaawú (body part) • variants: dix̱ʼtʼaawú • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to (T) • fin: –ʼs anterior dorsal fin (of fish) | dix̱ʼ-ká- do it; it wonʼt happen tʼaaw-ú → back.on.feather.[relational] • (JL) • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it diyáa (compound noun) across; other side | (JC) • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it (compound noun) area across (regularly) diyáanax̱.á (especially of body of water); on the other side • potential decessive | s/he would have done it (especially of body of water) | diyáa-náx̱-á → • conditional | if/when s/he does it across/other-side.[focus] • (KE) +i verb modes • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he Diyée Aanḵáawu (compound noun) Satan; Devil | does it “person of the land above” | a post-contact term • perfective (+) | s/he did it from Christianity | (KE) • diyée + aan-ḵáa-wu → • potential (+) | s/he might do it below + land-(inhabited).person.[relational] • potential (–) | s/he might not do it dís (noun) ⑴ moon || ⑵ month | (KE) • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it dís woox̱éiyi calendar | “moons passed” | dís + ∅ group wu-∅-√x̱éi-yi → moon + pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pass/ • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) overnight.[relational] • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) dís x̱ʼusyee (compound noun) moonbeam | “below • da- | (+d,∅,–i) the foot of the moon” | dís + x̱ʼus-yee → moon + • di- | (+d,∅,+i) foot.below s group dís x̱ʼus.eetí (compound noun) moonlight: in the • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) moonlight | “moonʼt footprint” | dís + x̱ʼus-eetí → • si- | (–d,∅,+i) moon + foot.remains/imprint • s- | (+d,∅,–i) • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) –díx̱ʼ (body part) back: –ʼs back | (KE) l group –díx̱ʼtú sʼaaḵx’í (body part) spine: backbone | • la- | (–d,∅,–i) “bones inside the back” | díx̱ʼ-tú + sʼaaḵ-x’-í → • li- | (–d,∅,+i) back.inside + bone.[plural].[relational] • (JL) • l- | (+d,∅,–i) deegáa (verbal noun) dipnet (for eulachon) | “the • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) one that dipnets for fish” | √deek-áa → √dip-for- sh group fish.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) (verb root) constipate • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) √deekʼ • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) O-S-s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) constipate; plug | for S to constipate, plug O | (KE) digitgiyáa (noun) hummingbird | possibly • perfective (+): ash wusidíkʼ | it constipated a borrowed noun or a verbal noun | (KE) • her/him variants: dagatgiyáa • • perfective (–): tlél ash wusdéekʼ | it didnʼt dikínde (independent base) upwards | kín-de → constipate her/him upwards.towards • (KE) • variants: kínde • • future (+): ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it will constipate her/him Dikée Aanḵáawu (compound noun) Diety; God;

55 d Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél ash gux̱sadéekʼ | it wonʼt x̱ʼeedíxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt cork it up! constipate her/him • perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwadíxʼ | s/he corked it up • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawudéexʼ | s/he didnʼt O-d+s-√déekʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) constipated; plugged | for O to be constipated, cork it up plugged | a yaanáx̱ tleiḵw aawax̱aa; • future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | s/he will cork it up gug̱asdeekʼ → heʼs eaten too many berries; he ʼll be constipated (SN) • yaanáx̱ aanáx̱ • future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakg̱wadéexʼ | s/he wonʼt wudzidíkʼ → this side (nostril) is plugged up cork it up (SN) • (KE) dée (T) (borrowed noun) tea | from English “tea” • • progressive imperfective: yaa nasdíkʼ | s/he variants: cháayoo • is getting constipated (number) two | (KE) • variants: (Y,A,T), déix̱ • • perfective (+): wudzidíkʼ | s/he is déex̱ constipated du (possessive pronoun) hers/his; her/hiss | third • perfective (–): tlél wusdéekʼ | s/heʼs not person singular possessive (3s.P) • used to constipated show a relationship between things, including • future (+): gug̱asdéekʼ | s/he is going to be ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship constipated term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), • future (–): tlél gug̱asdéekʼ | s/he isnʼt going the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to be constipated to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive √dees (verb root) shine (of moon) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) a-d+l-√dées (g̱a event verb – impersonal) shine; • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive moon | for the moon to shine (1s.P) • perfective (+): awdlidées | the moon is • haa | our → first person plural possessive shining (1p.P) • perfective (+): yei akg̱waldées | the moon • i | your → second person singular possessive will shine (2s.P) • perfective (–): tlél awuldées | the moon isnʼt • yee | you allʼs → second person plural shining possessive (2p.P) • future (–): tlél yei akg̱waldées | the moon • du | her/his → third person human singular wonʼt shine possessive (3Hs.P) • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural √deexʼ (verb root) plug up; cork; shut mouth or opening possessive (3p.P) • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive O-S-∅-déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) plug up (3N.P) | for S to plug up O (a hole in a surface) | we • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal x̱aawaag̱í eetí gax̱toodéexʼ → we are going to possessive (3prx.P) stuff up the hole in the window (SN) • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person • imperative: díxʼ! | plug it! obviate possessive (3obv.P) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: idíxʼx̱iḵ! • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human | donʼt plug it! possessive (4h.P) • perfective (+): aawadíxʼ | s/he plugged it • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman • perfective (–): tlél awudéexʼ | s/he didnʼt possessive (4n.P) plug it • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive • future (+): akg̱wadéexʼ | s/he will plug it (part.P) • future (–): akg̱wadéexʼ | s/he wonʼt plug it • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) (rflx.P) cork; shut | for S to cork up (bottle), shut • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal mouth of O | in xʼeesháa x̱ʼawduwadíxʼ → the possessive (recip.P) bottle was corked up (SN) du- (subject pronoun) someone [subject] | fourth • imperative: x̱ʼadíxʼ! | cork it up! person human subject (4h.S) • in a verb phrase, • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl the subject is the agent in the verb • used to

56 Tlingit to English d

indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → and best translated as “someone” • as a subject fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) in verbs, it translates to “the verb occurs,” as in • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person «yoo duwasáakw» (it is called), «hít wududliyéx̱» nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) (a house was built), and «adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa» (dance • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive paddle) • will make all ∅ classifiers –d and all postpositional (part.PP) non-∅ classifiers (s,l,sh) +d regardless of verb • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional theme or mode • will appear as «a-» in the (rflx.PP) object position for motion verbs • other subject • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) postpositional (recip.PP) • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject du x̱ʼé x̱ánt atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ (compound noun) (1s.S) feast following a seclusion ceremony | “inviting • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject to the food next to her mouth” | «ḵu.éexʼ» is the (1p.S) most appropriate term for a cultural gathering, • i- | you [subject] → second person singular often hosted by a clan or clans of the same moiety, subject (2s.S) with the guests being of the opposite moiety • • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural there were many types of «ḵu.éexʼ», including subject (2p.S) «shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ» (wedding), «du x̱ʼé x̱ánt • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ» ( feast for a young woman • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person coming out of seclusion), and others; now there is pluralizer (3pl) primarily «ḵu.éexʼ» for the release of grief of clan • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person members • not an appropriate term for activities human subject (4h.S) that are not clan-hosted | du + x̱ʼé + x̱án-t + at- • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] √x̱á-yi + ḵu-∅-√.éexʼ → her/his-(3s.p) mouth + → reciprocal subject (recip.S) beside.at-(arrived) + something-(4n.O).√eat. du ee- ⁓ u- (postpositional pronoun) her/him: (to) [possessed] + someone-(4h.O).cl-(–d,∅,– her/him; him/her: (to) him/her | third person i).√call-out/shout • (KE, MA, SE, FD) human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • used in dudlitáawchʼán (adjective) steal: it is tempting to certain verbs where something is going towards steal | du-dli-√táaw-chʼán → someone-(4h.S). the object (literally or figuratively) • a special cl-(+d,l,+i).√steal.[adjective] • (JL) type of pronoun that combines three things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational dudli.óowchʼán (adjective) sold easily | du-dli-√. suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below óow-chʼán → someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,+i).√buy. | (JC, KE) [adjective] • (JL) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular –dunóogu (verbal noun) taste: –ʼs taste; flavor: –ʼs postpositional (1s.PP) flavor | du-∅-√nóok-u → someone-(4h.S).cl- • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural (–d,∅,–i).√feel/taste.[relational] • (JL) postpositional (1p.PP) (compound noun) pull tabs; rippies • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular dusʼélʼ xʼúxʼu | “paper someone tears” | du-∅-√sʼélʼ + xʼúxʼ-u postpositional (2s.PP) → someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tear + paper. • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural [relational] • (LF) • variants: sʼélʼ alḵáa xʼúxʼ • postpositional (2p.PP) • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person duwuweit (compound noun) wealth; possessions human singular postpositional (3s.PP) | “thing that is bought” | du-∅-√.óow-u-át → • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√buy • (JL) person plural postpositional (3p.PP) dúḵ (noun) ⑴ cottonwood || ⑵ canoe made from • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman cottonwood | for inland speakers, «dúḵ» is used postpositional (3p.PP) for canoe and «yaakw» for boat | (KE) • variants: • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person yaakw • proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third dúḵlʼ (noun) spruce: young spruce; hemlock: person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) young hemlock | (KE) • variants: túḵlʼ •

57 d – dl Tlingit to English dúsʼ (noun) soot | (KE) • future (+): tóode akagux̱ladóotl | s/he will call her/him/it over to her/him (noun) tadpole; pollywog | (KE) dúsh • future (–): tlél tóode akagux̱ladootl | s/he –doogú (relational noun) skin of –; hide of – | used wonʼt call her/him/it over to her/him to describe a hide or skin that has been removed (interjection) see how you are!; look what from an animal dooóo you did! | (KE) • often used for teasing, or when dook (body part) skin: –ʼs skin; complexion: –ʼs realizing one has done something silly • variants: complexion | (KE) duóo, dóooo • –doonyaa (relational base) next to –ʼs skin; under √dooxʼ (verb root) tie in a knot –ʼs clothes; inside –ʼs clothes | du-niÿaa → self. O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) area/direction • (JL, JC, KE) tie in a knot | for S to tie O in a knot | ḵútx̱ doonyaax̱ kʼoodásʼ (noun) undershirt | doo- kax̱waadúxʼ → i knotted it too tight (SN) • niÿaa-x̱ + kʼoodásʼ → self.area/direction.along + tíxʼ yatxʼi akadooxʼ → heʼs tying the strings in shirt • (KE) knots (SN) • yoowa.at sh kaa akawdidúxʼ she doonyaax̱lʼaak (noun) petticoat; slip | doo-niÿaa- tied an apron around herself • (KE) x̱ -lʼaak → self.area/direction.along.dress • (KE) • imperative: kadúxʼ! | tie it! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl √dootl ¹ (verb root) doubled-up; crumpled-up keedúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt tie it! N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ (∅ motion verb • imperfective (+): akadóoxʼ | s/heʼs tying it – subject intransitive) hug | for S to hug N | (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél akoodóoxʼ | s/heʼs not • imperative: du séit keedadútl! | hug her/ tying it him! • perfective (+): akaawadúxʼ | s/he tied it • prohibitive: líl du séix̱ keedadoodlíḵ! | donʼt • perfective (–): tlél akawudóoxʼ | s/he didnʼt hug her/him! tie it • perfective (+): du séit kawdidútl | s/he • future (+): akakg̱wadóoxʼ | s/he will tie it hugged her/him • future (–): tlél akakg̱wadóoxʼ | s/he wonʼt • perfective (–): tlél du séit kawdadootl | s/he tie it didnʼt hug her/him dóol (noun) crane: sandhill crane | (KE) • future (+): du séide kagux̱dadóotl | s/he will hug her/him –dóolʼi (body part) erection: –ʼs erection | (JL) • future (–): tlél du séide kagux̱dadootl | s/he dóosh (noun) cat | (KE) wonʼt hug her/him dóosh yádi (compound noun) kitten | dóosh + yát-i √dootl ² coax to self; entice → cat + child.[possessed] • (KE) tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl (∅ motion verb – transitive) coax; entice; call; bring | for s to coax, entice, call, or bring O to oneself (esp. dl child or wild animal) | tsaa kax̱wlidútl → i called up a seal (brought it close enough to dlagwáa (verbal noun) spear: fish spear; harpoon shoot) (SN) • tóot kax̱wlidútl we at kʼatskʼu for spearing salmon | “the one that scratches” | → iʼve got that child used to me (with candy, √dlakw-áa → √scratch.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) etc.) so heʼll do what i please (SN) dlágwaa peavy | “the one that scratches” | √dlakw- • imperative: tóot kaladútl! | call it over to áa → √scratch.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) you! –dlaakʼ (kinship term) sister: –ʼs sister (a maleʼs • prohibitive: líl tóox̱ keeladoodlíḵ! | donʼt sister) | classification: female kinship term | in call it over to you! Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by males • imperfective (+): tóode yaa akanaldútl | s/ to refer to biological sisters and females of the he is calling her/him/it over to her/him same clan and generation who they have a close • perfective (+): tóot akawlidútl | s/he called relationship with • can be used with females of her/him/it over to her the same moiety but not the same clan to show • perfective (–): tlél tóot akawuldootl | s/he close personal or clan relationships didnʼt call her/him/it over to her/him

58 Tlingit to English dl

√dlaaḵ (verb root) gain; obtain; succeed; defeat impersonal) deep; piled thickly; pile up | for grain-like objects, pine needles, snow to be O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ (na event verb – transitive) get; deep, thick, pile up | gítgaa aa yan kaawadlan obtain; acquire; succeed; accomplish; defeat; ̱ ̱ → the pine needles are thick (on the ground) beat | for S to gain, get, obtain, acquire O; for there (SN) • dleit yande yaa kanadlan → the S to succeed, accomplish O; for S to defeat, beat snow is getting deep (SN) • (KE) O | the prohibitive forms “donʼt win it!” require • progressive imperfective: yánde yaa context in order to make sense • an example kanadlán | itʼs beginning to pile up would be the statement, said jokingly «líl yoo • perfective (+): yan kaawadlán | itʼs piled up yeedláḵgiḵ: yakḵwadláaḵ!» “donʼt win it: iʼm • perfective (–): tlél yan kawudlaan | itʼs not going to win it!” | nasʼk chaatl yawtuwadlaaḵ piled up; it didnʼt stick (of snow) → we have gained three halibut (SN) • yees • future (+): yánde kakgwadláan | itʼs going yaakw ayaawadlaaḵ → heʼs acquired a ̱ to pile up new boat (SN) • kagax̱too.áaḵw yoo yan • future (–): tlél yánde kakgwadlaan | itʼs not yawtudlaagi → we are going to try to make ̱ ̱ going to pile up it to share (that is, to successfully reach the share) (SN) • yei x̱waajee tleil yagax̱yeedlaaḵ √dlénx̱aa ˟ (verb root) tempt; try out; test → i donʼt think you all wiIl succeed (SN) • O-ka-u-S-∅-dlénx̱aa ˟ (na act verb – transitive) tlakw yoo yaduwadláḵkw → he always loses tempt; try out; test | for S to tempt, try out, test (that is, people always beat him) (SN) • (KE) O | ḵáa x̱at koodlenx̱aa; tleil ḵu.aa a yáx̱ x̱at • imperative: yanadlaaḵ! | win it! utí → a person tempted me, but I disregarded • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo it (SN) • koox̱adlenx̱aa → i tempted him (SN) yeedláḵgiḵ! | donʼt win it! • ax̱ yees yaagú koox̱dlenx̱aa → i tried out my • perfective (+): ayaawadlaaḵ | s/he won it new boat (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél ayawudlaaḵ | s/he didnʼt • imperative: kanadlénx̱aa! | tempt her/him! win it • prohibitive: líl keedlénx̱aayiḵ! | donʼt tempt • future (+): ayakg̱wadláaḵ | s/he will win it her/him! • future (–): tlél ayakg̱wadlaaḵ | s/he wonʼt • imperfective (+): akoodlénx̱aa | she/he/it is win it tempting her/him √dlaan (verb root) deep; piled thickly • imperfective (–): tlél akoodlénx̱aa | she/he/ it isnʼt tempting her/him ∅-√dlaan (ga state verb – impersonal) deep; ̱ • perfective (+): akaawadlénx̱aa | she/he/it piled thickly | for water, snow, etc. to be tempted her/him deep, to be piled thickly | this verb is one of • perfective (–): tlél akawudlénx̱aa | she/he/it a very small set of dimensional verbs with didnʼt tempt her/him extensional imperfective forms (leer, 1991) • it • future (+): akakgwadlénx̱aa | she/he/it will is distinguished by an imperfective form which ̱ tempt her/him requires the ga-conjugation prefix | x̱ʼáak ̱ • future (–): tlél akakgwadlénx̱aa | she/he/it taaxʼ dleit gaadlaan → down in a ravine the ̱ ̱ wonʼt tempt her/him snow is deep (SN) • heen tleil gwadlaan → the water is not deep (SN) • (KE) √dleigu shake hands; pat affectionately • imperfective (+): g̱aadlaan | itʼs deep O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – transitive) pat; • imperfective (–): tlél g̱wadlaan | itʼs not pet | for S to pat O (esp. under chin or on deep back, to express affection); for S to pet O (esp. • progressive imperfective: yei nadlán | itʼs under chin or on back, to express affection) | getting deep tʼukanéiyi aldléigu → Sheʼs rocking/patting • perfective (+): woodlaan | it became deep the baby (SN) • du x̱ʼásʼ x̱walidléigu → i • perfective (–): tlél wudlaan | it didnʼt patted her on the chin (esp. grandparent, of become deep child) (SN) • (GD, LA, KE) • future (+): yei kg̱wadláan | it will get deep • imperative: naldléigu! | pat him/her! • future (–): tlél yei kg̱wadlaan | it wonʼt get • prohibitive: líl iladléiguḵ! | donʼt pat him/ deep her! yan⁓ + ka-∅-√dlaan (∅ motion verb – • imperfective (+): aldléigu | s/he is patting

59 dl Tlingit to English

her/him • (JL) • variants: dleit kachúxwti (C), dleit • perfective (+): awlidléigu | s/he patted her/ kachíxwti (A) • him dleit eix̱í (compound noun) mayonnaise | “white • perfective (–): tlél awuldléigu | s/he didnʼt oil” | dleit + eix̱-í → snow/white + oil/grease- pat her/him [relational] • (LF, NL) • variants: dleit ḵaa eix̱í, • future (+): agux̱ladléigu | s/he will pat her/ kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ • him • future (–): tlél agux̱ladléigu | s/he wonʼt pat dleit g̱éedi (compound noun) snowstorm; blizzard; her/him snow shower | dleit + √g̱éed-i → snow + √heavily-precipitate • (KE) N + jín + S-l-√dléigu ˟ (na act verb – subject intransitive) | for s to shake hands with N; shake dleit kachúxwti (compound noun) snowball | hands | du jín x̱walidleigu → i shook hands “snow packed” | dleit + ka-∅-√chúxw-t-i → snow with him (SN) • ax̱ jín naldleigu → shake my + hsf.cl-(–d,∅-,–i).√rub/massage/shape-with- hand! (SN) hands • (JL) • variants: (C), dleit kachíxwti (A), • imperative: du jín naldléigu! | shake her/ dleit dzoonáa (T) • his hand! dleit kachóox (compound noun) snowball | “snow • prohibitive: líl du jín iladléiguḵ! | donʼt shaped by hand” | dleit + ka-∅-√chóox → snow/ shake her/his hand! white + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rub/massage • (JL) • imperfective (+): du jín aldléigu | s/he is (compound noun) powder shaking her/his hand dleit kadánjayi (T) snow (blown in the wind) | “snow dust” | dleit • imperfective (–): tlél du jín ooldléigu | s/he + ka-∅-√dán-ch-aa-yi → snow + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– isnʼt shaking her/his hand i).√dusty.[repetitive].one(s)-(part.i).[relational] • perfective (+): du jín awlidléigu | s/he shook • (JL) her/his hand • perfective (–): tlél du jín awuldléigu | s/he dleit kadushxit tʼaa yá whiteboard | “white didnʼt shake her/his hand board whose face is written on” | dleit + ka-du-sh- • future (+): du jín agux̱ladléigu | s/he will √xit + tʼaa + yá → snow/white + hsf.someone- shake her/his hand (4h.S).cl-(+d,sh,–i).√poke-with-stick/write + board • future (–): tlél du jín agux̱ladléigu | s/he + face • variants: kadushxeet tʼaa yá • wonʼt shake her/his hand dleit kakétsk (compound noun) snow: dry snow | “loosely piled up snow” | dleit + ka-∅-√kéts-k √dleikw (verb root) become startled → snow + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√loesely-piled-up. O-S-l-√dléikw (∅ event verb – transitive) startle; [repetitive] • (KE) scare | for S to scare O | x̱at yilidlekw → you scared me (SN) • tlax̱ x̱at ooldlekwch → i was dleit kaltʼéexʼ (compound noun) snow: block of really scared (by a dream) (SN) • (KE) frozen snow | dleit + ka-l-√tʼéexʼ → snow + hsf. • imperative: ladlékw! | scare her/him! cl-(+d,l,–i).√frozen/hard • (JL) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl dleit katlʼíxʼx̱i (A) (compound noun) snow crust iladlékwx̱uḵ! | donʼt scare her/him! | dleit + ka-l-√tʼíxʼ-x̱-i → snow + hsf.cl-(+d,l,– • perfective (+): awlidlékw | s/he scared her/ i).√frozen/hard.[repetitive].[relational] • (JL) him (compound noun) snow: round • perfective (–): tlél awuldléikw | s/he didnʼt dleit kʼwátʼxʼ lumps of snow | “snow eggs” | dleit + kʼwátʼ-xʼ → scare her/him snow + egg.[plural] • (JL) • future (+): agux̱ladléikw | s/he will scare her/him dleit ḵaa eix̱í (compound noun) mayonnaise | • future (–): tlél agux̱ladléikw | s/he wonʼt “white manʼs oil” | dleit + ḵaa + eix̱-í → snow/ scare her/him white + personʼs-(4h.P) + oil/grease-[relational] • (LF, NL) • variants: dleit eix̱í, kawdudlixágu (noun) snow || (color) white | (KE) dleit ⑴ ⑵ kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ • (compound noun) snowball dleit dzoonáa (T) (compound noun) avalanche; snowslide | “snow missle” | dleit + √dzoo-n-áa → snow + dleit ḵaadí | dleit + ḵaadí → snow + rockslide/snowslide √hit-by-throwing.[progressive].one(s)-(part.i) dleit ḵáa (compound noun) euroamerican person

60 Tlingit to English dl

or people; white person or people; european pat.one(s) + song.[relational] • variants: xáanaa person or people; caucasian person or people | tʼukanéiyi shéeyi • dleit + ḵáa → snow/white + person-(4h.i) • (JL) dli- (classifier) | l group classifier; (+d,l,+i) | dleit shakadzoo (compound noun) snow: lump Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and of snow that has fallen off the branch of a tree optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the | “snow head-missle” | dleit + sha-ka-∅-√dzoo → verb root contains meaning, and the classifier snow + head.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√hit-by-throwing • communicates what the verb does • classifiers (JL) • variants: (At), dleit shakedzoo (C) • change group and become a different verb when the activity the verb describes changes, and dleit tin kawduwachooxú ḵáa (compound noun) snowman | “man made with snow shaped by examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and hand” | dleit + tin + ka-ÿu-du-ÿa-√choox-ú + ḵáa «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root → snow/white + with + hsf.pfv.someone-(4h.S). but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is cl-(–d,∅,+i).√massage/pat-by-hand.[relational] –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete + someone-(4h.i) • (HC) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, dleit tléig̱u (compound noun) berry: snowberry which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), | dleit + tléikw-u → snow + berry.[relational] antipassives that remove the embedded object • (KE) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») dleit tséegi (compound noun) • variants: dleit subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think tutséegi • snow stick; stick used to skewer a of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier chunk of snow and melt it over the fire | dleit changes from there to move into certain modes + tu-∅-√tséek-i → snow + inside.cl-(–d,∅,– • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, i).√roast-on-stick.[relational] • (JL) and then l group, and then the rare sh group dleit xóots (compound noun) bear: polar bear | –i verb modes “white brown-bear” | dleit + xóots → snow/white • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does + brown-bear • (JL, KE) • variants: (T), hintaak it xóodzi • • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does not do it dleit xwénaa (compound noun) snow shovel; snow • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the scoop (made of wood) | “the one that shovels out process of doing it snow” | dleit + √xwén-aa → snow + spoon-out/ • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it shovel-out/dish-out-one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) • imperative | do it! dleit xwéini (compound noun) snow blower • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every | “snow dumper” | dleit + √xáa-n-i → snow + time) √pour/dump.[progessive].[relational] • (KE) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen (compound noun) snow: on top of the dleit x̱ʼakée • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to snow | “above the mouth of the snow” | dleit + do it; it wonʼt happen x̱ʼá-kée → snow + mouth.above • (JL) • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it dleit yátxʼi (compound noun) snow: fine snow | • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it “snow children” | dleit + yát-xʼi → snow + child. (regularly) [plural].[possessed] • (JL) • variants: dleit yétxʼi • potential decessive | s/he would have done it (C) • • conditional | if/when s/he does it dleitl (noun) slack (as in rope or line) | (JL) +i verb modes • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he dléigu (verbal noun) ⑴ pat: loving pat (like a grandparent would give to a child) | loving pat does it (like a grandparent would give to a child) | (JM) • perfective (+) | s/he did it • potential (+) | s/he might do it || ⑵ lullaby • potential (–) | s/he might not do it dléikwaa shéeyi (compound noun) • variants: • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it dléigu • lullaby | “the one that pats lovingly song” | (JM2) • √dléikw-aa + shí-yi → √loving- ∅ group

61 dl – dz Tlingit to English

• ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) → meat + hsf.√roast-while-bound-[?].one(s)- • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) (part.i) • (JL) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) dleey tséegi (compound noun) roasting stick for • di- | (+d,∅,+i) meat | dleey + √tséek-i → flesh/meat + √roast- s group on-stick.[relational] • (JL) • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) (noun) mucus: dried mucus | (JL) • si- | (–d,∅,+i) dlóoḵ • s- | (+d,∅,–i) dlóotldáx̱ (compound noun) independently; on • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) oneʼs own; self: (all) by oneself | (JL) l group –dlóox̱ʼu (A) (relational noun) point of – (a • la- | (–d,∅,–i) projectile) | (JL) • li- | (–d,∅,+i) • l- | (+d,∅,–i) • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) dz sh group dzagéiḵ (borrowed noun) weakling | «√geiḵ» is a • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) verb root in Tlingit, but the «dza-» prefix suggests • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) a borrowing from another Na-Dane language • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) | (JL) • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) dzánti (noun) flounder | (KE) dleewkát (adverb) • variants: dlinkát • carefully | (JC, JL) Dzántikʼi Héeni (placename) Gold Creek (in Juneau); Juneau | “River at the Base of the dleey (noun) ⑴ flesh || ⑵ meat | (KE) Flounder” | Dzánti is a mountain where the river –dleey (body part) ⑴ muscle: –ʼs muscle || ⑵ flows from, behind downtown Juneau | dzánti- flesh: –−ʼs flesh kʼi + héen-i → flounder.base-of + river/water. [relational] • (JM, KE) dleey dáat (compound noun) bloodshot meat; bloodshot flesh | dleey + √dáat → flesh/meat + dzaas (noun) babiche; string; thonging: leather √brusied/bloodshot • (JL) thonging | (KE) dleey kasʼúwaa (compound noun) meat chopper; dzeit (noun) ⑴ ladder; stairs || ⑵ dock; pier | cleaver | “the one that chops the meat” | dleey + (KE) ka-∅-√sʼúw-aa → flesh/meat + hsf.-cl-(–d,∅,– dzeit shuyee (compound noun) dock: at the i).√chop • (JL) • variants: (At,T), dleey kesʼúwaa landing of a dock | “below the end of the dock” (C) • | dzeit + shu-yee → ladder/stairs/dock + end. dleey katʼálʼti (T) (compound noun) meat patty | below “flattened meat” | dleey + ka-∅-√tʼálʼ-t-i → flesh/ dzi- (classifier) | s group classifier; (+d,s,+i) | meat + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√press-flat.[repetitive]. Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and [relational] optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the dleey kaxágwaa (compound noun) meat grinder verb root contains meaning, and the classifier | “the one to grind up meat on” | dleey + ka- communicates what the verb does • classifiers ∅-√xákw-aa → flesh/meat + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– change group and become a different verb when i).√grind-up • (JL) • variants: dleey kexágwaa the activity the verb describes changes, and (C) • examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root (compound noun) ground meat; dleey kaxákwlʼi but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is hamburger | “whipped up meat” | dleey + ka-∅- –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete √xákwlʼ-i → meat + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√whip-up. • [relational] • variants: (T), dleey kexákwlʼi (C) • activity a Tlingit classifier is –d by default and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, dleey kex̱ʼwénaa (C) (compound noun) roasting which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; antipassives that remove the embedded object the end is then bound) | dleey + ka-√x̱ʼwén-aa pronoun, and fourth person human («4H»)

62 Tlingit to English dz – é

subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier (adverb) after a while; later on | (KE) changes from there to move into certain modes dziyáagin • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, dziyáak (adverb) a while ago; earlier | (KE) and then l group, and then the rare sh group dzískʼw ¹ (noun) moose | (KE) –i verb modes dzískʼw ² (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does with ear tufts | (KE) • variants: (At, T), tsískʼw, it óondách (T), wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) • • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does not do it dzeenáa (verbal noun) snare to catch small • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the animals by the leg | √dzeen-áa → √snare?. process of doing it one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it √dzée ˟ (verb root) difficult; hard (abstract); • imperative | do it! frustrating • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every O-l-√dzée ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) time) difficult; frustrating; hard (abstract) | for O to • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet be very difficult, frustrating, almost impossible, • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen hard (abstract) | anooshi yoo x̱ʼatángi ax̱ x̱ʼéit • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to lidzee → the Russian language is very hard do it; it wonʼt happen for me (to speak) (SN) • du een ḵunáax̱ daak • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it kaneek; aagáa tleil du jeexʼ kei gux̱ladzee → • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it ̱ explain it to her, then it won ʼt be difficult for (regularly) her (SN) • (KE) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it • imperfective (+): lidzée | itʼs difficult • conditional | if/when s/he does it • imperfective (–): tlél uldzée | itʼs not +i verb modes difficult • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he • imperfective (–): tlél kei unaldzéen | itʼs does it getting easier • perfective (+) | s/he did it • progressive imperfective: kei naldzéen | itʼs • potential (+) | s/he might do it getting difficult • potential (–) | s/he might not do it • perfective (+): wulidzée | it became difficult • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it • perfective (–): tlél wuldzée | it didnʼt get ∅ group difficult • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) • future (+): kei gux̱ladzée | it will be difficult • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • future (–): tlél kei gux̱ladzée | it wonʼt be • da- | (+d,∅,–i) difficult • di- | (+d,∅,+i) dzéexʼw (noun) clams: baby clams | (KE) s group –dzúk (relational base) back: at –ʼs back; behind: • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) right behind – • si- | (–d,∅,+i) • s- | (+d,∅,–i) dzoonáa (verbal noun) missile | “the one that is • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) thrown at (something)” | √dzoon-aa → √throw- at.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) l group • la- | (–d,∅,–i) dzóoxʼ (noun) tiny clams (too small to eat) | (KE) • li- | (–d,∅,+i) • l- | (+d,∅,–i) • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) é sh group é! (interjection) check it out!; wow!; oh my! | used • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) as an exclamation of pride, achievement, or • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) wonder • (KE) • sh- | (+d,∅,–i)

63 ei – éi Tlingit to English

• imperfective (–): tlél akoo.éikw | s/heʼs not ei whistling; s/he doesnʼt whistle • progressive imperfective: yaa akuna.éikw | (verb root) answer; reply √ei s/he is going along whistling a-S-d+∅-√.ei (na act verb – subject intransitive) • perfective (+): akaawa.éikw | s/he whistled answer; reply | for S to answer, reply to a • perfective (–): tlél akawu.éikw | s/he didnʼt greeting or to oneʼs name | i.éexʼ áwé: anida. whistle ei! → heʼs calling you: answer him! (SN) • dei • future (+): akakg̱wa.éikw | s/he will whistle ax̱wdi.ei → i answered already / i said “yes” • future (–): tlél akakg̱wa.éikw | s/he wonʼt already • (KE) whistle • imperative: anida.ei! | answer! • imperfective (+): ada.ei | s/he is answering • perfective (+): awdi.ei | s/he answered éi • perfective (–): tlél awda.ei | s/he didnʼt answer √eilʼ (verb root) salty • future (+): agux̱da.ei | s/he will answer l-√.éilʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) salty | for • future (–): tlél agux̱da.ei | s/he wonʼt answer something to be salty | (KE) √eik (verb root) • variants: √aak ⁵ (T,Y,K) • • imperfective (+): li.éilʼ | itʼs salty paralyzed by shock • imperfective (–): tlél ul.éilʼ | itʼs not salty • progressive imperfective: kei nal.éilʼ | it is O-d+∅-√.éik (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) getting salty paralyzed by shock; incapable of action | for • perfective (+): wuli.éilʼ | it got salty O to be paralyzed with fright, shock or surprise; • perfective (–): tlél wul.éilʼ | it didnʼt get salty for O to panic, be incapable of action | two • future (+): kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it will be salty different stem variations have been recorded • future (–): tlél kei gux̱la.éilʼ | it wonʼt be salty with this verb—more research is necessary to determine why | x̱at wudi.éik → it paralyzed √eis (verb root) stagger me / i was so shocked i couldnʼt act (SN) • áa {na preverb} + O-ya-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (na motion wudi.ék → (while climbing a high ladder, e.g.) verb – object intransitive) stagger | for O to he became incapable of going any further stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) | (JL) • (KE) (KE) • perfective (+): wudi.ák | s/he was paralyzed • imperative: {na preverb} yee yakanal.eis! with fear you all stagger {____}! | • perfective (–): tlél wuda.áak | s/he wasnʼt • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iyakawul.eisíḵ! | paralyzed with fear donʼt stagger {____}! • future (+): gux̱da.áak | s/he will be paralyzed • perfective (+): {na preverb} yakawli.eis | s/ with fear he is staggering {____}; s/he staggered {____} • future (–): tlél gux̱da.áak | s/he wonʼt be • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} yakawul. paralyzed with fear eis | s/he isnʼt staggering {____}; s/he didnʼt √eikw (verb root) whistle stagger {____} • future (+): {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | s/he a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ (na act verb – subject will stagger {____} intransitive) whistle | for S to whistle | tleil • future (–): tlél {na preverb} yakagux̱la.eis | akx̱wa.eikw → i donʼt whistle (SN) • ash s/he wonʼt stagger {____} yaadé akoo.éikw → s/he is whistling to her/ him (JL) • du yaadé akx̱waa.éikw → i whistled {ga preverb} + O-ya-ka-l-√.eis ˟ (ga motion at her/him (JL) • g̱unéi akaawa.éikw → s/he verb – object intransitive) stagger | for O to started whistling (JL) • kei akaawa.éikw → s/ stagger (esp. of young child or drunkard) he started up whistling (JL) • (KE) | naaw jeeyeet áwe yaa yakakla.esch → he • imperative: akuna.éikw! | whistle! staggers around on account of the liquor (SN) • prohibitive: líl akee.éiguḵ! | donʼt whistle! (noun) oil; grease | (KE) • variants: eex̱ (T,Y,S) • • imperfective (+): akoo.éikw | s/he is eix̱ whistling eix̱ kát sakwnéin (compound noun) bannock;

64 Tlingit to English éi – g

fry bread | “bread on the oil/grease” | eix̱ + ganaswáan (borrowed noun) worker | from English ká-t + sakwnéin → oil/grease + one.at-(moving “businessman” | (KE, JC) around) + bread • (KE) • variants: eex̱ kát (compound noun) fire: around the fire | sakwnéin (Y,At,T) • gandaa gán-daa → fire/wood.around (independent base) beach; waterside; beach: éiḵ (compound noun) woodpecker | down on the beach; shore: down on the shore gandaadagóogu “pecks around the wood” | gán-daa-da-√góok-u | when used as a directional preverb, «neech» is → wood.around.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√peck.[relational] used when the speaker is on the beach and «éiḵ / • (KE) éeḵ» is used when the speaker is inland from the shoreline • variants: (Y), éeḵ • gandaasʼaají (compound noun) bee; hornet; wasp | “claims the wood” | gan-daa-∅-√sʼaa-ch-í → (noun) salt; ocean; salt water | (KE) éilʼ wood.around.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√claim-(something to éilʼ héen (compound noun) ocean; salt water | éilʼ be destroyed).[repetitive].[relational] + héen-i → salt/ocean/salt water + water/river/ (compound noun) honey | creek.[relational] • (BC) • variants: éilʼ héeni • gandaasʼaají háatlʼi “bee poop” | gan-daa-∅-√sʼaa-ch-í + háatlʼ-i → éilʼ kahéeni (compound noun) saltwater brine | wood.around.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√claim-(something to “water from salt” | éilʼ-héen-i → salt/ocean/salt be destroyed).[repetitive].[relational] + poop/ water.water/river/creek.[relational] • (KE) mess.[relational] éinaa (verbal noun) rack: fish drying rack | “the gandaasʼaají kúdi (compound noun) beehive one that sits” | √.áa-n-aa → √.sit/situate. | “bee nest” | gan-daa-∅-√sʼaa-ch-í + kút-i → [progressive].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) wood.around.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√claim-(something to be destroyed).[repetitive].[relational] + nest. éit (compound noun) thing: important thing | (JL) [relational] éitsʼkʼ! (interjection) yum! | (KE) gangukgáx̱i (compound noun) fish heads cooked (noun) slough | (KE) ̱ éix̱ʼ on ground around fire | gan-gook-g̱áx̱-i → fire. around-fire-[?].[?].[relational] • (KE) g gangook (compound noun) fireside; fire: by the fire; fire: facing the fire | gan-gook → fire.around- ga conjugation motion preverbs | these fire-[?] • (KE) preverbs create motion verbs using the ga (compound noun) fish heads conjugation prefix gangook tʼóosʼi cooked on the ground by the fire | gan-gook + initiatory motion √tʼóosʼ-i → fire.around-(fire) + √roast-by-fire/ • [no preverb but general upward motion] | toast.[relational] • (JL) starting off, picking up, upward (compound noun) smoke spreaders | • N-dáx̱ | starting off, picking up from N ganigeidí “against the fire” | layer of boards to protect foods • N+ítx̱ | following N in smokehouse from dry heat | gan-ÿa-geit-í → wrongly fire.face.against/opposing.[relational] • (KE, JC) • ḵut | going astray, getting lost • variants: gan yageit • galg̱aaḵú (compound noun) wilderness; bush: the gantutlʼúkʼx̱u (compound noun) woodworm bush | ga-l-g̱aa-ḵú → hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).[?].areal • | “worm inside the wood” | gán-tú-tlʼúkʼx̱-u → (JL, JC, KE) • variants: g̱walg̱aḵú (At), kalg̱aḵú wood.inside.worm.[relational] • (KE) (T), kalḵaaḵú • gantuxoogú (compound noun) firewood: dry inner gan (noun) fire part of firewood | “dry inside the wood” | gán- gan eetí (compound noun) ⑴ ashes | “remains/ tu-∅-√xook-ú → wood.inside.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry. imprint of the fire” || ⑵ fire scar (from a [relational] • (KE) campfire) | gan + eetí → fire + remains/imprint ganyalʼóotʼ (compound noun) flame | “fire face • (KE) tongue” | gan-yá-lʼóotʼ → fire.face.tongue • (KE) ganaltáak (compound noun) fire: in the fire | (KE) gawdáan (borrowed noun) horse | from Chinook

65 g Tlingit to English

Jargon «kəwdán» | (KE, JC) • future (–): tlél gax̱dugaa | it wonʼt be slack tide gawdáan yádi (compound noun) colt | “horse child” | gawdáan + yát-i → horse + child. N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ (g̱a motion verb – object [possessed] • (KE) intransitive) delay; wait; pause; take oneʼs time; stay behind; detained | for O to delay, gági (preverb) from shadow into open; out into open (from shadows) | for motion verbs, wait, pause, take oneʼs time, stay behind, or be creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a detained at N | to say “wait for someone” use terminus) | (JC) «ash eeg̱áa yax̱ kaawagaa» “s/he waited for her/him” • to say “wait there (deliberately)” gán (noun) wood; firewood | (KE) use «áx̱ sh akwdligaa» “s/he is waiting there” | gán kaḵásʼti (compound noun) kindling | “cracked chʼa yáax̱ x̱at kakg̱wagáa tléixʼ sunday → iʼm wood”; “split wood” | gán + ka-∅-√ḵásʼ-t-i → going to be detained here one week (SN) • firewood + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√crack/split-(wood). tleil atx̱a yaax̱x̱ koogaax̱ → he doesnʼt delay [repetitive].[relational] • (KE) • variants: gán after meals (he jumps up quickly and goes yátxʼi • off) (SN) • (KE) • imperative: áx̱ ikagagá! | take your time (compound noun) wood: dead wood thatʼs ̱ gán láx̱ʼi there! wet on the outside | gán + láx̱ʼi → wood + wet- • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áx̱ yei outer-wood • (KE) ikoogéijiḵ! | donʼt delay there! gán tlʼáakʼ (compound noun) firewood: wet • perfective (+): áx̱ kaawagaa | s/heʼs delayed firewood | gán + √tlʼáakʼ → wood + √wet • (KE) there • perfective (–): tlél áx̱ kawugaa | s/heʼs not gán yátxʼi (compound noun) kindling | “wood children” | gán + yát-xʼ-i → firewood + child. delayed there [plural].[possessive] • (JC) • variants: gán • future (+): áx̱ yei kakg̱wagáa | s/he will delay kaḵásʼti • there • future (–): tlél áx̱ yei kakg̱wagaa | s/he wonʼt gánde nagoodí (compound noun) poop; delay there excrement | “walking outside” | «gánde nagoodí» is a euphemism, «háatlʼ» is the most √gaa ² (verb root) distribute; put away common form, and «lʼílʼ» is the most direct & yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² (∅ motion verb – literal | (KE) • variants: lʼílʼ, háatlʼ • transitive) put up; store up; accumulate | for S to put up, store up, accumulate O (esp. food Gánti Yaakw Séedi (placename) Wrangell Narrows | “Steamboat Channel” | √gán-t-i for winter) | woosh g̱uwanaade atx̱a yan + yaakw + séet-i → √burn/light.[repetitive] kadulgaayjin → people used to put up all [relational] + canoe/boat + channel.[relational] kinds of different foods (SN) • ax̱ yatxʼi x̱ʼéis • (TT) atx̱a yande kakḵwalagáa → iʼm going to put up food for my children (before I go on a boat: motor boat; boat: steamboat; gántiyaakw journey) (SN) • (KE) boat: riverboat | “burnt boat” | √gán-t-i-yaakw → • imperative: yan kalagá! | put up food! √burn/light.[repetitive].[relational].canoe/boat • progressive imperfective: yánde yaa √gaa ¹ (verb root) delay; hesitate; tide: slack tide; akanalgéin | s/he is putting up food calm • perfective (–): tlél yan akawulgá | s/he du-∅-√gaa ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) tide: didnʼt put up food slack tide | for the tide to be slack | ḵéesʼ • future (+): yan akawligáa | s/he put up food wuduwagaa → the tide is slack (at high tide) • future (+): yánde akagux̱lagáa | s/he will put (SN) • (KE) up food • progressive imperfective: yaa ndugéin | itʼs • future (–): tlél yánde akagux̱lagaa | s/he getting to be slack tide wonʼt put up food • perfective (+): wuduwagáa | itʼs slack tide √gaa ³ (verb root) predict • perfective (–): tlél wudugá | itʼs not slack O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ (na act verb – transitive) tide predict | for S to predict O | (KE) • future (+): gax̱dugáa | it will be slack tide

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• imperative: shunasgá! | predict it! • progressive imperfective: yei andagán | the • prohibitive: líl yoo sheesagéigiḵ! | donʼt sun is coming out predict it! • perfective (+): awdigaan | itʼs sunny • imperfective (+): ashoosgeitʼ | s/he is • perfective (–): tlél awdagaan | it isnʼt sunny predicting it • future (+): yei agux̱dagáan | it will be sunny • imperfective (–): tlél ashoosgeitʼ | s/heʼs not • future (–): tlél yei agux̱dagaan | it wonʼt be predicting it sunny • perfective (+): ashoowsigaa | s/he predicted ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ (∅ event verb – impersonal) it shine; light | for something to shine, produce • perfective (–): tlél ashuwusgaa | s/he didnʼt light by burning | sʼeenaa kʼidein yei awsinee; predict it ach ḵu.aa kei kagux̱dagaan → heʼs fixed the • future (+): ashagux̱sagáa | s/he will predict it light, so now it will shine brighter (SN) • yee • future (–): tlél ashagux̱sagaa | s/he wonʼt tula.aaní yee yadooknáx̱ yoot kawdigan → predict it your kindness shines through your faces (SN) √gaaḵ (verb root) visit • (KE) • perfective (+): kawdigán | itʼs bright O-S-∅-√gaaḵ (g̱a event verb – transitive) visit | for S to visit O (esp. a particular person) • perfective (–): tlél kawdagáan | it isnʼt | (GD, KE) • yei haa gax̱dugáaḵ → we are bright • future (+): kagux̱dagáan | it will be bright going to have visitors (SN) • g̱unayéi ḵwáan haa woogaaḵ → folk from other localities are • future (–): tlél kagux̱dagáan | it wonʼt be visiting us / staying temporarily in our town bright (SN) kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) • prohibitive: líl yei eegáḵjiḵ! | donʼt visit her/ burn up | for S to burn O up | (KE) him! • imperative: kei sagaan! | burn it up! • perfective (+): aawagaaḵ | s/he visited her/ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei him isagánjiḵ! | donʼt burn it up! • perfective (–): tlél awugaaḵ | s/he didnʼt • progressive imperfective: kei anasgán | s/he visit her/him is burning it up • future (+): yei akg̱wagáaḵ | s/he will visit • perfective (+): kei awsigán | s/he burned it her/him up • future (–): tlél yei akg̱wagaaḵ | s/he wonʼt • perfective (–): tlél kei awusgaan | s/he visit her/him didnʼt burn it up • future (+): kei agux̱sagáan | s/he will burn gaan (noun) smokehole | (JL) • variants: gaan ká, gaan woolí • it up • future (–): tlél kei agux̱sagaan | s/he wonʼt –gaan (body part) fontanel: –ʼs fontanel | “–ʼs burn it up smokehole” | the soft spot on a babyʼs head | (JL) N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject √gaan ¹ (verb root) burn; light; shine intransitive) light; set fire; shine; turn on | for N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ (∅ motion verb – S to light, set fire to, cause N to shine; for S to impersonal) burn; alight; on | for N ( fire) to turn N on (light) | sʼeenaat akawligan → he burn, catch alight; for N (light) to be on | (KE) lights a lamp / turns on a light (SN) • tleil at • perfective (+): át akaawagán | itʼs lit akawtulagaan we sdoox → we didnʼt light the • perfective (–): tlél át akawugaan | itʼs not lit stove (SN) • (KE) • future (+): aadé akakg̱wagáan | it will be lit • imperative: át aklagán! | light it! • future (–): tlél aadé akakg̱wagaan | it wonʼt • prohibitive: líl áx̱ akeelagaaníḵ | donʼt light be lit it! • perfective (+): át akawligán | s/he lit it a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ (ga event verb – impersonal) sun; ̱ • perfective (–): tlél át akawulgaan | s/he shine | for the sun to shine | ax̱ kat awdigan didnʼt light it → the sun is shining on me (SN) • seiganin ̱ • future (+): aadé akagux̱lagáan | s/he will yei agux̱dagaan shákde → maybe it will be light it sunshiny tomorrow (SN) • (KE)

67 g Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél aadé akagux̱lagaan | s/he N; for O to move household (with future plans wonʼt light it unspecified) to N | (KE) • imperative: át eelgásʼ! | move there! (verb root) lean on √gaan ² • prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt move gaan ká (compound noun) smokehole | √gaan + ká there! → √burn/light + on • (JL) • variants: gaan, gaan • perfective (+): át wuligásʼ | s/he moved there woolí • • perfective (–): tlél át wulgáasʼ | s/he didnʼt gaan woolí (compound noun) smokehole | √gaan move there + wool-í → √burn/light + hole.[relational] • (JL) • future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | s/he will move • variants: gaan, gaan ká • there gaan x̱ʼaháadi (compound noun) smokehole yan⁓ + O-ya-∅-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object cover | “smokehole door” | gaan + x̱ʼa-√háat-i → intransitive) fall; nod off; fall asleep | for O to smokehole + mouth.covering.[relational] • (KE) fall on face; for O to nod off, fall asleep while sitting up | (KE) (verb root) housepost; migrate; fall (large √gaasʼ • admonitive: | see that you donʼt fall on your stick-like object); move (large stick-like object) face! yan tsá iyagáasʼ! N-t⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – • perfective (+): yan yaawagásʼ | s/he fell on subject intransitive) leap on; pounce | for S to her/his face leap, pounce on N | (KE) • perfective (–): tlél yan yawugáasʼ | s/he • imperative: a kát sh eelgásʼ! | leap on it! didnʼt fall on her/his face • prohibitive: líl a káx̱ sh eelgáasʼiḵ! | donʼt • future (+): yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | s/he will fall leap on it! on her/his face • perfective (+): a kát sh wudligásʼ | she/he/it • future (–): tlél yánde yakg̱wagáasʼ | s/he leaped on it wonʼt fall on her/his face • perfective (–): tlél a kát sh wulgáasʼ | she/ (noun) drum || clock; time || bell | he/it didnʼt leap on it gaaw ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ (KE) • variants: g̱ayéisʼ gaaw • • future (+): a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | she/he/it will leap on it √gaaw (verb root) ⑴ loud; noisy || ⑵ fight; defend • future (–): tlél a kát sh gug̱algáasʼ | she/he/it O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) wonʼt leap on it loud-voiced; noisy | for O to be loud-voiced, N-dé + O-l-√gáasʼ (na motion verb – object noisy in speech | the thematic prefix in this intransitive) migrate; move residence | for O verb seems to be interchangeable «x̱ʼa-», as to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to in O-x̱ʼa-l-√gaaw ˟ | salagaawúch, du aatch N; for O to move household (with future plans gande kaawanaa → when he is noisy, his unspecified) to N | yaadáx̱ kei haa gux̱lagaasʼ aunt sends him outdoors (SN) • (KE) → we are going to move from here (SN) • • imperative: isaklagaaw! | be loud! (KE) • imperative: saligaaw | she/he/it is loud- • imperative: aadé inalgáasʼ! | move there! voiced • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé • prohibitive: líl isalagaawúḵ! | donʼt be loud! yoo ilgásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt move there! • imperfective (–): tlél seilgaaw | she/he/it • perfective (+): aadé wligáasʼ | s/he moved isnʼt loud-voiced there • perfective (+): sawligaaw | she/he/it was • perfective (–): tlél aadé wulgáasʼ | s/he loud-voiced didnʼt move there • perfective (–): tlél sawulgaaw | she/he/it • future (+): aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | s/he will move wasnʼt loud-voiced there • future (+): kei sagux̱lagaaw | she/he/it will • future (–): tlél aadé gux̱lagáasʼ | s/he wonʼt be loud-voiced move there • future (–): tlél kei sagux̱lagaaw | she/he/it wonʼt be loud-voiced P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) migrate; move residence | for O (n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – subject to migrate (with future plans unspecified) to intransitive) fight | for S to fight (with N) |

68 Tlingit to English g

ḵux̱wligaaw du een → i fought him (SN) • with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. (KE) It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | gaaw + • imperative: (du een) ḵunalgaaw! | fight wu-∅-√taan → drum + pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√carry- (her/him)! (empty container) • (NR) • variants: G̱áax̱, G̱áax̱ • prohibitive: líl (du een) yoo keelagaawúḵ! | Kát Anáḵ, Wudanaaḵ, Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ • donʼt fight (her/him)! gaaw x̱ʼáak (compound noun) | “between the drum”; • imperfective (+): (du een) ḵulagaaw | s/he hour | gaaw + x̱ʼáak → drum + between • (KE) is fighting (her/him) • perfective (+): (du een) ḵoowligaaw | s/he gaaw yáx̱ (compound noun) | “like the drum”; fought (her/him) “according to the drum”; on time; in time | gaaw • perfective (–): tlél (du een) ḵuwulgaaw | s/ + yáx̱ → drum + like/according-to • (KE) he didnʼt fight (her/him) gaawáḵ (noun) berry: serviceberry; berry: • future (+): (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | s/he will saskatoonberry | (KE) fight (her/him) (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear • future (–): tlél (du een) ḵugux̱lagaaw | s/he Gaawhíttaan (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Drum wonʼt fight (her/him) House”; Origin: Dry Bay to Ahrnklin River and N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ (na act verb – Yakutat | Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | subject intransitive) fight for; defend | for S to gaaw-hít-taan → drum.house.people-(of house) fight for, defend N | yú keitl tlein chush kax̱ • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) ḵoowdligaaw → the big dog defended himself (SN) • (KE) Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan • Gaaw Hít | Drum House (same as listed in • imperative: du káx̱ ḵunalgaaw! | fight for Teiḵweidí) her/him! • prohibitive: líl du káx̱ yoo keelagaawúḵ! | √gaaxʼ ¹ (verb root) pray donʼt fight for her/him! x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – subject • imperfective (+): du káx̱ ḵulagaaw | s/he is intransitive) pray | for S to pray for self | add «N fighting for her/him káxʼ» in the preverb for “pray for N” • add «N • perfective (+): du káx̱ ḵoowligaaw | s/he yáaxʼ» in the preverb for “pray to N” or “pray fought for her/him with N” • the difference between this theme • perfective (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵuwulgaaw | s/he and the reflexive theme below is not quite clear: didnʼt fight for her/him more research is needed | tleil x̱ʼeidagaxʼx̱ → • future (+): du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | s/he will he doesnʼt pray (SN) • a yaaxʼ x̱ʼawdigaxʼ → fight for her/him he pleaded with him / prayed to him (SN) • i • future (–): tlél du káx̱ ḵugux̱lagaaw | s/he káxʼ x̱ʼax̱wdigáxʼ → iʼm praying for you (SN) • wonʼt fight for her/him sh káa x̱ʼeidagáxʼ! → pray for yourself! (SN) gaaw ítxʼ (compound noun) late; after the sh + káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – appointed time | “after the drum” | gaaw + ít-xʼ subject intransitive) pray | for S to pray ( for self ) → drum + after/following.at-(residing) • (KE) | add «N jiyís» in the preverb for “pray for N” Gaaw Tʼaḵ Aan (placename) Hoonah | “Village • imperative: sh káa x̱ʼeedagáxʼ! | pray! Beside the Drum” | gaaw + tʼaḵ + aan → drum • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: íl sh káa + beside + land-(inhabited) • (TT) • variants: x̱ʼeidagáxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt pray! Xunaa (Xunniyaa) • • imperfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼadagáaxʼ | s/he prays; s/he is praying (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ: opening Gaaw Wutaan • imperfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼeidagáaxʼ | s/ ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ | “Taking up the Drum” he doesnʼt pray | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, • perfective (+): sh káa x̱ʼawdigáxʼ | s/he called «Ḵaa Eetí G̱áax̱i» (“The Cry for Someone”) prayed is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches • perfective (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼawdagáaxʼ | s/he and four songs of mourning. The second part, «L didnʼt pray Sʼaati Shaa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally • future (+): sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | s/he will “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed pray by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond

69 g Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél sh káa x̱ʼagux̱dagáaxʼ | s/he classification: round or spherical; singular wonʼt pray | tlax̱ yei kakwdigeixʼ we tléiḵw → the berries are very large (SN) • tlax̱ a yaanáx̱ kakoogei √gaaxʼ ² (verb root) tire of a sound; annoyed by a sound ya kʼúntsʼ → this potato is too big (SN) • (KE) • imperfective (+): kayagéi | itʼs big gáalʼ (noun) ⑴ clam || ⑵ cataract in eye | (KE, JL) • imperfective (–): tlél koogé | itʼs not big gáan ¹ (independent base) outdoors; outside | (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa kanagéin | itʼs getting big ² (noun) menstrual discharge; period gáan • future (+): kakgwagéi | it will be big (menstrual) | (KE) ̱ (yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – gáasʼ (noun) housepost | often refers to carved posts in a clan house, or the four posts that hold impersonal) big; many | for a thing to be (so) the house up | (KE) big; for things to be (so) many | classification: singular | (KE) gáaxw (noun) duck • imperfective (+): yéi koogéi | itʼs that big gáaxʼu (noun) riddle | (JL) • imperfective (–): tlél yéi koogei | it isnʼt that big (adverb) • variants: gidéin • greatly | √gei- gedéin • perfective (+): yéi kaawagei | it got that big déin → big/plentiful.[adverb] • (JL) • perfective (–): tlél yéi kawugei | it didnʼt get gé (particle) • variants: gí • | used to create a “yes or that big no” question | placement of «gé» grammatically • future (+): yéi kakg̱wagéi | it will get that big depends on the sentence, but it often immediately • future (–): tlél yéi kakg̱wagei | it wonʼt get follows what is being asked in the question • that big learners should consult fluent speakers for proper (yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ (na state verb – placement, and avoid always putting it at the end impersonal) big | for (plural) things to be (so) –gé (relational base) against –; opposing – | (JL) big | classification: plural | (KE) géxkw (noun) • variants: kéxkw, té géxkw • pumice • imperfective (+): yéi kwdigéi | theyʼre that | (JL) big • imperfective (–): tlél yéi koodagei | theyʼre géxtlʼ (noun) ⑴ pumice | (JC) || ⑵ aluminum not that big | (KE) • progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kundagéin √gei ¹ (verb root) big; many | theyʼre getting that big • future (+): yéi kagux̱dagéi | they will be that ∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) many; plenty | for a solid mass or abstracts to big be plentiful, be lots, many | classification: • future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱dagei | they wonʼt general, compact object; abstract | sooḵ aa be that big yagei → there is lots of (wide) grass there O-l-√gei ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) | for (SN) • ḵaa atx̱aayí yagei → thereʼs plenty of O (esp. live creature or building) to be big, tall food (SN) • (KE) | classification: animate or building | jinkaat • imperfective (+): yagéi | there are many x̱’oos yei koonax̱lagei → let it (wall) be ten • imperfective (–): tlél ugé | there arenʼt many feet high! (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa nagéin | itʼs • imperfective (+): ligéi | she/he/it is tall increasing (in number) • imperfective (–): tlél ulgé | she/he/it isnʼt • progressive imperfective (–): tlél yaa tall unagéin | itʼs not increasing (in number) • progressive imperfective: yaa nalgéin | she/ • perfective (+): woogei | there got to be many he/it is getting tall • perfective (–): tlél wugei | there werenʼt • perfective (+): wuligei | she/he/it got tall many • perfective (–): tlél wulgé | she/he/it didnʼt • future (+): gug̱agéi | there will be many get tall • future (–): tlél gug̱agei | there wonʼt be many • future (+): kei gux̱lagéi | she/he/it will be tall • future (–): tlél kei gux̱lagei | she/he/it wonʼt ka-∅-√gei ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) big | for a singular, usually spherical object to be big | be tall

70 Tlingit to English g

(yéi) + ka-u-d+s-√gei ¹ (ga state verb – yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ² (ga state verb – subject impersonal) small | for grain-like objects to be intransitive) intelligent; smart; wise | for S small | classification: grain-like objects | yei to be intelligent, smart, wise | yaa ḵeedzigei; kakwdzigei → they are small (berries, beads, yaatʼaa ḵu.aa s tleil a daa teeydataan → you etc.) (SN) • (KE) are intelligent, but you havenʼt considered • imperfective (+): yéi kwdzigéi | theyʼre this matter (SN) • du daa.itnagoowu toonáx̱ small duwateen kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgei → through • imperfective (–): tlél yéi koosgei | theyʼre his actions one can see heʼs going to be not small intelligent (of small child) (SN) • (KE) • imperative: yaa ḵugeesgéi! | be smart! (verb root) understand; comprehend √gei ² • imperfective (+): yaa ḵudzigéi | s/he is N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s-√géi ² (ga state verb smart – impersonal) understand; comprehend | for • imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵoosgé | s/he isnʼt N to understand, comprehend | daaḵw.aa sa smart tleil i daa yaa ḵushusge? → which donʼt you • progressive imperfective: kei yaa ḵunasgéin understand? (SN) • du daa yaa x̱at ḵushusigei | s/heʼs getting smart → he understands me (can comprehend • perfective (+): yaa ḵoowdzigéi | s/he got what i say) (SN) • (KE) smart • imperative: i daa yaa ḵushuksagéi (dé)! | • perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwusgéi | s/he understand (now)! didnʼt get smart • imperfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushusigéi | s/ • future (+): kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | s/he is going he understands to be smart • imperfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushusgé | • future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱wasgéi | s/he s/he doesnʼt understand isnʼt going to be smart • progressive imperfective: du daa kei yaa ḵushunasgéin | s/he is beginning to √geiḵ (verb root) unsuitable; harmful understand ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ (ga state verb – impersonal) • perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵushuwsigéi | s/ unsuitable; improper; illegal | ku-d-géiḵ he came to understand (ga state); for something to be unsuitable, • perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵushuwusgéi | improper | (KE) s/he didnʼt come to understand • imperfective (+): kudigéiḵ | itʼs improper • future (+): du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi | • imperfective (–): tlél koodagéiḵ | itʼs not s/he will understand improper • future (–): tlél du daa kei yaa ḵushugux̱sagéi • perfective (+): kawdigéiḵ | it became | s/he wonʼt understand improper • perfective (–): tlél kawdagéiḵ | it didnʼt tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ² (ga state verb – become improper subject intransitive) foolish; dimwitted; unwise; crazy | for S to be foolish, dimwitted, unwise, • future (+): kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it will be or crazy | uhaan ḵu.aa tleil yaa kutooshge improper → we however are foolish/we donʼt reason • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dagéiḵ | it wonʼt be things out (SN) • yees ḵaax̱ sateexʼ, tleil yaa improper ḵuwushge → when he was a young man he –géit (preverb) against –; wrongly; improperly • was foolish/unwise (in the way he behaved) variants: –géide • (SN) • (KE) gijook ¹ (noun) ⑴ eagle: golden eagle | (JC) • • prohibitive: líl yaa ḵeeshgéiḵ! | donʼt be variants: kijook • || ⑵ hawk | (KE) foolish! ² (noun) hawk | (KE) • variants: (At, T), • imperfective (–): tlél yaa ḵooshgé | s/he is gijook kijook • foolish • perfective (–): tlél yaa ḵuwushgéi | s/he Ginjichwáan (borrowed noun) Canadian; British became foolish | from English “King George Man” | (KE, JC) • • future (–): tlél kei yaa ḵukg̱washgéi | s/he is variants: Ginjoochwáan, Kinguchwáan • going to be foolish Ginjichwáan xʼóowu blanket: Hudson Bay

71 g Tlingit to English blanket | “Canadianʼs blanket” | Ginjichwáan + • progressive imperfective: yaa kanashgín | xʼóow-u → Canadian + blanket.[possessed] • (KE) • itʼs starting to get wrinkled variants: Kinguchwáan xʼóowu • • perfective (+): kawjigín | itʼs wrinkled • perfective (–): tlél kawushgéen | itʼs not gisʼóoḵ (noun) aurora borealis; northern lights | (KE) wrinkled • future (+): kakg̱washgéen | it will be gishoo (borrowed noun) pig | from Chinook Jargon wrinkled «(li)košó», which borrows from French “le cochon” • future (–): tlél kakg̱washgéen | it wonʼt get | (JC) wrinkled gishoo naasí (compound noun) sausage; hot dog | geesh (noun) kelp: bull kelp | (NR, MD) “pig intestines” √geet ¹ (verb root) fall; move quickly | gishoo taayí (compound noun) bacon | “pig fat” | classification: animate gishoo + taay-í → pig + fat.[relational] • (KE) N-dé + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (na motion verb – object Giyaḵw (borrowed noun) Sugpiaq; Alutiiq; intransitive) fall | for O (live creature) to fall Chugach; Aleut | (JC, KE) • variants: Gutéix̱ʼ, into N | classification: animate | dzeit kax̱ Ana.óot • wudzigeet → he fell down from the ladder gí (particle) perhaps; seem: it would seem | (KE) (SN) • tleil aadé tʼeexʼ kaxʼ has gux̱dzigeedi ye → they wonʼt fall on the ice (SN) • (KE) (particle) possible: thatʼs possible | the most gíwé • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl aadé common ways to express doubt in Tlingit are yoo eesgítgiḵ! | donʼt fall there! listed below: • variants: géwé, gíyú • • perfective (+): aadé wdzigeet | she/he/it fell particles there • kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely) • perfective (–): tlél aadé wusgeet | she/he/it • gíwé, géwé, gíyú | thatʼs possible didnʼt fall there • shákdéi | perhaps • future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | she/he/it will • gwál | maybe (doubtful) fall there verb • future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | she/he/it • yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess wonʼt fall there –geen (body part) flippers: –ʼs tail flippers | (JC) N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) fall | for O (live creature) to fall (verb root) wrinkle √geen into, against N O-ka-S-sh-√géen (∅ event verb – transitive) • perfective (+): át wudzigít | s/he fell against wrinkle | for S to wrinkle O | kashgínx̱ we it sʼísaa → that cloth wrinkles easily (SN) • ilí! • perfective (–): tlél át wusgeet | s/he didnʼt kakg̱eeshagéen → donʼt! youʼll wrinkle it (SN) fall against it • (KE) • future (+): aadé kg̱wasgéet | s/he will fall • imperative: kashagín! | wrinkle it! against it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (–): tlél aadé kg̱wasgeet | s/he wonʼt keeshagínx̱iḵ! | donʼt wrinkle it! fall against it • progressive imperfective: yaa akanashgín | daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object s/he is starting to wrinkle it intransitive) fall | for O to fall (esp. off of • perfective (+): akawshigín | s/he wrinkled it something) | this verb is most commonly used • perfective (–): tlél akawushgéen | s/he to indicate falling off of something, such as in didnʼt wrinkle it «aadáx̱ daak wudzigít» “he fell down off of it” • future (+): akagux̱shagéen | s/he will wrinkle | (KE) it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: tlél • future (–): tlél akagux̱shagéen | s/he wonʼt daak isgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall! wrinkle it • admonitive: | see that you donʼt fall! daak O-ka-d+sh-√géen (∅ event verb – object tsá isgéet! intransitive) wrinkled | for O to be wrinkled | • perfective (+): daak wudzigít | s/he fell (KE)

72 Tlingit to English g

• perfective (–): tlél daak wusgeet | s/he didnʼt know whereabouts i was (SN) • (KE) didnʼt fall • imperative: ḵut igasgeet! | get lost! • future (+): daak gug̱asgéet | s/he will fall • admonitive: | be sure not to get lost! ḵut tsá • future (–): tlél daak gug̱asgeet | s/he wonʼt igasgéet! fall • perfective (+): ḵut wudzigeet | s/he got lost • perfective (–): tlél ḵut wusgeet | s/he didnʼt N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion get lost verb – object intransitive) fall; trip over | for O • future (+): ḵut kei kgwasgéet | s/he will get (live creature) to fall down N | classification: ̱ lost animate | this verb means “to fall down N”; • future (–): tlél ḵut kei kgwasgeet | s/he change the preverb to «N kaanáx̱» in order ̱ wonʼt get lost to get “for O to trip and fall over N” as in «a kaanáx̱ yei wdzigít» “s/he tripped over it” | √geet ² (verb root) do; act | classification: animate (KE) at + géit⁓ + S-d+s-√geet ² (∅ event verb – • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl anax̱ subject intransitive) violate; break law; act yei eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt fall down there! against; wrongdoing | for s to violate, break • perfective (+): anax̱ yei wdzigít | s/he fell (law or custom), to do something wrong | ya down there a kaa dulseix̱ yakyee geide wudzigeet → he • perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yei wusgeet | s/he violated the sabbath day of rest (SN) • du didnʼt fall down there yoo x̱ʼatangi a geide has wudzigeet → they • future (+): anax̱ yei kg̱wasgéet | s/he will fall violated his word/ they broke his law (SN) down there • (KE) • future (–): tlél anax̱ yei kg̱wasgeet | s/he • prohibitive: líl at géix̱ eesgeedíḵ! | donʼt do wonʼt fall down there anything wrong! kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – transitive) • progressive imperfective: at géide yaa nasgít wake; rouse | for S to wake O up, rouse O from | s/heʼs doing something wrong sleep | gooshúḵ gaaw kei x̱at wusigít → she • perfective (+): at géit wudzigít | s/he did woke me at nine oʼclock (SN) • (KE) something wrong • imperative: kei sageet! | wake her/him up! • perfective (–): tlél at géit wusgeet | s/he • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei didnʼt do anything wrong eesgítjiḵ! | donʼt wake her/him up! • future (+): at géide kg̱wasgéet | s/he will do • perfective (+): kei awsigít | s/he woke her/ something wrong him up • future (–): tlél at géide kg̱wasgeet | s/he • perfective (–): tlél kei awusgeet | s/he didnʼt wonʼt do anything wrong wake her/him up geets (noun) rash; hives | (JL) • future (+): kei agux̱sagéet | s/he will wake her/him up –géek (relational noun) stern of a boat | (KE) • future (–): tlél kei agux̱sageet | s/he wonʼt géewaa (borrowed noun) beer | from Russian wake her/him up “пиво” | (JC) kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (∅ motion verb – object guk kajaash (compound noun) earring(s) | (KE) intransitive) wake | for O to wake up | tsʼootaat (compound noun) earring: long yarn kei x̱at wudzigít → i wake up in the morning, guk tlʼínx̱w earrings dangling from the ears that sways early (SN) • (KE) during dancing | “tied up ears” • variants: guk • perfective (+): kei wdzigít | s/he woke up tlʼínx̱w • • perfective (–): tlél kei wusgeet | s/he didnʼt wake up –gukshatú (relational noun) corner: in the corner • future (+): kei kg̱wasgéet | s/he will wake up of – • variants: –gukshitú (At) • • future (–): tlél kei kg̱wasgeet | s/he wonʼt –gukshitú (relational noun) corner: in the corner wake up of – • variants: (At), –gukshatú • ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ (ga – object intransitive) gukshí (compound noun) corner | (KE, JL) • lost | for o to lose oneself, be lost, usure of oneʼs variants: (At), gukshú • location | ḵut x̱at wudzigeet → i was lost / i

73 g Tlingit to English gukshú (compound noun) corner | (KE, JL) • gu.aal kwshé yéi wuteeḵ → i hope that it will be variants: gukshí (At) • (NR) –gukyikkʼóox̱ʼu (compound noun) earwax: –ʼs gu.áa! (interjection) | strong suprise; whoa! | (KE) • earwax | “pitch in –ʼs ear” | guk-yik-kʼóox̱ʼ-u → variants: gwáa! • ear.in-(shallow container).pitch.[relational] • –gú (relational base) base of –; butt of – | (JC) (KE) –gúgu (relational noun) antenna: –ʼs antenna (of guk.át (compound noun) earring(s) | “ear thing” | radio) | (KE) gúk.át → ear.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: guk. ádi, guk.édi (C) • –gúk (body part) ear: –ʼs ear | (KE) gunalchéesh! (interjection) (verbal noun) thank gúnlʼ (noun) growth on the trunk of a tree; burl of you! | “itʼs not easy to get for oneself” | (JL, KE) a tree | (KE) –guntú (relational base) under the covers with –; gút (borrowed noun) dime | from English “bit” | nestled against – | (JL) (KE, JC) gunx̱aa (noun) abalone | (KE) gútl (noun) arrow: blunt arrow for stunning | (KE) gusʼkʼiḵwáan (compound noun) euroamerican gúxʼaa (verbal noun) cup; can | “the one that dips person or people; white person or people; up” | √gúxʼ-aa → √dip-up.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE, european person or people; caucasian person JC) • variants: cháashgaa (Y) • or people | “people at the base of the clouds” gúxʼaa át kanduḵʼíshji (compound noun) hockey | | góosʼ-kʼí-ḵwáan → cloud.base-of.people-of • “batting the can around” | (SN) • √gúxʼaa + áa-t (NR) • variants: gusʼkʼiyee ḵwáan • + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i → [dipper-upper-one gusʼkʼiḵwáan lʼoowú (compound noun) oak | + there.at-(arrived) + hsf.na-cp.someone-(4h.S). “white manʼs piece of wood” | góosʼ-kʼí-ḵwáan + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bat.rep.rel] lʼoowú → cloud.base-of.people-of + piece-of- √goo ¹ (verb root) happy; fun; joyful wood • (KE) N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – gusʼshú (compound noun) horizon | “end of the impersonal) happy; glad | for N to be happy, clouds” | góosʼ + shú → cloud + end • (KE) • glad | this verb is conjugated for person variants: goosʼ shú • by changing the possessive pronoun, as in gusʼyadóoli (compound noun) snipe: kind of snipe; «du toowú sigóo» “s/he is happy” and «ax̱ sandpiper | “face of the cloud crane” toowú sigóo» “i am happy” | ax̱ toowú sigoo ix̱wsateení → i am happy to see you (SN) • (compound noun) pigeon; gusʼyé kindachooneidí tsu yei yee kḵwasatéen ḵu.aa; aag̱áa awe yee dove | “straight up (like an) arrow (to) the face toowú kei gux̱sagoo ḵúnáx̱ → but i will see of the clouds” | gusʼ-yá + kin-daa-√choon-át-i you all again, and then you will all be really → cloud.face + upwards.around.√wound. happy (SN) • (KE) thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (KE) • variants: gusʼyá • imperative: i toowú ksagóo! | be happy! kindachooneidí • • imperfective (+): du toowú sigóo | s/he is Gutéix̱ʼ (borrowed noun) Sugpiaq; Alutiiq; happy Chugach; Aleut | (JC, KE) • variants: Giyaḵw, • imperfective (–): tlél du tooshgú | s/he isnʼt Ana.óot • happy • perfective (+): du toowú wsigóo | s/he (verbal adjective) short: too short | verbal guwáatlʼ became happy adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately • perfective (–): tlél du toowú wushgóo | s/he before the noun that it affects | ga-u-∅-√ÿáatlʼ wasnʼt happy → ga-con.irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√short • variants: • future (+): du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | s/he will kuwáachʼ– • be happy gu.aal (particle) hopefully | optative | often • future (–): tlél du toowú kei gux̱sagóo | s/he combines with a prohibitive mode of the verb, wonʼt be happy resulting in “i hope that it will [verb]” | gu.aal hél N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – subject yéi oostínjiḵ → I hope he doesn’t see her (JC) • intransitive) want; like ¹; desire; pleasing | for

74 Tlingit to English g

N to want, like, desire S; for S to be pleasing to gooch (noun) hill: small hill; mound; knoll | (KE) N | tsu daanaa du tuwaa aa sigoo → he wants (noun) shirt; tunic | (KE) • variants: some more money (SN) • ax̱ tuwaa sigoo goodásʼ kʼoodásʼ, kʼoodésʼ (C) • neildé x̱wagoodí → i want to go home (SN) • has du tuwáaxʼ isigóo → they want you (CG) √gook ¹ (verb root) know how; learn how; master • (KE) a skill • imperfective (+): du tuwáa sigóo | s/he O-S-sh-√góok ˟ (ga state verb – transitive) know wants it how; learn how | for S to know, learn how to • imperfective (–): tlél du tuwáa ushgú | s/he do O | asg̱eiwú tleil ux̱shagóok → i donʼt know doesnʼt want it how to seine (SN) • Lingít ḵusteeyí ishigook → • progressive imperfective: du tuwáa kei you know the Tlingit way of life/ how to live nasgwéin | s/he is beginning to want it as a Tlingit (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): du tuwáa wsigóo | s/he • imperative: gashgóok! | learn how to do it! wanted it • imperfective (+): ashigóok | s/he knows how • perfective (–): tlél du tuwáa wushgóo | s/he to do it didnʼt want it • imperfective (–): tlél ooshgóok | s/he • future (+): du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | s/he will doesnʼt know how to do it want it • perfective (+): awshigóok | s/he learned how • future (–): tlél du tuwáa kei gux̱sagóo | s/he to do it wonʼt want it • perfective (–): tlél awushgóok | s/he didnʼt tlél + O-tu-sh-√góo ¹ (ga state verb – object learn how to do it intransitive) unhappy; lonesome | for O to be • future (+): kei agux̱shagóok | s/he will know unhappy, lonesome | tleil x̱at tooshgú; ach áwe how to do it !x̱aan sh kaneelneek! → i feel a bit unhappy • future (–): tlél kei agux̱shagóok | s/he wonʼt and low, so tell me some stories! (SN) • wáa know how to do it sawé l tooshgú? → why is he unhappy? (SN) √gook ² (verb root) peck • (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél tooshgú | s/he is √gooḵ ¹ (verb root) run | classification: plural | unhappy singular form: √xeex ¹ • perfective (–): tlél tuwushgóo | s/he became {∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (∅ motion verb unhappy – object intransitive) run | for (plural) O to run | • future (–): tlél kei tugux̱shagóo | s/he will classification: plural | eeḵdáx̱ neildé g̱unayei be unhappy s loowagúḵ → they started to run home from the beach (SN) • (KE) √goo ² (verb root) | classification: plural swim in school (especially sea mammals); travel in fleet • imperative: {∅ preverb} yee lugúḵ! | you all on water run {____}! • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee lugoog̱úḵ! | goo sá (question particle) where | rarely appears donʼt you all run {____} on its own, and most often contains a relational • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa suffix indicating direction or location, creating (ha)s lunagúḵ | they are running {____} combinations like «gooxʼ sá» (located [at rest] • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has luwagúḵ | where?) and «goodé sá» (going towards where?) they ran {____} • determiners may be added to «sá» as in «gooxʼ • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s sáyá» (where is this?), «gooxʼ sáwé?» (where luwugooḵ | they didnʼt run {____} is that) • question particles combine most • future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | commonly to form questions, but can also be used they will run {____} to create statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, lukg̱wagooḵ | they wonʼt run {____} marmots, whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) | goosú wa.é? → where are you? {na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (na motion • goodé sá yaa nagút? → where is s/he going? verb – object intransitive) run | for (plural) O • (JC,KE) to run | classification: plural | sakwneing̱aa

75 g Tlingit to English

hoon daakahídidé haa lukg̱wagooḵ → weʼre • progressive imperfective: kei ḵunalgóosʼ | going to run to the store for bread (SN) • (KE) itʼs getting cloudy • imperative: {na preverb} yee lunagúḵ! | you • perfective (+): ḵoowligóosʼ | it got cloudy all run {____}! • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwulgóosʼ | it didnʼt get • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na cloudy preverb} yoo yee lugúḵguḵ! | donʼt you all • future (+): kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it will be run {____}! cloudy • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa • future (–): tlél kei ḵugux̱lagóosʼ | it wonʼt be (ha)s lunagúḵ | they are running {____} cloudy • perfective (+): {na preverb} has loowagooḵ | goosʼ shú (compound noun) horizon | “end of the they ran {____} clouds” | góosʼ + shú → cloud + end • (KE) • • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s variants: gusʼshú • luwugooḵ | they didnʼt run {____} • future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s lukg̱wagóoḵ | –goosh (body part) ⑴ thumb: –ʼs thumb | (KE) they will run {____} || ⑵ | dorsal fin: –ʼs dorsal fin (especially killer • future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s whale) lukgwagooḵ | they wonʼt run {____} ̱ gooshúg̱unáx̱ (number) nine people | used for {ga preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ (ga motion counting people only | (KE) verb – object intransitive) run | for (plural) O to gooshúḵ (number) nine | “thumb is smiling” | run | classification: plural | (KE) goosh-wu-∅-√shooḵ → thumb-pfv.cl-(–d,∅,– • imperative: {ga preverb} yee lugagooḵ! | i).√smile/laugh (CG) you all run {____}! (verb root) | classification: singular subject • prohibitive: líl {ga preverb} yoo yee √goot ¹ walk (singular); go (by walking, singular) | luwugoogúḵ! | donʼt you all run {____} ̱ plural form: √.aat ¹ • progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei (ha)s lunagúḵ | they are running {____} {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {ga – subject intransitive) walk (singular); go (by preverb} kei (ha)s loonagúḵ | theyʼre not walking, singular) | for (singular) S to walk, running {____} go (by walking or as a general term) | (KE, JC) • perfective (+): {ga preverb} has loowagooḵ | • wáa sáwé tléil haa x̱ánx̱ eegoot? → why do they ran {____} you never come (walking) to our place? (SN) • • perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} (ha)s chʼa ldakát yakyee haa hídeex̱ goot → he came luwugooḵ | they didnʼt run {____} to our house every day (SN) • shaa yadaax̱ • future (+): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s kei nagút → he is ascending (climbing up) lukg̱wagóoḵ | they will run {____} the mountain (SN) • haa ítx̱ neil uwagút → • future (–): {ga preverb} kei (ha)s he followed us into the house (SN) • gági lukg̱wagooḵ | they wonʼt run {____} uwagút → he appeared (came where all could see him, having been previously out of (verb root) push: move by pushing √gooḵ ² sight) (SN) goon (noun) spring (of water) | (KE) • imperative: {∅ preverb} gú! | go {____}! • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yigoodíḵ! | donʼt goonhéeni (compound noun) springwater | most Tlingit villages have a spring nearby • people who go {____} gather and prepare traditional medicines often • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ líl prefer to use springwater instead of tap water | repetitive preverb} eegoodíḵ! | donʼt (ever) goon-héen-i → spring.water.[relational] go {____} • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa √goosʼ (verb root) cloudy nagút | s/he is going {____} ḵu-l-√góosʼ (ga state verb – impersonal) cloudy | • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {∅ for the sky to be cloudy preverb} yaa unagút | s/he isnʼt going {____} • imperfective (+): ḵuligóosʼ | itʼs cloudy • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwagút | s/he • imperfective (–): tlél ḵoolgóosʼ | itʼs not went {____} cloudy • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wugoot | s/

76 Tlingit to English g

he didnʼt go {____} position | ax̱ eeshch a too daak x̱at wusigút → • future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱agóot | they will my father appointed me (to fill the position) go {____} (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wagoot | they • imperative: a tóo daak sagú! | appoint her/ wonʼt go {____} him! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a tóo {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion daak isagútjiḵ! | donʼt appoint her/him! verb – subject intransitive) walk (singular); go • perfective (+): a tóo daak awsigút | s/he (by walking, singular) | for (singular) S to appointed her/him walk, go (by walking or as a general term) • perfective (–): tlél a tóo daak awusgoot | s/ | «ḵux̱ wudigút» “s/he came back” also has a he didnʼt appoint her/him metaphorical meaning to “come back to life” • future (+): a tóo daak agux̱sagóot | s/he will | (KE, JC) appoint her/him • imperative: {∅ preverb} yida.gú! | you all • future (–): tlél a tóo daak agux̱sagoot | s/he go {____} wonʼt appoint her/him • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yida.goodíḵ! | donʼt go {____} N + jikaadáx̱ + ya-u-S-∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb) yaa verb – subject intransitive) get out of way | for nada.gút | s/he is going {____} (singular) S to get out of Nʼs way | (KE, JC) • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wudi.gút | s/he • imperative: du jikaadáx̱ woogú! | get out of went {____} her/his way! • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuda.goot | • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du s/he didnʼt go {____} jikaadáx̱ yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt (ever) get out • future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱da.góot | s/he of her/his way! will go {____} • progressive imperfective: du jikaadáx̱ yaa • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱da.goot | s/ wunagút | s/he is getting out of her/his way he wonʼt go {____} • perfective (+): du jikaadáx̱ has yaawagút | s/he got out of her/his way neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – • perfective (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yawu.goot | transitive) let in; welcome | for S to let in, welcome in (singular) O | doosh neil sagú! s/he didnʼt get out of her/his way → let the cat in! (SN) • tleil gaande yoo • future (+): du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wa.góot | s/he isagútguḵ! → donʼt let him out! (SN) • will get out of her/his way aadóoch sá neil wusgoodí yáa kax̱waaḵaayi • future (–): tlél du jikaadáx̱ yakg̱wagoot | s/ aa, x̱át tsú neilx̱ x̱at sagoot → whoever he wonʼt get out of her/his way receives and welcomes anyone i send, a-ya-u-S-d+∅-√goot ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject receives me also (SN) • neilx̱ ágé isagoot? intransitive) turn back (singular, by walking); → did you welcome him / take him into the go back (singular, by walking) | for (singular) home? (SN) • (KE) S to turn back, go back (by walking or as • imperative: neil sagú! | let her/him/it in! general term) | (KE, JC) • neildé ayawdigút → • prohibitive: líl neilx̱ isagoodíḵ! | donʼt let he turned back and returned home (SN) her/him/it in! • imperative: ayeedagú! | turn back! • perfective (+): neil awsigút | s/he let her/ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl him/it in ayeedagútx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) turn back! • perfective (–): tlél neil awusgoot | s/he • progressive imperfective: yaa awundagút | didnʼt let her/him/it in s/he is turning back • future (+): neildé agux̱sagóot | s/he will let • perfective (+): ayawdigút | s/he turned back her/him/it in • perfective (–): tlél ayawdagoot | s/he didnʼt • future (–): tlél neildé agux̱sagoot | s/he turn back wonʼt let her/him/it in • future (+): ayakg̱wadagóot | s/he will turn back a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ (∅ motion • future (–): tlél ayakgwadagoot | s/he wonʼt verb – transitive) appoint; choose | for S to ̱ turn back appoint (singular) O, choose O for a certain

77 g Tlingit to English

{na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (na act verb • perfective (–): tlél {ga preverb} wugoot | s/ – subject intransitive) walk (singular); go he didnʼt go {____} (singular, by walking or generally) | for • future (+): {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagóot | s/he (singular) S to walk, go (by walking or as will go {____} a general term) | (KE, JC) • goodé sá yaa • future (–): tlél {ga preverb} kei kg̱wagoot | neegút? → where are you going (walking}? s/he wonʼt go {____} (SN) yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga event verb – • imperative: {na preverb} nagú! | go {____}! transitive) lead (singular object, especially by • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yigoodíḵ! | walking) | for S to lead (singular) O (especially donʼt go {____}! by walking ahead) | objects in this verb are • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na always plural, while subject may be singular preverb} yoo eegútgiḵ! | donʼt (ever) go or plural | (KE, JC) • neildé ishukḵwagóot → {____}! Iʼll lead you home (SN) • héen x̱ʼayaax̱dé x̱at • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa shuwagoot → he led me to the riverʼs edge nagút | s/he is going {____} (SN) • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {na • imperative: yaa shugagú! | lead her/him! preverb} yaa unagút | s/he is not going • prohibitive: líl shuyigootdíḵ! | donʼt lead {____} her/him! • perfective (+): {na preverb} woogoot | s/he • progressive imperfective: yaa ashunagút | went {____} s/he is leading her/him • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wugoot | s/ • perfective (+): ashoowagoot | s/he led her/ he didnʼt go {____} him • future (+): {na preverb} kg̱wagóot | s/he will • perfective (–): tlél ashuwugoot | s/he didnʼt go {____} lead her/him • future (–): tlél {na preverb} kgwagoot | s/he ̱ • future (+): yaa ashukg̱wagóot | s/he will lead wonʼt go {____} her/him gánde + S-∅-√goot (na motion verb – subject • future (–): tlél yaa ashukg̱wagoot | s/he intransitive) go to the bathroom; bathroom: wonʼt lead them go to the bathroom; pee: go pee; urinate: go N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion verb – urinate; poop: go poop; defecate: go defecate subject intransitive) follow | for (singular) S to | for (singular) S to go to the bathroom | a follow N (on foot) | note that the preverb «yaa» euphemism that literally means “go outside” does not occur in the perfective form | haa ítx̱ although the indepdendent base «gáan» neil uwagút → he followed us into the house contracts to «gán». learners should be careful (SN) • (KE) to keep the vowel long if the intended meaning • imperative: a ítx̱ yaa gagú! | follow it! is “going outside”. • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a ítx̱ {ga preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (ga motion yaa eegútjiḵ! | donʼt follow it! verb – subject intransitive) walk (singular); go • progressive imperfective: a ítx̱ yaa nagút | (singular, by walking) | for (singular) S to she/he/it is following it walk, go | (KE, JC) • aan ká kei átch g̱uwakaan • perfective (+): a ítx̱ woogoot | she/he/it → the deer climb up to the mountain followed it pastures (in July) (SN) • he appeared (came • perfective (–): tlél a ítx̱ wugoot | she/he/it where all could see him, having been previously didnʼt follow it out of sight) • future (+): a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagóot | she/he/it will • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl follow it {repetitive ga preverb} kei eegútjiḵ! | donʼt • future (–): tlél a ítx̱ yaa kg̱wagoot | she/he/ (ever) go {____}! it wonʼt follow it • progressive imperfective: {ga preverb} kei {g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ (g̱a motion nagút | s/he is going {____} verb – subject intransitive) walk (singular); go • perfective (+): {ga preverb} woogoot | s/he (singular, by walking) | for (singular) S to went {____} walk, go (by walking or as a general term) |

78 Tlingit to English g – gw

(KE, JC) (JC,KE) • variants: gutgéen (Y) • • imperative: {ga preverb} yaa gaygú! | go ̱ ̱ gwatk (question particle) when (in the past) | used {___}! to talk about past times only • determiners may • prohibitive: líl {g̱a preverb} yei yigútjiḵ! | be added to «sá» as in «gwatk sáyá» (when [in donʼt go {____}! the past] was this?), «gwatk sáwé?» (when [in • progressive imperfective: {g̱a preverb} yei the past] was that?) • question particles combine nagút | s/he is going {____} most commonly to form questions, but can also • progressive imperfective (–): tlél {g̱a be used to create statements like «jánwu alʼóon, preverb} yei unagút | s/he is not going sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain {____} goats, marmots, whatever went around there) • perfective (+): {g̱a preverb} woo.aat | s/he (David Kadashan 6) | gwatk sáwé haat iyagút? went {____} → when did you get here? • (JC,KE) • variants: • perfective (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} wugoot | s/ gutk (Y) • he didnʼt go {____} • future (+): {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agóot | s/he gwál (particle) maybe (doubtful) | the most will go {____} common ways to express doubt in Tlingit are • future (–): tlél {g̱a preverb} yei gug̱agoot | listed below: s/he wonʼt go {____} particles • kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely) gootl (noun) bump; hump; mound; lump | (JL) • gíwé, géwé, gíyú | thatʼs possible –goowú (plant part) stump: –ʼs stump; butt end • shákdéi | perhaps of – (tree or other plant) • gwál | maybe (doubtful) goox̱ (noun) slave | (KE) verb –góogu (relational noun) expert at – | √góok-u → • yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess √expertise/know-how.[relational] • (JL) gwálaa (verbal noun) dagger; machete; long knife góoḵ (noun) • variants: a kagúḵxʼu • eggs: dried | “the one that stabs” | √gwál-aa → √stab/beat. salmon eggs | usually dried in stomach or one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) gunnysack strung in tree | (JL) √gwaal (verb root) beat; knock; hit; ring; stab góon ⑴ (noun) gold || ⑵ (color) gold O-S-∅-√gwaal (ga act verb – transitive) beat; –góon (land part) portage across –; passage across ring; stab | for S to beat O (esp. drum); for S –; isthmus: –ʼs isthmus | (KE) to ring O (bell); for S to stab O | gaaw agwaal → heʼs beating the drum (or, less usual, heʼs –góos (body part) vagina: –ʼs vagina; vulva: –ʼs ringing the bell) (SN) • wuduwagwal → he vulva; privates: –ʼs (female) privates was stabbed (SN) • (KE) góosʼ (noun) cloud; cloud cover; sky: cloudy sky • imperative: gagwaal! | beat it! | (KE) • prohibitive: líl eegwaalíḵ! | donʼt beat it! • imperfective (+): agwáal | s/he beats it; s/he is beating it gw • imperfective (–): tlél oogwaal | s/he doesnʼt beat it; s/he isnʼt beating it gwatgéen (question particle) when (in the future) | • perfective (+): aawagwaal | s/he beat it used to talk about future times only • determiners • perfective (–): tlél awugwaal | s/he didnʼt may be added to «sá» as in «gwatgéen sáyá» beat it (when [in the future] is this?), «gwatgéen sáwé?» • future (+): kei akg̱wagwáal | s/he will beat it (when [in the future] is that?) • question particles • future (–): tlél kei akg̱wagwaal | s/he wonʼt combine most commonly to form questions, but beat it can also be used to create statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts O-ya-S-∅-√gwaal (∅ event verb – transitive) hit; mountain goats, marmots, whatever went around punch | for S to hit O in the face (with fist); for there) (David Kadashan 6) | gwatgéen sáwé S to punch O | x̱at yaawagwal → he beat me aadé gax̱too.áat? → when are we going there? • up, hitting me in the face (SN) • x̱at yagwalt

79 gw Tlingit to English

→ he kept hitting me in the face with his fist impersonal) capsize; overturn | for a boat to (SN) • (KE) capsize, overturn | du yaagú du een aa yax̱ • imperative: yagwál! | hit her/him in the face! uwagwatl → his boat capsized with him (SN) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • progressive imperfective: áa yax̱ yaa yeegwálx̱iḵ! | donʼt hit her/him in the face! nagwátl | itʼs starting to capsize • perfective (+): ayaawagwál | s/he hit her/ • perfective (+): áa yax̱ uwagwátl | it capsized him in the face • perfective (–): tlél áa yax̱ wugwáatl | it • perfective (–): tlél ayawugwaal | s/he didnʼt didnʼt capsize hit her/him in the face • future (+): áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs going • future (+): ayakg̱wagwáal | s/he will hit her/ to capsize him in the face • future (–): tlél áa yax̱ gug̱wagwáatl | itʼs not • future (–): tlél ayakg̱wagwaal | s/he wonʼt hit going to capsize her/him in the face O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl (∅ event verb – object sh + d+∅-√gwaal (∅ act verb – impersonal) intransitive) astonished; flabbergasted | for ring | for a telephone or bell to ring | gaaw O to be astonished, flabbergasted, left open- sh dagwaal → the bell is ringing (lit. beating mouthed | x̱at ḵʼawdigwátl we i shkalneegí → itself) (SN) • (KE) iʼm very surprised at what you are telling me • imperfective (+): sh dagwáal | itʼs ringing (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): sh wudigwál | it rang • progressive imperfective: yaa ḵʼandagwátl | • perfective (–): tlél sh wudagwaal | it didnʼt s/he is getting to be astonished ring • perfective (+): ḵʼawdigwátl | s/he is • future (+): sh gux̱dagwáal | it will ring astonished • future (–): tlél sh gux̱dagwaal | it wonʼt ring • perfective (–): tlél ḵʼawdagwáatl | s/heʼs not astonished (verb root) foggy √gwaasʼ • future (+): ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | s/he is going to ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) be astonished foggy | for the weather to be foggy • future (–): tlél ḵʼagux̱dagwáatl | s/he isnʼt • progressive imperfective: yaa ḵundagwásʼ | going to be astonished it is getting foggy • perfective (+): ḵuwdigwásʼ | it is foggy; it O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – transitive) got foggy roll | for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.) | the • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwdagwáasʼ | it isnʼt thematic prefix «ka-» appears to be optional in foggy; it didnʼt get foggy this verb, and does not affect meaning | káast • future (+): ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it will be foggy yaa nax̱lagwátl → i am rolling a barrel (SN) • future (–): tlél ḵugux̱dagwáasʼ | it wonʼt be • heent sh wudligwatl → he rolled himself foggy into the water (SN) • aas kaxashdi yaa akanalgwatl → heʼs rolling a block of wood √gwaatl (verb root) roll; curl up in a ball (of (SN) person or animal) • imperative: kanalgwáatl! | roll it! N-t⁓ + ka-∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo impersonal) roll | for a spherical object to roll to keelagwátlgiḵ! | donʼt roll it! N | classification: round or spherical object • progressive imperfective: yaa akanalgwátl | • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa s/he is rolling it kanagwátl | itʼs rolling to it • perfective (+): akawligwáatl | s/he rolled it • perfective (+): át kaawagwátl | it rolled to it • perfective (–): tlél akawulgwáatl | s/he • perfective (–): tlél át kawugwáatl | it didnʼt didnʼt roll it roll to it • future (+): akagux̱lagwáatl | s/he will roll it • future (+): aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll • future (–): tlél akagux̱lagwáatl | s/he wonʼt to it roll it • future (–): tlél aadé kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl (∅ act verb – transitive) bend; roll to it fold up | for S to bend O (limb); for S to fold áa + yax̱ + ∅-√gwáatl (∅ motion verb – up O (paper, etc.) in a loose roll | «–tʼeeyshú»

80 Tlingit to English gw – g̱

“her/his elbow” can be replaced with another in the future form | tleil ushkʼe yaakw at foldable body part • a flexible object like kakawdulgwaadli → itʼs bad to roll or rock the «xʼúxʼ» “paper” can replace «–tʼeeyshú» to boat (NS) • yaakw at akakawligwaatl → heʼs convey the meaning “fold up” | tléináx̱ aanáx̱ making the boat roll (SN) • (KE) ḵu.aa chʼa aklagwátlx̱ → he can bend one leg • imperative: át kakanalgwáatl! | rock the (SN) • tleil du x̱eek akawulgwaatl → he didnʼt boat! bend his arm (SN) • (KE) • prohibitive: líl át kakaylagwáadliḵ! | donʼt • imperative: (i tʼeeyshú) kalagwátl! | bend rock the boat! (your elbow)! • perfective (+): át akakawligwáatl | s/he is • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (i rocking the boat; s/he rocked the boat tʼeeyshú) keelagwátlx̱iḵ! | donʼt bend (your • perfective (–): tlél át akakawulgwáatl | s/ elbow)! he isnʼt rocking the boat; s/he didnʼt rock the • imperfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) aklagwáatl | boat s/he is bending (her/his elbow) • future (+): át akagux̱lagwáatl | s/he will rock • progressive imperfective: (du tʼeeyshú) yaa the boat akanalgwátl | s/he is starting to bend (her/ • future (–): tlél át akagux̱lagwáatl | s/he his elbow) wonʼt rock the boat • perfective (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akawligwátl | gwáa! (interjection) | strong suprise; whoa! | (KE) • s/he bent (her/his elbow) variants: gu.áa! • • perfective (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akawulgwaatl | s/he didnʼt bend (her/his gwéil (noun) bag; sack | (KE) elbow) –gwéinli (body part) hoof: –ʼs hoof | (KE) • future (+): (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwáatl | s/ (borrowed noun) • variants: hintaak he will bend (her/his elbow) gwíngwin yaa ndaḵín gáaxw • penguin | from English • future (–): tlél (du tʼeeyshú) akagux̱lagwaatl “penguin” | (HC) | s/he wonʼt bend (her/his elbow) (borrowed noun) peaches | from English N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl (na motion verb – gwéechís “peaches” | (JC) impersonal) rock; roll | for a canoe, boat to rock, roll around at N | this verb theme has gwéens (borrowed noun) beans | from English two «ka-» prefixes, but the future verb form “beans” | (MD) provided by the speaker consulter has only one «ka-» prefix (át kakg̱wagwáatl), possibly because two «ka-» prefixes are especially g̱ awkward to pronounce in the future form | teet | these jiwustaaní, yaakw at kakanagwatlch → when g̱a conjugation motion preverbs the waves are beating hard, the boat really preverbs create motion verbs using the g̱a rolls (SN) • (KE) conjugation prefix • perfective (+): át kakaawagwáatl | itʼs downward motion rolling around; it rolled around • [no preverb but general downward motion] • perfective (–): tlél át kakawugwáatl | itʼs not | falling (intransitive uncontrolled themes), rolling around; it didnʼt roll around downward • future (+): át kakg̱wagwáatl | it will roll • ÿaa | moving down around • yaax̱ | embarking, getting into boat/vehicle • future (–): tlél át kakg̱wagwáatl | it wonʼt • ÿanax̱ | moving down into ground roll around • N-x̱ | moving down along N • héen-x̱ | moving into water N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl (na motion verb – • káx̱ + sha- | falling over, prone transitive) rock; roll | for S to rock, roll O (boat) • N-náx̱ | moving down by way of, through N at N | this verb theme has two «ka-» prefixes, but the future verb form provided by the g̱agaan (verbal noun) sun | “shines down” | g̱a- speaker consulter has only one «ka-» prefix (át ∅-√gaan → g̱a-conj.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light akagux̱lagwáatl), possibly because two «ka-» • (KE) prefixes are especially awkward to pronounce

81 g̱ Tlingit to English g̱agaan kasʼúkwx̱u (compound noun) dried: sun G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan (clan name) Clan: Wolf dried | g̱agaan + ka-∅-√sʼúkw-x̱-u → sun + hsf. (Eagle/Wolf Moiety); Clan: Beaver (Eagle/ cl-(–d,∅,–i).√?.[repetitive].[relational] • (KE) Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Burnt House at Kaliakh River”; Origin: Kaliakh River | (compound noun) heat of the sun; g̱agaan tʼáx̱ʼi Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch sun: heat of the sun | g̱agaan + √tʼáx̱ʼ-i → sun + √give-heat.[relational} • (JL) • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crests: Wolf, Beaver | Eyak: ɢałyax̣ → [Kaliakh River] g̱agaan waḵdáanaa (compound noun) sunglasses | • ka-ÿu-ÿa-√gaan-i-hít-taan → hsf.pfv.cl-(– “sun eye money”; “sun eye coins” | g̱agaan + waaḵ d,∅,+i).√burn/light.[relational].house.people- + dáanaa → sun + eye + money/coin/dollar (of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) g̱agaan x̱ʼusyee (compound noun) sunbeam | G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan “below the foot of the sun” | gagaan + x̱ʼus-yee → ̱ (region name) Kaliakh River: sun + foot.below G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan People of the Kaliakh River Area | “People of the g̱agaan x̱ʼus.eetí (compound noun) sunlight: in the Kaliakh River” | Included Communities: Kayak sunlight | “sunʼs footprint” | g̱agaan + x̱ʼus-eetí Island, Controller Bay, Katalla Bay | Eyak: ɢałyax̣ → sun + foot.remains/imprint • g̱agaan x̱ʼus. + ḵwáan → [Kaliakh River] + people-of • (TT, eetí yíkt áa wé g̱áx̱ → the rabbit is sitting in the AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) sunlight (BC) Wolf/Eagle Clans g̱alg̱aaḵu (compound noun) wilderness; bush: the • G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt bush | (KE) • variants: katḵaaḵú, g̱walg̱aḵú (At), House at Kaliakh River kalg̱aḵú (T) • • Jeeshḵweidí | People of the Red Paint g̱alnáatʼadi (compound noun) • variants: Raven/Crow Clans g̱alnáatʼani • bundle: something bundled up to • Kwáashkʼiḵwaan, Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan | Humpy take along | “thing to to take in bundles” | g̱a- Creek People, Point on Copper River People la-√náa-tʼ-át-i → g̱a-md.cl-(–d,l,–i).√take-(in • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor bundles).[repetitive].thing-(4h.i).[repetitive] • Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream • (JL) north of Mount Fairweather) • Tuḵyeidí | People of of the Outlet g̱alsháatadi (compound noun) • variants: g̱alsháadadi, g̱alsháatedi (C) • captive | g̱aneix̱ (verbal noun) salvation; recovery | g̱a-∅- “captured thing” | g̱a-l-√sháat-át-i → g̱a-conj. √neix̱ → g̱a-con.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√save/heal • (KE) cl-(–d,l,–i).√grab/catch/hold.thing-(4n.i). g̱anook (noun) petrel | this has been identified [relational] • (KE) as “pelican” by some inland speakers, possibly because petrels are only on the coast | (KE) g̱altulítaa (compound noun) knife: pocket knife | “inside the hip knife” | ḵaatl-tú-lítaa → hip. g̱atsx̱ʼáak (body part) crotch: –ʼs crotch; between – inside.knife • (KE) • variants: ḵatltulítaa • ʼs legs | “between thighs”; “between rump” | (KE) g̱altú (compound noun) pocket | “inside the hip” gax̱laan (noun) blanket woven from twisted | ḵaatl-tú → hip.inside • (JL, KE) • variants: ̱ rabbit furs | g̱áx̱-laan → rabbit.?? • (JL) ḵatltú, g̱atltú • (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear cell phone | G̱ayesʼhíttaan g̱altú a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Iron “pocket thing through which someone talks” | ḵaatl- House”; Origin: Sitka | Teiḵweidí Migration, tú + a + tú-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-du-l-√.át-k-i + át → hip. Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group inside + its(3n.P) + inside.through + along + mouth. • Primary Crest: Brown Bear | gayéisʼ-hít-taan someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√communicate. ̱ → iron.house.people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, [repetitive].[relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (RD) • JC, JL, HJ) variants: g̱altú kaxéesʼ • Sheetʼká Ḵwáan (verbal noun) cell phone | “pocket g̱altú kaxéesʼ • G̱ayéisʼ Hít | Iron House tangled” | ḵaatl-tú + ka-∅-√xéesʼ → hip.inside + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tangled • (KE, JL) • variants: g̱ayéisʼ (compound noun) iron; tin | “discolored g̱altú a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át • copper” | eeḵ-√yéisʼ → copper.discolored •

82 Tlingit to English g̱

variants: iḵyéisʼ • Jilḵáat Ḵwáan • X̱ʼáakw Hít | Freshwater Marked Sockeye House g̱ayéisʼ gaaw (compound noun) bell | “iron drum” | eeḵ-yéisʼ + gaaw → copper.discolored + drum • • Yáay Hít | Whale House (JM) • variants: gaaw • • X̱ʼaak Hít | Ravine House • Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking out (to Sea) House g̱ayéisʼ gúxʼaa (compound noun) can: tin can | • Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House g̱ayéisʼ + gúxʼaa → iron/tin + cup/can • (JL) • Ishká Hít | Atop the Fish Hole House g̱ayéisʼ hít (compound noun) jail | “iron house” Taagish Ḵwáan | eeḵ-yéisʼ + hít → copper.discolored + house • G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan (KE) • variants: g̱iyéisʼ hít • G̱aanax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: Raven/Starfish g̱ayéisʼ layeix̱í (compound noun) blacksmith | (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of Sheltered “iron maker” | eeḵ-yéisʼ + la-√yeix̱-í → copper. Harbor”; “People through the Pleasant Bay”; discolored + cl-(–d,l,–i).√make/use.[relational] • Origin: Port Stewart in northern Behm Canal (KE) • variants: g̱iyéisʼ layeix̱í, g̱iyéisʼ leyeix̱í (C) • | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group g̱ayéisʼ tíxʼ (compound noun) cable | “iron rope” | • Primary Crests: Raven, Starfish • Secondary eeḵ-yéisʼ + tíxʼ → copper.discolored + rope • (KE) Crests: Whale, Golden Eagle, Frog, Musk Ox | • variants: g̱iyéisʼ tíxʼ • g̱aanáx̱-át-i → sheltered-place.thing.[possessed] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, MH) g̱ayéisʼ tʼéix̱ʼi blacksmith | “iron pounder” | eeḵ- yéisʼ + ∅-√tʼéix̱ʼ-i → copper.discolored + cl-(–d,∅,– Taantʼá Ḵwáan i).√pound-(with rock).[relational] • (KE) • Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House –g̱ádzi (body part) hindquarters: –ʼs hindquarters; • Yéil Hít | Raven House thigh: –ʼs thigh | (KE) • Sʼáx Hít | Starfish House • Yéil Sʼaag̱í Hít | Raven’s Bones House gákw (noun) ⑴ tree spine; wood: hard wood (from ̱ • Noow Hít | Fort House center of a tree) || ⑵ dried and hard; stiff (as canvas, dry fish) | (KE, JL, GD, SuJ) • Gijook Hít | Golden Eagle House • Xaas Hít | Buffalo House g̱ánch (noun) tobacco | (KE) • Taan Hít | Sea Lion House • Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking Out House –g̱áts (body part) thigh: –ʼs thigh; buttocks: –ʼs buttocks; rump: –ʼs rump | (KE) • Yáay Hít | Whale House • Xʼaagóon Hít | Isthmus Point House g̱áx̱ (noun) rabbit | (KE) Heinyaa Ḵwáan g̱aa (adverb) sufficient; enough; acceptable; • Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House pleasant | (JC, KE) • g̱aa yatee → itʼs pleasing; • Yaaw Hít | Herring House itʼs acceptable • –tóog̱aa → pleasing to –; • Yáay Hít | Whale House enough for – • Deishú Hít | End of the Trail House -g̱aa (relational suffix) after: going after; waiting for; • Shísʼḵ Noow Hít | Sapling Fort House distributed: in the area of; about the time of | Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan closed monosyllable Tlingit suffixes are high tone, • Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House and open monosyllable suffixes are opposite of • Yan Wuliháshi Hít 2 | Drifted Ashore House 2 the tone of the preceding vowel | (JC) Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan g̱aaḵ (noun) lynx | (KE) • Ishká Hít | Atop the Fish Hole House G̱aanax̱teidí (clan name) Clan: Raven, Frog, • Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House Woodworm (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of • Yéil Hít | Raven House Sheltered Harbor Rock”; Origin: Port Stewart in Áakʼw Ḵwáan northern Behm Canal | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • • G̱aanax̱aa Hít | G̱aanax̱aa House G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Raven, Frog, • Yéil Hít | Raven House Woodworm • Secondary Crests: Whale, Strong Galyáx̱ Ḵwáan Man and the Sea Lion, Mosquito, Beaver, Land (verb root) forbidden; taboo Otter | g̱aanáx̱-té-át-i → sheltered-place.rock. √g̱aas thing.[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal)

83 g̱ Tlingit to English

forbidden; taboo; inappropriate: culturally • perfective (–): tlél awulg̱áasʼ | s/he didnʼt inappropriate | for something to be forbidden, scratch it taboo, not allowed by custom | «lig̱aas» in • future (+): agux̱lag̱áasʼ | s/he will scratch it Tlingit is an action that will likely bring a • future (–): tlél agux̱lag̱áasʼ | s/he wonʼt harsh consequence, possibly at a later time scratch it to future generations | (GD, KE) • íx̱tʼ ádi át sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ (∅ act verb – subject awusheeyí ligaas → itʼs forbidden to touch a ̱ ̱ intransitive) scratch | for S to scratch oneself to spiritual healerʼs (íx̱tʼ) things (SN) relieve itching | keitl sh wudlig̱asʼ → the dog is • imperfective (+): lig̱aas | itʼs forbidden scratching himself (SN) • (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél ulgaas | itʼs not ̱ • imperative: sh eelg̱ásʼ! | scratch yourself! forbidden • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh at + S-l-√g̱aas ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) eelg̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch yourself! abstain; refrain from; superstitious | for S to • imperfective (+): sh ilg̱ásʼx̱ | she/he/it is be superstitious; for S to abstain, refrain from, scratching her/him/itself keep from doing (usually for ceremonial or • progressive imperfective: yaa sh nalg̱ásʼ | religious reasons, esp. of lent) | at x̱alig̱aas → her/him/itself is starting to scratch her/him/ i abstain (from things such as eating meat) itself (SN) • wududlig̱aas → they are keeping from • perfective (+): sh wudlig̱ásʼ | she/he/it various foods and activities (in observance of scratched her/him/itself lent) (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél sh wulg̱áasʼ | she/he/it • prohibitive: líl at ilag̱aasíḵ! | donʼt be didnʼt scratch her/him/itself superstitious! • future (+): sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | she/he/it will • imperfective (+): at lig̱aas | s/he is scratch her/him/itself superstitious • future (–): tlél sh gug̱walg̱áasʼ | she/he/it • imperfective (–): tlél at ulg̱aas | s/he isnʼt wonʼt scratch her/him/itself superstitious √gaasʼ ² (verb root) striped • progressive imperfective: kei at nalg̱aas | s/ ̱ he is becoming superstitious ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ² ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) • perfective (+): at wulig̱aas | s/he became striped | for something to be striped | this verb superstitious only occurs in the imperfective | (KE) • perfective (–): tlél at wulg̱aas | s/he didnʼt • imperfective (+): kadlig̱áasʼ | itʼs striped become superstitious • imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱áasʼ | itʼs not • future (+): kei at gux̱lag̱aas | s/he will be striped superstitious g̱aat (noun) salmon: sockeye salmon; salmon: red • future (–): tlél kei at gux̱lag̱aas | s/he wonʼt salmon | (KE) be superstitious √g̱aat ¹ (verb root) split; fall apart; fall scattered | √g̱aasʼ ¹ (verb root) scratch (with long scratches) classification: small objects O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) scratch O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) sift | for | for S to scratch O to relieve itching; for S to S to sift O | sakwnein akagux̱lagaat → sheʼs scratch O with long scratches | yei nanex̱ich going to sift the flour (SN) • (KE) áwe kalaxweidlí: tleil ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! → itʼs itching • imperative: kalag̱át! | sift it! because itʼs healing: donʼt scratch it! (SN) • • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl (KE) keelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt sift it! • imperative: lag̱ásʼ! | scratch it! • imperfective (+): aklag̱át | s/he is sifting it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • imperfective (–): tlél akoolg̱át | s/he isnʼt ilag̱ásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt scratch it! sifting it • imperfective (+): alg̱ásʼx̱ | s/he is scratching • progressive imperfective: yaa akanalg̱át | s/ it he is sifting it along • progressive imperfective: yaa analg̱ásʼ | s/he • perfective (+): akawlig̱át | s/he sifted it is starting to scratch it • perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱áat | s/he didnʼt • perfective (+): awlig̱ásʼ | s/he scratched it sift it

84 Tlingit to English g̱

• future (+): akagux̱lag̱áat | s/he will sift it is dizzy • future (–): tlél akagux̱lag̱áat | s/he wonʼt • perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwug̱áat | s/ sift it he isnʼt dizzy • future (+): du daa yaa ḵukgwagáat | s/he O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ (na act verb – transitive) ̱ ̱ sprinkle; scatter | for S to sprinkle, scatter will get dizzy O carefully | eilʼ aklagatch → he sprinkles • future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵukg̱wag̱áat | s/he salt (SN) • dei kaadé lʼeiw akawligatch → he wonʼt get dizzy sprinkled sand on the road (SN) • (KE) yaa + O-ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – • imperative: kanalg̱átch! | sprinkle it! transitive) forget | for S to forget O • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • imperative: yaa ḵulag̱át! | forget it! keelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt sprinkle it! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yaa • imperfective (+): aklag̱átch | s/he is ḵeelag̱átjiḵ! | donʼt forget it! sprinkling it • progressive imperfective: yaa aḵunalg̱át | s/ • progressive imperfective: yaa akanalg̱átch | he is starting to forget it s/he is sprinkling it along • perfective (+): yaa aḵoowlig̱át | s/he forgot it • perfective (+): akawlig̱átch | s/he sprinkled • perfective (–): tlél yaa aḵuwulg̱áat | s/he it didnʼt forget it • perfective (–): tlél akawulg̱átch | s/he didnʼt • future (+): yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | s/he will sprinkle it forget it • future (+): akagux̱lag̱átch | s/he is going to • future (–): tlél yaa aḵugux̱lag̱áat | s/he wonʼt sprinkle it forget it • future (–): tlél akagux̱lgátch | s/he isnʼt ̱ N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√gáat ³ (∅ event verb – going to sprinkle it ̱ subject intransitive) • variants: N + daa + yaa + √g̱aat ² (verb root) trap ḵu-S-s-√g̱áat ³ • dizzy | for S to make N dizzy • imperative: du daa yaa ḵulagát! | make her/ O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² (∅ event verb – transitive) trap; ̱ catch | for S to trap, catch O in trap (deadfall him dizzy! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl du or other, but not fishtrap) | kʼoox awdzig̱at → he trapped a marten (SN) • xoots tsú daa yaa ḵeelag̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt make her/him dizzy! dusg̱adin → people used to trap brown bear too (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: du daa yaa ḵunalgát | it is starting to make her/him • imperative: eesg̱át! | trap it! ̱ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl dizzy • perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵuwligát | it made eesg̱átx̱iḵ! | donʼt trap it! ̱ her/him dizzy • imperfective (+): asg̱átt | s/heʼs trapping it • perfective (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵuwulgáat | it • perfective (+): awdzig̱át | s/he trapped it ̱ didnʼt make her/him dizzy • perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áat | s/he didnʼt trap it • future (+): du daa yaa ḵug̱ux̱lag̱áat | it will make her/him dizzy • future (+): akg̱wasg̱áat | s/he will trap it • future (–): tlél du daa yaa ḵugux̱lagáat | it • future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱áat | s/he wonʼt trap ̱ ̱ it wonʼt make her/him dizzy N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√gáat ³ ˟ (na motion √gaat ³ (verb root) | disoriented ̱ ̱ verb – subject intransitive) wander | for S to N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ (∅ event verb – wander around at N; for S to wander around impersonal) dizzy | for N to be dizzy | ax̱ daa at N trying to find the way | this verb has yaa ḵusag̱átx̱ → iʼm dizzy all the time (SN) an invariable stem, except the example • gílʼ shakeedáx̱ yínde awulg̱een, ḵaa daa yaa documented by SN which may have been ḵusag̱áadi → looking down from a cliff top mistakenly written and is changed here | chʼa makes one dizzy (SN) • (KE) koogéiyi át yaa ḵunalg̱áatch → heʼs always • progressive imperfective: du daa yaa wandering around in a daze (JL) • sʼeenáa gé ḵunagát | s/he is starting to get dizzy ̱ wéidu? kag̱ít tóot yaa ḵux̱wdlig̱aat → is there • perfective (+): du daa yaa ḵoowag̱át | s/he a light there? iʼm wandering in the dark (SN

85 g̱ Tlingit to English

• (KE) • progressive imperfective: kei kandag̱áx̱ | • imperative: (chʼa) át yaa ḵuneelg̱áat! | she/he/it is beginning to cry out ( just) wander around! • perfective (+): kawdig̱aax̱ | she/he/it cried • prohibitive: líl át yaa ḵuyeelg̱áadiḵ! | donʼt out wander around! • perfective (+): kei kagux̱dag̱áax̱ | she/he/it • perfective (+): át yaa ḵuwdlig̱áat | s/he is will cry out wandering around; s/he wandered around • perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱aax̱ | she/he/it • perfective (–): tlél át yaa ḵuwulg̱áat | s/he didnʼt cry out isnʼt wandering around; s/he didnʼt wander • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱dag̱aax̱ | she/he/it around wonʼt cry out • future (+): át yaa ḵukgwalgáat | s/he will ̱ ̱ O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ (na event verb – transitive) wander around cry | for S to make O cry, cause O to cry | • future (–): tlél át yaa ḵukg̱walg̱áat | s/he kakḵwasagáax̱ → iʼm going to make her/him wonʼt wander around cry (SN) • x̱at kawsigaax̱ → she made me cry g̱aatáa (verbal noun) trap | “the one that traps” (SN) • (KE) | especially a steel trap | √g̱aat-áa → √trap. • imperative: kanasg̱aax̱! | make her/him cry! one(s)-(part.i) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keesagáx̱giḵ! | donʼt make her/him cry! (compound noun) trapper ̱ g̱aatáa yéi daanéiyi • perfective (+): akawsigaax̱ | s/he made her/ | “works on the trap” | √g̱aat-áa + yéi + daa-∅- ̱ √néi-yi → √trap.one(s)-(part.i) + thus + around. him cry cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on.[relational] • perfective (–): tlél akawusg̱aax̱ | s/he didnʼt make her/him cry g̱aax̱ (noun) crying; weeping • future (+): akagux̱sag̱áax̱ | s/he will make her/him cry √g̱aax̱ (verb root) cry; wail • future (–): tlél akagux̱sag̱aax̱ | s/he wonʼt S-∅-√gaax̱ (ga act verb – subject intransitive) cry; ̱ make her/him cry weep; mourn; lament | for (singluar) S to cry, weep; for (singular) S to mourn, lament | O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ (g̱a act verb – transitive) cry for; classification: singular subject ask for | for S to cry for, ask for O | daanaa ax̱ • imperative: gag̱aax̱! | cry! awdzig̱aax̱ → he asked for money (SN) • (KE) • prohibitive: líl eeg̱aax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry! • imperative: g̱eesg̱áax̱! | ask for it! • imperfective (+): g̱áax̱ | s/he cries; s/he is • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei crying eesg̱áax̱jiḵ! | donʼt ask for it! • imperfective (–): tlél ug̱aax̱ | s/he doesnʼt • imperfective (+): asg̱áax̱ | s/he is asking cry; s/heʼs not crying for it • progressive imperfective: kei nag̱áx̱ | s/he is • imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱áax̱ | s/he isnʼt beginning to cry asking for it • perfective (+): woog̱aax̱ | s/he cried • perfective (+): awdzig̱áax̱ | s/he asked for it • perfective (–): tlél wug̱aax̱ | s/he didnʼt cry • perfective (–): tlél awusg̱áax̱ | s/he didnʼt • future (+): kei kg̱wag̱áax̱ | s/he will cry ask for it • future (–): tlél kei kg̱wag̱aax̱ | s/he wonʼt cry • future (+): yei akg̱wasg̱áax̱ | s/he will ask for it ka-S-d+∅-√gaax̱ (ga act verb – subject ̱ • future (–): tlél yei akgwasgáax̱ | s/he wonʼt intransitive) cry out; scream | for S to cry loudly ̱ ̱ ask for it (of child, or person in great pain); for S to cry out or scream (in fear or pain) | kootsʼeen g̱aax̱ daasheeyí (compound noun) song: cry ax̱satéen kadag̱aax̱ → s/he cried out when song | g̱aax̱ + daa-shí-yí → cry + around.song. she saw the mouse (SN) • (KE) [relational] • prohibitive: líl keedagaax̱íḵ! | donʼt cry out! ̱ √g̱aax̱ʼ (verb root) thin; skinny • imperfective (+): kadag̱áax̱ | she/he/it is crying out; she/he/it cries out O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) thin; lean; skinny | for O to be thin, lean, • imperfective (–): tlél koodag̱aax̱ | she/he/it isnʼt crying out; she/he/it doesnʼt cry out skinny | g̱uwakaan kei nashg̱áx̱ʼ de → the

86 Tlingit to English g̱

deer are getting pretty lean (SN) • (KE) fancy; prominent; conspicuous; attracting • progressive imperfective: yei nashg̱áax̱ʼ | s/ attention | for O to be fancy, prominent (esp. he is getting thin in appearance), conspicuous, attracting • perfective (+): wushig̱áax̱ʼ | she/he/it is thin attention | kalig̱ei ya nadaakw → this is a • perfective (–): tlél wushg̱áax̱ʼ | she/he/it fancy table (SN) • kalig̱eiyi ḵáax̱ sitee → heʼs isnʼt thin a prominent man / attracts attention by his • future (+): yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | s/he will be thin dress, ʼhigh-browʼ (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél yei gux̱shag̱áax̱ʼ | s/he wonʼt • imperfective (+): kalig̱éi | she/he/it is fancy be thin • imperfective (–): tlél koolg̱é | she/he/it isnʼt fancy gáach (noun) mat; doormat; rug | (KE) ̱ • perfective (+): kawlig̱éi | she/he/it got fancy g̱áatl (noun) ⑴ fungus: bracket fungus | (JL) || ⑵ • perfective (–): tlél kawulg̱éi | she/he/it pilot bread; hard tack | (KE) didnʼt get fancy • future (+): kei kagux̱lagéi | she/he/it will be g̱áatl séek (compound noun) life jacket; personal ̱ flotation device | “cracker belt” | g̱áatl + séek → fancy bracket-fungus/cracker + belt • (PM2) • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lag̱éi | she/he/it wonʼt be fancy g̱áaxʼw (noun) herring eggs | (KE) N + toowú + ka-l-√géi (ga state verb – (noun) ḵu.éexʼ: opening ceremonies of a ̱ G̱áax̱ impersonal) proud; pleased | for N to be proud ḵu.éexʼ | “Cry” | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the of, highly pleased with | in Tlingit it is better first part, called «Ḵaa Eetí G̱áax̱i» (“The Cry for to be proud of someone or something (add «N Someone”) is conducted by the hosts; it consists kaax̱» to the preverb), otherwise it is seen as of speeches and four songs of mourning. The vein or boastful | ax̱ toowú kligei i kaax̱ → iʼm second part, «L Sʼaati Shaa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs ̱ proud of you (SN) • woosh kaax̱ has du toowú Cry,” literally “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is kligéi → they are proud of each other (SN) performed by the opposite moiety (the guests), ̱ • du toowú kaligei → heʼs proud of himself / who respond with a ceremony to remove the vain (SN) • (KE) grief of the hosts. It, too, consists of speeches • imperative: i toowú kaklagéi! | be proud! and songs. | √gáax̱ → √cry • (NR) • variants: ̱ ̱ • imperfective (+): du toowú kligéi | s/he is G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ, Gaaw Wutaan, Wudanaaḵ, Kei ̱ proud Gax̱dunáaḵ • • imperfective (–): tlél du toowú | koolg̱é s/he G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ (noun) ḵu.éexʼ: opening isnʼt proud ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ | “Standing on the Cry” • perfective (+): du toowú kawlig̱éi | s/he | from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, became proud called «Ḵaa Eetí G̱áax̱i» (“The Cry for Someone”) • perfective (–): tlél du toowú kawulg̱éi | s/he is conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches wasnʼt proud and four songs of mourning. The second part, «L • future (+): du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | s/he Sʼaati Shaa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally will be proud “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed • future (–): tlél du toowú kei kagux̱lag̱éi | s/ by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond he wonʼt be proud with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√géi (ga state verb – subject It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | √gáax̱ ̱ ̱ intransitive) proud; conceited; particular; + ká-t + a-∅-√náḵ → √cry + on.at-(arriving) + picky; snooty | for s to be proud (esp. of someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stand-(plural) oneself ), conceited; for s to be particular, • (NR) • variants: G̱áax̱, Gaaw Wutaan, picky, snooty | this verb only occurs in the Wudanaaḵ, Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ • imperfective • can mean “to be conceited,” but –g̱ei (relational base) enclosed within (the folds can also be used to indicate that one is proud of) –; between the folds of –; between the covers of of something or someone by inserting «N –; between the walls of – | (JL, JC) kaax̱» (proud of n) in the preverb— . usually √g̱ei (verb root) bright; shining; fancy the N represents something or someone that the individual has a personal stake in O-ka-l-√géi (ga state verb – object intransitive) ̱ (grandchild, friend, relative)

87 g̱ Tlingit to English

• imperfective (+): sh tukdlig̱éi | s/he is proud • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át (conceited) yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing back and forth! • imperfective (–): tlél sh tukoolg̱é | s/he isnʼt • progressive imperfective: yaa nalg̱íḵ | s/he proud (conceited) is swinging back and forth • perfective (+): át wuligeeḵ | she/he/it swung O-sha-ka-l-√géi (ga state verb – object ̱ ̱ back and forth; she/he/it is swinging back intransitive) pretty; cute | for O to be pretty, cute | this verb typically refers to females, and and forth «O-ya-ka-s-√.aan» (pleasant-faced) is more • perfective (–): tlél át wulg̱eeḵ | she/he/it commonly used for males • can be used to talk didnʼt swing back and forth; she/he/it isnʼt about cute, and often baby animals, but not swinging back and forth used for inanimate objects | (KE) • future (+): át gux̱lag̱éeḵ | she/he/it will swing back and forth • imperfective (+): shaklig̱éi | she is pretty • future (–): tlél át gux̱lageeḵ | she/he/it wonʼt • imperfective (–): tlél shakoolg̱é | she isnʼt ̱ pretty swing back and forth • progressive imperfective: kei shakanalg̱éin | √g̱eiḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √g̱eeḵ • stingy she is becoming pretty O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) • future (+): kei shakagux̱lag̱éi | she will be stingy; unwilling to give | for O to be stingy, pretty unwilling to give or share much • future (–): tlél kei shakagux̱lagéi | she wonʼt ̱ • imperative: ikshag̱eeḵ! | be stingy! be pretty • prohibitive: líl eeshg̱eeg̱íḵ! | donʼt be stingy! g̱eig̱áchʼ (verbal noun) swing; hammock | √g̱eiḵ- • imperfective (+): shig̱eeḵ | s/he is stingy áchʼ → √swing.[?] • (KE) • variants: g̱eeg̱áchʼ • imperfective (–): tlél ushg̱eeḵ | s/he isnʼt (T) • stingy • perfective (+): wushigeeḵ | s/he became (verb root) swing ̱ √g̱eiḵ ¹ stingy N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – transitive) • perfective (–): tlél wushg̱eeḵ | s/he didnʼt swing | for S to swing O back and forth at N | become stingy du oonayi yaa analg̱éḵ → he is swinging his • future (+): kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | s/he will be rifle (SN) • (KE) stingy • imperative: át nalg̱eeḵ! | swing her/him/it • future (–): tlél kei gux̱shag̱eeḵ | s/he wonʼt back and forth! be stingy • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át (verb root) • variants: √geen • cast eyes; look yoo ilag̱íḵgiḵ! | donʼt swing her/him/it back √g̱ein ̱ and forth! at • progressive imperfective: yaa analg̱íḵ | s/he N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (∅ motion verb – subject is swinging her/him/it back and forth intransitive) look at | for S to look at N | aa neilt • perfective (+): át awlig̱eeḵ | s/he swung her/ awdlig̱ín → s/he looked in (SN) him/it back and forth; s/he is swinging her/ • imperative: át eelg̱én! | look at it! him/it back and forth • prohibitive: líl áx̱ eelg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look at • perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱eeḵ | s/he didnʼt • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa analg̱én | swing her/him/it back and forth; s/heʼs not s/heʼs going to look at it swinging her/him/it back and forth • perfective (+): át awdlig̱én | s/he looked at it • future (+): át agux̱lag̱éeḵ | s/he will swing • perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | s/he didnʼt her/him/it back and forth look at it • future (–): tlél át agux̱lag̱eeḵ | s/he wonʼt • future (+): aadé akg̱walg̱éin | s/he will look swing her/him/it back and forth at it • future (–): tlél aadé akgwalgein | s/he wonʼt N-t + O-l-√geiḵ ¹ (na motion verb – object ̱ ̱ ̱ look at it intransitive) swing; sway | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N | (KE) N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein (na motion verb – subject • imperative: át inalg̱eeḵ! | swing back and intransitive) look around | for S to look around, forth! about N | woosh wooyaat has awdlig̱éen →

88 Tlingit to English g̱

they looked around at each other (SN) • (KE) didnʼt get all dressed up • imperative: át aneelg̱ein! | look around! • future (+): sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | s/he will get • prohibitive: líl át ayilg̱einíḵ! | donʼt look all dressed up around! • future (–): tlél sh kakg̱washg̱éiy | s/he wonʼt • perfective (+): át awdlig̱ein | s/he looked get all dressed up around; s/he is looking around –g̱eiyí (relational noun) meat: edible part of • perfective (–): tlél át awulg̱ein | s/he didnʼt shellfish; shellfish: edible part of shellfish | look around; s/heʼs not looking around “between the folds of –”; “between the walls of –” • future (+): át akg̱walg̱éin | s/he will look | (JL) around • future (–): tlél át akg̱walg̱ein | s/he wonʼt g̱íḵs (noun) • variants: g̱íḵsaa (T), g̱íḵsi (At, T) • fish look around roasted whole, strung up by its tail over the fire and twirled periodically | possibly derived from (noun) thick mucus; phlegm | (KE) g̱eitlʼ a verb stem √g̱eeḵs or a derived form of the verb g̱eiwú (compound noun) net: fish net; net: seine stem √g̱ees (cook on a stick over open fire) | (JL, net; webbing; net | g̱ei-wú → between-the-folds. KE) is/are-at • (KE) g̱ílʼ (land part) cliff | (KE) (relational noun) web (of spider) | “in –g̱eiwú (verbal noun) grindstone | “the one that between the folds” | (KE) g̱ílʼaa sharpens” | √g̱ílʼ-aa → √sharpen.one(s)-(part.i) √g̱eiwú (verb root) fish with net • (KE, JL) a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ (na act verb – subject g̱ítg̱aa (plant part) needle: conifer needle (spruce, intransitive) fish; seine | for S to fish with pine) | (KE) net, seine | cháasʼ awdzigeiwú → he seined ̱ (compound noun) organ (instrument); humpy salmon (SN) • (KE) g̱íx̱ʼjaa ḵóok piano | “the one that creaks box” | √g̱íx̱ʼ-ch-aa + • imperative: aneesg̱eiwú! | seine! ḵóok → √creak.[habitual].one(s)-(part.i) + box • prohibitive: líl eesg̱eiwúḵ! | donʼt seine! • (KE) • imperfective (+): asg̱eiwú | s/he seines; s/he is seining √g̱eech ¹ (verb root) pierce; prick • imperfective (–): tlél oosg̱eiwú | s/he N-t⁓ + ya-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ (∅ motion verb – doesnʼt seine; s/heʼs not seining impersonal) pierce; prick; bite | for a sharp • perfective (+): awdzig̱eiwú | s/he seined object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to • perfective (–): tlél awusg̱eiwú | s/he didnʼt bite N | ḵáasʼ ax̱ tlʼeikt yawdig̱ích → a splinter seine went into my finger (SN) • tuhaayi anax̱ • future (+): akg̱wasg̱eiwú | s/he will seine yawdig̱ích → a nail pierced it (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél akg̱wasg̱eiw | s/he wonʼt seine • taax’alʼ du tlʼeikt yawdig̱ích → she pricked g̱eiy (land part) bay | “in the folds of” | (JL, JC) • herself (accidentally) (SN) variants: g̱eey (T,Y,K) • • perfective (+): át yawdig̱ích | it pierced it • perfective (–): tlél át yawdageech | it didnʼt √geiy (verb root) | dress up ̱ ̱ pierce it sh + ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ (∅ event verb – subject • future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce intransitive) dress up | for S to dress up, it smarten up, make an effort to look different | • future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt daat yís sá kwshé gé sh kawjig̱éiy? → i wonder pierce it why heʼs all dressed up? (SN) • (KE) N-dé + ya-d+∅-√geech ¹ (na motion verb – • imperative: sh keeshg̱éiy! | get dressed up! ̱ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh impersonal) pierce; prick; bite | for a sharp object to pierce, enter, prick N; for an animal to keeshg̱éiyx̱iḵ! | donʼt get all dressed up! • progressive imperfective: yaa sh bite N | (KE) • perfective (+): aadé yawdigeech | it pierced kanashg̱éiyn | s/heʼs getting all dressed up ̱ it • perfective (+): sh kawjig̱éiy | s/he got all dressed up • perfective (–): tlél aadé yawdag̱eech | it didnʼt pierce it • perfective (–): tlél sh kawushg̱éiy | s/he

89 g̱ Tlingit to English

• future (+): aadé yagux̱dag̱éech | it will pierce shirpened the scissors on a grindstone (SN) it • (KE) • future (–): tlél aadé yagux̱dag̱eech | it wonʼt • imperative: yag̱ílʼ! | sharpen it! pierce it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yeegílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt sharpen it! N-t⁓ + ya-d+l-√geech ¹ (∅ motion verb – ̱ ̱ • imperfective (+): ayagéelʼ | s/he is impersonal) pierce; prick | for (plural) sharp ̱ objects to pierce, enter, prick N | classification: sharpening it plural object | (KE) • perfective (+): ayaawag̱ílʼ | s/he sharpened it • perfective (–): tlél ayawugéelʼ | s/he didnʼt • perfective (+): át yawdlig̱ích | they peirced it ̱ sharpen it • perfective (–): tlél át yawulg̱eech | they didnʼt pierce it • future (+): ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ | s/he will sharpen it • future (+): aadé yakg̱walg̱éech | they will pierce it • future (–): tlél ayakg̱wag̱éelʼ | s/he wonʼt sharpen it • future (–): tlél aadé yakg̱walg̱eech | they wonʼt pierce it √g̱eet ¹ (verb root) rain squall √g̱eech ² ⑴ throw | classification: stick-like a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ (na event verb – impersonal) object || ⑵ fall tree; knock over || ⑶ open; close precipitate; rain; hail; snow | for rain, hail, | classification: book snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm) | aatlein seew haa kaadé akgwageet → itʼs (verb root) dull ̱ ̱ √g̱eel really going to rain on us (SN) • (KE) ya-d+∅-√g̱éel (∅ event verb – impersonal) blunt; • perfective (+): aawag̱éet | itʼs raining; it dull | for an edge to be blunt, dull | ;ítaa rained yawdig̱íl → the knife is dull/blunt (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél awug̱éet | itʼs not raining • progressive imperfective: yaa yandag̱íl | itʼs • future (+): akg̱wag̱éet | it will rain getting dull • future (–): tlél akg̱wag̱éet | it wonʼt rain • perfective (+): yawdig̱íl | itʼs dull (verb root) dark • perfective (–): tlél yawdag̱éel | it isnʼt dull √g̱eet ² • future (+): yagux̱dag̱éel | it will get dull ḵu-ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) • future (–): tlél yagux̱dag̱éel | it wonʼt get dull dark | for the sky to be dark | without the «ḵu- » prefix, this verb can also refer to darkness of √g̱eelʼ (verb root) sharpen; grind; rub against; polish a room, as in «kawjig̱ít» “itʼs dark” | yande yaa kanashg̱ít → itʼs getting dark (on the verge of O-ka-S-sh-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) polish being dark, with no moon, etc.) (SN) • (KE) | for S to polish O | nadaakw kagax̱tushagéelʼ • progressive imperfective: yaa ḵukanashg̱ít | → weʼre going to polish the table (SN) • (KE) itʼs getting dark • imperative: kashag̱ílʼ! | polish it! • perfective (+): ḵukawjig̱ít | itʼs dark • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • perfective (–): tlél ḵukawushg̱éet | it isnʼt keeshag̱ílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt polish it! dark • imperfective (+): akshag̱ílʼx̱ | s/he is • future (+): ḵukakg̱washg̱éet | it will get dark polishing it • future (–): tlél ḵukakg̱washg̱éet | it wonʼt • imperfective (–): tlél akooshg̱ílʼx̱ | s/he isnʼt get dark polishing it (verb root) throw | classification: • perfective (+): akawshig̱ílʼ | s/he polished it √g̱eexʼ ⑴ singular || donate • perfective (–): tlél akawushg̱éelʼ | s/he ⑵ didnʼt polish it ḵut + O-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – transitive) • future (+): akagux̱shag̱éelʼ | s/he will polish lose | for S to lose O | this verb can be used it figuratively to refer to losing oneʼs mind or • future (–): tlél akagux̱shag̱éelʼ | s/he wonʼt health | du yaagú ḵut aawag̱eexʼ → he lost polish it his boat (as in a wreck) (SN) • ax̱ shat ax̱ yei jineiyí kaax̱ ḵut x̱waageexʼ → on account of O-ya-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ (∅ act verb – transitive) ̱ sharpen | for S to sharpen O (with a my working so hard I lost my wife (she died because i didnʼt have time to care for her) grindstone) | ḵaashaxáshaa yax̱waag̱ílʼ → i

90 Tlingit to English g̱

(SN) • (KE) • at gutúxʼ ax̱ lítayí ḵut x̱waag̱éexʼ • future (+): kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | s/he will → i lost my knife in the woods (SN) throw it • imperative: ḵut gag̱éexʼ! | lose it! • future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | s/he wonʼt • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut throw it kei eegíxʼjiḵ! | donʼt lose it! ̱ ka-S-d+∅-√géexʼ (na event verb – subject • progressive imperfective: ḵut kei anagíxʼ | ̱ ̱ intransitive) donate; contribute | for S to s/he is losing it donate, contribute | (KE) • perfective (+): ḵut aawagéexʼ | s/he lost it ̱ • imperative: kanidag̱éexʼ! | contribute! • perfective (–): tlél ḵut awugéexʼ | s/he didnʼt ̱ • prohibitive: líl kaydag̱éexʼiḵ! | donʼt lose it contribute! • future (+): ḵut kei akgwagéexʼ | s/he will ̱ ̱ • progressive imperfective: yaa kandag̱íxʼ | s/ lose it he is contributing • future (–): tlél ḵut kei akgwagéexʼ | s/he ̱ ̱ • perfective (+): kawdig̱éexʼ | s/he contributed wonʼt lose it • perfective (–): tlél kawdag̱éexʼ | s/he didnʼt O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (na event verb – transitive) contribute donate; load; shoot; throw | for S to donate • future (+): kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | s/he will O (esp. money); for S to load O (gun), put contribute bullet in; for S to shoot O (basketball); for S • future (–): tlél kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | s/he wonʼt to throw O (ball) | classification: spherical contribute or round object | to include the recipient of N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√géexʼ (∅ motion verb – the donation in the sentence, use «du jeet» ̱ subject intransitive) donate; contribute; add to | “to her/him” in the preverb as in «du jeet for S to donate, contribute, add to N | (KE) akaawagéexʼ» “s/he donated it to her/him” • if ̱ • imperative: át keedag̱íxʼ! | contribute to it! the recipient is an organization, you would use • prohibitive: líl áx̱ keedag̱éexʼiḵ! | donʼt «a kagéi yís» “to it”, replacing the «a» with the contribute to it! name of the organization, as in «wé salvation • perfective (+): át kawdig̱íxʼ | s/he army kagéi yís akaawag̱éexʼ» “s/he donated it contributed to it to the salvation army” • to give the meaning • perfective (–): tlél át kawdag̱éexʼ | s/he “load (a gun)”, use «a tóo», as in «a tóo didnʼt contribute to it akaawagéexʼ» “s/he loaded it” | daanaa yaa ̱ • future (+): aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | s/he will kandug̱íxʼ ya Hall yayís → they are donating contribute to it money for the Hall (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél aadé kagux̱dag̱éexʼ | s/he • imperative: kanag̱éexʼ! | donate it! wonʼt contribute to it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo keeg̱íxʼgiḵ! | donʼt donate it! ḵut + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (ga motion verb – • perfective (+): akaawag̱éexʼ | s/he donated it transitive) lose | for S to lose O (round, • perfective (–): tlél akawug̱éexʼ | s/he didnʼt spherical object) | classification: spherical or donate it round object | (KE) • future (+): akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | s/he will donate it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ḵut • future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | s/he wonʼt kei keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt lose it! donate it • perfective (+): ḵut akaawag̱éexʼ | s/he lost it • perfective (–): tlél ḵut akawug̱éexʼ | s/he kei + O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ (∅ motion verb – didnʼt lose it transitive) throw | for S to throw O (esp. ball) • future (+): ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | s/he will up in the air | classification: spherical or lose it round object | koochʼeitʼaa kei akaawagíxʼ → • future (–): tlél ḵut kei akakg̱wag̱éexʼ | s/he he threw the bal! (SN) • (KE) wonʼt lose it • imperative: kei kagéexʼ! | throw it! ̱ (land part) bay | “in the folds of” | (JL, JC) • • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei g̱eey variants: (T,Y,K), g̱eiy • keeg̱íxʼjiḵ! | donʼt throw it! • perfective (+): kei akaawag̱íxʼ | s/he threw it g̱eey kanax̱ ḵutéesʼ (compound noun) ratfish • perfective (–): tlél kei akawug̱éexʼ | s/he | “looking out over the bay” | g̱eey + ká-náx̱ + didnʼt throw it ḵu-∅-√téesʼ → bay + on.through/via + areal.cl-

91 g̱ Tlingit to English

(–d,∅,–i).√stare/look-steadily • (KE) –g̱uneitkanaayi (kinship term) oppsite: members of opposite clan; clan oppsite: members of g̱eey tá (land part) bay: head of the bay | g̱eey + tá → bay + head-(of bay) • (KE) opposite clan gunéi (adverb) • variants: g̱unayéi • beginning (to); g̱éejadi (compound noun) windfall tree; tree: dead ̱ tree(s) that has fallen; brush: dead brush that starting (to) | (KE) has fallen | “fallen tree thing” | √g̱éech-át-i –g̱ushká (body part) lap: –ʼs lap | g̱ush-ká → ?-on → √fall-tree.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (KE) • • (KE) variants: g̱éechadi • g̱uwakaan (noun) • variants: ḵuwakaan (T, C) g̱éet (noun) rain squall | (JL) • ⑴ deer | (KE) || ⑵ peacemaker | in Tlingit culture, a person may be brought in to mediate a G̱unakadeit (compound noun) wolf: sea wolf; monster: sea monster | a legendary sea wolf situation between clans, and if successful will be that was found in a lake by a man who trapped referred to as that clanʼs «g̱uwakaan» • a person it, skinned it, and then wore its skin and brought who successfully creates peace when called upon food from the ocean to his village • in Haida, this may receive a name which is «[noun] g̱uwakaan», which trasnlates to ʼ[noun] peacemakerʼ | (HJ, story and creature is called «Wasgo» | g̱una- ká-daa-át → different.on.around.thing-(4n.i) JM) • (DK) g̱uwakaan katísʼayi (compound noun) snow: large, light snowflakes | “the one(s) that stare G̱unanaa (compound noun) Inland People (Na- Dene); Athabaskan (Indian) | “Other Tribes” | at the deer” | g̱uwakaan + ka-∅-√tísʼ-aa-yi → the relationship between Tlingit and neighboring deer + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stare.one(s)-(part.i). inland Tribes is important and marked by trade [relational] • (JL) songs called «G̱unanaa Sheeyí» | g̱una-naa → g̱úḵlʼ (noun) swan: whistling swan | (JL) different.tribe/nation/clan • (KE) √g̱oo (verb root) wipe; mop (compound noun) wood: punk wood; g̱unanaa tetl O-S-l-√goo (ga act verb – transitive) wipe; mop wood: decayed dry wood | “Athabaskan «tetl»” ̱ ̱ | for S to wipe, mop, clean O by wiping | sʼísaa | guna-naa + tetl → different.tribe/nation/clan ̱ teen aax̱ x̱waligoo → i wiped it off with a + ? • (KE) ̱ cloth (SN) • tʼáa ká yei analg̱wéin → heʼs G̱unax̱oo Ḵwáan (region name) Dry Bay: People wiping the floor (SN) • (KE) of the Dry Bay Area | “People Among the • imperative: g̱alg̱ú! | wipe it! Athabascans” | Included Communities: Dry Bay, • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei Alsek River, Tatshenshini River | g̱una-naa-x̱oo + ilag̱wéijuḵ! | donʼt wipe it! ḵwáan → different.clan/tribe/nation.among + • imperfective (+): alg̱éikw | s/he wipes it; s/ people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) heʼs wiping it • imperfective (–): tlél oolgéikw | s/he doesnʼt Wolf/Eagle Clans ̱ • Dag̱istinaa | Inland Channel Clan wipe it; s/he isnʼt wiping it • perfective (+): awlig̱oo | s/he wiped it Raven/Crow Clans • perfective (–): tlél awulgoo | s/he didnʼt • Xʼatʼka.aayí | People on the Island ̱ wipe it • Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shgaadaayihéen (stream ̱ • future (+): yei agux̱lagóo | s/he will wipe it north of Mount Fairweather) ̱ • future (–): tlél yei agux̱lagoo | s/he wonʼt • Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay ̱ wipe it • Lukaax̱.ádi | People off the Point of It g̱ooch (noun) wolf | (KE) g̱unayaḵwáan (compound noun) stranger; foreigner; outsider | “people of a different place” √g̱ook (verb root) clutch; squeeze | (JC) • guna-ÿáa-ḵwáan → different.area. ̱ O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook (∅ event verb – transitive) people-of clutch; hold | for S to clutch, hold tightly onto g̱unayáade (adverb) • variants: g̱unayéide, O g̱uwanyáade (An), g̱unáade (C) • differently | • imperative: kag̱úk! | clutch it! g̱una-ÿáa-de → different.area.towards • (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl

92 Tlingit to English g̱ – h

keeg̱úkx̱uḵ! | donʼt clutch it! • future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | • perfective (+): akaawag̱úk | s/he is clutching s/he wonʼt crawl {____} it {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√gwáatʼ ¹ (∅ motion • perfective (–): tlél akawugook | s/he isnʼt ̱ ̱ verb – subject intransitive) crawl | for S (esp. clutching it child) to crawl on hands and knees | gunayéi • future (+): akakgwagóok | s/he will clutch it ̱ ̱ ̱ wdigwátʼ → heʼs starting to crawl (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél akakgwagook | s/he wonʼt ̱ ̱ ̱ • imperative: {∅ preverb} idagwáatʼ! | crawl clutch it ̱ {____}! –g̱oot (relational noun) without –; lacking – | (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ √gootl (verb root) mash; squeeze preverb} idag̱wátʼjiḵ! | donʼt crawl {____}! ̱ • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} O-ka-S-∅√-gootl (∅ act verb – transitive) mash; ̱ nadag̱wátʼ | s/he is crawling {____} squeeze | for S to mash O by squeezing in • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} | wudig̱wátʼ s/he the hand; for S to squeeze o tightly | tléiḵw crawled {____} akaawagútl → he mashed the berries (with ̱ • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wudag̱wáatʼ his hand) (SN) • dei kawdig̱útl → theyʼre | s/he didnʼt crawl {____} already mashed (SN) • xóots ash kaawagúltl ̱ • future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | s/he → a brown bear squeezed him (SN) • (KE) will crawl {____} • imperative: kagútl! | mash it! ̱ • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | s/ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl he wonʼt crawl {____} keeg̱útlx̱iḵ! | donʼt mash it! (verb root) close up completely • imperfective (+): akag̱útlx̱ | s/he is mashing √g̱waatʼ ² it g̱wáalʼ (noun) fart: noisy fart | (NR) • imperfective (–): tlél akoogútlx̱ | s/he isnʼt ̱ (compound noun) towel | “one that wipes” mashing it g̱wéinaa | √góo-n-aa → √wipe.(progressive).one(s)- • perfective (+): akaawagútl | s/he mashed it ̱ ̱ (part.i) • perfective (–): tlél akawug̱ootl | s/he didnʼt mash it • future (+): akakg̱wag̱óotl | s/he will mash it h • future (–): tlél akakg̱wag̱ootl | s/he wonʼt mash it hadláa! (interjection) • variants: dláa, haadó (C, T) • good grief! | often used when teasing or joking, but at times with the intent of teaching humility g̱w • used in association with things exaggerated or overdone, including an overdressed person, too (verb root) crawl | crawl on hands and √g̱waatʼ ¹ much food on a plate, or an exaggerated story | knees (KE, IC) {na preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ (na motion has (object pronoun, subject pronoun) them [object]; verb – subject intransitive) crawl | for S (esp. they [subject] | third person pluralizer (3pl) • child) to crawl on hands and knees | yaa can pluralize the third person object, third person ndag̱wátʼ → heʼs crawling along on hands and subject, or both • context often shows whether knees (SN) object or subject is being pluralized, or if both are • imperative: {na preverb} nidag̱wáatʼ! | being pluralized • the default form of the third crawl {____}! person object (3.O) is «∅-» but will change to «a-» • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} yidag̱wáatʼiḵ! | if the subject is also third person [∅-] and there is donʼt crawl {____}! no ergative marker in the verb phrase | (JC, KE) • perfective (+): {na preverb} wudig̱wáatʼ | s/ • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person he is crawling {____}; s/he crawled {____} pluralizer (3pl) + third person object (3.O) • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wudag̱wáatʼ • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person | s/he didnʼt crawl {____} pluralizer (3pl) + third person subject (3.S) • future (+): {na preverb} gux̱dag̱wáatʼ | s/he will crawl {____} has du ⁓ s du (possessive pronoun) their | third

93 h Tlingit to English

person plural possessive (3p.P) • used to show postpositional (2p.PP) a relationship between things, including • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship human singular postpositional (3s.PP) term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next person plural postpositional (3p.PP) to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive postpositional (3p.PP) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) (1s.P) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third • haa | our → first person plural possessive person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) (1p.P) • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → • i | your → second person singular possessive fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) (2s.P) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person • yee | you allʼs → second person plural nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) possessive (2p.P) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive • du | her/his → third person human singular postpositional (part.PP) possessive (3Hs.P) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural (rflx.PP) possessive (3p.P) • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive postpositional (recip.PP) (3N.P) ha.é! (particle) ⑴ | exclamation toward someone • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal who is putting on airs in order to impress others possessive (3prx.P) || ⑵ holy cow! | exclamation of mild surprise, • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person usually said humorously | (KE) obviate possessive (3obv.P) • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human háhákwshé (interjection) shocking | it is bone possessive (4h.P) chilling | (MD) • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman hás (independent pronoun) them | third person possessive (4n.P) plural independent (3p.i) • independent pronouns • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive are not linked to anything grammatically, and (part.P) are most often used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive (here i am) and «uháan áyá» (it is us) • other (rflx.P) independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal • x̱át | me → first person singular independent possessive (recip.P) (1s.i) has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- (postpositional pronoun) • uháan | us → first person plural independent them: (to) them | third person plural (1p.i) postpositional (3p.PP) • used in certain verbs • wa.é | you → second person singular where something is going towards the object independent (2s.i) (literally or figuratively) • a special type of • yeewháan | you all → second person plural pronoun that combines three things: possessive independent (2p.i) pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • • hú | s/he → third person human singular other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, independent (3Hs.i) KE) • hás | them → third person plural independent • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular (3p.i) postpositional (1s.PP) • á | it → third person nonhuman independent • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural (3N.i) postpositional (1p.PP) • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular independent (3prx.i) postpositional (2s.PP) • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural independent (3obv.i)

94 Tlingit to English h

• ḵáa | someone → fourth person human • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive independent (4h.i) (rflx.P) • át | something → fourth person nonhuman • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal independent (4n.i) possessive (recip.P) • aa | one, some → partitive independent haa ² (object pronoun) us [object] | first person (part.i) plural object (1p.O) • in a verb phrase, the object • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter reciprocal independent (recip.i) object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and –hás (kinship term) | pluralizes kinship terms | this all pronouns more than one letter as part of the term comes after most kinship terms to pluralize preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open object pronouns • a few kinship terms use the dimunitive plural (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in the «–yán», such as «–káani yán» (–ʼs in-laws), verb prefix • other object pronouns are listed «–dachx̱ánxʼi yán» (–ʼs grandchildren) • the below | (JC, KE) kinship term «–yádi» (child) tends to not take • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object on a pluralizing term, but instead is «–yátxʼi» (1s.O) (children) | ax̱ éesh hás → my fatherʼs people • haa | us [object] → first person plural object • haa léelkʼw hás → our grandparents; our (1p.O) ancestors • i- | you [object] → second person singular object (2s.O) haa ¹ (possessive pronoun) our | first person plural possessive (1p.P) • used to show a relationship • yee | you all [object] → second person plural between things, including ownership («haa aaní» object (2p.O) – “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) – “her/his father”), the link to a relational base • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to me”), and conjugation of pluralizer (3pl) certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person • other possessive pronouns are listed below | proximal object (3prx.O) (JC, KE) • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive human object (4h.O) (1s.P) • at | something [object] → fourth person • haa | our → first person plural possessive nonhuman object (4n.O) (1p.P) • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object • i | your → second person singular possessive (part.O) (2s.P) • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) • yee | you allʼs → second person plural • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → possessive (2p.P) reciprocal object (recip.O) • du | her/his → third person human singular √haa ¹ (verb root) move many small parts possessive (3Hs.P) O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – transitive) plant | • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural for S to plant O | chʼáakw anahoo kadoohéix̱in possessive (3p.P) → long ago they used to plant rutabaga (SN) • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive • kʼúntsʼ kagax̱tooháa → weʼre going to plant (3N.P) potatoes (SN) • (KE) • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal • imperative: kanahá! | plant it! possessive (3prx.P) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person keehéix̱iḵ! | donʼt plant it! obviate possessive (3obv.P) • imperfective (+): akahéix̱ | s/he plants it; s/ • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human he is planting it possessive (4h.P) • imperfective (–): tlél akoohéix̱ | s/he doesnʼt • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman plant it; s/heʼs not planting it possessive (4n.P) • perfective (+): akaawahaa | s/he planted it • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive • perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | s/he didnʼt (part.P)

95 h Tlingit to English

plant it • imperfective (–): tlél ayoos.heix̱ | s/he isnʼt • future (+): akakg̱waháa | s/he will plant it gathering it • future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | s/he wonʼt • perfective (+): ayawsiháa | s/he gathered it plant it • perfective (–): tlél ayawus.há | s/he didnʼt gather it a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (na act verb – subject • future (+): ayagux̱saháa | s/he will gather it intransitive) garden; dig | for S to garden, dig | gáalʼ akaháa → heʼs digging up clams • (KE) • future (–): tlél ayagux̱sahaa | s/he wonʼt • imperative: akanahá! | garden! gather it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl √haa ² (verb root) many; numerous akeehéix̱iḵ! | donʼt garden! N-t⁓ + O-ya-d+∅-√haa ² (∅ motion verb – • imperfective (+): akahéix̱ | s/he gardens object intransitive) move in; come around; • imperfective (–): tlél akoohéix̱ | s/he doesnʼt crowd | for O to move in, come around, crowd garden at N (of large numbers, esp. people, birds) | • progressive imperfective: yaa akanahéix̱ | s/ táakw eetíxʼ shoox̱ʼ kaax̱ yadahaa → in spring he is gardening along the robins move in / come around (SN) • perfective (+): akaawahaa | s/he gardened • prohibitive: tlél áx̱ yeedahaaḵ! | donʼt you • perfective (–): tlél akawuhaa | s/he didnʼt all crowd there! garden • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa s • future (+): akakg̱waháa | s/he will garden yandahéin | they are crowding the place; • future (–): tlél akakg̱wahaa | s/he wonʼt they are getting crowded there garden • perfective (+): át has yawdiháa | they kei + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ (∅ motion verb – crowded the place; they are crowded there transitive) dig up | for S to dig O up | yeist • perfective (–): tlél át has yawdahá | they ḵuwuhaayí, kʼúntsʼ kei kduhéich → when it didnʼt crowd the place; they arenʼt crowded comes fall time, they dig up the potatoes there (SN) • (KE) • future (+): aadé has yagux̱daháa | they will • imperative: kei kahá! | dig it up! crowd the place; they will be crowded there • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei • future (–): tlél aadé has yagux̱dahaa | they keeháayjiḵ! | donʼt dig it up! wonʼt crowd the place; they wonʼt be crowded • progressive imperfective: kei akanahéin | s/ there heʼs digging it up O-sha-ya-d+∅-√haa ² ʰ (na state verb – object • perfective (+): kei akaawaháa | s/he dug it intransitive) many; plenty; lots | for O to be up many, plenty, lots | tléiḵw shayadihéin → there • perfective (–): tlél kei akawuhá | s/he didnʼt are lots of berries (SN) • haa shayagux̱daháa dig it up → there are going to be many of us (that is, • future (+): kei akakg̱waháa | s/he will dig my grandchildren are becoming numerous) it up (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wahaa | s/he wonʼt • imperfective (+): shayadihéin | there are dig it up a lot O-ya-S-s-√haa ¹ (∅ act verb – transitive) gather • imperfective (–): tlél shawoodahéin | there up; pick up; take up | for S to gather up, pick arenʼt a lot up, take up O | aax̱ has ayawsiháa ldakát yá • progressive imperfective: yaa s ḵaa x̱ʼéitx̱ ḵoowdi.oowú aa → they gathered shayandahéin | there are getting to be a lot up all the pieces left over (SN) • kooxéedaa • perfective (+): shayawdihaa | there got to aax̱ yaksahá → gather up all the pencils! (SN) be a lot • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél shayawdahaa | there • imperative: yasaháa! | gather it! werenʼt a lot • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (+): shayagux̱daháa | there will be a yeesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt gather it! lot • imperfective (+): ayasahéix̱ | s/heʼs • future (–): tlél shayagux̱dahaa | there wonʼt gathering it be a lot

96 Tlingit to English h

√haa ³ (verb root) move imperceptably; move • perfective (–): tlél du éet yaan wuhá | s/he invisibly; invisible isnʼt hungry • future (+): du éede yaan gugwaháa | s/he N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – ̱ will be hungry impersonal) time for; arrive | for the time • future (–): tlél du éede yaan gugwahaa | s/ to come for N | táakwde yaa ḵunahéin → ̱ he wonʼt be hungry winter is coming (SN) • aadé yaa ḵugahéich yá aag̱áa adusg̱eiwú ye → the time will be N + ée-⁓ + yaan + O-S-s-√haa ³ (∅ motion coming round when they go seining (SN) • verb – transitive) hungry | for S to make N (KE) hungry | tléil daa sá du éex̱ yaan oos.haa → • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa nothing makes him hungry (SN) • (KE) ḵunahéin | itʼs getting to be time for it • perfective (–): tlél du éet yaan awus.há | • perfective (+): át ḵuwaháa | itʼs time for it she/he/it didnʼt make her/him hungry • perfective (+): du éet yaan awsiháa | she/ • future (+): du éede yaan agux̱saháa | she/ he/it made her/him hungry he/it will make her/him hungry • perfective (–): tlél át ḵuwuhá | itʼs not time • future (–): tlél du éede yaan agux̱sahaa | for it she/he/it wonʼt make her/him hungry • future (+): aadé ḵukgwaháa | there will ̱ N + daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ (na act verb – come a time for it subject intransitive) polish; rub | for S to polish • future (–): tlél aadé ḵukgwahaa | it wonʼt be ̱ N; for S to rub N until shiny | ax̱ téeli daadáx̱ time for it ḵukakḵwasaháa → iʼm going to polish my N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb – shoes (SN) • (KE) impersonal) turn; have a turn | for N to have • imperative: a daatx̱ ḵukanas.há! | polish it! a turn | du éet áwé ḵuwaháa → itʼs his turn • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a (SN) • ax̱ eedé tsá ḵukg̱waháa → my turn will daatx̱ ḵukeesahéix̱iḵ! | donʼt polish it! come some time (SN) • (KE) • imperfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵuksahéix̱ | s/he is • progressive imperfective: du eedé yaa polishing it ḵunahéin | her/his turn is coming up • imperfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukoos.héix̱ | • perfective (+): du éet ḵuwaháa | itʼs her/ s/he isnʼt polishing it his turn • perfective (+): a daatx̱ ḵukawsihaa | s/he • perfective (–): tlél du éet ḵuwuhá | s/he polished it didnʼt get a turn • perfective (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukawus.haa | s/ • future (+): du eedé ḵukg̱waháa | s/he will he didnʼt polish it get a turn • future (+): a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱saháa | s/he will • future (–): tlél du eedé ḵukg̱wahaa | s/he polish it wonʼt get a turn • future (–): tlél a daatx̱ ḵukagux̱sahaa | s/he N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + ∅-√haa ³ (∅ motion verb wonʼt polish it – impersonal) hungry | for N to be hungry | N + káa + daak + O-sa-S-l-√haa ³ (∅ event replace «yaan» with the examples listed below verb – transitive) remind | for S to remind to change from “hungry” to the listed definition O about N | a káxʼ ágé daak has sayliháa? ( du éet shakux uwaháa | s/he is thirsty) | tléil → did you remind them? (SN) • atx̱á haat x̱áax̱ yaan oohaa → i donʼt get hungry (SN) yéi ḵasaneet, a káa daak x̱at sawliháa → he • (KE) reminded me to fetch the food (SN) • (KE) • shakux | thirsty • imperative: a káa daak salaháa! | remind • luk | wants coffee her/him about it! • yataa- | sleepy • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a káa • at | wants sex daak seelahéich! | donʼt remind her/him • luxʼ | wants to pee about it! • lʼílʼ | wants to poop • perfective (+): a káa daak asawliháa | s/he • hasʼ | has to vomit reminded her/him about it • perfective (+): du éet yaan uwaháa | s/he is • perfective (–): tlél a káa daak asawulhaa | s/ hungry he didnʼt remind her/him about it

97 h Tlingit to English

• future (+): a káa daak asagux̱laháa | s/he it (that way) will remind her/him about it • perfective (+): (yéi) asaawahaa | s/he • future (–): tlél a káa daak asagux̱lahaa | s/ wanted it (that way) he wonʼt remind her/him about it • perfective (–): tlél (yéi) asawuhaa | s/he didnʼt want it (that way) sh + tóo + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ³ ˟ (∅ event • future (+): (yéi) asakgwahaa | s/he will want verb – subject intransitive) injure | for S to injure ̱ it (that way) oneself | (KE) • future (–): tlél (yéi) asakgwahaa | s/he wonʼt • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh ̱ want it (that way) tóo asheelhéix̱iḵ! | donʼt injure yourself! • perfective (+): sh tóo ashawdliháa | s/he haa daaneidí (compound noun) elements (of injured herself/himself nature); natural forces | “the thing that happens • perfective (–): tlél sh tóo ashawulháa | s/he around us” | (JL) • variants: haa daane.ádi • didnʼt injure herself/himself haa ee- ⁓ haan (postpositional pronoun) us: (to) us | • future (+): sh tóo ashakg̱walháa | s/he will first person plural postpositional (1p.PP) • used in injure herself/himself certain verbs where something is going towards • future (–): tlél sh tóo ashakg̱walháa | s/he the object (literally or figuratively) • a special wonʼt injure herself/himself type of pronoun that combines three things: tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ (ga state verb – possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational impersonal) obvious; visible | for something to suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below be obvious, clearly visible | this verb is unique | (JC, KE) in that it requires the conjugation prefix (ga-) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular in all modes and only occurs in the negative postpositional (1s.PP) • the negative imperfective tlél gooháa “itʼs • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural obvious” is the most common form, although postpositional (1p.PP) the negative future has also been documented • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular | tléil i eedé gooháa i ḵusteeyí → it can be seen postpositional (2s.PP) what kind of life you live (SN) • (KE) • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural • imperfective (–): tlél gooháa | itʼs obvious postpositional (2p.PP) • future (–): tlél kei kakg̱waháa | it will be • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person obvious human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third (verb root) want; willing √haa ⁴ person plural postpositional (3p.PP) (yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ (na state verb – • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman transitive) want; decided; agree | for S to want postpositional (3p.PP) O (a certain way); for S to be decided about O; • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person for S to agree to O | this verb requires either proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) an adverb of manner (such as yéi “that way” • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third or wáa sá “how”) or a postpositional phrase person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) (often -dé as in i jeedé)—two examples are • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → «wáa sá asaawahaa?» “how does she want it?” fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) & «i jeedé sax̱waahaa» “i want you to have it.” • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person | sax̱wdihaa → i was ready (to be killed as a nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) clan representative, to atone for death of an • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive equal on the opposite side) (SN) • yá xʼúxʼ postpositional (part.PP) i jeedé sax̱waahaa → i want to give you this • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional book (i intend that you shall have it) (SN) (rflx.PP) • aadóoch sá sax̱aheiyí, kei jeeylatsóow! → • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal whoever wishes for this (that is, approves of postpositional (recip.PP) what is being put forward), raise your hand! (kinship term) Ancestors: Our (SN) • ḵux̱dé sax̱aahei ax̱ shát → i want my Haa Shagóon Ancestors | “Our Origins and History; Our wife back (SN) • (KE) History; Where We Come From” • imperfective (+): (yéi) asayahéi | s/he wants

98 Tlingit to English h

Haa Shuká (kinship term) (kinship term) Ancestors: [relational] • (KE, BC, JC) Our Ancestors; History: Our History; haahá! (interjection) uh-huh! | used in oratory to Descendents: Our Descendents; Crest: Our Clan express mild amazement Crest | in Tlingit kinship, the term Haa Shuká is especially important and has been translated haahí (interjection) hand it over | there are specific as “everything we have ever been, everything we handling verbs that change depending on the are right now, and everything we are going to type of object, but this is a short form that is often become” | haa + shú-ká → our-(1p.P) + end.on • used informally • using this phrase instead of a (KE, ADH) handling verb can be viewed as abrupt or rude if the speakers do not know each other very well √haachʼ (verb root) shameful haa(n) (determiner) this vicinity; this area; hither O-ka-l-√háachʼ (ga state verb – object intransitive) | area around a person or group of people • shameful | for O to be a shameful thing | (GD, common suffix combinations are listed below. KE) • kaliháachʼi átx̱ sitee → itʼs a deeply take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and shameful thing (SN) vowel length | (JC, KE) • imperfective (+): kaliháachʼ | she/he/it is • haadé [haa+-dé], haandé [haan+-dé] | shameful towards this vicinity • imperfective (–): tlél koolháachʼ | she/he/it • haat [haa+-t] | arriving at this vicinity is not shameful • haax̱ [haa-x̱] | repeatedly arriving at this • perfective (+): kawliháachʼ | she/he/it was vicinity shameful • perfective (–): tlél kawulháachʼ | she/he/it √haan ¹ (verb root) | classification: singular wasnʼt shameful subject stand; rise | singular form: √naaḵ ¹ • future (+): kei kagux̱laháachʼ | she/he/it will S-d-+∅-√haan ¹ (ga event verb – subject be shameful intransitive) stand up; rise | for (singular) S to • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱laháachʼ | she/he/it stand up, rise | classification: singular | chʼa wonʼt be shameful hú kei dahánch → he stands up by himself sh + ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ (na state verb – subject (said of baby or convalescent) (SN) • (KE) intransitive) shame; embarrass | for S to shame, • imperative: gidaan! / gidahaan! | stand up! embarrass herself/himself | (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei • prohibitive: líl sh kayilháachʼiḵ! | donʼt idahánjiḵ! | donʼt stand up! shame yourself! • progressive imperfective: kei ndahán | s/he • imperfective (+): sh kadliháachʼ | s/heʼs is standing up shaming herself/himself • perfective (+): wudihaan | s/he stood up • imperfective (–): tlél sh koolháachʼ | s/heʼs • perfective (–): tlél wudahaan | s/he didnʼt not shaming herself/himself stand up • perfective (+): sh kawdliháachʼ | s/he • future (+): kei gux̱daháan | s/he will stand shamed herself/himself up • perfective (–): tlél sh kawulháachʼ | s/he • future (–): tlél kei gux̱dahaan | s/he wonʼt didnʼt shame herself/himself stand up • future (+): sh kakg̱walháachʼ | s/he will S-∅-√hán ¹ ˟ (* positional verb – subject shame herself/himself intransitive) stand | for (singular) S to be • future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walháachʼ | s/he standing | classification: singular | ḵaa x̱oot wonʼt shame herself/himself hán → heʼs standing among the people (SN) haadaadóoshi (compound noun) lion: mountain • prohibitive: líl eehániḵ! | donʼt be standing! lion; tiger; leopard; cat: man-eating cat | “cat • imperfective (+): hán | s/he is standing around us” | haa-daa-dóosh-i → our-(1p.p). • future (+): yánde kg̱waháan | s/he will stay around/about.cat.[relational] • (KE, BC, JC) standing • future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wahaan | s/he wonʼt haadaag̱ooji (compound noun) lion; tiger; leopard; stay standing wolf: man-eating wolf | “wolf around us” | haa- (N + náḵ) + a-ya-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ (na motion daa-g̱ooch-i → our-(1p.p).around/about.wolf. verb – subject intransitive) flee; run; turn back |

99 h Tlingit to English

for (singular) S to flee, run, turn back ( from N) • future (–): tlél gug̱aháasʼ | s/he wonʼt vomit | classification: singular | ax̱ náḵ ayawdihaan (verb root) drift on water; float on water → he fled from me (SN) • xóots tóo tuyík √haash x̱waanúk; a náḵ ayax̱wdihaan → i became {∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – conscious of a bear, so i turned back from it object intransitive) float; drift | for O to float, (SN) • (KE) drift | kux̱dé yaa nalhásh → heʼs drifting back • imperative: a náḵ ayeendahaan! | you all (SN) • yakʼeiyi aa lʼéiwnáx̱ yan woolihásh → it flee from it! drifted to a good sandy beach (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: a náḵ yaa • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa ayandahán | s/he is fleeing from it nalhásh | she/he/it is drifting {____} • perfective (+): a náḵ ayawdihaan | s/he fled • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wulihásh | she/ from it he/it drifted {____} • perfective (–): tlél a náḵ ayawdahaan | s/he • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wulhaash | didnʼt flee from it she/he/it didnʼt drift {____} • future (+): a náḵ ayagux̱daháan | s/he will • future (+): {∅ preverb} gux̱laháash | she/ flee from it he/it will drift {____} • future (–): tlél a náḵ ayagux̱dahaan | s/he • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gux̱lahaash | wonʼt flee from it she/he/it wonʼt drift {____} yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ (∅ motion verb – subject daak + O-l-√haash (∅ motion verb – object intransitive) stand: keep standing; stand intransitive) float out to sea; drift out to sea | firm | for (singular) S to keep standing; for for O to float, drift out to sea (singular) S to stand firm | x̱ʼaháat x̱ánt yánde • imperfective (+): daak nalhásh | she/he/it is kḵwaháan → iʼm going to stand near the door starting to drift out (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): daak wulihásh | she/he/it • imperative: yan hán! | keep standing! drifted out; she/he/it is drifting out • prohibitive: líl yax̱ eehaaníḵ! | donʼt keep • perfective (–): tlél daak wulhaash | she/he/ standing! it didnʼt drift out • perfective (+): yan uwahán | s/he kept • future (+): daak gux̱laháash | she/he/it will standing drift out • perfective (–): tlél yan wuhaan | s/he didnʼt • future (–): tlél daak gux̱lahaash | she/he/it keep standing wonʼt drift out haandé (interjection) • variants: haadé • hand {na preverb} + O-l-√haash (na motion verb – it here; bring it here | “towards this vicinity” object intransitive) float; drift | for O to float, | there are specific handling verbs that change drift | (KE) depending on the type of object, but this is a short • imperative: {na preverb} inalhaash! | float form that is often used in «ḵu.éexʼ» when oneʼs {____}! name is called out to receive something from the • prohibitive: líl {na preverb} iwulhaashíḵ! | hosts • using this phrase instead of a handling donʼt float {____}! verb can be viewed as abrupt or rude outside of • perfective (+): {na preverb} wulihaash | «ḵu.éexʼ» she/he/it is floating {____}; it floated {____} • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wulhaash | √haasʼ (verb root) nauseated; vomit: feel like she/he/it isnʼt floating {____}; she/he/it didnʼt vomiting float {____} O-∅-√háasʼ (∅ event verb – object intransitive) • future (+): {na preverb} gux̱laháash | she/ vomit | for O to vomit | (KE) he/it will float {____} • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (–): tlél {na preverb} gux̱lahaash | ihásʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt vomit! she/he/it wonʼt float {____} • perfective (+): uwahásʼ | s/he is vomiting; s/ (noun) current (of water); tide | (KE) he vomited haat • perfective (–): tlél wuháasʼ | s/heʼs not haat kool (compound noun) whirlpool | “navel of vomiting; s/he didnʼt vomit the current” | haat + kool → current + navel • • future (+): gug̱aháasʼ | s/he will vomit (KE, JL)

100 Tlingit to English h haaw ¹ (noun) bough with needles on it (especially • perfective (–): tlél kawuhélʼk | s/he became of hemlock); branch with needles on it weak (especially of hemlock) | (KE) • future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wahélʼk | s/he will be weak haaw ² (interjection) well (…); so (…) | used when pausing to consider oneʼs next words, or to √heik (verb root) move in hyperactive manner; express agreement or acceptance, or to introduce jump hyperactively the resumption of a narrative or a change of √hein (verb root) own; claim subject | (KE, JC) O-S-∅-√héin ˟ (na state verb – transitive) háakw (interjection) do your best!; no time to lose! own; claim | for S to own, claim o (esp. clan | generally expresses a sense of urgency, but is property) | déix̱ aan áyá tuwahéin → we also used to give encouragement | (JL) claim two towns (SN) • akg̱wahéin tlʼátk → háasʼ (noun) vomit; vomit: urge to vomit | (KE) the land they were going to claim (that is, the Promised Land) (SN) • (KE) (compound noun) poop; excrement | “mess” háatlʼ • imperative: nahéin! | claim it! | «gánde nagoodí» is a euphemism, «háatlʼ» is • prohibitive: líl eehéiniḵ! | donʼt claim it! the most common form, and «lʼílʼ» is the most • imperfective (+): ayahéin | s/he claims it direct & literal | (JL, JC) • variants: lʼílʼ, gánde • imperfective (–): tlél oohéin | s/he doesnʼt nagoodí • claim it hé (determiner) here | close, but not in immediate • perfective (+): aawahéin | s/he claimed it space • closer to the speaker than the listener • • perfective (–): tlél awuhéin | s/he didnʼt behind: right behind or in a nearby but somewhat claim it unknown location • common suffix combinations • future (+): akg̱wahéin | s/he will claim it are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes • future (–): tlél akg̱wahéin | s/he wonʼt claim affect tone and vowel length it • héidáx̱ / héitx̱ [hé+-dáx̱] | from here woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅-√héin ˟ (na – • héide [hé+-dé] | towards here transitive) share; have in common | for S • héináx̱ [hé+-náx̱] | through here (plural) to share O; for S (plural) to have O • héit [hé+-t] | arriving here; at that place here in common | classification: plural subject • héidu [hé+-t+-wu] | here; located at that place | ldakát has du ádi woosh teen has oodihéin right here → they share everything (that is, claim • héixʼ [hé+-xʼ] | residing here; at this place here everything together) (SN) • héix̱ [hé+-x̱] | moving along here; repeatedly • imperative: woosh teen naydahéin! | you here all share it! hél (particle) not • variants: tléil, tlél, lél, téil, tíl, l • • prohibitive: líl woosh teen yidahéiniḵ! | you √hélʼk (verb root) weak all donʼt share it! • imperfective (+): woosh teen has adahéin | tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ (ga state verb – object they share it intransitive) weak; helpless | for O to be weak, • imperfective (–): tlél woosh teen has helpless | this verb only appears in negative oodahéin | they donʼt share it forms • note that adding the thematic prefix: • perfective (+): woosh teen has awdahéin | x̱ʼa- to this theme renders the meaning “weak they shared it in speech” • the following examples are from • perfective (–): tlél woosh teen has JL: «tlél yoo x̱ʼakeeḵéigiḵ, tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk» awdahéin | they didnʼt share it “donʼt ask him to speak, heʼs weak in speech” • future (+): woosh teen has akg̱wadahéin | • «ḵúnáx̱ áwé hú tlél x̱ʼakoohélʼk» “she canʼt they will share it control her mouth (weak mouth, uses foul • future (–): tlél woosh teen has akg̱wadahéin language)” | tlél ikoohélʼk → you are a | they wonʼt share it weakling (JL) • (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél koohélʼk | s/he is weak Heinyaa Ḵwáan (region name) Heinyaa: People • progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei of Heinyaa (Middle of Prince of Wales Island) | koonahélʼk | s/he is getting weak “People Facing This Direction”; “People Across the

101 h Tlingit to English

Water” | Included Communities: Klawock, Craig, rites on her/him Northern Price of Wales Island | hei + niÿaa + • future (–): tlél akg̱wahéix̱waa | s/he wonʼt ḵwáan → here + facing + people-of • héen + perform rites on her/him niÿaa + ḵwáan → water.facing people-of • (TT, hinkag̱áax̱i (T) (compound noun) loon: red- AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM) throated loon; loon: arctic loon | “cries on the Wolf/Eagle Clans water” | héen-ka-√g̱áax̱-i → water.hsf.√cry. • Shankweidí | People of Shankw Ialand [relational] • variants: yeekag̱áax̱i, yeekeg̱áax̱i • Ḵaax̱ʼoos.hittaan | People of Personʼs Foot (C) • House (compound noun) ice: chunk of ice • Lḵuweidí | People of the Flood hinshaya.á that slid off a glacier into water | “head poking Raven/Crow Clans vertically out of the water” | héen-sha-ya-∅-√.á → • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor water.head.vsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√inspect/peer • (JL) • Deikée G̱aanax̱.ádi | Out to Sea People of Sheltered Harbor hintakxʼúxi (compound noun) • variants: hintaak • Kʼooxineidí | People of the Mink/Marten xʼóosi, hintakxʼóosi • coral | héen-taak + xʼúx-i → • Taakw.aaneidí | People of the Winter Village water/river.in-(a cavity) + ?.[relational] • (KE) • Teeyeeneidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark hintakxʼwásʼg̱i (compound noun) duck: bufflehead Stream duck | “numb in the water” | héen-taak- • Teelʼhittaan | People of the Dog Salmon House √xʼwásʼḵ-i → water/river.in-(a cavity).√numb. [relational} • (KE) héix̱waa (noun) magic; charm | (KE) (compound noun) creature: sea (verb root) magic; charm; perform rites hintak.ádi √héix̱waa creature; animal that lives in the sea | “thing in O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ (na act verb – transitive) the water” | héen-táak-át-i → water.bottom-(of magic; charm; perform rites | for S to make cavity).thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) magic, perform rites on O to bring desirable results in nature or give youngsters power hintaak xóodzi (compound noun) bear: polar and confidence | most often used to describe bear | “white brown-bear” | héen-taak + xóots-i cultural processes that would result in positive → water/river.in-(a cavity) + brown-bear. changes, like tying pinecones to a childʼs [relational] • (JL, KE) • variants: dleit xóots (T) • hands to ensure that they would be a hard hintaak xʼóosi (compound noun) • variants: worker | x̱áat héeni duhéix̱waayín; ách áwé hintakxʼóosi, hintakxʼúxi • coral | héen- x̱aat shayandaheijín → they used to make taak + xʼóos-i → water/river.in-(a cavity) + magic at the salmon streams (perform rites ?.[relational] • (KE) such as returning salmon eggs and milt to hintaak yaa ndaḵín gáaxw (compound noun) the stream); thatʼs why the salmon used to • variants: gwíngwin • penguin | “duck flying be plentiful (SN) • gax̱duhéix̱waa → they are through the water” | héen-táak + yaa + na-da- going to make magic (pass someone through √ḵín + gáaxw → water.in-(body of water) + the fire for offending ʼthe worldʼ, and so along + na-md.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√fly + duck • (NJ) restore good weather) (SN) • (KE) • imperative: nahéix̱waa! | perform rites on hintu.eejí (compound noun) reef: underwater reef; her/him! rock: large rock lying under the water; boulder: • imperfective (+): ahéix̱waa | s/he performs rock: large boulder lying under the water | rites on her/him; s/he is performing rites on héen-tóo-eech-í → water.inside.reef/rock-on- her/him ocean-floor.[relational] • (KE) • imperfective (–): tlél oohéix̱waa | s/he hinyeit (compound noun) dipper (for water); bottle doesnʼt perform rites on her/him; s/he isnʼt | “thing below the water” | héen-yee-át → water. performing rites on her/him below.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) • perfective (+): aawahéix̱waa | s/he (compound noun) duck: goldeneye performed rites on her/him hinyikgáaxu duck | “duck in the water” | héen-yík-gáaxw-u → • perfective (–): tlél awuhéix̱waa | s/he didnʼt water.in-(shallow container).duck.[relational] perform rites on her/him • (KE) • future (+): akg̱wahéix̱waa | s/he will perform

102 Tlingit to English h hinyiklʼeix̱i (compound noun) dipper; ouzel: selects «hít sʼaatí» and «naa tláa» internally and water ouzel | “dancer in the water” | héen-yík- makes the appointment at «ḵu.éexʼ», often while √lʼeix̱-i → water.in-(shallow container).√dance. bringing out new «at.óow», killing money, and at [relational] • (KE) times granting a new name to the leader(s) being appointed | hít + sʼaatí → house + master/boss hit ká (compound noun) roof | “on the house” | hít + ká → house + on • (KE) hít shantú (compound noun) upstairs; attic | “in the head of the house” | hít + shán-tú → house + (compound noun) House hit wóoshdei yadukícht head.inside • (KE) Dedication Ceremony | “dancing the house together” | hit + wóosh-de + ya-du-∅-√kích-t → hít tayeegáasʼi (compound noun) piling; house + together.towards + vsf.someone-(4h.S). foundation post; joist: floor joist | “housepost cl-(–d,∅,–i).√housewarming-party.[repetitive] beneath the house” | hít + tayee-gáasʼ-i → house • (NR) + beneath.housepost.[relational] • (KE) hít (noun) house; building | (KE) √heek (verb root) full; fill | classification: solids or abstracts hít da.ideidí (compound noun) house timbers | “house body thing” | hít + daa-ít-át-i → house + O-sha-∅-√heek (∅ event verb – object around.following.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (KE) intransitive) filled; full | for O to be filled, be full (general and abstract) | classification: solids (compound noun) house skirting | hít hít daaháayi or abstracts | wé ḵóok shakgwahéek → that + daa-∅-√háa-yi → house + around.cl-(–d,∅,– ̱ box will be filled up (SN) • (KE) i).√become-located.[relational] • (JL) • progressive imperfective: yaa shanahík | hít kagaadí (compound noun) rafters (modern) | she/he/it is getting full hít + ka-gaat-í → house + on.rafter?.[relational] • perfective (+): shaawahík | she/he/it is full hít kaságu (compound noun) rafters (large roof • perfective (–): tlél shawuheek | she/he/it beams) | hít + ka-sákw?-u → house + hsf.to-be?. isnʼt full [relational] • (KE) • future (+): shakg̱wahéek | she/he/it will get full (compound noun) shingles | “boarding hít katʼáayi • future (–): tlél shakg̱waheek | she/he/it on the house” | hít + ka-√tʼáay-i → house + hsf. wonʼt get full cl-(–d,∅,–i).√board.[relational] O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ event verb – transitive) hít kaxʼúxʼu (compound noun) roof: bark roofing fill | for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts) material; roof: tarpaper; tarpaper | “paper | classification: solids or abstracts | haa on the house” | hít + ka-xʼúxʼ-u → house + yaagú shawtulihík → we fillled our boat (SN) on.membrane.[relational] • (KE) • yan ashawlihík wé yakyee → he filled the hít sʼaatí (compound noun) clan: head of a clan day (with what he was doing) (SN) • keitlch house; leader of a clan house | “master of the shawlihík yá aan → this town is full of dogs house” | traditional leadership among the Tlingit (SN) • (KE) involves the selection of speakers for the clan, • imperative: shalahík! | fill it! the highest ranking of which are «hít sʼaatí» • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl and «naa tláa»; the «hít sʼaatí» would often sheelahíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt fill it! speak for the clan in ceremonies, although the • progressive imperfective: yaa ashanalhík | «naa tláa» would often speak as well • decisions s/he is filling it are often made communally by a clan, and the • perfective (+): ashawlihík | s/he filled it «hít sʼaatí» has the authority to carry out those • perfective (–): tlél ashawulheek | s/he didnʼt decisions; among the «hít sʼaatí» of one clan, a fill it determination is made on who the senior member • future (+): ashagux̱lahéek | s/he will fill it is when the houses are standing together as a • future (–): tlél ashagux̱laheek | s/he wonʼt clan • the caretaking of «at.óow», including the fill it giving of names and use of songs and stories yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek (∅ motion verb – is often the responsibility of the «hít sʼaatí» in transitive) finish; complete | for S to finish, consultation with other clan leaders • a clan complete O | (KE)

103 h Tlingit to English

• imperative: yan shalahík! | finish it! have confidence in herself/himself • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yan • future (–): tlél sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen | s/he sheelahíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt finish it! wonʼt have confidence in herself/himself • perfective (+): yan ashawlihík | s/he finished √heen ² (verb root) swim (school of fish it underwater) | classification: plural • perfective (–): tlél yan ashawulheek | s/he didnʼt finish it √heen ³ (verb root) water down; mix with water • future (+): yánde ashagux̱lahéek | s/he will √heesʼ (verb root) borrow; loan finish it O-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive) borrow • future (–): tlél yánde ashagux̱laheek | s/he | for S to borrow O | hoon daakahídidáx̱ yaa wonʼt finish it ndahísʼ → he’s getting credit (borrowing √heen ¹ (verb root) believe; trust along) from the store (SN) • (KE) n + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ¹ ˟ (ga state verb – • imperative: gahéesʼ! | borrow it! subject intransitive) believe; trust; believe in • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei | for S to believe, trust, believe in N | tléil eehísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it! ákʼ ayeeheen ax̱ yoo x̱ʼatángi → you do not • imperfective (+): ahéesʼ | s/he is borrowing believe my words (SN) • (KE) it • imperative: du éekʼ agaheen! | believe her/ • imperfective (–): tlél oohéesʼ | s/he isnʼt him! borrowing it • prohibitive: líl du éekʼ eeheeníḵ! | donʼt • perfective (+): aawahéesʼ | s/he borrowed it believe her/him! • perfective (–): tlél awuhéesʼ | s/he didnʼt • imperfective (+): du éekʼ ayaheen | s/he borrow it believes her/him • future (+): kei akg̱wahéesʼ | s/he will borrow • imperfective (–): tlél du éekʼ ooheen | s/he it doesnʼt believe her/him • future (–): tlél kei akg̱wahéesʼ | s/he wonʼt • perfective (+): du éekʼ aawaheen | s/he borrow it believed her/him O-ka-S-∅-√héesʼ (ga act verb – transitive) • perfective (–): tlél du éekʼ awuheen | s/he borrow | for S to borrow O (esp. round, didnʼt believe her/him spherical object) | classification: round or • future (+): du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen | s/he will sperical object | nagú: kagahéesʼ! → go and believe him borrow it (a globe)! (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél du éekʼ kei akg̱waheen | s/he • imperative: kagahéesʼ! | borrow it! wonʼt believe him • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-heen ¹ ˟ (na state verb keehísʼjiḵ! | donʼt borrow it! – subject intransitive) trust self; confidence in • imperfective (+): akahéesʼ | s/he is self | for S to trust oneself, have confidence in borrowing it oneself | tlél tlax̱ sh tóokʼ oox̱daheen → i donʼt • imperfective (–): tlél akoohéesʼ | s/he isnʼt ever trust myself (SN) • tlax̱ a yáanáx̱ sh tóokʼ borrowing it adiheen → he has more confidence in himself • perfective (+): akaawahéesʼ | s/he borrowed than in anybody (SN) • (KE) it • imperative: sh tóokʼ anidaheen! | have • perfective (–): tlél akawuhéesʼ | s/he didnʼt confidence in yourself! borrow it • imperfective (+): sh tóokʼ adiheen | s/he has • future (+): kei akakg̱wahéesʼ | s/he will confidence in herself/himself borrow it • imperfective (–): tlél sh tóokʼ oodaheen | s/ • future (–): tlél kei akakg̱wahéesʼ | s/he wonʼt he doesnʼt have confidence in herself/himself borrow it • perfective (+): sh tóokʼ awdiheen | s/he had N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√héesʼ (∅ motion verb – transitive) confidence in herself/himself lend | for S to lend O to N | ax̱ éet hísʼ! → lend • perfective (–): tlél sh tóokʼ awdaheen | s/he it to me! (SN) • sʼeenáa ḵóot aawahísʼ → heʼs didnʼt have confidence in herself/himself lent the lamp to somebody (SN) • (KE) • future (+): sh tóokʼ agux̱daheen | s/he will • imperative: du éet hísʼ! | lend it to her/him!

104 Tlingit to English h

• prohibitive: líl du éex̱ eehéesʼiḵ! | donʼt lend • (KE) it to her/him! héen x̱uká (compound noun) • variants: hinx̱uká, • perfective (+): du éet aawahísʼ | s/he lent it héen x̱ʼaká • water: on top of the water; river: to her/him on top of the river | “on the mouth of the water” | • perfective (–): tlél du éet awuhéesʼ | s/he héen + x̱oo-ká → water/river + among.on • (KE, didnʼt lend it to her/him JL) • future (+): du éede akg̱wahéesʼ | s/he will lend it to her/him héen x̱ʼaká (compound noun) • variants: héen x̱uká, • future (–): tlél du éede akg̱wahéesʼ | s/he hinx̱uká • water: on top of the water; river: on wonʼt lend it to her/him top of the river | “on the mouth of the water” | héen + x̱ʼa-ká → water/river + mouth.on • (KE) √heexw (verb root) bewitch; witchcraft: practice witchcraft héen x̱ʼashú (compound noun) • variants: héen ḵʼashú (T) • water: near the water; river: near héen (noun) ⑴ water || ⑵ river; stream; creek | the river | “end of the mouth of the water” | héen (KE) + x̱ʼa-shú → water + mouth/opening.end • (GD) (compound noun) dipper: water héen gúxʼaa héen x̱ʼayaax̱ (compound noun) shoreline; dipper; ladle | “the one that dips up water” riverside | héen + x̱ʼa-yaa-x̱ → water/river + | héen + √gúxʼ-aa → water/river + √dip-up. mouth.edge-?.at-(repeatedly) • (KE, JC) one(s)-(part.i) héen yík (compound noun) water: in the water; héen kanadaayí (compound noun) current (of river: in the river | “in the shallows of the water” water); tidal action | “water that is flowing on it” | the difference between «héen táak» and«héen | héen + ka-na-∅-√daa-yi → water/river + hsf. yík» seems to be whether one could submerge in [na-con-pre]-cl-(–d,∅,–i).√flow.[relational] the water • one speaker notes that «héen táak» is héen kasʼíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) hose: water hose basically a cavity of water deeper than the knees | “the one that gushes water out like diarrhea” | • things that float on the water, including boats, héen + ka-∅-√sʼíx̱ʼ-aa → water + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– are «héen yík» because they are not supposed i).√gush/diarrhea.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) to submerge | héen + yík → water/river + in- (shallow container) • (MH, KE) héen sháak (compound noun) river: head of river; stream: head of stream | héen + shá-k → water/ héenákʼw (compound noun) creek: small creek; river + head.? • (KE) stream: small stream | héen-á-kʼw → water/ river.[peg-vowel].[diminutive] • (KE) héen shú (compound noun) • variants: hinshú (At) • water: edge of body of water | héen + shú → héeni (preverb) water: going into water | for water/river + end • (KE) motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards a terminus) | héen-i → water/river. héen táak (compound noun) water: in the water; river: in the river | “in the cavity of the water” [relational] • (JC, KE) | the difference between «héen táak» and«héen héenx̱ (preverb) water: going (down) into water | yík» seems to be whether one could submerge in for motion verbs, creates a g̱a-conjugation motion the water • one speaker notes that «héen táak» is verb (downward motion) | héen-x̱ → water/river. basically a cavity of water deeper than the knees at-(repeatedly) • (JC, KE) • things that float on the water, including boats, héenx̱ ḵuyala.aadí (compound noun) baptizer | are «héen yík» because they are not supposed to “leading people into the water” | héen-x̱ + ḵu-ya- submerge | héen + táak → water/river + bottom- la-√.aat-í → water.at-(repeatedly) + someone- (of a cavity) • (MH, KE) (4h.O).vsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√go-(plural, by walking). héen wantú (compound noun) river: edge of river [relational] • (JL) channel | “inside the edge of the water” | héen + (noun) witchcraft | (JL) wan-tú → water/river + edge.inside • (KE) héexw hú (independent pronoun) s/he; she; he | third héen wát (compound noun) river: mouth of a person human singular independent (3Hs.i) • river; stream: mouth of a stream | héen + wát → independent pronouns are not linked to anything water/river + mouth-(of body or form of water) grammatically, and are most often used in

105 h Tlingit to English

phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} eehooḵ! | donʼt áyá» (it is us) • other independent pronouns are wade {____}! listed below | (JC, KE) • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa • x̱át | me → first person singular independent nahéin | she/he/it is wading {____} (1s.i) • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} uwahóo | she/ • uháan | us → first person plural independent he/it waded {____} (1p.i) • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wuhú | she/ • wa.é | you → second person singular he/it didnʼt wade {____} independent (2s.i) • future (+): {∅ preverb} kg̱wahóo | she/he/it • yeewháan | you all → second person plural will wade {____} independent (2p.i) • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} kg̱wahoo | she/ • hú | s/he → third person human singular he/it wonʼt wade {____} independent (3Hs.i) N-t + ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ (na motion verb – subject • hás | them → third person plural independent intransitive) wade; swim | for S to wade around (3p.i) at N (esp. aimlessly or in circles) | gáaxw át • á | it → third person nonhuman independent jeewdihoo → a duck is swimming around in (3N.i) circles (SN) • át has jeewdihoo → they (boys) • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal are swimming there (and playing with boats) independent (3prx.i) (SN) • (KE) • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • imperative: át jindahú! | wade around! independent (3obv.i) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl át • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human yoo jeedahéigiḵ! | donʼt wade around! independent (4h.i) • perfective (+): át jiwdihoo | she/he/it is • át | something → fourth person nonhuman wading around; s/he waded around independent (4n.i) • perfective (–): tlél át jiwdahoo | she/he/it • aa | one, some → partitive independent isnʼt wading around; she/he/it didnʼt wade (part.i) around • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • future (+): át jigux̱dahóo | she/he/it will • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → wade around reciprocal independent (recip.i) • future (–): tlél át jigux̱dahoo | she/he/it hú! (interjection) ouch! | can be long and drawn out wonʼt wade around in times of intense physical or emotional suffering hoodí (noun) planks put on a boat (for buoyancy | (KE) and stability) | (JL) (kinship term) brother: –ʼs older brother –húnx̱w √hook (verb root) stamp (feet); stomp (feet); shout (a maleʼs older brother) | classification: male (at ḵu.éexʼ) kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used by males to refer to biological brothers and kei + O-S-∅-√hook (∅ act verb – transitive) males of the same clan and generation who they shout | for S to lift O (an emptied container have a close relationship with • can be used with of berries or fruit) at ḵu.éexʼ | classification: males of the same moiety but not the same clan to ḵu.éexʼ | kei duhúkch → they emptied (the show close personal or clan relationships dish) and lifted it up (in triumph} (SN) • kei aawahúk dú xwáaxʼoo teen → he emptied húsh! (interjection) shame on you! | (KE) it (ate all the contents o f it) with his tribal √hoo ¹ (verb root) wade; swim on surface of water | brothers (SN) classification: singular chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + S-d+∅-√hook (∅ {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ (∅ motion verb – act verb – subject intransitive) shout: remove subject intransitive) wade; swim | for (singular) grief; remove grief; grief: remove grief | for S to wade; for (singular) S to swim on surface S to remove grief with ritual shouts at ḵu.éexʼ of water | dyáanáx̱ aadé daak uwahóo → he | classification: ḵu.éexʼ | this process often swam across to the other side (SN) • (KE) involves four men, two from each moiety, who • imperative: {∅ preverb} hú! | wade {____}! pound a staff on the floor while making the

106 Tlingit to English h – i

release of grief chant | choosh tóodáx̱ kei shopping dahúkch → dispelling the grief with a shout • perfective (–): tlél wulhoon | s/he didnʼt go (at ḵu.éexʼ, after the cry songs and done with shopping four men holding a staff) (HJ) • future (+): gug̱alhóon | s/he will go shopping • future (–): tlél gugalhoon | s/he wonʼt go hoon (noun) • variants: hun • sell: to sell; sale: for ̱ sale; selling | (KE) shopping (compound noun) store; grocery (verb root) sell hoon daakahídi √hoon | hoon + daaka-hít-i → selling + around-outside. O-S-∅-√hoon (na act verb – transitive) sell | for house.[relational] S to sell O | ldakát át has ahóon → they sell everything/all kinds of things (SN) • (KE) hoon sʼaatí (compound noun) merchant; seller; • imperative: nahoon! | sell it! storekeep | “boss of selling” | hoon + sʼaatí → • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo selling + boss/master eehóonguḵ! | donʼt sell it! hóochʼ (interjection) • variants: hóochkʼ • thatʼs all!; • imperfective (+): ahóon | s/he sells it; s/he all gone!; no more! | in certain contexts, such as is selling it a story, this can mean that someone has died or • imperfective (–): tlél oohoon | s/he doesnʼt something has been destroyed sell it; s/he isnʼt selling it • perfective (+): aawahoon | s/he sold it • perfective (–): tlél awuhoon | s/he didnʼt i sell it (possessive pronoun) your | second person singular • future (+): akg̱wahóon | s/he will sell it i possessive (2s.P) • used to show a relationship • future (–): tlél akg̱wahoon | s/he wonʼt sell it between things, including ownership («haa aaní» O-S-l-√hoon (na event verb – transitive) selling; – “our land”), kinship term origination («du éesh» peddle; hawk | for S to go selling, peddle, – “her/his father”), the link to a relational base hawk O | xʼúxʼ yaa nalhún → heʼs going round («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next to me”), and conjugation of selling books (SN) • (KE) • SN include a ∅ certain verbs («du toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) conjugation motion form of the verb: «haa éet • other possessive pronouns are listed below | wududlihún» “they came to us selling things” (JC, KE) • imperative: nalhoon! | go peddle it! • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yóo (1s.P) ilahóongiḵ! | donʼt go peddle it! • haa | our → first person plural possessive • progressive imperfective: yaa analhún | s/ (1p.P) he is peddling it • i | your → second person singular possessive • perfective (+): awlihoon | s/he went (2s.P) peddling it • yee | you allʼs → second person plural • perfective (–): tlél awulhoon | s/he didnʼt go possessive (2p.P) peddling it • du | her/his → third person human singular • future (+): agux̱lahóon | s/he will go peddle possessive (3Hs.P) it • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural • future (–): tlél agux̱lahoon | s/he wonʼt go possessive (3p.P) peddle it • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive S-d+l-√hoon (na event verb – subject intransitive) (3N.P) spending; shopping | for S to go spending, go • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal shopping possessive (3prx.P) • imperative: neelhoon! | go shopping! • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo obviate possessive (3obv.P) eelhóonguḵ! | donʼt go shopping! • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human • progressive imperfective: yaa nalhún | s/he possessive (4h.P) is shopping • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman • perfective (+): wudlihoon | s/he went possessive (4n.P) • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive

107 i – í Tlingit to English

(part.P) • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive human subject (4h.S) (rflx.P) • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal → reciprocal subject (recip.S) possessive (recip.P) i ee- (postpositional pronoun) you: (to) you | second i- ¹ (object pronoun) you [object] | second person person singular postpositional (2s.PP) • used in singular object (2s.O) • in a verb phrase, the certain verbs where something is going towards object is impacted by the verb, and is not the the object (literally or figuratively) • a special subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all type of pronoun that combines three things: single letter object pronouns as part of the verb possessive pronoun, empty base, and relational prefix and all pronouns more than one letter suffix • other possessive pronouns are listed below as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open | (JC, KE) object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular contraction in the verb prefix • other object postpositional (1s.PP) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object postpositional (1p.PP) (1s.O) • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular • haa | us [object] → first person plural object postpositional (2s.PP) (1p.O) • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural • i- | you [object] → second person singular postpositional (2p.PP) object (2s.O) • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person • yee | you all [object] → second person plural human singular postpositional (3s.PP) object (2p.O) • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman pluralizer (3pl) postpositional (3p.PP) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person proximal object (3prx.O) proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third human object (4h.O) person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • at | something [object] → fourth person • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → nonhuman object (4n.O) fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person (part.O) nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → postpositional (part.PP) reciprocal object (recip.O) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP) i- ² (subject pronoun) you [subject] | second person singular subject (2s.S) • in a verb phrase, the • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal subject is the agent in the verb • other subject postpositional (recip.PP) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) ihí! (interjection) donʼt!; stop it! • variants: ilí!, li! • • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject –iḵ (body part) foot: –s midfoot | from the ankle & (1s.S) talus to the toes, esp. the top of the foot | (JC) • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject (1p.S) –iḵká (body part) foot: top of –ʼs foot | “top of • i- | you [subject] → second person singular midfoot” | iḵ.ká → midfoot.on subject (2s.S) iḵkaa (compound noun) Ahtna Athabaskan; Copper • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural River Athabaskan | eeḵ-ká → copper.on subject (2p.S) (compound noun) leggings: woven dance • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) iḵkeit leggings; moccasin: top of moccasin | “thing • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person on top of the midfoot” | iḵ-ká-át → midfoot. pluralizer (3pl)

108 Tlingit to English i – í

on.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) (+d,s,+i).√cook.[relational] + fish/salmon • (LF, NL) • variants: ín xʼeesháa tóo x̱ʼúx̱u, ítʼch tóo (compound noun) brass iḵnáachʼ x̱áat • iḵyéisʼ (compound noun) iron; tin | “discolored copper” | eeḵ-√yéisʼ → copper.discolored • ísh (noun) fishing hole; hole in stream, river, creek variants: g̱ayéisʼ, g̱iyéisʼ • –ít (relational base) after –; following – ilí! (interjection) donʼt!; stop it! • variants: ihí!, li! • –ítx̱ nagoodí (compound noun) follower: –ʼs follower; disciple: –ʼs disciple | “walking after –” (interjection) wait! • variants: ilí sʼá! • ilí sʼé! | ít-x̱ na-∅-√goot-í → following.[repeatedly] na- inside of her/his mouth cp.cl.√walk/go-(singular).[relational] (verbal noun) • variants: –ḵusnéexʼi –isnéexʼi (compound noun) followers: –ʼs • smell: sense of smell; sense of smell | i-s- –ítx̱ na.aadí followers; disciples: –ʼs disciples | “those √néexʼ-i → [peg vowel].cl-(+d,s,–i).√smell/sniff. walking after –” | ít-x̱ na-∅-√goot-í → following. [relational] • (JL) [repeatedly] na-cp.cl.√walk/go-(plural). Ishkeetaan (clan name) Clan: Frog (Raven/ [relational] • variants: –ítx̱ na.aatxʼí, –ítx̱ Crow Moiety) | “People of Deep Pool in the ne.aatxʼí (C) • River House”; Origin: Tlákw.aan | G̱aanax̱.ádi (verbal noun) glass (the substance) | Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crest: ítʼch “sparkles” | from verb: ka-d+l-√ítʼch (state Frog • Secondary Crests: Raven, Sea Lion, Sun | intransitive) → for something to sparkle, reflect ish-ka-hít-taan → fishing-hole.on.house.people • light (KE) (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) √ítʼch (verb root) sparkle; reflect light Jilḵáat Ḵwáan • Ishká Hít | Atop the Fish Hole House ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ (∅ state verb – impersonal) sparkle; reflect light | for something to Áatlein Ḵwáan sparkle, reflect light | yá kawóot kadli.ítʼch Deisleen Ḵwáan → these beads are bright / sparkling (SN) • Taagish Ḵwáan dleit tsú kadli.ítʼch → snow sparkles too, and Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan reflects light (SN) • imperfective (+): kadli.ítʼch | itʼs sparkling; (noun) black cod ishḵeen it sparkles ixkée (independent base) downstream; south; lower • imperfective (–): tlél kool.ítʼch | it isnʼt 48 states (locally: down south) | eex-kée → sparkling; it doesnʼt sparkle south.above/up • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa kanal.ítʼch | itʼs beginning to sparkle • perfective (+): kawdli.ítʼch | itʼs sparkling; í it sparkled • perfective (–): tlél kawul.ítʼch | it didnʼt (noun) flint ín sparkle ín xʼeesháa (compound noun) bottle; jug | “flint • future (+): kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch | it will sparkle bucket” • future (–): tlél kei kakg̱wal.ítʼch | it wonʼt sparkle ín xʼeesháa tóo x̱ʼúx̱u (compound noun) fish: jarred fish | “fish flesh inside a bottle” | ín + ítʼch tóo x̱áat (compound noun) fish: jarred fish xʼeesháa + tú + x̱ʼúx̱-u → flint + bucket + inside | “fish inside a glass” | ítʼch + tú + x̱áat → glass + fish-flesh.[relational] • (EM) • variants: ín + inside + fish/salmon • (RD) • variants: ín xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi.eeyi x̱áat, ítʼch tóo xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi.eeyi x̱áat, ín xʼeesháa x̱áat • tóo x̱ʼúx̱u • ín xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi.eeyi x̱áat íxde (compound noun) south: (toward) the south; (compound noun) fish: jarred fish | “cooked downstream: (toward) downstream inside a bottle fish” | ín + xʼeesháa + tú-náx̱ (noun) medicine person; traditional spiritual + ÿu-du-dzi√.ee-yi + x̱áat → flint + bucket íx̱tʼ healer; shaman | healers in Tlingit culture are + inside.through + pfv.someone-(4h.S).cl-

109 í – ee Tlingit to English

mostly people knowledgeable about which plants • has du eedé | towards them can help with particular ailments, but an «íx̱tʼ» is • a eedé | towards it a person who communicates with spirit helpers • ḵaa eedé | towards somebody, people (yéik) to gain insight from the spiritual world • • at eedé | towards something can conduct powerful ceremonies to cure various • ax̱ tláa eedé | towards my mother ailments, see into other places or times, locate lost • i éesh eedé | towards your father people, and more examples using the suffix «-n» íx̱tʼ x̱án ḵáawu (compound noun) íx̱tʼ assistant • ax̱ een ⁓ x̱aan | with me | “person beside the «íx̱tʼ»” | an «íx̱tʼ» has a • haa een ⁓ haan | with us number of helpers, and his closes one was called • i een | with you by this term. • would assist the «íx̱tʼ», serve as an • yee een | with you all example in demonstrations of how ceremonies • du een | with her/him would be conducted, and watch over the «íx̱tʼ» • has du een | with them during fasts for additional powers | íx̱tʼ + x̱án • a een ⁓ aan | with it + ḵáa(w)-u → medicine-person + beside + • ḵaa een ⁓ ḵoon | with somebody, people someone-(4h.i).[relational] • (FD) • at een | with something • ax̱ tláa een | with my mother (compound noun) memorial íx̱tʼi daa yoo kooneik • i éesh een | with your father ceremony for a shaman | “doing on behalf of the medicine person” | íx̱tʼ-i + daa + yoo + ka-ÿu- √ee (verb root) cook ÿa-√nei-k + ḵáa → medicine-person + around/ O-S-s-√.ee (∅ act verb – transitive) cook | for S about + to/fro + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√do/work- to cook O | koox du x̱ʼéis sa.í! → cook rice for on.repetitive • (JL) him (to eat)! (SN) • wáa sa gees.ee nooch? → how do you cook it? (SN) • (KE) • imperative: sa.í! | cook it! ee • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl isa. éex̱iḵ! | donʼt cook it! –ee- (postpositional pronoun) | also known as the “empty base,” this postpositional pronoun • imperfective (+): as.ée | s/he cooks it; s/he is appears after a possessive pronouns and before cooking it a directional/relational suffix. Tlingit does not • imperfective (–): tlél oos.ee | s/he doesnʼt allow directional/relational suffixes on pronouns, cook it; s/he isnʼt cooking it so the empty base exists for that. The following • perfective (+): awsi.ée | s/he cooked it examples used • perfective (–): tlél awus.í | s/he didnʼt cook it • future (+): agux̱sa.ée | s/he will cook it directional/relational suffixes • future (–): tlél agux̱sa.ee | s/he wonʼt cook it • -de | to, toward; until; in the manner of • -dáx̱ ⁓ -tx̱ ⁓ -x̱ | from, out of; since at S-s-√.ee (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) cook • -t | (resting) at; coming to, arriving at; moving | for S to cook | (KE) about • imperative: at sa.í! | cook! • -xʼ ⁓ -∅ | residing at; at (the scene of ); at (the • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl at isa. time of ) éex̱iḵ! | donʼt cook! • -náx̱ | through; along, via; including the time of • imperfective (+): at sa.ée | she cooks; s/he • -wu ⁓ -u | is/are at is cooking • -x̱ | (in prolonged contact) at; (repeatedly • imperfective (–): tlél at us.ee | s/he doesnʼt arriving) at; being, in the form of cook; sheʼs not cooking • -n | (along) with; by means of; as soon as • perfective (+): at wusi.ée | s/he cooked • perfective (–): tlél at wus.í | s/he didnʼt cook examples using the suffix «-de» • future (+): at gux̱sa.ée | s/he will cook • ax̱ eedé | towards me • future (–): tlél at gux̱sa.ee | s/he wonʼt cook • haa eedé | towards us • i eedé | towards you yan⁓ + ∅-√.ee (∅ motion verb – impersonal) • yee eedé | towards you all cooked | for food to be cooked, done cooking • du eedé | towards her/him | dei yaa na.een → itʼs getting cooked (SN) • chʼa yeisú tleixʼ yan oowa.ee → only one is

110 Tlingit to English ee

cooked yet (SN) • (KE) • prohibitive: líl ee.eeníḵ! | donʼt pick them! • progressive imperfective: yánde yaa na.éen • imperfective (+): a.éen | s/heʼs picking them; | itʼs cooking s/he picks them • perfective (+): yan uwa.ée | itʼs cooked • imperfective (–): tlél oo.een | s/he isnʼt • perfective (–): tlél yan wu.í | it isnʼt cooked picking them; s/he doesnʼt pick them • future (+): yánde kg̱wa.ée | it will be cooked • perfective (+): aawa.ín | s/he picked them • future (–): tlél yánde kg̱wa.ee | it wonʼt be • perfective (–): tlél awu.een | s/he didnʼt pick cooked them • future (+): akgwa.éen | s/he will pick them eech (noun) reef; large rock or boulder lying on ̱ the ocean floor • future (–): tlél akg̱wa.een | s/he wonʼt pick them eech kakwéiyi (compound noun) buoy: fixed buoy | “marker on the reef” | eech ka-√kwei-yi → reef {∅ preverb} + O-S-s-√.een (∅ motion verb – on.√mark.rel transitive) carry; take; give | heen haat sa.ín! → bring water! (SN) eech kwéiyi (compound noun) buoy: floating buoy • imperative: {∅ preverb} sa.ín! | carry it | “reef marker” | eech + √kwei-yi → reef + √mark. {____}! rel • (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl N-x̱ isa.eeníḵ! | donʼt carry it to N! –eeg̱ayáa (relational base) beach below –; shore below – | eeḵ-ayáak → beach/shore.separated- • progressive imperfective: N-de yaa anas.ín | (but still connected) s/he is carrying to N • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awsi.ín | s/he (preverb) waiting for –; after: going after –eeg̱áa carried it {____} –; for: going for – | when used with non-motion • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awus.een | verbs, it translates to “waiting for” • when used s/he didnʼt carry it {____} with motion verbs, it translates to “going after” or • future (+): N-de agux̱sa.éen | s/he will carry “going for” | ee-gáa → [empty base].after/for ̱ it to N eeḵ (noun) copper • future (–): tlél N-de agux̱sa.een | s/he wonʼt carry it to N eeḵ háatlʼi (compound noun) verdigris; patina formed on weathered copper | “copper {na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een (na motion verb – excrement” | eeḵ + háatlʼ-i → copper + mess/ transitive) carry; take; give excrement.[possessed] • imperative: {na preverb} nasa.een! | carry it {____}! eeḵ lukaḵéesʼi (compound noun) ⑴ low tide (point at which the tide will begin coming in) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl N-x̱ | “flooding the nose of the beach” | (KE) • eeḵ isa.eeníḵ! | donʼt carry it to N! + lu-ka-√ḵéesʼ-i → [beachward + nose/point. • progressive imperfective: N-de yaa anas.ín | s/he is carrying to N hsf.√flood.rel] || ⑵ snipe: kind of snipe | “flood on the point of the beach” | (JL) • perfective (+): {na preverb} awsi.een | s/he carried it {____} –een (relational base) with –; by means of –; as • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} awus.een | soon as – | it is unclear whether the form of this s/he didnʼt carry it {____} word is determined by grammatical rules, dialect • future (+): N-de agux̱sa.éen | s/he will carry preference, or personal preference • variants: tin, it to N tín, teen, téen, -n • • future (–): tlél N-de agux̱sa.een | s/he wonʼt √een ¹ (verb root) | classification: container with carry it to N contents carry √een ² | classification: plural kill (plural); O-S-∅-√.een (∅ act verb – transitive) | for S to slaughter pick O (esp. berries) into a container | aatlein –een aa (kinship term) mate: –ʼs moiety mate; kanatʼa wutuwa.ín → we picked lots of kinsman: –ʼs kinsman | “the ones with –” blueberries (SN) • tleiḵw akg̱wa.een → heʼs going to pick berries (SN) • (KE) √eesh (verb root) string together; thread together • imperative: .ín! | pick them! O-ka-S-l-√.eesh (∅ act verb – transitive) string

111 ee Tlingit to English

together | for S to thread O (esp. beads), string • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl together | yeedat tleil kawoot akool.eesh → ikooda.ítʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt get soaked! sheʼs not stringing beads now (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa kanda.ítʼ | itʼs • imperative: kala.ísh! | string them together! getting soaked • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keel. • perfective (+): kawdi.ítʼ | it is soaked íshx̱iḵ! | donʼt string them together! • perfective (–): tlél kawda.éetʼ | itʼs not • imperfective (+): akla.eesh | s/he is soaked stringing them together • future (+): kagux̱da.éetʼ | it will get soaked • imperfective (–): tlél akool.eesh | s/he isnʼt • future (–): tlél kagux̱da.éetʼ | it wonʼt get stringing them together soaked • perfective (+): akawli.ísh | s/he strung them (verb root) call out; yell out; shout; invite together √eexʼ ¹ • perfective (–): tlél akawul.eesh | s/he didnʼt O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ (na act verb – transitive) call string them together out; shout to; holler at | for S to call out to, • future (+): akagux̱la.éesh | s/he will string shout to, holler at O | gaande x̱at du.eexʼ → them together people are shouting at me from outside (SN) • • future (–): tlél akagux̱la.eesh | s/he wonʼt ax̱ tlaa x̱waa.eexʼ → i called out to my mother string them together (SN) • (KE) • imperative: na.éexʼ! | call out to her/him! eeshandéin (adverb) poorly; suffering: while • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl suffering | eesháan-déin → pitiful/poor-thing. ee.éexʼiḵ! | donʼt call out to her/him! [adverb] • imperfective (+): a.éexʼ | s/he calls out to eesháan (interjection) poor thing; pitiful | this is her/him; s/he is calling out to her/him often used for teasing, but can also be used to • imperfective (–): tlél oo.éexʼ | s/he doesnʼt express extreme sadness or pity when showing call out to her/him; s/he isnʼt calling out to empathy and compassion her/him • perfective (+): aawa.éexʼ | s/he called out to eet ká (compound noun) room | “on the imprint/ remains/imprint” | eet + ká → imprint/remains her/him + on • perfective (–): tlél awu.éexʼ | s/he didnʼt call out to her/him –eetí (relational base) in place of –; place where • future (+): akg̱wa.éexʼ | s/he will call out to – was; imprint: –ʼs imprint; aftermath: –ʼs her/him aftermath • future (–): tlél akg̱wa.éexʼ | s/he wonʼt call –eetí ká (noun) room: (in) –ʼs room; bedroom: out to her/him (in) –ʼs bedroom | “on the imrpint of –” | eetí + O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ (g̱a event verb – transitive) ká → remains/imrpint + on invite; ask | for S to invite O, ask O to a party | –eetí ḵáa (compound noun) descendent of – | tleil x̱at wudu.eexʼ → iʼm not invited (SN) • yei “person in the remains of –” | eetí + ḵáa → ḵukḵwa.éexʼ → iʼm going to invite people (SN) remains/imprint + person • (NR) • ix̱waa.eexʼ x̱aan at geex̱aat → iʼm inviting you to eat with me (SN) • (KE) (relational noun) lacking –; without – | –eetéenáx̱ • imperative: ga.éexʼ! | invite her/him! “through the remains of” | eetí-náx̱ → remains/ ̱ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei imprint.through/via/along ee.éexʼjiḵ! | donʼt invite her/him! √eetʼ (verb root) soak • perfective (+): aawa.éexʼ | s/he invited her/ O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ (∅ event verb – object him intransitive) soaked; waterlogged | for O to be • perfective (–): tlél awu.éexʼ | s/he didnʼt soaked, waterlogged | ax̱ yaagú yaa kanda. invite her/him ítʼ → my boat is waterlogged (so heavy with • future (+): yei akg̱wa.éexʼ | s/he will invite water in the boards that it is going to sink) her/him (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél yei akg̱wa.éexʼ | s/he wonʼt • imperative: (góok) ikada.ítʼ! | (go ahead) invite her/him get soaked! eex̱ (noun) oil; grease • variants: (T,Y,S), eix̱ •

112 Tlingit to English ee – j eex̱ kát sakwnein (compound noun) bannock; father and also maleʼs of the fatherʼs clan who fry bread | “bread on the oil/grease” | (KE) • are in the same generation as the father as an variants: (Y,At,T), eix̱ kát sakwnein • expression of personal closeness. eex̱ sʼíxʼi (compound noun) • variants: eix̱ sʼíxʼi éet (noun) sea floor • dish: grease dish | wooden dish used for éetkasʼáaw (noun) crab: king crab | “crab on the eulachon or seal grease, often with carved designs ocean floor” | (BF) • éet-ka-sʼáaw → sea-floor. | eex̱ + sʼíxʼ-i → grease/oil + dish.[relational] • on.crab (SN) éetkatlóox̱u (compound noun) bullhead | eey (noun) rapids “bullhead on the sea floor” | éet-ka-tlóox̱-u → sea- floor.on.bullhead.rel ée éex (independent base) downstream; south ée! (interjection) yuck!; eeeew! • variants: éeee! • j éechʼ (noun) heavy: something compact and very heavy jaḵtawteetʼí (compound noun) murderer | √jaḵ- éedaa (noun) phosphorescence (sparks of light in √taw-√teetʼ-í → kill.steal/sneak.tense-up. ocean water); luminescence (on rotten wood) [relational] • (JL) éeg̱i (preverb) from the woods onto the beach, jánwu (noun) goat: mountain goat | (KE) • shore | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation variants: jínwu (Y), jénu (C) • motion verb (towards a terminus) –já. (kinship term) honey: –ʼs honey; sweetheart: –ʼs –éekʼ (kinship term) brother: a femaleʼs brother sweetheart | usually used by someone speaking | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a sibling is directly to their partner, combined with the first used for someone of the same clan who is in person possessive pronoun «ax̱» | ax̱ já.! → my the same generation. Sibling kinship terms can honey! • variants: –jáa.; –jáa • extend to anyone of the same moiety in the same √jaa (verb root) instruct; advise; counsel generation to express personal closeness. Note that this kinship term is only used by females, O-shu-ka-S-∅-√jaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive) regardless of the age of the sibling. instruct; show; advise; counsel | for S to instruct, show O (by word); for S to advise, éeḵ (independent base) beach; waterside; beach: give advice to, counsel O | áa yee shukdujeisʼ down on the beach; shore: down on the shore → you all are being given instructions (SN) | when used as a directional preverb, «neech» is • gunalcheesh áa x̱at shukayeejaayí → thank used when the speaker is on the beach and «éiḵ / you for showing me (SN) • dáanaa yéi adaané éeḵ» is used when the speaker is inland from the áa x̱at shukakg̱eejáa → you will advise me shoreline • variants: éiḵ (Y) • about making money / about money matters éenaa (noun) scraper, as for scraping off bark (SN) • yéi áwé áa ee shukx̱wajeisʼ → thatʼs how from roots I advised you (SN) • (KE) • imperative: shukajáa! | instruct her/him! (body part) armpit: –ʼs armpit • variants: –éenee • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl –éenyee, –éeni (C) • shukeejeix̱íḵ! | donʼt instruct her/him! –éenee x̱aawú (body part) armpit hair: –ʼs armpit • imperfective (+): ashukoojeisʼ | s/he is hair | éenee + x̱aawú → armpit + hair • variants: instructing her/him –éenyee x̱aawú, –éeni x̱aawú (C) • • imperfective (–): tlél ashukoojeisʼ | s/he éenwu (verbal noun) food taken home from a feast isnʼt instructing her/him or dinner to which one was invited | .√éen-wu • perfective (+): ashukaawajáa | s/he → √carry-(full container).[relational] • (JL) • instructed her/him variants: éenu (TC) • • perfective (–): tlél ashukawujá | s/he didnʼt instruct her/him (kinship term) father: –ʼs father | in Tlingit –éesh • future (+): ashukakg̱wajáa | s/he will kinship, the term for a father is used for the birth instruct her/him

113 j Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél ashukakg̱wajaa | s/he wonʼt • perfective (–): tlél táach wujaaḵ | s/he instruct her/him didnʼt fall asleep • future (+): táach gugajáaḵ | s/he will fall (verb root) | classification: singular kill ̱ √jaaḵ asleep O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) kill | for • future (–): tlél táach gug̱ajaaḵ | s/he wonʼt S to kill O | classification: singular | (GD, KE) fall asleep • tsaag̱álʼ teen xóots aawajáḵ → he killed a bear with a spear (SN) • káaxʼ haa atx̱aayí jaaḵúx̱ (noun) canoe: hide canoe (usually made sákw gax̱toojáaḵ → weʼll kill a chicken for our from caribou skins) | (KE) meal (SN) √jaaḵw ¹ (verb root) beat up; assault violently • imperative: jáḵ! | kill her/him/it! O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ (na act verb – transitive) beat • imperfective (+): yaa anajáḵ | she/he/it is up; assault; attack | for S to beat up, assault, killing her/him/it violently attack O | x̱at wujáaḵw → s/he beat • perfective (+): aawajáḵ | she/he/it killed her/ me up (SN) • has gax̱toojáaḵw → weʼre going him/it to beat them up (said by children) (SN) • • perfective (–): tlél awujaaḵ | she/he/it didnʼt (KE) kill it • imperative: najáaḵw! | beat her/him up! • future (+): akgwajáaḵ | she/he/it will kill ̱ • prohibitive: líl eejáag̱uḵ! | donʼt beat her/ her/him/it him up! • future (–): tlél akg̱wajaaḵ | she/he/it wonʼt • imperfective (+): ajáaḵw | s/heʼs beating kill her/him/it her/him up táach + yax̱ + O-ya-S-l-√jaaḵ (∅ event • imperfective (–): tlél oojáaḵw | s/heʼs not verb – transitive) fall asleep | for (plural) O beating her/him up to fall asleep (“for sleep to kill (plural) O”) • progressive imperfective: yaa anajáḵw | s/ | classification: plural object | this verb heʼs beating her/him up metaphorically refers to plural objects falling • perfective (+): aawajáaḵw | s/he beat her/ asleep • the verb stem is typically used with him up singular subjects, but in this case sleep is the • perfective (–): tlél awujáaḵw | s/he didnʼt singular 3rd person subject | (KE) beat her/him up • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl táach • future (+): akg̱wajáaḵw | s/he will beat her/ yax̱ yee wuljáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt you all fall asleep! him up • progressive imperfective: táach yax̱ yaa has • future (–): tlél akg̱wajáaḵw | s/he wonʼt beat yanaljáḵ | they are starting to fall asleep her/him up • perfective (+): táach yax̱ has yawlijáḵ | they √jaaḵw ² (verb root) fitting; suited for; perfect fell asleep • perfective (–): tlél táach yax̱ has yawuljaaḵ | –jáag̱adi (relational noun) kills: –ʼs kills (from they didnʼt fall asleep hunting); hunt: –ʼs kill (from a successful hunt) | • future (+): táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajáaḵ | they √jáaḵ-át-i → √kill.something-(4n.i).[relational] will fall asleep • (JL) • future (–): tlél táach yax̱ has yagux̱lajaaḵ | jáajee (noun) snowshoes | (KE) • variants: jáaji • they wonʼt fall asleep √jeich (verb root) surprise táach + O-S-∅-√jaaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) O-ya-S-l-√jeich (ga event verb – object fall asleep | for (singular) O to fall asleep ̱ intransitive) suprise; astonish; amaze | for (“for sleep to kill (singular) O) | classification: S to suprise, astonish, amaze O | aadé ash singular object | this verb metaphorically koolyat yé, x̱at yawlijeich → the way he played refers to a singuar object falling asleep | (KE) really surprised me (that is, i was amazed • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl táach at how good he was) (SN) • chʼa chʼáagu at eejáḵx̱íḵ! | donʼt fall asleep! wududzikóowu át áwé: tléil x̱at yawuljeich → it • progressive imperfective: táach yaa najáḵ | is something that has been known for a long s/he is starting to fall asleep time: it doesnʼt surprise me (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): táach uwajáḵ | s/he fell • imperative: yagaljeich! | surprise her/him! asleep ̱

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• prohibitive: líl yei yeelajeijíḵ! | donʼt loads; all of one type of thing surprise her/him! {∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (∅ motion • perfective (+): ash yawlijeich | she/he/it verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take surprised her/him O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all • perfective (–): tlél ash yawuljeich | she/he/it of one particular type of thing) | classification: didnʼt surprise her/him in loads; all of one type of thing | ldakát át • future (+): ash yagux̱lajéich | she/he/it will neil katoojélch → we collect all sorts in our surprise her/him house (SN) • du oox̱ kei kawduwajél → he had • future (–): tlél ash yagux̱lajeich | she/he/it his teeth pulled (SN) wonʼt surprise her/him • imperative: {∅ preverb} kajél! | carry it all O-ya-∅-√jeich (g̱a event verb – object intransitive) {____}! surprised; astonished; amazed | for O to • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ be surprised, astonished, amazed | haa preverb} yoo keejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all yaawajeich → we were surprised and amazed {____}! / reduced to utter silence (after coming • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa through a great storm) akanajél | s/he is carrying it all {____} • prohibitive: líl yei iwoojéchjiḵ! | donʼt be • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akaawajél | s/he surprised! carried it all {____} • perfective (+): yaawajeich | s/he was • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawujeil | surprised s/he didnʼt carry it all {____} • perfective (–): tlél yawujeich | s/he wasnʼt • future (+): {∅ preverb} akakg̱wajéil | s/he surprised will carry it all {____} • future (+): yei yakg̱wajéich | s/he will be • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akakg̱wajeil | s/ surprised he wonʼt carry it all {____} • future (–): tlél yei yakgwajeich | s/he wonʼt ̱ {na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² (na motion be surprised verb – transitive) carry; take | for S to carry, take –jeig̱í (body part) scale: –ʼs scale (of fish) | (KE) O (esp. to one place, making several trips, or all √jeil ¹ (verb root) move hands over; reach for of one particular type of thing) | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing | néix̱ʼ yaa N-náx̱ + ya-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ motion) (∅ akanajél → heʼs carrying marble (SN) • woosh motion verb – subject intransitive) reach through; kaanáx̱ ágé keeyajeil? → have you collected it reach around | for S to reach a hand through, (mail)? • (KE) around N | note that combining this verb • imperative: {na preverb} kanajeil! | carry it with «a yáanáx̱», as in «a yáanáx̱ yaawajél» all {____}! literally means “s/he reached past it”, but is • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na an expression used to indicate that the person preverb} yoo keejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt carry it all missed something when speaking, forgot to say {____}! something, or omitted something | (KE) • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa • imperative: anax̱ woojél! | reach your hand akanajél | s/he is carrying it all {____} through it! • perfective (+): {na preverb} akaawajeil | s/ • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl anax̱ he carried it all {____} yeejélx̱iḵ! | donʼt reach your hand through it! • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawujeil | • perfective (+): anax̱ yaawajél | s/he reached s/he didnʼt carry it all {____} her/his hand through it • future (+): {na preverb} akakg̱wajéil | s/he • perfective (–): tlél anax̱ yawujeil | s/he will carry it all {____} didnʼt reach her/his hand through it • future (–): tlél {na preverb} akakg̱wajeil | s/ • future (+): anax̱ yakg̱wajéil | s/he will reach he wonʼt carry it all {____} her/his hand through it (classifier) | sh group classifier; (+d,sh,+i) | • future (–): tlél anax̱ yakg̱wajeil | s/he wonʼt ji- reach her/his hand through it Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the √jeil ² (verb root) carry; take | classification: in verb root contains meaning, and the classifier

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communicates what the verb does • classifiers • si- | (–d,∅,+i) change group and become a different verb when • s- | (+d,∅,–i) the activity the verb describes changes, and • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), sh group • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes jididáanaa ḵáa (compound noun) person: rich • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, person | “person that has lots of money” | and then l group, and then the rare sh group ji-di-√dáanaa + ḵáa → hand/possession.cl- (+d,∅,+i).√money + person-(4h.i) • (GD, JL) –i verb modes • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does –jigúnlʼi (body part) wrist: –ʼs wrist | “–ʼs hand it burl” | ji-gúnlʼ-i → hand/arm.burl.[relational] • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does • (KE, JL) not do it (body part) crook of –ʼs arm; embrace: in • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the –jig̱ei –ʼs embrace | “in the folds of –ʼs arm” | ji-gei → process of doing it ̱ hand/arm.enclosed-within-(the folds of) • (KE, • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it JL) • imperative | do it! • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every jig̱ei.át (compound noun) wrist guard | “in the time) folds of the arm thing” | ji-g̱ei-át → hand/arm. • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet enclosed-within-(the folds of).thing-(4n.i) • • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen variants: jig̱ei.ét (C), jika.át • • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to jig̱wéinaa (compound noun) towel: hand towel do it; it wonʼt happen | “one that wipes the hands” | ji-√g̱óo-n-aa → • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it hand.√wipe.(progressive).one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it (regularly) jikag̱ayéisʼ (compound noun) handcuffs | “iron on • potential decessive | s/he would have done it the hands” | ji-ka-eeḵ-yéisʼ → hand.on.copper. • conditional | if/when s/he does it discolored • (JL) • variants: (A), jikag̱iyéisʼ (T) • (compound noun) pole: long smokehouse +i verb modes jikaḵáasʼ • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he pole; stick: small drying stick (for a does it smokehouse) | ji-ka-ḵáasʼ → hand/possession. • perfective (+) | s/he did it on.stick • (JL) • potential (+) | s/he might do it jikawáach (compound noun) wristwatch | “watch • potential (–) | s/he might not do it on the hand” | ji-ka-wáach → hand.on.watch • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it • (KE) ∅ group jika.át (compound noun) wrist guard | “on the arm • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) thing” | ji-ka-át → hand/arm.on.thing-(4n.i) • • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) variants: jig̱ei.át, jig̱ei.ét (C) • • da- | (+d,∅,–i) • di- | (+d,∅,+i) –jiká (body part) wrist: back of –ʼs wrist | “on the hand” | ji-ká → hand.on • (KE) s group • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) –jiklixʼéesʼ (body part) wrist: –ʼs wrist | “tangle on the hand” | ji-ka-li-√xʼéesʼ → hand.hsf.cl–

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(–d,l,+i).√tangled/matted • (KE) –jiseiyí (relational base) shelter of – (especially a tree) | “just below the hands of –” | ji-se-yí –jikóol (body part) hand: back of –ʼs hand | ji-kóol → hand.back-of-hand? • (KE) → hand(s).area-(in front of or just below). [relational] • (KE, JL) Jilḵáat Ḵwáan (region name) Chilkat: People of the Chilkat Area | “People of the Fish Cache” jishagóon (compound noun) tool(s) | ji-shagóon → | Included Communities: Klukwan, from just hand(s).parts/components/origin • (KE) outside of Hanies north to Canadian Border | jíl- –jiwán (body part) hand: edge of –ʼs hand | ji-wán x̱áat + ḵwáan → cache.fish/salmon + people-of • → hand(s).edge • (KE) (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) jix̱an.át (compound noun) weapon | “thing beside Wolf/Eagle Clans the hand” | ji-x̱án + át → hand/possession. • Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House beside + thing-(part.i) • (JL) • Dag̱istinaa | Inland Channel Clan (relational base) near – (at hand, for – to • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar –jix̱án work with); by – (at hand, for – to work with) Raven/Crow Clans | “beside –ʼs hand” | ji-x̱án → hand(s).beside • • G̱aanax̱teidí | People of Sheltered Harbor Rock (KE) • Lukaax̱.ádi | People off the Point of It • Noowshaka.aayí | People on Top of the Fort –jiyagéix̱ (relational noun) against –; wrong (so • Naachʼuneidí | People of Naachʼu Héen as to foul up what – had done) | ji-ÿa-géi-x̱ → hand(s).cl-(–d,∅,+i).against/opposing.at- jinaháa (verbal noun) fate: terrible fate; luck: bad (repeatedly) • (KE) luck | in Tlingit, this is a terrible fate waiting to fall upon a person or people for violating custom, –jiyáx̱ (relational noun) according to the way – and it may take generations to arrive • often does it | ji-yáx̱ → hand(s).like • (KE) linked to lig̱aas | (KE) –jiyee (relational base) ready for – to use; waiting for – to use | “below –ʼs hand” | ji-yee → hand(s). jindaháa xʼúxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) post office | “building around paper delivered by below • (KE) hand” | (JH) • jin-da-háa + xʼúxʼ + daa-ka-hít-i → –jiyeet (relational noun) under the burden/weight hand.[classifier].√move-imperceptably + xʼúxʼ + of –; belabored or suffering from – (a burden, around.on.house.rel hardship) | “arrived under the hand of –” | jiyee-t → hand(s).below.at-(arrived) jinkaadináx̱ (number) ten (people) | jinkaat-i- náx̱ → ten-(peg vowel).through • (KE) –ji.een (relational noun) working with –; helping – work or do something | “with –ʼs hands” | ji.een jinkaat (number) ten | “hands facing each other” | jín-kaat → hand(s).facing • (CG, KE) → hand(s).with • (KE) handiwork of –; artifact of – | “the (number) eleven (people) –ji.eetí jinkaat ḵa tléináx̱ remains/imprint of –ʼs hands” | ji-eetí → hand(s). | jinkaat + ḵa + tléixʼ-náx̱ → ten + and + one- remains/imprint • (KE) through • (KE) (body part) hand: –ʼs hand; paw: –ʼs paw | (number) eleven | jinkaat + ḵa + –jín jinkaat ḵa tléixʼ (KE) tléixʼ → ten + and + one • (KE) (compound noun) sasquatch; (body part) hand: center of the palm jínkax̱wáchʼaa –jintakyádi bigfoot | (HJ) of –ʼs hand | “–ʼs palm child” | jín-táak-yát-i → hand(s).palm.child.[possessed] • (KE) jínwu (noun) goat: mountain goat | (KE) • variants: (Y), jánwu, jénu (C) • –jintáak (body part) hand: palm of –ʼs hand | jín- táak → hand(s).palm • (KE) –jís (compound noun) for – (to have or benefit from) | often used while giving gifts, in which (relational base) grip: –ʼs grip | jín-tú → –jintú case it means “this is for you to have”; but also hand(s).inside • (KE) used in combination with verbs like «haa jiyís jin.úsʼaa yeit (compound noun) wash basin | “thing yéi yaawaḵaa» (“s/he said it for us”) | jee-yís → below the one that washes hands” | jin-√.úsʼ-aa + possession.for-(benefit) • (KE, JC) • variants: yee-át → hand.√wash.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) –jeeyís •

117 j Tlingit to English

–jee (relational base) possession: –ʼs possession think so | in Tlingit, possession is a location, and often √jee ² (verb root) awful looking; terrible looking; appears with a relational suffix, as shown below: eerie looking • jeedáx̱ [jee + -dáx̱] | from –ʼs possession; given by – O-ka-(u)-l-√jée ˟ ² (ga state verb – object • jeedé [jee + -dé] | towards –ʼs possession intransitive) awful; terrible; eerie; unattractive • jeenáx̱ [jee + -náx̱] | through –ʼs possession | for O to be awful, terrible, eerie (in • jeet [jee + -t] | arriving at –ʼs possession; at –ʼs appearance), unattractive | in classical tlingit, possession this verb had a thematic prefix (u-) which is • jeewú [jee + -wú] | located in –ʼs possession slowly falling out of modern day speech • jeexʼ [jee + -xʼ] | resting in –ʼs possession; at –ʼs • imperfective (+): kalijée / kulijée | it looks possession terrible • jeex̱ [jee + -x̱] | moving along –ʼs possession; • imperfective (–): tlél kooljée | it doesnʼt look repeatedly in –ʼs possession terrible • perfective (+): kawlijée | it looked terrible √jee ¹ (verb root) think; wonder • perfective (–): tlél kawuljée | it didnʼt look O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ (na act verb – transitive) terrible wonder; curious; anxious | for S to wonder, be • future (+): kei kagux̱lajée | it will look curious, anxious about o | yoo s akoowajeek terrible → they are curious / wondering about • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱lajée | it wonʼt look things (SN) • yoo ktuwajeek xʼoon dáanaa terrible sá yagax̱toodlaagi → we wonder how much ̱ √jee ³ (verb root) punish money we will make (SN) • (KE) • imperfective (+): yoo akaajeek | s/he –jeeg̱áa (compound noun) (big) enough for – to wonders about it have or use; adequate for – | “adequate for –ʼs • imperfective (–): tlél yoo akoojeek | s/he possession” | jee-g̱áa → possession.adequate/ doesnʼt wonder about it pleasing • (KE) • perfective (+): yoo akaawajeek | s/he Jeeshḵweidí (clan name) Clan: Wolf (Eagle/Wolf wondered about it Moiety); Clan: Beaver (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | • perfective (–): tlél yoo akawujeek | s/he “People of the Red Paint”; Origin: Kaliakh River didnʼt wonder about it | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • future (+): yoo akakg̱wajeek | s/he will • Kaagwaantaan Group • Primary Crests: Wolf, wonder about it Beaver • subgroup of the G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan | • future (–): tlél yoo akakg̱wajeek | s/he wonʼt Eyak: ji·Å¡qe·t(yu·), Ahtna: Tsesyuu + át-i → [Red wonder about it Ochre Clan] + thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, (yéi) + O-u-S-∅-√jee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) transitive) think | for S to think so of O | yéi G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan x̱waajée → i think so / i imagine it is so (SN) • –jeeyís (compound noun) for – (to have or benefit yéi x̱waajée, hú áwé aawatáw → i suspect he is from) | often used while giving gifts, in which the one who stole it (SN) case it means “this is for you to have”; but also • imperative: yéi nají! | think so! used in combination with verbs like «haa jiyís • prohibitive: líl yéi eejéeḵ! | donʼt think so! yéi yaawaḵaa» (“s/he said it for us”) | jee-yís → • imperfective (+): yéi oowajée | s/he thinks possession.for-(benefit) • (KE, JC) • variants: so –jís • • imperfective (–): tlél yéi oojí | s/he doesnʼt think so júx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) sling (for thowing objects) | • perfective (+): yéi aawajee | s/he has come “the one that slings/flings” | √júx̱ʼ-aa → √sling/ to think so; s/he thought so fling.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél yéi awujee | s/he didnʼt joon (noun) dream think so (verb root) • variants: √jeexw • spin; roll; run • future (+): yéi akgwajée | s/he will think so √joox ̱ (of engine) • future (–): tlél yéi akg̱wajee | s/he wonʼt

118 Tlingit to English j – k

ka-∅-√joox (ga event verb – impersonal) roll; • future (+): {na preverb} akagux̱lajóox | s/he spin; start; run | for a wheel to roll, spin; for an will wheel it {____} engine to start, run | kadu.aaḵw kang̱ajooxút • future (–): tlél {na preverb} akagux̱lajoox | → theyʼre trying to get the engine running s/he wonʼt wheel it {____} (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa kanajúx | itʼs running k • perfective (+): kaawajoox | it started (kinship term) sweetheart: –ʼs • perfective (–): tlél kawujoox | it didnʼt run –kacháwli sweetheart | “–ʼs munching” | (KE) • ka-∅- • future (+): kei kakgwajóox | it will run ̱ √chóol-i → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√munch/roll-in- • future (–): tlél kei kakgwajoox | it wonʼt run ̱ mouth.[relational] gunéi + ka-∅-√joox (∅ motion verb – ̱ (verbal noun) chisel: rounded carving impersonal) start | for an engine to start kachʼákʼwaa chisel | “the one that carves designs” | ka- • perfective (+): gunéi kaawajúx | it started ̱ √chʼákʼw-aa → hsf.√carve-design.one(s)-(part.i) • perfective (–): tlél gunéi kawujoox | it didnʼt ̱ • (KE) start • future (+): g̱unéi kakg̱wajóox | it will start kadax̱óotʼi (verbal noun) plank maker (by adzing) • future (–): tlél g̱unéi kakg̱wajoox | it wonʼt | “adzes on it” | ka-da-√x̱óotʼ-i → hsf.cl-(+d,∅,– start i).√chop/chip.[relational] • (JL) {∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (∅ motion verb kadádzaa yeit (compound noun) • variants: – transitive) wheel | for S to wheel O | (KE) kadaadzáa yeit • basket used to collect berries • imperative: {∅ preverb} kalajúx! | wheel it by knocking them off the bush; pan used to to it! collect berries by knocking them off the bush | • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ “thing below the bouncing one(s)” | ka-√táts-aa preverb} keelajooxúḵ! | donʼt wheel it to it! + yee-át → hsf.√strike-berries-from-branches. • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa one(s)-(part.i) + below.thing-(4n.i) akanaljúx | s/he is wheeling it to it kadánjaa (verbal noun) dust; spray from waves; • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} akawlijúx | s/he pollen | “the one that piles up” | ka-√dán-ch- wheeled it to it aa → hsf.√pile-up-(snow or dust).(habitual). • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akawuljoox | one(s)-(part.i) s/he didnʼt wheel it to it • future (+): {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajóox | s/he kadásʼ (verbal noun) hail | ka-√dásʼ → hsf.√hail • will wheel it to it (JL, KE) • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} akagux̱lajoox | kadeiyak g̱éiwu (compound noun) net: gill net | s/he wonʼt wheel it to it “snagging net” | (BF) {na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox (na motion kadéixʼ (verbal noun) shame; embarassment | ka- verb – transitive) wheel | for S to wheel O | ∅-√déixʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√shame • (KE, JL) • kajúxaa yaa kanax̱lajúx → iʼm wheeling a variants: kedéixʼ (C) • wheelbarrow (SN) • wéide kakḵwalajóox → –kadíx̱ʼi (plant part) stem of – (a plant); pith of i’m going to wheel it over there (SN) • (KE) – (a tree) | “on its back” | ka-díx̱ʼ-i → on.back. • imperative: {na preverb} kanaljoox! | wheel [relational] • (JL) it {____}! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na kadulg̱óok sʼeenáa (compound noun) flashlight preverb} yoo keelajúxguḵ! | donʼt wheel it | “light someone clutches in their hand” | {____}! ka-du-l-√g̱óok + sʼeenáa d → hsf.someone. • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa [classifier].√clutch-squeeze-(in hand) • akanaljúx | s/he is wheeling it {____} variants: kadulg̱úkx̱ sʼeenáa • • perfective (+): {na preverb} akawlijoox | s/ kadushxit tʼaa yá (compound noun) chalkboard; he wheeled it {____} blackboard | “board whose face is written on” | • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} akawuljoox ka-du-sh-√xit + tʼaa + yá → hsf.someone-(4h.S). | s/he didnʼt {____} it there cl-(+d,sh,–i).√poke-with-stick/write + board +

119 k Tlingit to English

face • (KE) • variants: kadushxeet tʼaa yá • hands.[repetitive].[relational] • (KE) kadu.uxx̱u át (compound noun) balloon | “round –kaháadi (verbal noun) covering: –ʼs covering; thing a person inflates” | ka-du-∅-√.ux-x̱-u + át cover over – (a large opening or something → round.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√blow. without an opening) | ka-√háat-i → hsf.√cover. [repetitive].[relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) [relational] • (KE) kadúkli (verbal noun) • variants: kadákwli • fish –kaháakw (body part) ⑴ roe of – (a fish); eggs of – cleaned & hung to dry; fish partially dried & (a fish) || ⑵ kidney: –ʼs kidney | (JL, KE) smoked, ready to eat right away | ka-∅-√dúkl-i kaháakw ítʼx̱i (compound noun) eggs: soaked fish → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√smoking-fish-(to be eaten eggs | kaháakw + √ítʼ-x̱-i → fish-eggs + √soak. right away) [repetitive].[relatiional] • (JL) (verbal noun) fish cleaned and hung to kadútlx̱i kaháakw kasʼeex (compound noun) eggs: dry | “doubled up” | ka-∅-√dútl-x̱-i → hsf.cl- fermented fish eggs; salmon: fermented salmon (–d,∅,–).√doubled-up/crumpled.[repetitive]. eggs; eggs: stink eggs | “spoiled salmon eggs” [relational] | kaháakw ka-√sʼeex → salmon/fish-eggs + kadooheix̱.aa (verbal noun) currants | “the one(s) hsf.√rot/spoil someone plants” | ka-du-∅-√haa-x̱-aa → hsf. kahénaa (verbal noun) digging tool | “the one that someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√move-small-parts. digs” | ka-∅-√háa-n-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dig/ [repetitive].one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) plant.[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL) (verbal noun) knot | ka-∅-√dóoxʼ → hsf. kadóoxʼ kahóotlʼ (verbal noun) pleats; ruffles (in clothing) | cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie-knot • (JL) ka-∅-√hóotlʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√wrinkle • (JL) kagán (verbal noun) light | ka-∅-√gán → hsf.cl- –kajeig̱í (body part) scales of – (a fish) | might (–d,∅,–i).√light • (KE) be «–kajeeḵ» when on the fish | (KE) • variants: kagánaa (verbal noun) torch | “the one that burns” –kajeeg̱í (T) • | ka-∅-√gán-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light. kajúxaa (verbal noun) flywheel; wheelbarrow; one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) wagon; hand truck; dolly (hand truck) | “the –kagé (relational base) meeting –; encountering one that rolls on” | ka-√júx-aa → hsf.√roll/spin. –; intercepting –; arriving at the same place or one(s) • variants: koojúxaa (T,C), koojúxwaa time as –; at the same place or time as – | ka-gé → (An) • on.against/opposing • (KE) kakatáxʼaa (verbal noun) pliers | “the one that bites –kageidí ⑴ (relational noun) side of – (a house or (with pieces coming together)” | ka-ka-√táxʼ-aa building) || ⑵ (body part) side of – (an animal); → (comparitive).hsf.√bite.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) rib: slab of meat covering its ribcage | ka-gei-át-i • variants: at katáxʼaa • → on.against/opposing.thing-(4n.i).[relational] kakéin (verbal noun) yarn | “becoming unraveled” kag̱aklʼeedí (compound noun) yarrow | “mouse | ka-√kéi-n → hsf.[classifier].√unravel/track. tail” | kag̱ak-lʼeedí → mouse.tail • (KE) [progressive] kag̱ádaa (compound noun) cheesecloth; cloth: kakéin kʼóodásʼ (compound noun) sweater loose-woven cloth; netting; screen | “the one | “yarn shirt” | ka-√kéi-n + kʼoodásʼ → hsf. that splits” | ka-√g̱ád-aa → hsf.√split/fall-apart- [classifier].√unravel/track.[progressive] + shirt one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • (KE) kag̱áak (noun) mouse: deer mouse; vole | (KE) • kaklahéen (verbal noun) snow: wet snow; slush variants: kag̱ák • | “water on it” | «kaneiḵ» is melting and slushy snow and «kaklahéen» is sleet or wet snow | kag̱ít (verbal noun) darkness | ka-∅-√g̱ít → hsf.cl- (–d,∅,–i).√dark • (KE) ka-ka-la-√héen → (comparitive).hsf.cl-(–d,l,– i).√watered • (KE) kag̱eet (verbal noun) loon: common loon | “dark” | ka-∅-√g̱eet → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dark • (KE) kakúxaa (verbal noun) bailer | “the one who dries it up” | ka-√kúx-aa → hsf.√dry-up.one(s)-(part.i) (verbal noun) berries: mashed berries | kag̱útlx̱i • (KE) ka-∅-√g̱útl-x̱-i → hsf.cl-(–d,∅-,–i).√mash-with-

120 Tlingit to English k kakʼdakwéiy sʼaatí captain; person in charge | kalisʼooxú (verbal adjective) soured | verbal “boss on the base of the flag” | for some speakers adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately and communities, this refers to captains in the before the noun that it affects | ka-li-√sʼooxw-ú → navy | ka-kʼ-da-√kwéiy + sʼaatí → hsf.base.√marker hsf.cl-(–d,l,+i).√to-sour.[relational] • (JL) + boss/master • (KE) • variants: kakʼkakwéiy sʼaatí kalitsʼígwaa (verbal adjective) delicate matter; (At), kakʼkwéiy sʼaatí (TC) • sensitive subject | used to describe things that kakʼéx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) crochet hook | “the one must be spoken about carefully so as to not that hooks on it” | ka-√kʼéx̱ʼ-aa → hsf.√hook/ violate cultural laws, esepcially in regards to gaff.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) clan matters or activities that are dangerous or forbidden • verbal adjectives are prenomial, –kakʼx̱aawú (body part) hair: bangs | “forehead hair” | káakʼ-x̱aawú → forehead.hair • (KE) appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | (JL) kaḵáshx̱i (verbal noun) berries: steamed berries put up in soft grease | ka-∅-√ḵásh-x̱-i → hsf. kalixéelʼi (verbal adjective) troublesome; cl-(–d,∅,–i).√steam-berries.[repetitive]. worrisome | verbal adjectives are prenomial, [relational] • (KE) appearing immediately before the noun that it affects | ka-li-√xéelʼ-i → hsf.cl-(–d,l,+i).√trouble. kalchaneit (compound noun) mountain ash | [relational] “smelly thing” | ka-l-√chán-i-át → hsf.cl-(+d,l,– i).√stink.[relational].thing-(4n.part) kali.óosʼshán (adjective) washes easily: its surface washes easily | ka-li-√.óosʼ-shán → hsf.cl- kalchaneit tléig̱u (compound noun) mountain (–d,l,+i).√wash.[adjective] • (JL) ash | “smelly thing” | ka-l-√chán-i-át + tléiḵw-u → hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√stink.[relational].thing-(4n. kalḵaaḵú (compound noun) wilderness; bush: the part) + berry-[relational] • (KE) bush | ka-l-ḵaa-ḵú → hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).[?].areal • (JL, JC, KE) • variants: galg̱aaḵú, g̱walg̱aḵú (At), kaldaag̱ákw (verbal noun) naked | “lacking kalg̱aḵú (T) • surrounding” | ka-l-√daa-g̱ákw → hsf.cl-(+d,l,– i).√around/body.lacking-(?) • (JC, KE) kalsʼáak (verbal noun) squirrel: red squirrel | name seems to be a verbal noun, but the root is kaldaag̱éináx̱ (adverb) slowly | ka-l-√daa-g̱éi-náx̱ unclear—one possibility is √sʼaaḵ (√bony) which → hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√around/about.?.through/ may have lost its uvular over time | ka-na-l- along • (JL, JC, KE) √sʼáak → hsf.[na conj-pre].cl-(+d,l,–i).√? • (KE) kaldáalʼi (verbal noun) typist | “imprints on” | ka-l- • variants: (T), kanalsʼáak • √dáalʼ-i → hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√imprint.[relational] kalsʼéesjaa (verbal noun) dust cloud; snow cloud • (KE) | “the one blown around” | ka-l-√sʼées-ch-aa → kaldáanaaḵ (verbal noun) without money; broke hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√be-blown-around.[habitually]. (no money); penniless | “without money” one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) | ka-l-√dáanaa-ḵ → hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√money. kaltálk (verbal noun) basket: berrying basket | ka- [prohibitive] • (KE, JC) l-√tál-k → hsf.cl-(–d,l,–i).√flat-basket.[repetitive] • (KE) • variants: kaltásk • kalihéeni (compound noun) • variants: katsistléiḵw • watermelon | “moistener” | ka-li-√héen-i → kaltéelḵ (verbal noun) barefoot; shoeless | hsf.cl-(–d,l,+i).√water/water-down.[relational] “without shoes” | ka-l-√téel-ḵ → hsf.cl-(–d,l,– • (JL) • (HC) i).√shoe(s).[prohibitive] • (KE, JC) kalisʼéexʼu (verbal adjective) sticky | verbal kalóoxʼjaa (verbal noun) drip: fast drip; leak adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately | “the one that urinates” | ka-√lóoxʼ-ch-aa → before the noun that it affects | ka-li-√sʼéexʼw-u → hsf.√urinate.[habitually].one(s)-(part.i) • (KE, hsf.cl-(–d,l,+i).√stick-to.[relational] • (JL) JL) kalisʼéexʼu xʼúxʼ (compound noun) tape | “sticky –kalóoxʼshani (body part) bladder: –ʼs bladder | paper” | ka-li-√sʼéexʼw-u + xʼúxʼ → hsf.cl-(– “urinater” | ka-∅-√lóoxʼ-shan-i → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– d,l,+i).√stick-to.[relational] + paper/membrane i).√urinate.[intensive].[relational] • (KE, JC) • (LT) kalóox̱jaa (verbal noun) drip: fast drip; leak

121 k Tlingit to English

| “the one that drips fast” | ka-√lóox̱-ch-aa → kaneiḵ slush; snow: melting snow | «kaneiḵ» is hsf.√drip-fast.[habitually].one(s)-(part.i) • (KE, melting and slushy snow and «kaklahéen» is sleet JL) or wet snow | ka-∅-√neiḵ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√get- slushy • (JL) –kalyáasʼi (verbal noun) • variants: –kanalyáasʼi • stride: –ʼs stride; steps: –ʼs steps | ka-l-√yáasʼ-i → kaneiltsʼákw (compound noun) berry: black hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√move-feet.[relational] • (JL) currants; berry: swamp currants | ka-neil- √tsʼákw-(?) • variants: kanaltsʼákw (T), –kalʼeiyí (relational noun) sediment: –ʼs sediment | ka-∅-√lʼei(y)-í → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√?.[relational] kaneiltsʼíkw (At), kaneiltsʼook (T) • • (JL) kaneilx̱ʼú (compound noun) bamboo | “home barbecue stick” | ka-neil-x̱ʼú → on.home.forked- –kanalchóolani (kinship term) lover: –ʼs lover (in an affair outside of marriage or a relationship) barbecue-stick • (JL) | “going along munching with” | ka-na-l-√chóol- kanéist (borrowed noun) cross | from Russian a-een-i → hsf.na-md.cl-(–d,l,+i).√much/roll-in- “кресть” | (JC) mouth.its-(3n.p).with.[relational] • (JL) kanéegwálʼ (verbal noun) berries: dish made with kanalsʼáak squirrel: red squirrel | name seems berries and salmon eggs; eggs: dish made with to be a verbal noun, but the root is unclear—one berries and salmon eggs | “painting” | the verb possibility is √sʼaaḵ (√bony) which may have lost root √néegwálʼ is likely related to the process its uvular over time | ka-na-l-√sʼáak → hsf.[na conj- of cooking and stirring jelly-like substances, pre].cl-(+d,l,–i).√? • (KE) • variants: kalsʼáak (T) • and the the «-gwálʼ» ending is believed to be Kanasnoow (placename) Killisnoo | “Windbreak onomatopoeia | ka-∅-√néegwálʼ → hsf.cl- Fort” | (TT) (–d,∅,–i).√paint • (KE, JL) kanas.aadí (compound noun) insect: crawling kantáḵw (verbal noun) lupine | WARNING: some insect; spider | “crawling creature” | ka-na-s√. lupine species contain toxic alkaloids—be certain aat-í → hsf.[na-conj].s-(–d,s,–i).√walk/go- of species before use. | ka-na-∅-√táḵw → hsf.[na- (plural).[relational] • (KE) conj].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√? • variants: kentáḵw • kanashú (verbal noun) drunkenness; inebriation; kanóoxʼ (compound noun) turtle | “shell on it” | giddiness | ka-na-∅-√shú → hsf.[na-conj].cl- ka-nóoxʼ → on.shell • (KE) • variants: tanóoxʼ, (–d,∅,–i).√suffer • (KE) tadanóox’ • kanatʼá (verbal noun) berry: blueberry | “ripe” | –kasan (body part) waist: –ʼs waist | (JL) ka-na-∅-√tʼá → round.[na-con-pre].cl-(–d,∅,– kasan.át (compound noun) armor made of tough i).√ripe • (KE) hide or wooden rods | “thing on the waist” | kanatʼá kahéeni (compound noun) ⑴ juice: ka-san-át → hsf.waist.thing-(4n.i) • (JL, KE) • blueberry juice | ka-na-∅-√tʼá + ka-héen-i variants: (T), sankeit • → round.[na-con-pre].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√ripe + kasáyjaa (verbal noun) heat; perspiration | “the on.water.[relational] • (KE) || ⑵ (color) purple one that prespires” | ka-∅-√sáy-ch-aa → hsf. (color) cl-(–d,∅,–i).√prespire.[habitual].[relaltional] kanágaa (verbal noun) stretcher; form for shaping • (JL) | “the one that shapes”; “the one that forms” | kaséḵʼx̱u (verbal noun) dye | ka-∅-√séiḵʼw-u → hsf. ka-√nák-aa → hsf.√form/shape.one(s)-(part.i) cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stain/dye.[relational] • (KE) • (KE) –kaséiḵʼu (verbal noun) color: –ʼs color | ka- kanálx̱i (verbal noun) berries: steamed berries ∅-√séiḵʼw-u → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stain/dye. | “steamed” | ka-∅-√nál-x̱-i → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– [possessed] • (KE) i).√steam.[repetitive].[relational] • (KE) kaséiḵʼw (verbal noun) neck cord worn for dance kanaadaayi héen (compound noun) • variants: | “color” | ka-∅-√séiḵʼw-u → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– naadaayi héen, x̱áat héeni • river; stream; creek i).√stain/dye • (KE) | “flowing on it water” | ka-na-ÿa-√daa-yi + héen → hsf.[na-con-pre]-cl-(–d,∅,+i).√flow. kasg̱aax̱ (verbal noun) mourning; wailing; [relational] + water/river weeping: loud weeping; crying: loud crying;

122 Tlingit to English k

wail; groan; moan | “cause to cry” | ka-s-√g̱aax̱ “the one that bends the screw” | ka-∅-√sʼéet + ka- → hsf.cl-(+d,s,–i).√cry √gwátl-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie + hsf.√fold- up/bend/hunch-up.one(s)-(part.i) • variants: kasiyaayi héen (compound noun) liquor; booze; alcoholic beverage | “crazy water” | ka-si-√yaayi kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa; kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet + héen → hsf.cl-(–d,s,+i).√crazy daakégwaa • (compound noun) wrench | “the kasiyeyidéin (adverb) strangely | ka-si-√yéi-yi- kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa déin → hsf.cl-(–d,s,+i).√strange.[relational]. one that squeezes the screw” | ka-∅-√sʼéet + ka- [adverb] • (JL) √gwátl-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie + hsf.√clutch/ squeeze-(in hand).one(s)-(part.i) • variants: kasiyéiyi (verbal adjective) strange | verbal kasʼéet kagwádlaa; kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately daakégwaa • before the noun that it affects | ka-si-√yéi-yi → hsf.cl-(–d,s,+i).√strange.[relational] • (JL) kasʼéet katíx̱ʼaa (compound noun) screwdriver | “the one that twists the screw” | ka-∅-√sʼéet + kasiyéiyi g̱ánch (compound noun) marijuana | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie + hsf.√wring/ “strange tobacco” | ka-si-√yéi-yi + g̱ánch → hsf. twist/wind.one(s)-(part.i) cl-(–d,s,+i).√strange.[relational] + tobacco • (KE) kasʼúgwaa yeit (compound noun) pan: frying pan; skillet | “thing below the one that fries” | ka- kasné (verbal noun) knitting; crocheting | ka-s- √sʼúk-aa + yee-át → hsf.√fry-crisp.one(s)-(part.i) √né → hsf.cl-(+d,s,–i).√work-on/do • (KE) + below.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: kasʼígwaa kastʼáatʼ (verbal noun) cotton; blanket: cotton yeit (At), kax̱gáani yeit • blanket; quilt | “pat out in hands” | ka-s-√tʼáatʼ kasʼúkx̱u (verbal adjective) fried; toasted | verbal → hsf.cl-(+d,s,–i).√pat-out-in-hands • (KE, JL) adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately kastʼáatʼ xʼóow (compound noun) blanket: cotton before the noun that it affects | ka-∅-√sʼúk- blanket; quilt | “pat out in hands blanket” | ka- x̱-u → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√fry-crisp.[repetitive]. s-√tʼáatʼ + xʼóow → hsf.cl-(+d,s,–i).√pat-out-in- [relational] hands + blanket • (KE) kasʼúkx̱u– (adjective) toasted; fried | prenomial adjective: appears immediately before the noun (compound noun) wind ripples; snowdrift kasʼísjaa that it affects | (KE) | “the one that blows around” | ka-∅-√sʼís-ch-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√blow-around.[repeatedly]. kasʼúkx̱u sakwnéin (compound noun) toast | one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) “toasted bread” | ka-∅-√sʼúk-x̱-u + sakwnéin → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√toast/fry-crisp.[repetitive]. (adjective) aged (of food); fermented (of –kasʼeex [relational] + bread • (TV) food); rotten | postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | ka- kasʼúwaa (verbal noun) chopper | “the one that √sʼeex → hsf.√aged/rotten • (JL) chops” | ka-√sʼúw-aa → hsf.√chop.one(s)- (part.i) • (KE) kasʼéesjaa (verbal noun) wind ripples; breeze causing ripples on water or snow drift; breeze kashéix̱ʼ (verbal noun) praise; glory | ka-∅-√shéix̱ʼ blowing dust | “the one that is windblown” | ka- → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√praise/glorify • (TE) ∅-√sʼées-ch-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√windblown. kashísʼi (verbal noun) cheese: indian cheese; [habitual].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) cheese: stink cheese; eggs: stink cheese (indian kasʼéet (verbal noun) screw | “ties” | ka-∅-√sʼéet → cheese) | fermented salmon eggs that harden hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie • (KE) to a cheese | ka-∅-√shísʼ-i → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– i).√squeeze-out-guts.[relational] • (SN) kasʼéet daakégwaa (compound noun) wrench | “the one(s) that unravel the screw” | (JL) • kashéekʼw (verbal noun) ⑴ cramps || ⑵ electricity ka-√sʼéet + daa-√ké-kw-aa → hsf.√tie/screw + | (KE, JL) • variants: (An), kashóokʼ • around.√unravel/track.[repeatedly].one(s) • kashéekʼw gwéil (compound noun) heating pad | variants: kasʼéet kakéigwaa; kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa; “electric bag” | ka-∅-√shéekʼw + gwéil → hsf.cl- kasʼéet kagwádlaa • (–d,∅,–i).√cramp + bag • (KE) • variants: (An), kasʼéet kagwádlaa (compound noun) wrench | kashóokʼ gwéil •

123 k Tlingit to English kashéex̱ʼ (verbal noun) praise; glorification | ka-∅- imprint of the one that twists” | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa + √shéex̱ʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√praise • (KE) eetí → hsf.√twist/wring/wind.one(s)-(part.i) + remains/imprint • (JL) kashóokʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ cramps || ⑵ electricity | (KE, JL) • variants: kashéekʼw (An) • katíx̱ʼaa sʼaatí (verbal noun) keymaster; jailer; watchman: night watchman | “the master (compound noun) heating pad kashóokʼ gwéil of the one that twists” | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa + sʼaatí → | “electric bag” | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + gwéil → hsf. hsf.√twist/wring/wind.one(s)-(part.i) + boss/ cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cramp + bag • (KE) • variants: master • (KE) kasheekʼw gwéil (An) • katóok (compound noun) cave | ka-tóo-k → kashóokʼ g̱eiwú (compound noun) internet | on.inside.? • (KE) • variants: tatóok • “electric net” | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + g̱ei-wú → hsf.cl- (–d,∅,–i).√cramp + between-folds.is/are-at katʼákx̱i (verbal noun) half-dried food, esp. berries or seaweed; compressed food, esp. berries kashóokʼ tlag̱eiyí (compound noun) computer or seaweed; berries: half-dried, compressed | “electric brain” | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + tla-g̱ei-yí → berries; seaweed: half-dried, compressed hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cramp + head.between-folds. seaweed | “pressed into cakes” | ka-∅-√tʼák-x̱-i [relational] → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dented/press-into-cakes. kashóokʼ yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) email | [repetitive].[relational] • (KE) “electric language” | ka-∅-√shóokʼ + yoo + x̱ʼa- katʼátʼx̱i (verbal noun) patty: pressed patty of ∅-√tán-k → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cramp + along + food; food: pressed food (often partially dried) mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√communicate.[repetitive] | ka-∅-√tʼátʼ-x̱-i → jsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√press/pat. • (KE) [repetitive].[relational] • (JL) kashxeedí (verbal noun) writer; scribe; secretary | katʼáx̱ʼjaa (verbal noun) ember (that popped ka-sh-√xeet-í → hsf.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√make-furrow. out of a fire) | “the one(s) that crackle” | ka-∅- [relational] • (KE) √tʼáx̱ʼ-ch-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pop/crackle. kashxeet (verbal noun) fabric: printed fabric | ka- [habitual].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) sh-√xeet → hsf.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√furrow • (JL) –katʼaawú (body part) fin: –ʼs anal fin (of fish) | Katakw.ádi (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear ka-tʼaaw-ú → on.feather.[relational] • (JL) (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Wilson Cove” katʼéx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) pounder (for meat or | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch grease) | “the one that pounds” | ka-∅-√tʼéx̱ʼ-aa • Chookaneidí Group | katakw-át-i → [Wilson → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pound-(with instrument). Cove].thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) JC, JL, HJ) katʼéx̱ʼaa yeit (verbal noun) mortar for pounding | Sheetʼká Ḵwáan “thing below the one that pounds” | ka-∅-√tʼéx̱ʼ- • X̱áay Hít | Yellow-cedar House aa + yee-át → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pound-(with katáx̱ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵukatáx̱ • dew on instrument).one(s)-(part.i) + below.thing-(4n.i) the ground; mousture on the ground | ka-∅- • (KE) √táx̱ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√moisture-on-ground katʼíshaa (verbal noun) needle: three-cornered katáagu (verbal noun) age: –ʼs age | ka-∅- needle for sewing skin or leather | “the one √táakw-u → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√winter/year. that stretches hide” | ka-∅-√tʼísh-aa → hsf. [relational] • (KE) cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stretch-skin-(on frame).one(s)- (part.i) • (KE) katéx̱ʼdéin (adverb) crookedly | ka-∅-√téx̱ʼ-déin → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√twist.[adverb] • (JL) katʼéexʼ (verbal noun) tobacco: (plug of) chewing tobacco | “hard” | ka-∅-√tʼéexʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– katéix̱ (verbal noun) boiled food; soup; porridge | ka-√táa-x̱ → hsf.√boil-(food).[repetitive] • (KE) i).√frozen/hard • (KE) (relational base) partway up – (the inside katíx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) key | “the one that twists” –katʼóot | ka-√tíx̱ʼ-aa → hsf.√twist/wring/wind.one(s)- of a vessel or container); halfway up – (the (part.i) • (KE) • variants: katʼéx̱ʼaa (C) • inside of a vessel or container) | “up on the side” | (KE) katíx̱ʼaa eetí (verbal noun) keyhole | “the remains/

124 Tlingit to English k katlʼáakʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ mica | “becomes wet” kaxágwaa yeit (compound noun) mortar for || ⑵ gold-rust; gold: flecked with gold or rust | grinding | “thing below the one that grinds it up” ka-∅-√tlʼáakʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√become-wet | ka-√xákw-aa + yee-át → hsf.√grind-up.one(s)- • (KE) (part.i) + below.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) katlʼúḵjaa (verbal noun) drip: slow drip; leak kaxílʼaa (verbal noun) scrubber; eraser | “the one with slow dripping | “the one that drips slowly that rubs it off” | ka-√xílʼ-aa → hsf.√rub-off. (drop by drop)” | ka-∅-√tlʼúḵ-ch-aa → hsf.cl- one(s)-(part.i) • (KE, JL) (–d,∅,–i).√drip-(drop by drop).[habitually]. kaxéelʼ (verbal noun) trouble; conflict | ka-∅- one(s)-(part.i) • (KE, JL) √xéelʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√troubled • (KE) katsistléiḵw (compound noun) • variants: kalihéeni kaxéesʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ wire | “tangled” || ⑵ • watermelon | “buoy berry” | katsees-tléiḵw → phone; telephone | ka-∅-√xéesʼ → hsf.cl-(– buoy.berry • (JL) d,∅,–i).√tangled • (KE, JL) • variants: a tóonáx̱ katsees (verbal noun) buoy | ka-∅-√tsees → ksf.cl- yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át • (–d,∅,–i).√afloat • (JL) kaxwaan (verbal noun) frost | ka-∅-√xwaan → hsf. katsóowaa (verbal noun) planting stick; stick: cl-(–d,∅,–i).√frost • (KE) planting stick | “the one that pushes sticks kaxwénaa (verbal noun) net: brail net; dipper; forward” | ka-∅-√tsóow-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– scoop; ladle; brailer bag | “the one that spoons i).√push-forward-(plural sticklike objects). out”; “the one that dishes out”; “the one that one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) shovels out” | ka-√xwén-aa → hsf.√spoon-out/ kawáat (body part) growth; lump in the flesh; shovel-out/dish-out.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) tumor | ka-∅-√wáat → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√grow- kaxweitl (verbal noun) itch; rash | ka-∅-√xweitl → up hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√itch • (KE) (compound noun) cloth: kawdudlidalʼi sʼísaa kaxwéix̱ (verbal noun) berry: high bush cranberry machine-printed cloth | ka-ÿu-du-dli- | (KE) √dalʼ-i + sʼísaa → hsf.pfv.someone-(4h.S). cl(+d,l,+i).√imprint/mark.[relational] + cloth kaxʼásʼaa (verbal noun) saw: rip saw; saw: double- • (SN) handled saw for sawing lumber | “the one that saws thin” | ka-√xʼásʼ-aa → hsf.√slice/saw-thin. kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ (compound noun) eggs: one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) scrambled eggs | “beaten eggs” | ka-ÿu-du-dli- √xákw-u + kʼwátʼ → hsf.pfv.someone-(4n.S).cl- kaxʼásʼti (verbal noun) lumber | “sawed thin” (+d,l,+i).√grind/beat • (EM, FS) | ka-√xʼásʼ-t-i → hsf.√slice/saw-thin.one(s)- [repetitive].[relational] • (JL, KE) kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ (compound noun) mayonnaise | “beaten eggs and oil” | ka-ÿu-du- kaxʼásʼti daakahídi (verbal noun) sawmill dli-√xákw-u + kʼwátʼ + eix̱ → hsf.pfv.someone- | “house around sawing thin” | ka-√xʼásʼ-t-i (4n.S).cl-(+d,l,+i).√grind/beat + oild/grease • + daaká-hít-i → hsf.√slice/saw-thin.one(s)- (EM, FS) • variants: dleit eix̱í, dleit ḵaa eix̱í • [repetitive].[relational] + around-outisde. house.[relational] • (KE) kawóot (compound noun) bead(s) | (KE) kaxʼáasjaa (verbal noun) drip: fast drip (steady kawóot ka.íshaa (compound noun) needle: fine stream of water); water: cascading water needle for stringing beads | “the one that strings | ka-√xʼáas-ch-aa → hsf.√cascading-water. beads” | kawóot + ka-√.ísh-aa → bead(s) + [habitually].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) hsf.√string-objects.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) kaxʼóo (verbal noun) • variants: kaxʼwéisʼ • peg | kawóot ka.íshx̱i (compound noun) beads: strung ka-∅-√xʼóo → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√peg/nail • (JL) up beads | kawóot + ka-∅-√.ísh-x̱-i → bead(s) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√string-beads.[repetitive]. kaxʼwéisʼ (verbal noun) • variants: kaxʼóo • peg | [relational] • (JL) ka-∅-√xʼóo-sʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√peg/nail.[in- series] • (JL) kaxágwaa /”the one to grinds it up”/ (verbal noun) pestle | ka-√xákw-aa → hsf.√grind-up.one(s)- kax̱átʼaa (verbal noun) paddle: small paddles used (part.i) • (JL) for a game | “the one that is springy on it” | ka-

125 k Tlingit to English

√x̱átʼ-aa → hsf.√springy.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) kayeix̱tag̱ú (verbal noun) wood shavings; wood chips | “made at the bottom of a cavity” | ka-∅- kax̱gáani yeit (compound noun) pan: frying √yeix̱-tá-ḵú → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√make/build. pan; skillet | “thing below burning” | ka-g̱a-∅- bottom-(of cavity).areal • (KE, JL) • variants: √gáan-i + yee-át → on.[g̱a-mode].cl-(–d,∅,– i).√burn/light.[relational] + below.thing-(4n.i) • (At, T), kayeix̱tág̱u (C), kayeix̱í • variants: kasʼúgwaa yeit, kasʼígwaa yeit (At) • –kayéik (relational noun) sound of –; noise of – | (KE) kax̱yee (relational noun) ceiling: –ʼs ceiling | ká-x̱- yee → on.at-(repeatedly).below • (KE) kayéilʼ (verbal noun) peace; calm | ka-∅-√yéilʼ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√calm • (KE) kax̱ʼátʼ (verbal noun) berry: green, unripe berry | ka-√x̱ʼátʼ → hsf.√unripe-(of berry) • (KE) kayéisʼ (verbal noun) ⑴ bruise; skin: discoloration of the skin || dye | ka-∅-√yéisʼ → hsf.cl- kax̱ʼílʼaa (verbal noun) iron (for ironing) | “the one ⑵ thatʼs slippery” | ka-∅-√x̱ʼílʼ-aa → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– (–d,∅,–i).√discolor/bruise • (JL) i).√slippery.one(s)-(part.i) –kayís (adverb) for – (often a day, week, a dish, event) | often used in a verbal phrase to specify kax̱ʼees (verbal noun) urine: strong urine smell | ka-√x̱ʼees → hsf.√smell-like-urine • (KE, JL) what the verb is being done for, which would be the noun that preceeds «–kayís» | ká-yís → –kayádi (verbal noun) fetus: –ʼs fetus; child: –ʼs on.for-(benefit) unborn child | “child on –” | ka-∅-√yát-i → hsf. cl-(–d,∅,–i).√child.[relational] • variants: – ka.át (compound noun) covering | “on it thing” | ka- keyédi (C) • át → on.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) (relational noun) mast: –ʼs mast (of a –kayaa (relational noun) ⑴ like: something –ka.aasí sort of like –; measuring up: something not boat) | “–ʼs tree on it” | ka-aas-í → on.tree. measuring up to –; where one expects – to be [possessed] | “resembling” || ⑵ facsimile: –ʼs facsimile; –ká (relational base) on –; horizontal: –ʼs horizontal copy: –ʼs copy | (KE, JL) • ka-∅-√yaa ⁶ → hsf.cl- surface; on top of –; in – (oft. shallow container) (–d,∅,–i).√resemble | commonly written as “hsf” in Tlingit glossing. kayaaní (compound noun) leaf, leaves; vegetation; • common suffix combinations are listed below. plants; herbs; herbiage | (KE) take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length (compound noun) pollen | “the kayaaní kadánjaa • –kaadáx̱ / –kaax̱ [ká+-dáx̱] | from the top of – plant one that piles up” | kayaaní + ka-√dán- • –kaadé [ká+-dé] | over –; towards the top of –; ch-aa → plant + hsf.√pile-up-(snow or dust). along the top of – (habitual).one(s)-(part.i) • –kaanáx̱ / –kanax̱ [ká+-náx̱] | through the top kayáash (verbal noun) platform; porch | ka-√yáash of –; along the top of – → hsf.√platform • (KE) • –kát [ká+-t] | arriving on –; on – Kayáashkiditaan (clan name) Clan: Killer Whale • –káwu [ká+-wu] | located on – (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the House • –káxʼ / –káa [ká+-xʼ] | residing on –; located above the Platform”; Origin: Lower Stikine | Killer on – Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group • Primary • –káx̱ [ká+-x̱] | moving along on; repeatedly Crest: Killer Whale • Secondary Crest: Wolf | ka- on – √yáash-ka-hít-i-taan → hsf.√make-platform. –kádi (noun) head of – (a spear) | (KE) on.house.[relational].people-of-house • (TT, (verbal noun) flag | “the one that dances in AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) kánaa return” | √kán-aa → √dance-(in return).one(s)- Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan (part.i) • (JL) • Kayaashká Hít | Platform House kát dul.usʼku át washboard | “thing on which • Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House things are washed” | ká-t + du-l-√.usʼ-k-u + át kayeix̱í (verbal noun) wood shavings; wood chips | → on.at-(arriving) + someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,– “made” | ka-∅-√yeix̱ → hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√make/ i).√wash.[repetitive].[relational] + thing-(4n.i) • build • (JL) • variants: kayeix̱, kayeix̱tag̱ú (At, T), (KE) • variants: a káa dul.usʼku át • kayeix̱tág̱u (C) •

126 Tlingit to English k kát goot (verbal noun) diarrhea: to have diarrhea wé shaatkʼátskʼu yakax̱wdikaa → i made faces | “it comes over” | ká-t √goot → on.at-(arrive) • at that girl (SN) • (KE) (NL, GD) • imperative: yeendakaa! | make a face at her/ kát yadu.usʼku át wash basin | “thing on the face him/it! of which things are washed” | ká-t + ya-du-√.usʼ-k-u • prohibitive: líl yoo yeedakaayíḵ! | donʼt + át → on.at-(arriving) + vsf.someone-(4h.S).cl- make a face at her/him/it! (–d,∅,–i).√wash.[repetitive].[relational] + thing- • imperfective (+): aydakaa | s/he is making a (4n.i) • (KE) face at her/him/it • imperfective (–): tlél aydakaa | s/he isnʼt káts ⑴ (noun) shell: calcium from clam shells; making a face at her/him/it calcium from clam shells; excrement: white bird • perfective (+): ayawdikaa | s/he made a face excrement; shell: pounded shell powder | (JL) at her/him/it || ⑵ (color) white • perfective (–): tlél ayawdakaa | s/he didnʼt káx̱gántʼi (compound noun) food: fried food; food: make a face at her/him/it roasted food | “burned on” | ká-g̱a-∅-√gán-tʼ-i → • future (+): ayagux̱dakaa | s/he will make a hsf.g̱a-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light.[repetitive]. face at her/him/it [relational] • future (–): tlél ayagux̱dakaa | s/he wonʼt make a face at her/him/it –káx̱i (plant part) sap: –ʼs sap; phloem: –ʼs phloem | (KE) O-x̱ʼa-S-∅+d-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive) copy | for S to copy the speech of O √kaa ¹ (verb root) lazy; slow • imperative: x̱ʼeendakaa! | copy her/his a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ (ga state verb – subject speech! intransitive) lazy; slow | for S to be lazy, slow | • prohibitive: líl yoo x̱ʼeedakaayíḵ! | donʼt ḵúnáx̱ oox̱dzikaa → iʼm real lazy (SN) • gán copy her/his speech! ée oodzikaa → heʼs lazy to get firewood (he • imperfective (+): ax̱ʼadakaa | s/he is copying wonʼt make any effort) (SN) • (KE) her/his speech • prohibitive: líl eeskaayíḵ! | donʼt be lazy! • imperfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼadakaa | s/he isnʼt • imperfective (+): oodzikaa | s/he is lazy copying her/his speech • imperfective (–): tlél ooskaa | s/he isnʼt lazy • perfective (+): ax̱ʼawdikaa | s/he copied her/ √kaa ² (verb root) make signals; make faces; sign his speech language • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawdakaa | s/he didnʼt copy her/his speech O-ka-S-∅+d-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive) • future (+): ax̱ʼagux̱dakaa | s/he will copy copy | for S to copy O | (KE) her/his speech • imperative: keendakaa! | copy her/him/it! • future (–): tlél ax̱ʼagux̱dakaa | s/he wonʼt • prohibitive: líl yoo keedakaayíḵ! | donʼt copy copy her/his speech her/him/it! • imperfective (+): akdakaa | s/he is copying kaagéináx̱ (adverb) quietly; silently | √kʼátlʼ-k-i- her/him/it náx̱ → √silent.[repetitive].[peg vowel].through/ • imperfective (–): tlél akwdakaa | s/he isnʼt via • (JC, JL) • variants: kʼátlʼgeenáx̱ • copying her/him/it Kaagwaantaan (clan name) Clan: Wolf (Eagle/ • perfective (+): akawdikaa | s/he copied her/ Wolf Moiety); Clan: Brown Bear (Eagle/ him/it Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Burnt House”; • perfective (–): tlél akawdakaa | s/he didnʼt Origin: Glacier Bay | Teiḵweidí Migration, copy her/him/it Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group • future (+): akagux̱dakaa | s/he will copy her/ • Primary Crest: Wolf or Brown Bear • Secondary him/it Crests: Eagle, Murrelet, Noble Killer Whale, • future (–): tlél akagux̱dakaa | s/he wonʼt Beaver (Yakutat), Storm Petrel, Halibut, Star copy her/him/it | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√gaan-i-hít-taan → hsf.pfv.cl-(– O-ya-S-∅+d-√kaa ² (na act verb – transitive) d,∅,+i).√burn/light.[relational].house.people- make faces | for S to make faces at O | haa (of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) yakwdakaa → heʼs making faces at us (SN) • Sheetʼká Ḵwáan

127 k Tlingit to English

• Kaawagáni Hít | Burnt House • progressive imperfective: yéi yaa kunaskák | • Aanyádi Hít | Nobleman House itʼs getting that thick • Eech Hít | Reef House • perfective (+): yéi kawsikaak | it got that • Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House thick; it thickened • Chʼáakʼ Kúdi Hít | Eagle Nest House • perfective (–): tlél yéi kawuskaak | it didnʼt • Chʼeet Hít | Murrelet House get that thick; it didnʼt thicken • Cháatl Hít | Halibut House • future (+): yéi kagux̱sakáak | it will get that • Déix̱ X̱ʼawool Hít | Two Door House thick • G̱ayéisʼ Hít | Iron House • future (–): tlél yéi kagux̱sakaak | it wonʼt get • G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House that thick • Ḵutx̱.ayanahá Hít | Star House Kaasx̱ʼagweidí (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow • Heenká Hít | On The Water House Moiety) | “People of Ḵaasx̱ʼéikw”; Origin: small • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House bay between G̱eisa.aan (Kasaan) and Kachx̱ana. • Ḵuháada Hít | Fish-chasing Stick House áakw (Wrangell), originally Haida | Taalḵweidí Jilḵáat Ḵwáan Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crests: • G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House Thunderbird, Frogʼs Den, Sea Lion | (TT, AH, NR, • Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House JC, JL, HJ) • Ligooshí Hít | Dorsal-finned House Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan Lḵóot Ḵwáan • Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House • Kaawagáni Hít | Burnt House • Tlʼaadéin Hít | Sideways House • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House • Xíxchʼi X̱aayí Hít | Frog’s Den House • Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House • Taan Hít | Sea Lion House • Gaaw Hít | Drum House kaat (noun) basket: long, flat loosely woven basket Xunaa Ḵáawu for pressing out herring oil | (KE) • Xóots Kúdi Hít | Brown Bear Nest House kaawayík (compound noun) off somewhere; off in G̱unax̱oo Ḵwáan space; oblivion; perdition; void | kaawa-yík → √kaak (verb root) thick unknown-elsewhere.in (JC, JL) s-√kaak ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) thick | for kaawayík yaagú (compound noun) • variants: something to be thick (cloth, board, food, etc.) woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa • airplane | “boat off | at doogú tléil ooskaak → the skin isnʼt thick in space” | kaawayík + yaakw-ú → off-in-space + (SN) • kei naskaak yá góosʼ → the clouds are boat/canoe.[relational] • (SN) getting thick (SN) • (KE) kaay (noun) • variants: káay • ⑴ measuring stick; • imperfective (+): sikaak | itʼs thick measuring device || ⑵ mile; measurement | • imperfective (–): tlél uskaak | itʼs not thick (KE, JL) • progressive imperfective: kei naskaak | itʼs becoming thick –kaayí (compound noun) pattern for –; model for • perfective (+): wusikaak | it became thick it; template for –; measure of –; measurement • perfective (–): tlél wuskaak | it didnʼt for – | “–ʼs measurement” | kaay-í → measure/ become thick measurement/mile.(possessive) • (KE) • future (+): kei gux̱sakaak | it will be thick káa (borrowed noun) car; automobile | from English • future (–): tlél kei gux̱sakaak | it wonʼt be “car” | (KE) • variants: át wududziḵúx̱u át • thick káa x̱exʼwx̱ yeit (compound noun) bed | “thing (yéi) + ka-u-s-√kaak ˟ (na state verb – below on which people sleep” | ká + √x̱éxʼw-x̱ impersonal) thick | for a board, cloth, etc. to + yee-át → on + √sleep-(plural).[repetitive] + be (so) thick | tʼáa koosakák → a thick board below.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: káa x̱ex̱xʼu • (KE) yeit • • imperfective (+): yéi kwsikaak | itʼs that (kinship term) uncle: –ʼs maternal uncle thick –káak ⑴ | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a maternal • imperfective (–): tlél yéi kooskaak | itʼs not uncle is used for all males of a motherʼs clan who that thick are in the same generation as the father • can

128 Tlingit to English k

be used to show personal closeness with a male kéxkw (noun) pumice | (JL) • variants: géxkw • member of the same moiety who is not necessarily (preverb) up | appears when talking about the motherʼs same clan | (KE) || uncle: –ʼs kei ⑵ upward motion, but also for certain modes paternal uncle (progressive imperfective, future, repetitive –káakʼ (body part) forehead: –ʼs forehead | (KE) imperfective) of ga-conjugation verbs • for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion –káalkʼw (kinship term) niece: –ʼs paternal niece; nephew: –ʼs paternal nephew | in Tlingit verb (towards a terminus) • variants: kéi • kinship, the term for a paternal niece/nephew √kei ¹ (verb root) ⑴ track; trail ² || ⑵ unravel; is used for members of an opposite and related undo; untangle clan who are one generation down and are not O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ (ga act verb – transitive) track; the children of the speaker • can be used to show ̱ trail ²; follow; untangle; rip back; undo | for personal closeness with a child of the opposite S to track, trail, follow tracks of O; for S to moiety whose clan is not closely related to the untangle o; for S to rip back, undo O (sewing, speaker | (KE) knitting) | a x̱ʼus.eetí akawsikei → he trailed –káani (kinship term) in-law: –ʼs in-law | in its footprints (SN) • yei kakḵwasakéi yá Tlingit kinship, an in-law is a member of an tíxʼ → iʼm going to untangle this rope (SN) opposite clan who does not have a closer kinship • kawjigín; ách áwé aax̱ kax̱wsikei → it was relationship • the proper respect and treatment puckered; thatʼs why I ripped it back • ya of in-laws, especially in public, is a vital part of kakéin kʼoodásʼ yei kakḵwasakéi → iʼm going Tlingit culture | (KE) to undo this knitted sweater (take it apart) • (KE) káast (noun) barrel | (KE) • imperative: kag̱aské! / kax̱saké! | untangle káasʼ (noun) algae: ocean algae; algae: red algae it! | (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei káatʼ (noun) stick: sharpened stick (for digging up keesakéijiḵ! | donʼt untangle it! clams, roots, etc.); fork: gardening fork • imperfective (+): aksakei | s/he is untangling it; s/he untangles it (borrowed noun) coffee | from Russian káaxwei • imperfective (–): tlél akooskei | s/he isnʼt “кофе” | (JC, KE) • variants: káxwei • untangling it; s/he doesnʼt untangle it káaxʼ (noun) spruce grouse, spruce hen; chicken | • progressive imperfective: yei akanaskéin | commonly refers to chicken, and «Lingít káaxʼi» s/he is (in the process of ) untangling it would be a female grouse • perfective (+): akawsikei | s/he untangled it √káaxʼ • perfective (–): tlél akawuskei | s/he didnʼt untangle it O-ka-d+sh-√káxʼx̱ (∅ – object intransitive) • variants: O-ka-d+s-√gáxʼx̱ • | for O to be • future (+): yéi akagux̱sakéi | s/he will untangle it spotted, have polka-dots | g̱uwakaan yadi kajikaxʼx̱ → a young deer is spotted all over • future (–): tlél yéi akagux̱sakei | s/he wonʼt (SN) • sʼísaa kadzigaxʼx̱ → the cloth has untangle it polka-dots all over it √kei ² (verb root) stuck in throat káayag̱ijeit (compound noun) chair | “thing to N + séi-t⁓ + ∅-√kei ² (∅ motion verb – sit on” | ká-ÿa-√ḵí-ch.át → hsf.cl-√sit-(plural). impersonal) choke | for N to choke on [repetitive].thing-(4n.i) • (JC, JL, KE) • variants: something | du séix̱ at kei nuch → he chokes káayaḵijeit, ḵáakejeit (C) • on something regularly (JL) • (KE) • prohibitive: líl i séix̱ ukeiyíḵ! | donʼt choke! ⑴ (compound noun) dog urine || ⑵ ketllóoxʼu • progressive imperfective: du séide yaa (color) yellow: bright yellow (color) | (KE) nakéin | s/he is choking kélaa (verbal noun) dish; platter | “the one is • perfective (+): du séit uwakéi | s/he choked soaked” | √kél-aa → √soak.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél du séit wuké | s/he didnʼt • variants: kílaa • choke kélʼtʼ (noun) ash; ashes | (KE) • future (+): du séide kg̱wakéi | s/he will choke

129 k Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél du séide kg̱wakei | s/he wonʼt • imperative: kélʼ! | take it apart! choke • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eekélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt take it apart! kei gax̱dunáaḵ (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ: opening ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ | “people will stand” | • progressive imperfective: yaa anakélʼ | s/he from Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called is taking it apart «Ḵaa Eetí G̱áax̱i» (“The Cry for Someone”) is • perfective (+): aawakélʼ | s/he took it apart conducted by the hosts; it consists of speeches • perfective (–): tlél awukéilʼ | s/he didnʼt take and four songs of mourning. The second part, «L it apart Sʼaati Shaa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally • future (+): akg̱wakéilʼ | s/he will take it apart “the cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed • future (–): tlél akg̱wakéilʼ | s/he wonʼt take by the opposite moiety (the guests), who respond it apart with a ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. O-ka-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) It, too, consists of speeches and songs. | kei + ga- untie | for S to untie O | yaakw tíx’i kax̱akelʼx̱ u-g̱a-du-∅-√náaḵ → upward + ga-md.irr.g̱a-md. → i tried to untie the boat line (SN) • ya tíxʼ someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stand-(plural) yádi kakélʼ → untie this string! (SN) • (KE) • (NR) • variants: Wudanaaḵ, Gaaw Wutaan, • imperative: kakélʼ! | untie it! G̱áax̱, G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ • • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl keekélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt untie it! (body part) lungs: –ʼs lungs | (KE) –keigú • progressive imperfective: yaa akanakélʼ | s/ keijín (number) five | “hand up” | kei-jín → he is untying it upwards.hand/arm • (KE) • perfective (+): akaawakélʼ | s/he untied it keijín yakyee (compound noun) Friday; day: Friday • perfective (–): tlél akawukéilʼ | s/he didnʼt | “fifth day” • variants: keijín yagiyee, keijín untie it yagee • • future (+): akakg̱wakéilʼ | s/he will untie it • future (–): tlél akakgwakéilʼ | s/he wonʼt (number) five people | used for ̱ keijínínáx̱ untie it counting people only | (KE) (verb root) run away; chase | classification: (verb root) soak √keilʼ ² √keil ¹ plural O-ka-S-l-√keil ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) soak {∅ preverb} + O-l-√kéilʼ ² (∅ motion verb – | for S to soak O | naa.át aklakélsʼ → sheʼs object intransitive) chase | for S to chase O | this soaking clothes (SN) • (KE) verb is often used to describe the practice used • imperative: kalakél! | soak it! by net fishermen of running the boat along the • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl net to chase fish into it | gáant awlikélʼ → he keelakélx̱iḵ! | donʼt soak it! chased them out (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa akanalkél | s/ • imperative: {∅ preverb} lakélʼ! | chase it he is soaking it {____}! • perfective (+): akawlikél | s/he soaked it • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ • perfective (–): tlél akawulkeil | s/he didnʼt preverb} ilakélʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt chase it {____}! soak it • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} • future (+): akagux̱lakéil | s/he will soak it analkélʼ | she/he/it is chasing it {____} • future (–): tlél akagux̱lakeil | s/he wonʼt • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} awlikélʼ | she/ soak it he/it chased it {____} √keil ² (verb root) calloused • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} awulkéilʼ | s/ he didnʼt chase it {____} √keilʼ ¹ (verb root) tear down; take apart; untie • future (+): {∅ preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | s/he O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) take will chase it {____} apart; tear down | for s to take O apart, tear • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} agux̱lakéilʼ | s/ O down | washéen gax̱tookéilʼ → weʼre going he wonʼt chase it {____} to take the machine apart (SN) • ya hoon daakahídi yeeyi yaa anakélʼ → heʼs taking the keish téel (compound noun) moccasins | (GD) • old store apart/tearing it down (SN) • (KE) variants: at xáshti téel • , • variants: (Y), at xáshti téel •

130 Tlingit to English k keishísh (compound noun) alder: alnus alder; alder: kichyát (compound noun) tern | “wing child” | kích- beach alder; alder: mountain alder | (KE) yát → wing.child • (KE) keit (noun) apron worn by shaman (while making kijook (noun) hawk | (KE) • variants: gijook (At, medicine, or worn while fighting); apron | (JL) T) • keitl (noun) dog | (KE) Kiks.ádi (clan name) Clan: Frog (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of Helm Bay”; Origin: Helm (verb root) wobbly; weak √keitsʼ Bay in western Behm Canal | Kiks.ádi Mirgration O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ (∅ event verb – object • Primary Crest: Frog • Secondary Crests: Raven, intransitive) wobbly; weak | for O to be wobbly, Sun, Herring, Herring Rock, Owl, Sea Lion, weak Woodworm, Bullhead, Snail | Kíks.át-i → [Helm • progressive imperfective: yaa kandakétsʼ | Bay].thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, she/he/it is getting wobbly JL, HJ) • perfective (+): kawdikétsʼ | she/he/it is wobbly Saanyaa Ḵwáan • Wéix̱ʼ Hít | Bullhead House • perfective (–): tlél kawdakéitsʼ | she/he/it • Yéil Hít | Raven House isnʼt wobbly • Xíxchʼ Hít | Frog House • future (+): kagux̱dakéitsʼ | she/he/it will be wobbly Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan • future (–): tlél kagux̱dakéitsʼ | she/he/it • G̱agaan Hít | Sun House wonʼt be wobbly • Táax̱ʼ Hít | Snail House • Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House kéi (preverb) up | appears when talking about upward motion, but also for certain modes Sheetʼká Ḵwáan (progressive imperfective, future, repetitive • Atuwaxiji Hít | Strong House imperfective) of ga-conjugation verbs • for • G̱agaan Hít | Sun House motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion • Kax̱átjaa Hít | Jumping Herring House verb (towards a terminus) • variants: kei • • Noowtú Hít | Inside the Fort House • Noow Daganyaa Hít | Outside the Fort House kéi daḵinji sʼáaxw (compound noun) umbrella | • Sʼé Hít | Clay House “hat that flies up” | kéi + da-√ḵin-ch-i + sʼáaxw • Shdéen Hít | Steel House → upwards + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√fly-(singular). • Tináa Hít | Copper Shield House [habitually].[relational] + hat • (KE) • Xʼaaká Hít | On the Point House kéidladi (noun) seagull; gull | (KE) –kikyádi (kinship term) twin: –ʼs twin | “child –kéilkʼ (kinship term) niece: –ʼs maternal niece; alongside –” | kik-yát-i → side-of-torso.child. nephew: –ʼs maternal nephew | in Tlingit [possessed] • (JL) kinship, the term for a maternal niece/nephew is kinaa kʼoodásʼ (compound noun) shirt: overshirt; used for members of an moiety and the same or shirt: button-up shirt | “above shirt” | kinaa + related clan who are one generation down • can kʼoodásʼ → above + shirt be used to show personal closeness with a child of the same moiety whose clan is not closely related kinaak.át (compound noun) coat; coat: overcoat; to the speaker | (KE) jacket | “above thing” | kinaak-át → above.thing- (4n.i) • variants: kinaa.át, kinaa.ét (C) • kéilʼ (noun) dandruff | (JL) kinaa.át (compound noun) coat; coat: overcoat; kéitʼu (borrowed noun) pick; pickaxe; axe: stone jacket | “above thing” | kinaak-át → above.thing- battle axe | from Haida «kitʼáaw» (spear) | (KE) (4n.i) • variants: kinaa.ét (C), kinaak.át • Kichx̱áan (placename) Ketchikan | “Near the –kináak (relational base) above – | (KE) Wing” | kích-x̱án (TT) kindachooneit (compound noun) duck: mallard kichx̱.anagaat (compound noun) rainbow | “at the duck | “upwards arrow” | kín-de-√choon-i-át → wing that is a rafter” | (KE, JL) • kích-x̱-a-na-∅- upwards.towards.√wound.[relational].thing- √gaat → wing.at-(repeatedly).[a-theme].[na- (4n.i) • (KE) con-pre].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rafter(s) kindachooneit at kaladoodlí (compound

131 k Tlingit to English

noun) duck decoy (for hunting) | “mallard kínde (independent base) upwards | kín-de → duck lure” | kindachooneit + at + ka-la-√doodl-í upwards.towards • (KE) • variants: dikínde • → mallard-duck + something-(4n.O) + hsf.cl- kítʼaa pry; stick for prying; tool for prying; (–d,l,–i).√entice.[relational] • (GD) crowbar; peavy | “the one that pries up” | √kítʼ-aa → √become-jammed/pry-up.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) kindaatóog̱in– (adjective) upside down | “butt up” | prenomial adjective: appears immediately kítʼjaa (verbal noun) latch | “the one who always before the noun that it affects | kin-daa-tóoḵ-een pries up” | √kítʼ-ch-aa → √pry-up.[habitual]. → upwards.around.butt.with • (CM) one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) blanket: Hudson Bay Kinguchwáan xʼóowu (relational base) coming to see – (usually blanket | “Canadianʼs blanket” | Ginjichwáan + –keekán a person); going to see – (usually a person) | xʼóow-u → Canadian + blanket.[possessed] • (KE) • (KE) variants: Ginjichwáan xʼóowu • √keen (verb root) bother; interrupt –kiyshakanóoxʼu (body part) kneecap: –ʼs kneecap | “shell on the head of the knee” | keey O-S-sh-√keen (∅ event verb – transitive) + shá-ká-nóoxʼ-u → knee + head.on.shell. bother; annoy | for S to bother, annoy O [relational] • variants: –keey shakanóoxʼu, | x̱at wushikín → he annoys me / he keeps –keey shakanóoxʼu, –kiyshakunóoxʼu (At), – interrupting (because he thinks his work is kiyshekenóoxʼu (C) • more important) (SN) • tléil x̱at yishakéeniḵ! → you all don’t bother me! (SN) • (KE) (body part) knee: edge of the knee | “head –kiyshá • imperative: shakín! | bother her/him! of the knee” | keey-shá → knee.head • (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kích (noun) excrement: animal excrement | (JL) ishakínx̱íḵ! | donʼt bother her/him! • perfective (+): awshikín | s/he is bothering –kích (body part) wing: –ʼs wing • variants: –kíji • her/him; s/he bothered her/him kích ya.eit (compound noun) hook for halibut | • perfective (–): tlél awushkeen | s/he didnʼt “thing situated at the rancid fish” | kích + ya.aa- bother her/him át → rancid-fish + cl-(–d,∅,+i).sit/situate.thing- • future (+): agux̱shakéen | s/he will bother (4n.i) • (JL) her/him kígi (relational noun) half of – (something cut • future (–): tlél agux̱shakeen | s/he wonʼt or broken in half); side: one side of – (a bother her/him symmetrical object) | (KE) √keesʼ (verb root) pass (of time); expire; extinguish –kík ⑴ (body part) side: one side of –ʼs torso | (KE) ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) • || ⑵ (relational base) alongside –; catching up variants: ya-ka-∅-√kéesʼ • end; pass | for with – a month to end, pass | tʼaawáḵ dísi áyá yaa –kíknáx̱ (relational noun) in addition to –; along kanakísʼ → february has passed (SN) • yá dís with –; to the side of –; besides – | “through the tlél yakakg̱wakéesʼ yá a daa yéí jix̱aneiyi hít alongside space of –” | kík-náx̱ → side-of-torso. yan x̱wasanéi shkwát → the month wonʼt be through/along • (KE) over before i finish working on this house (SN) • kaawakísʼi aa dís → last month • (KE) (kinship term) younger one | “the one that kíkʼi aa • progressive imperfective: (yá dís) yaa is a younger sibling (of the same gender)” | in kanakísʼ | (this month) is passing Tlingit kinship, the term «–kéekʼ» is only used • perfective (+): (yá dís) kaawakísʼ | (this to refer to younger members of the same clan, month) passed gender, and generation, or to younger members • perfective (–): (yá dís) tlél kawukéesʼ | (this of the same moiety who have a close clan or month) didnʼt pass personal relationship | kéekʼ-i-aa → younger- • future (+): (yá dís) kakgwakéesʼ | (this sibling-(same gender).[peg vowel].one(s)- ̱ month) will pass (part.i) • (KE) • future (–): (yá dís) tlél kakg̱wakéesʼ | (this kílaa (verbal noun) dish; platter | “the one is month) wonʼt pass soaked” | √kél-aa → √soak.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – • variants: kélaa •

132 Tlingit to English k

impersonal) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅- he is starting to put it out √kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; throat: • perfective (+): ayakawlikísʼ | s/he put it out tickle in throat | for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, • perfective (–): tlél ayakawulkéesʼ | s/he scratchy; for N to have a tickle in the throat didnʼt put it out | «N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ» is “having a • future (+): ayakagux̱lakéesʼ | s/he will put hoarse or scratchy voice” and «N + leitóox̱ it out + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ» is “having a tickle in the • future (–): tlél ayakagux̱lakéesʼ | s/he wonʼt throat” | ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ → put it out i lost my voice through having a cold (SN) • ya-ka-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – impersonal) go out ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱ → someone has a tickle | for a fire, light to go out | (KE) in their throat (NS) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa yakanalkísʼ | • progressive imperfective: du satú yaa itʼs starting to go out kanakísʼ | s/he is starting to get hoarse • perfective (+): yakawlikísʼ | it went out • perfective (+): du satú kaawakísʼ | s/he got • perfective (–): tlél yakawulkéesʼ | it didnʼt hoarse go out • perfective (–): tlél du satú kawukéesʼ | s/he • future (+): yakagux̱lakéesʼ | it will go out didnʼt get hoarse • future (–): tlél yakagux̱lakéesʼ | it wonʼt go • future (+): du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ | s/he is out going to get hoarse • future (–): tlél du satú kakg̱wakéesʼ | s/he √keet (verb root) snore isnʼt going to get hoarse a-S-∅-√keet (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – snore | for S to snore | ldakát yax̱ ḵuyawlijáḵ: transitive) • variants: N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l- ldakát adukéet → they are all fast asleep and √kéesʼ • hoarse voice; scratchy voice; throat: snoring (SN) • ax̱akéet ágé? → did i snore? tickle in throat | for S to make N have hoarse, (SN) • (KE) scratchy voice; for S to make N have a tickle • imperfective (+): akéet | s/he is snoring in the throat | «N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ» is • imperfective (–): tlél ookeet | s/heʼs not “having a hoarse or scratchy voice” and «N + snoring leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ» is “having a tickle in the • perfective (+): aawakít | s/he snored throat” | ḵusa.áatʼ néekw ax̱ satú akawlikísʼ → • perfective (–): tlél awukeet | s/he didnʼt i lost my voice through having a cold (SN) • snore ḵaa leitóox̱ aklakísʼx̱ → someone has a tickle • future (+): akg̱wakéet | s/he is going to snore in their throat (NS) • (KE) • future (–): tlél akg̱wakeet | s/he isnʼt going • progressive imperfective: du satú yaa to snore akanalkísʼ | itʼs starting to make her/him keewáa ḵaa dzúnaa (compound noun) meteor hoarse | “missiles thrown at people from above” | (HJ) • perfective (+): du satú akawlikísʼ | it made • keewáa ḵaa ∅-√dzú-n-aa → up-in-sky + her/him hoarse someone-(4h.O) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√throw-stones/ • perfective (–): tlél du satú akawulkéesʼ | it hit-with-missiles.cond.the-one(s)-(part.i) didnʼt make her/him hoarse (compound noun) meteorite • future (+): du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ | it is going keewáa ḵaa dzúneiyi | “belonging to the missiles thrown at people to make her/him hoarse from above” | (HJ) • kée-waa + ḵaa + ∅-√dzú- • future (–): tlél du satú akagux̱lakéesʼ | it n-aa-yi → up-in-sky + someone-(4h.O) + cl- isnʼt going to make her/him hoarse (–d,∅,–i).√throw-stones/hit-with-missiles.cond. O-ya-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) the-one(s)-(part.i).[relational] put out; extinguish; turn off | for S to put out, (body part) knee: –ʼs knee | (KE) extinguish O ( fire); for S to turn off O (light) –keey | (KE) –keey shakanóoxʼu (body part) kneecap: –ʼs • imperative: yaklakísʼ! | put it out! kneecap | “shell on the head of the knee” | keey • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl + shá-ká-nóoxʼ-u → knee + head.on.shell. yakeelakísʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt put it out! [relational] • variants: –kiyshakanóoxʼu, • progressive imperfective: yaa akanalkísʼ | s/ –keey shakanóoxʼu, –kiyshakunóoxʼu (At), –

133 k Tlingit to English

kiyshekenóoxʼu (C) • [adjective] kéech (noun) odor: dead fish odor; fish: dead fish kunag̱eiy (compound noun) cove; bight | (KE) • odor | (JL) variants: kuneg̱eey • –kéekʼ (kinship term) ⑴ sister: –ʼs younger sister (a kusakaak (verbal adjective) thick | verbal adjectives femaleʼs younger sister) | classification: female are prenomial, appearing immediately before kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only the noun that it affects | ka-u-sa-√kaak → used by females to refer to biological sisters and comparative.irr.cl-(–d,s,–i).√thick • (KE) females of the same clan and generation who kutlá (verbal adjective) stout | verbal adjectives are they have a close relationship with • can be used prenomial, appearing immediately before the with females of the same moiety but not the same noun that it affects | ka-u-√tlá → comparitive. clan to show close personal or clan relationships irr.√stout • (KE) || ⑵ brother: –ʼs younger brother (a maleʼs younger brother) | classification: male kinship kutsʼeen (compound noun) mouse; rat | (KE) term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only used kuwáachʼ (verbal adjective) short: too short by males to refer to biological brothers and males | verbal adjectives are prenomial, appearing of the same clan and generation who they have a immediately before the noun that it affects | ga- close relationship with • can be used with males u-∅-√ÿáachʼ → ga-con.irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√short • of the same moiety but not the same clan to show (KE) • variants: guwáatlʼ • close personal or clan relationships kuwáatʼ (verbal adjective) long | verbal adjectives kéel (noun) auklet; murrelet | (KE) are prenomial, appearing immediately before the kées (noun) bracelet | (KE) noun that it affects | ka-u-√ÿáatʼ → comparative. irr.√long • (KE) kéet (noun) whale: killer whale; orca | (KE) kux (preverb) aground; into shallow water | for kudáal (verbal noun) weight | ka-u-∅-√dáal → motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion comparitive.irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√be-heavy • (JL) verb (towards a terminus) | (KE, JC) (verbal adjective) untie: easy to untie kudikélʼkw kúḵdlaa (verbal noun) bubbles: large bubbles | verbal adjectives are prenomial, appearing (esp. from whale) | “the one(s) that make large immediately before the noun that it affects | bubbles (usually by moving in mass)” | kúḵ-tla → ka-ÿu-di-√kélʼ-kw → hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,∅,+i).√take- √rush-(in boiling mass)/make-bubbles-(large apart.[repetitive] • (JL) bubbles).[habitually].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) (adverb) amazingly; wonderfully; kudzidéin kúḵjaa (verbal noun) bubbles: liquid bubbles; drip: tremendously | √koodzi-déin → √amazing/ drip with bubbles | “the one(s) that make large wonderful/tremendous.[adverb] • (IC, PK) bubbles (usually by moving in mass)” | kúḵ-ch-aa kuhaankée (verbal noun) orphan | “not adopted” | → √rush-(in boiling mass)/make-bubbles-(large ka-u-∅-√haan-k-í → hsf.irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√adopt/ bubbles).[habitually].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) raise.[repetitive].[relational] • (JC, JL, KE) • (noun) nest (of a bird or animal) | (JL) variants: kuhaantí • kút √koo ¹ (verb root) know; learn facts kuhaantí (verbal noun) orphan | “not adopted” | ka-u-∅-√haan-t-í → hsf.irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√adopt/ O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ (∅ event verb – transitive) raise.[repetitive].[relational] • (JC, JL, KE) • know; acquainted; learn | for s to know, be variants: kuhaankée • acquainted with, make known o (esp. people, facts); for s to learn o (esp. facts) | has du (adjective) watch: interesting to kulitéesʼshán ée ix̱wsikóo … anax̱ tóo has ag̱anookt has watch; stare: interesting to stare at | ka-wu- isax̱áni → i make you known to them … so li-√téesʼ-shán → hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,l,+i).√stare. that they might be conscious of your love [adjective] • (JL) for them (SN) • x̱at yisikóo ágé? → do you kulix̱éitlʼshan (verbal adjective) dangerous know me? (SN) • ldakát áyá wutusikóo yá | verbal adjectives are prenomial, appearing shkalneek → all of us know this story (SN) immediately before the noun that it affects | ka- • yaa at nax̱sakwéin → i am learning (that ÿu-li-√x̱éitlʼ-shan → hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,l,+i).√afraid. is, beginning to know) (SN) • du x̱ʼéidáx̱ at

134 Tlingit to English k

x̱wasikóo → i learned from him (SN) • (KE) √kooḵ ¹ (verb root) move | move in boiling mass • imperative: sakóo! | know it! (verb root) cough • progressive imperfective: yaa anaskwéin √kooḵ ² | s/heʼs beginning to know her/him; s/heʼs a-S-d+s-√kooḵ ² (∅ state verb – subject beginning to learn it intransitive) cough | for S to cough | • perfective (+): awsikóo | s/he knows it ax̱wdzikúḵkw → iʼm coughing (SN) • chʼa • perfective (–): tlél awuskú | s/he doesnʼt tlákw askúḵkw nooch → he coughs all the know time (SN) • (KE) • future (+): agux̱sakóo | s/he will know • imperative: eeskúḵ! | cough! • future (–): tlél agux̱sakoo | s/he wonʼt know • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl eeskúḵx̱uḵ! | donʼt cough! (verb root) hold water in mouth; spit water √koo ² • imperfective (+): adzikúḵkw | s/he is that was held in mouth coughing koochʼéitʼaa (compound noun) ⑴ ball || ⑵ • perfective (+): awdzikúḵ | s/he coughed basketball | ka-u-√chʼéitʼ-aa → round.irr.√play- • perfective (–): tlél awuskooḵ | s/he didnʼt with-ball.one(s)-(part.i) cough • future (+): akgwaskóoḵ | s/he will cough koochʼéitʼaa át kadultáḵji (compound noun) ̱ billiards; pool (billiards) | “moving the ball • future (–): tlél akg̱waskooḵ | s/he wonʼt around by poking” | koochʼéitʼaa + áa-t + ka- cough du-l-√táḵ-ch-i → ball + there.at-(arriving) + kooḵénaa (verbal noun) • variants: kooḵánaa (T) • hsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√poke/spear. messenger; angel | “the one who tells it” | ka-ÿu- [habitually].[relational] ÿa-√ḵáa-n-aa → hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√say/tell. [progressive].one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) koochʼéitʼaa át kanduḵʼíshji (compound noun) baseball | “batting the ball around” | koochʼéitʼaa Kooḵhittaan (clan name) Clan: Raven (Raven/ + áa-t + ka-na-du-∅-√ḵʼísh-ch-i → [ball + there. Crow Moiety) | “People of Cellar House”; Origin: at-(arrived) + hsf.na-cp.someone-(4h.S).cl- Seenáa (in Snettisham) | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • (–d,∅,–i).√bat.[repetitive].(relaitional)] G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • Primary Crests: Raven (with children) • Secondary Crests: Musk Ox | Kóoḵ- koogéinaa (verbal noun) sash (worn over shoulder); ANB sash (worn over shoulder); ANS hít-taan → cellar/pit.house.people-of-(house) • sash (worn over shoulder) | “the one that is (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) slack like the tide” | ka-u-∅-√gáa-n-aa → round. Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√slack-(of tide).[progressive]. Áatlein Ḵwáan one(s)-(part.i) • Xaas Hít | Bison/Cattle House koojúxaa (verbal noun) flywheel; wheelbarrow; Deisleen ḴwáanTaagish Ḵwáan wagon; hand truck; dolly (hand truck) | “the one (body part) navel: –ʼs navel; bellybutton: –ʼs that rolls on” | ka-u.√júx-aa → round.irr.√roll/ –kool bellybutton | (KE) spin.one(s) • variants: (T,C), koojúxwaa (An), kajúxaa • kooléix̱ʼwaa (verbal noun) walrus | “the one who paints it red” | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√léix̱ʼw-aa → hsf.ofv.cl- (relational base) paralleling; reminding –kooká (–d,∅,+i).√paint-red.one(s)-(part.i) | (JC) (compound noun) Land Otter (verbal noun) shovel | “the one who pries Kooshdaaḵáa kookítʼaa Person | a person who has been lured by the it up” | ka-ÿu-∅-√kítʼ-aa → hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,– «kóoshdaa» to run with them and become i).√pry-up.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) trapped between being human and a land otter, kookítsʼaa (verbal noun) seesaw | “the one a state that requires powerful ceremonies to that rocks” | ka-ÿu-ÿa-√kítsʼ-aa → hsf.pfv.cl- fully return from | kóoshdaa-ḵáa → land-otter. (–d,∅,+i).√tip/rock.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) person-(4h.i) • (KE) kookʼénaa (verbal noun) sandflea; flea: sandflea | kootánaa (compound noun) bark: piece of cedar “one that jumps around” | (JL) • ka-ÿu-√kʼén-aa bark used for collecting eulachon oil | “the one → hsf.[perfective].√jump.one(s)-(part.i) that is bent” | ka-u-∅-√tán-aa → comparitive.irr.

135 k Tlingit to English

cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bent.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) kooxéedaa (compound noun) pencil; pen; marker; brush; target | “the cylindrical one that writes kootéeyaa (verbal noun) totem pole | “cylindrical one that is chiseled” | ka-u-√téey-aa → round. (makes furrows)” | ka-u-√xéet-aa → round. irr.√chisel-(with flat chisel).one(s)-(part.i) • irr.√make-furrow.one(s)-(part.i) (KE) kooxéelʼaa (verbal noun) mess; messed up thing; tangled mess; tangled up thing | “the ones that kootʼáaxʼaa (verbal noun) marble (toy) | “the round one that is flicked (with finger or thumb)” | are troubled” | ka-ÿu-∅-√xéelʼ-aa → hsf.pfv.cl- ka.u.√tʼáaxʼ-aa → round.irr.√flick-(with fingers (–d,∅,–i).√trouble.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) or thumb).one(s)-(part.i) Kooyu Ḵwáan (region name) Kuiu Island: People of the Kuiu Island Area | “People of the Stomach” kootlʼéitʼaa (verbal noun) seagull: small white seagull | “the one that grasps onto it (something | Included Communities: Kuiu Island, Port round)” | ka-u-√tlʼéitʼ-aa → round.irr.√grasp- Conclusion, Armstrong Bay | kooyú + ḵwáan → tightly.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) stomach + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM) koow (noun) slipper (giant chiton); lady slipper (giant chiton) | (KE) ° cryptochiton stelleri Wolf/Eagle Clans • Naasteidí | People of the Nass River Rock (giant chiton) ° (body part) tail: –ʼs tail (of bird or fish) Raven/Crow Clans –koowú • Kooyu.eidí | People of Kooyú | tail for a something other than a bird or fish is «–lʼeedí» | (KE) Kooyu.eidí (clan name) Clan: Star, Puffin (Raven/ Crow Moiety) | “People of Kooyú”; Origin: Kooyú (verb root) drain out; bail out; thirsty √koox | kooyú-át-i → stomach.thing-(4n.i).[relational] ka-l-√koox (na event verb – impersonal) drain • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) out; go dry | for a kettle, container etc. to drain Kooyu Ḵwáan out, go dry | eex̱ kawlikúx → the oil drained • X̱ík Hít | Puffin House out (SN) • yú ḵʼwátl a kát kawlikúx → that pot • Ḵutx̱.ayanahá Hít | Star House has gone dry (all liquid has gone from it) (SN) • (KE) kóochʼ (noun) fart: noiseless fart | (NR) • progressive imperfective: yaa kanalkúx | itʼs kóoḵ (noun) pit; cellar; hole dug in the ground (for draining out food storage) | (KE) • perfective (+): kawlikoox | it drained out (noun) flicker: northern flicker | (KE) • perfective (–): tlél kawulkoox | it didnʼt kóon drain out –kóon (relational noun) hem of – (a garment); • future (+): kagux̱lakóox | it will drain out bottom edge of – (a coat, dress, shirt); rim of – • future (–): tlél kagux̱lakoox | it wonʼt drain (a hat) | possessing noun can be a noun that is a out garment (kʼoodásʼ, sʼáaxw, etc.) or a possessing noun (ax̱, du, etc.) | (KE) O-sha-∅-√koox (∅ event verb – object intransitive) thirsty; dry | for O to be thirsty; for kóoshdaa (compound noun) otter: land otter, O to be dry | x̱at shaawakúx → iʼm real thirsty river otter | one of the most spiritually powerful (SN) • tléil tsu shakg̱wakoox → he will never animals in Tlingit, with special connections to the thirst again (SN) «íx̱tʼ» and the spiritual realm according to «Haa • perfective (+): shaawakúx | she/he/it is Shagóon» • known to lure people into running thirsty with them and becoming a «kóoshdaaḵáa» • perfective (–): tlél shawukoox | she/he/it (land otter person), but also to communicate isnʼt thirsty with an «íx̱tʼ» to solve a community problem and • perfective (–): tlél shakg̱wakoox | she/he/it to gather around the village when a spiritual wonʼt get thirsty ceremony is occurring | kóosh-daa → in.around • future (+): shakg̱wakóox | she/he/it will get • (KE) thirsty kóoshdaa lóoxʼu (compound noun) ⑴ soy sauce kooxídaa (compound noun) fish spear with a long | “land otter urine” | a humorous name for soy pole and detachable gaff hook sauce, mostly used by older speakers | kóoshdaa

136 Tlingit to English k – kʼ

+ lóoxʼ-u → land-otter + urine.[possessed] • North Star, Humpy • Seconary Crests: Owl, variants: Cháanwaan héeni • || ⑵ liquor; booze; Raven | Kwáashkʼ-i-ḵwáan → Eyak: Humpback- alcoholic beverage • variants: (C), náaw • Salmon-Creek.[peg vowel].people-of • Kʼinéix̱ + ḵwáan → Ahtna: Copper-River + people-of • kóoshdaa náagu (compound noun) liniment; peppermint | “land otterʼs medicine” | the (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) relationship between an animal and «náakw» Yaakwdaat Ḵwaan can mean one of two things: 1) the animal showed • Aanyuwaa Hit | In Front of Town House us how to use that medicine; 2) that medicine • Tsiskʼw Hit | Owl House repels that animal | kóoshdaa + náakw-u → • Dis Hit | Moon House land-otter + medicine.[relational] • (KE) • Yeil Sʼaag̱i Hit | Raven’s Bones House • Noow Hit | Fort House (noun) owl without ear tufts | kóoshdaa yéig̱i • Shaa Hit | Mountain House (Yasʼeitʼaa Shaa – “land otterʼs spirit helper” | a spiritually powerful Mount Saint Elias) animal that is connected to the «kóoshdaa» (land otter) and is known by multiple names • kwéiy (noun) marker; mark; sign | (KE) seeing one can be a sign of something to come, –kwéiyi (body part) fin: posterior dorsal fin | and killing one has been known to drive one kwéiy-i → marker.[relational] • (JL) to suicide • the name «aasgutug̱ayḵí» (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the kwshé (particle) probably | the most common ways owl • some speakers translate this, especially to express doubt in Tlingit are listed below: in the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as “hawk” particles • the name «kóoshdaa yéigi» (land otterʼs spirit • kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely) helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, • gíwé, géwé, gíyú | thatʼs possible GD, IdC, IC) • kóoshdaa + yéik-i → land-otter • shákdéi | perhaps + spirit-helper.[possessive] • variants: kʼákw, • gwál | maybe (doubtful) aasgutugayḵí, aasgutuyikhéix̱waa • ̱ verb kóotlʼ (noun) fart: short, high pitched fart | (NR) • yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess kóox (noun) ⑴ Kamchatka lily root; chocolate lily root; rice: wild rice (chocolate lily root) | kʼ sometimes the native rice of Southeast Alaska is called «Lingít kóoxu» (Tlingit rice) and the name -kʼ (suffix) | diminutive marker; cute and loved «kóox» is given out to white or brown rice || ⑵ | used to indicate a small noun, but does not rice (white or brown) | the original name for specify juvenile • cannot combine with plural white rice is «woon» (maggots) is rarely used but marker, so plural form is N-xʼi sáani (many small is tied to the Tlingit perspective of early contact Nʼs) • used in kinship terms and certain phrases with Russians and seeing white rice for the first (gunalchéeshikʼ) to indicate affection | (NR) time | (KE) kʼákw (noun) owl without ear tufts | a spiritually kóox̱ʼ (noun) celery: dried yaana.eit (wild celery) powerful animal that is connected to the stalks «kóoshdaa» (land otter) and is known by multiple names • seeing one can be a sign of something to come, and killing one has been known to drive kw one to suicide • the name «aasgutug̱ayḵí» (you all sit in the woods!) comes from the call of the (noun) urine from a container; urine kwás ⑴ owl • some speakers translate this, especially in container | (JL) || toilet ⑵ the Yéil Ḵutláakw (Raven Cycles) as “hawk” • the kwaan (noun) small pox | (KE) name «kóoshdaa yéigi» (land otterʼs spirit helper) comes from a Kooshdaaḵáa story | (KE, GD, IdC, Kwáashkʼiḵwáan (clan name) • variants: Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan • Clan: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, North Star, IC) • variants: aasgutug̱ayḵí, aasgutuyikhéix̱waa, Humpy (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “Humpy Creek kóoshdaa yéig̱i • People”; Origin: Copper River | Ahtna/Eyak kʼátlʼgeenáx̱ (adverb) quietly; silently | √kʼátlʼ-k-i- Descended • Primary Crests: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, náx̱ → √silent.[repetitive].[peg vowel].through/

137 kʼ Tlingit to English

via • (JL) • variants: kaagéináx̱ • √kʼaatlʼ (verb root) become silent –kʼátskʼu (adjective) ⑴ adolescent || ⑵ smaller sh + S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ (∅ event verb – subject | a smaller than usual version of a noun • intransitive) become silent; quiet; stop talking; postnominal adjective: appears immediately after stop crying | for S to become silent, keep quiet; the noun it modifies | (JC) • variants: –kʼwátskʼu for S to stop talking or crying | the command • form of this verb is more like the English “shut up!” • if you want to politely quiet someone, use √kʼátsʼ ˟ (verb root) • variants: √kʼáchʼ • sharp the interjection «jáa!» | tléil sh oolkʼátlʼ! → he ya-l-√kʼátsʼ ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) sharp never stops talking (SN) • (KE) | for an edge to be sharp | s’axt’ dàa lik’ats’ → • imperative: sh eelkʼátlʼ! | be quiet! devil’s club has sharp spikes all over it (SN) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh • yaa kooxeedaa tleil oolk’ats’ → this pencil is eelkʼátlʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt be quiet! not sharp (SN) • (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa sh nalkʼátlʼ | • imperfective (+): yalikʼátsʼ | itʼs sharp s/he is beginning to get quiet • imperfective (–): tlél woolkʼátsʼ | it isnʼt • perfective (+): sh wudlikʼátlʼ | s/he became sharp quiet • progressive imperfective: yaa yanalkʼátsʼ | • perfective (–): tlél sh wulkʼáatlʼ | s/he didnʼt itʼs getting sharp become quiet • perfective (+): yawlikʼátsʼ | it got sharp • future (+): sh gug̱walkʼáatlʼ | s/he will be • perfective (–): tlél yawulkʼátsʼ | it didnʼt get quiet sharp • future (–): tlél sh gug̱wlkʼáatlʼ | s/he wonʼt • future (+): kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ | it will get sharp be quiet • future (–): tlél kei yagux̱lakʼátsʼ | it wonʼt get sharp kʼáatlʼ (noun) silence; person: quiet person | (JL) (noun) goodness | (JL) kʼaagán (compound noun) stickleback | “too small kʼé fire” | √kʼaa-√gán → √too-small.√burn/light √kʼei (verb root) good; fine • (KE) O-∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object intransitive) √kʼaan (verb root) hate; shoo away good; fine; pretty | for O to be good, fine, O-S-sh-√kʼaan (ga state verb – transitive) hate | pretty | i at sheeyi wookʼéi → your song was for S to hate O | this is the only known stative good (SN) • i toowúch ágé yakʼéi? → does ga-conjugation verb with a variable stem; that seem good to you? (SN) • tlákw daḵeisʼ all other stative ga-conjugation verbs have sh tóo iltóowu, daḵéisʼ kei kg̱wakʼei → if s/he invariable stems | x̱at wushikʼaan → he hated practices sewing, the sewing will improve me (SN) • has yee shikʼáan → they hate you (SN) • du daa.itnagóowu kei nakʼéin → her/his (SN) • (KE) behavior is improving (SN) • (KE) • prohibitive: líl ishakʼaaníḵ! | donʼt hate her/ • imperative: igakʼéi! | be good! him/it! • prohibitive: líl eekʼeiyíḵ! | donʼt be good! • imperfective (+): ashikʼáan | s/he hates her/ • imperfective (+): yakʼéi | she/he/it is good him/it • imperfective (–): tlél ukʼé | she/he/it is not • imperfective (–): tlél ooshkʼaan | s/he good doesnʼt hate her/him/it • progressive imperfective: kei nakʼéin | she/ • progressive imperfective: kei anashkʼán | s/ he/it is getting better he is beginning to hate her/him/it • perfective (+): wookʼéi | she/he/it was good; • perfective (+): awshikʼaan | s/he hated her/ she/he/it got better him/it • perfective (–): tlél wukʼéi | she/he/it wasnʼt • perfective (–): tlél awushkʼaan | s/he didnʼt good; she/he/it didnʼt get better hate her/him/it • future (+): kei kg̱wakʼéi | she/he/it will be • future (+): kei agux̱shakʼáan | s/he will hate good; she/he/it will get better her/him/it • future (–): tlél kei kg̱wakʼéi | she/he/it wonʼt • future (–): tlél kei agux̱shakʼaan | s/he wonʼt be good; she/he/it wonʼt get better hate her/him/it N + toowú + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb –

138 Tlingit to English kʼ

impersonal) glad; happy; fine | for N to be glad, • future (–): tlél kei ḵukg̱wakʼei | the weather happy, feel fine | «N₂-de + N₁ + toowú ∅-√kʼéi» wonʼt be(come) good for N₁ to appreciate, be pleased with, grateful O-S-l-√kʼéi (ga event verb – transitive) improve; for N₂ | ax̱ toowú kei kg̱wakʼei gax̱atʼeiní → iʼll make peace; make up | for S to improve O; be glad when i find it (SN) • du toowú áge for S to make peace, make up with O (after yakʼéi iwsateení? → was he glad to see you? quarrel) | (KE) (SN) • (KE) • imperative: galakʼé! | improve it! • imperfective (+): du toowú yakʼéi | s/he is • progressive imperfective: kei analkʼéin | s/ happy he is improving it • imperfective (–): tlél du toowú ukʼé | s/he • perfective (+): awlikʼéi | s/he improved it isnʼt happy • perfective (–): tlél awulkʼé | s/he didnʼt • perfective (+): du toowú wookʼéi | s/he was improve it happy • future (+): kei agux̱lakʼéi | s/he will improve • perfective (–): tlél du toowú wukʼéi | s/he it wasnʼt happy • future (–): tlél kei agux̱lakʼei | s/he wonʼt • future (+): du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi | s/he will improve it be happy • future (–): tlél du toowú kei kg̱wakʼéi | s/he tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi (ga state verb – object wonʼt be happy intransitive) bad; evil; no good | for O to be bad, evil, no good | some fluent speakers consider N + x̱ʼé + ∅-√kʼéi (ga state verb – impersonal) this a taboo word to use in reference to another like ¹; taste | for N to like the taste of something person, while others find it acceptable • for • imperfective (+): du x̱ʼé yakʼéi | s/he likes speakers who find it acceptable, here is an the taste of it example: «tlél ushikʼéiyi ḵáa áwé» “that man • imperfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼé ukʼé | s/he is no good” | haa hídi yéeyi dei linaaw: tléil dei doesnʼt like the taste of it ushkʼe → the house we used to own leaks: itʼs • perfective (+): du x̱ʼé wookʼéi | s/he liked the no good now (SN) • has du yéi jineiyí tléil → taste of it ushkʼe their work is bad (SN) • gáanx̱ daak • perfective (–): tlél du x̱ʼé wukʼéi | s/he didnʼt yawdudzitáayi g̱uwakaan tleil kei unashkʼéin: like the taste of it yaa ndatláx̱ → the deer meat they have left • future (+): du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi | s/he will like hanging outside is going bad: it is getting the taste of it mold on it (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél du x̱ʼé kei kg̱wakʼéi | s/he • prohibitive: líl eeshkʼéiḵ! | be bad! wonʼt like the taste of it • imperfective (–): tlél ushkʼé | she/he/it is ḵu-∅-√kʼei (ga state verb – impersonal) good | for bad the weather to be good | most speakers would • progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei likely prefer a different verb for bad weather in unashkʼéin | s/he is turning evil; it is the imperfective: «tlél ḵushkʼé» (the weather is beginning to spoil, go bad bad, terrible) | seig̱ánin kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi sháké • perfective (–): tlél wushkʼéi | she/he/it was → maybe it will be fine weather tomorrow bad (SN) • (KE) • future (–): tlél kei gux̱shakʼéi | she/he/it will • imperfective (+): ḵuwakʼéi / ḵuyakʼéi | the be bad weather is good kʼeiljáa (verbal noun) wind: chinook wind; wind: • imperfective (–): tlél ḵookʼé | the weather south wind; storm (especially while at sea) isnʼt good | √kʼeel-ch-aa → √storm?-[habitual].one(s)- • progressive imperfective: yei ḵunakʼéin | (part.i) • (KE, JL, GD) • variants: kʼeeljáa • the weather is becoming good • perfective (+): ḵoowakʼei | the weather √kʼein (verb root) jump became good {∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (∅ motion verb • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwukʼei | the weather – subject intransitive) jump | for (singular) S to wasnʼt good jump | tlél tʼáa káx̱ eeshkʼéiniḵ! → donʼt jump • future (+): kei ḵukg̱wakʼéi | the weather will on the floor! (SN) • (KE) become good

139 kʼ Tlingit to English

• imperative: {∅ preverb} neeshkʼén! | jump verb – object intransitive) jump | for (plural) O to {____}! jump | a kaanáx̱ haa kagax̱dukʼénxʼ → weʼll • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yoo eeshkʼeíniḵ! jump all over (SN) • (KE) | donʼt jump {____}! • imperative: {na preverb} yee kdukʼéin! | you • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} wujikʼén | she/ all jump {____}! he/it is jumping {____}; she/he/it jumped • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na {____} preverb} yee kdukʼéingiḵ! | donʼt you all • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} wushkʼéin jump {____}! | she/he/it isnʼt jumping {____}; she/he/it • perfective (+): {na preverb} has didnʼt jump {____} kawduwakʼéin | they jumped {____} • future (+): {∅ preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | she/ • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has he/it will jump {____} kawdukʼéin | they didnʼt jump {____} • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | • future (+): {na preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | she/he/it wonʼt jump {____} they will jump {____} {na preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin (na motion verb • future (–): tlél {na preverb} has – subject intransitive) jump | for (singular) S to kagax̱dukʼéin | they wonʼt jump {____} jump | classification: singular subject | yaa kʼeit (compound noun) salmonberry: young nx̱ashkʼén → iʼm jumping (SN) • (KE) salmonberry bush shoots (edible) | “base thing” • imperative: {na preverb} neeshkʼéin! | jump | kʼí-át → base/trunk.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) {____}! (verb root) • variants: √kʼeex̱ʼ • gaff; hook • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na √kʼeix̱ʼ preverb} yoo eeshkʼéingiḵ! | donʼt jump O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) hook; {____}! gaff | for S to hook O; for S to gaff O | dukʼéx̱ʼch • perfective (+): {na preverb} wujikʼéin | she/ wé góosʼ → a cloud is being hooked down he/it is jumping {____}; she/he/it jumped (SN) • héen yíkde nagú, at kʼéx̱ʼt → go to the {____} river, gaffing! (SN) • x̱áat dukʼéx̱ʼt → people • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} wushkʼéin are hooking salmon (SN) • (KE) | she/he/it isnʼt jumping {____}; she/he/it • imperative: kʼíx̱ʼ! | hook it! didnʼt jump {____} • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (+): {na preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | she/ eekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt hook it! he/it will jump {____} • progressive imperfective: yaa anakʼíx̱ʼ | s/he • future (–): tlél {na preverb} gug̱ashkʼéin | is going along hooking it she/he/it wonʼt jump {____} • perfective (+): aawakʼíx̱ʼ | s/he hooked it • perfective (–): tlél awukʼéex̱ʼ | s/he didnʼt {∅ preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (∅ motion hook it verb – object intransitive) jump | for (plural) O • future (+): akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | s/he will hook it to jump | kei jee kdukʼéin! → jump (all of you)! • future (–): tlél akg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | s/he wonʼt (SN) • (KE) hook it • imperative: {∅ preverb} yee kdukʼén! | you all jump {____}! O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ (∅ event verb – transitive) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {∅ hook; gaff | for S to hook O in the head; for S to preverb} yee kdukʼénjiḵ! | donʼt you all jump gaff O in the head | (KE) {____}! • imperative: shakʼíx̱ʼ! | hook it in the head! • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kawduwakʼén | they jumped {____} sheekʼíx̱ʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt hook it in the head! • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has • progressive imperfective: yaa ashanakʼíx̱ʼ | kawdukʼéin | they didnʼt jump {____} s/he is going along hooking it in the head • future (+): {∅ preverb} has kagax̱dukʼéin | • perfective (+): ashaawakʼíx̱ʼ | s/he hooked it they will jump {____} in the head • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has • perfective (–): tlél ashawukʼéex̱ʼ | s/he didnʼt kagax̱dukʼéin | they wonʼt jump {____} hook it in the head • future (+): ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | s/he will hook it {na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin (na motion in the head

140 Tlingit to English kʼ

• future (–): tlél ashakg̱wakʼéex̱ʼ | s/he wonʼt Crests: Owl, Raven | Kwáashkʼ-i-ḵwáan → Eyak: hook it in the head Humpback-Salmon-Creek.[peg vowel].people- of • Kʼinéix̱ + ḵwáan → Ahtna: Copper-River + N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ (ga motion verb – object people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) intransitive) delayed; stuck; hung up; hooked | for O to get delayed, stuck, hung up, hooked Yaakwdaat Ḵwaan at N | (KE) • Aanyuwaa Hit | In Front of Town House • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yanax̱ • Tsiskʼw Hit | Owl House kei yee shkʼíx̱ʼjiḵ! | donʼt you all get hung up! • Dis Hit | Moon House • admonitive: | be sure not to get hung up! • Yeil Sʼaag̱i Hit | Raven’s Bones House yanax̱ tsá kei ishakʼéex̱ʼiḵ! • Noow Hit | Fort House • perfective (+): yanax̱ wushikʼéex̱ʼ | she/he/ • Shaa Hit | Mountain House (Yasʼeitʼaa Shaa – it got hung up Mount Saint Elias) • perfective (–): tlél yanax̱ wushkʼéex̱ʼ | she/ kʼisáani (compound noun) boys; men: young men | he/it didnʼt get hung up “little tree trunks” | kʼí-sáani → trunk/base/hip. • future (+): yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ | she/he/ [diminutive-plural] • (KE, NR) it will get hung up • future (–): tlél yanax̱ kei gux̱shakʼéex̱ʼ | s/he –kʼishataag̱aní (compound noun) quills on rear wonʼt get hung up end of – (a porcupine) | “pokes with the head of the rump” | kʼí-shá-√taaḵ-a-ee-n-í → hip/ –kʼidaaká (relational noun) next door to – | “on trunk.head.√poke.its-(3n.P).[empty base].with. around the base of –” | kʼí-daa-ká → base/rump. [relational] around.on • (KE) –kʼiyee (relational base) base: near the base of kʼidaaká aa (relational noun) neighbor | “the one –; foot: at the foot of –; back: the back of – (a on around the base of” | kʼí-daa-ká + aa → base/ house); rear: rear of – (a house); behind – (a rump.around.on + one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) house); shelter: under the shelter of – (a kʼidaaḵwáani (relational noun) neighbors | “the standing object or structure) | “below the base of people around the base of” | kʼí-daa-ḵwáan-i → –” | kʼí-yee → trunk/base.under • (KE) base/rump.around.people-of.[relational] • (KE) –kʼí ⑴ (body part) rump: –ʼs rump; hips: the flesh kʼidaa.at (compound noun) • variants: kʼideit, around –ʼs hips || ⑵ (relational base) base of – (a kʼúlʼdaa.át • skirt (clothing); apron (smaller, standing object); foot of – (a standing object) worn above the hips) | “thing around the base | (KE) of the spine” | (FS, JL) • kʼí-daa-át → base/trunk. kʼínkʼ (noun) fish head: fermented fish head; fish around.thing-(4n.i) head: stink heads | a traditional Tlingit food kʼidéin (adverb) well; carefully | √ʼkʼéi-déin → made by fermenting salmon heads, often made by √good/fine.[adverb] • (KE) either: 1) burying near the tideline at low tide in a pit lined with «x̱ʼáalʼ» (skunk cabbage leaves) and (body part) palate: –ʼs palate | (KE) kʼiḵlʼán left for 10–12 days, or 2) placed in a wooden barrel kʼinashóo (noun) pneumonia | might be a filled with water with rock salt on top and left for borrowed noun, or possibly a compound with the 7 days in a cool place • heads may be roasted or root √shóo (suffer) | (KE) smoked after fermenting • dog salmon heads kʼinchéiyi (compound noun) rose: wild rose have been reported as the most favored type of salmon for «kʼínkʼ» | (KE, HS, LS) kʼinchéiyi tléig̱u (compound noun) rosehip(s) | “wild rose berries” | kʼinchéiyi + tléiḵw-u → wild- kʼíx̱ʼaa (verbal noun) hook: gaff hook; hook: rose + berry.[relational] • (KE) grappling hook | “the one that hooks/gaffs” | → √kʼíx̱ʼ-aa √hook/gaff.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan (clan name) • variants: Kwáashkʼiḵwáan • Clan: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, kʼeeljáa (verbal noun) wind: chinook wind; wind: North Star, Humpy (Raven/Crow Moiety) south wind; storm (especially while at sea) | “Humpy Creek People”; Origin: Copper River | √kʼeel-ch-aa → √storm?-[habitual].one(s)- | Ahtna/Eyak Descended • Primary Crests: Mt. (part.i) • (KE, JL, GD) • variants: kʼeiljáa • St. Elias, Moon, North Star, Humpy • Seconary √kʼeetʼ (verb root) move parts in a mass

141 kʼ Tlingit to English

{∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ motion • imperative: ḵukʼítʼ! | pick berries! verb – object intransitive) leave; go; die off | for • prohibitive: líl ḵeekʼéetʼiḵ! | donʼt pick O (group of people) to all leave or go; for O berries! (group of people) to die off | yeiḵ ḵukandakʼítʼ • imperfective (+): ḵukʼéetʼ | s/he is picking → the people are all coming down to the berries beach (leaving only a few behind) (SN) • • imperfective (–): tlél ḵookʼéetʼ | s/he isnʼt (KE) picking berries • imperative: {∅ preverb} yee kadakʼítʼ! | you • perfective (+): ḵoowakʼítʼ | s/he picked all go {____}! berries • prohibitive: líl {∅ preverb} yee • perfective (–): tlél ḵoowukʼéetʼ | s/he didnʼt koodakʼéetʼiḵ! | donʼt you all go {____}! pick berries • progressive imperfective: {∅ preverb} yaa • future (+): ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ | s/he will pick (ha)s kandakʼítʼ | the group is going {____} berries (in stages) • future (–): tlél ḵukg̱wakʼéetʼ | s/he wonʼt pick • perfective (+): {∅ preverb} has kawdikʼítʼ | berries the group went {____} √kʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √kʼeix̱ʼ • hook; gaff • perfective (–): tlél {∅ preverb} has kawdakʼéetʼ | the group didnʼt go {____} –kʼeeyí (plant part) base of – (a tree or other • future (+): {∅ preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | plant); stem: lower part of –ʼs trunk or stem (a the group will go {____} tree or other plant) | (KE) • future (–): tlél {∅ preverb} (ha)s kʼéetsʼan (noun) false azalea (fruitless bush) | kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group wonʼt go {____} (KE) {na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ (na – object kʼulʼkaskéxkw (compound noun) beetle | “porous intransitive) leave; go; die off | for O (group on the tailbone” | kʼulʼ-ka-s-√kéxkw → tailbone. of people) to all leave or go; for O (group of hsf.cl-(+d,s,–i).√light/porous • (KE) people) to die off | ldakát at yátxʼi kawdikʼéetʼ kʼuwaaní (compound noun) deer cabbage; lily-of- → all the children have left (SN) • haa náḵ the-valley | (KE) has kawdikʼeetʼ → they all died off (leaving just a few of us in the village) (SN) • (KE) kʼúlʼdaa.át (compound noun) • variants: kʼidaa.at, • imperative: {na preverb} yee kandakʼéetʼ! | kʼideit • skirt (clothing); apron (smaller, worn you all go {____}! above the hips) | “thing around the tailbone” | • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl {na (FS, JL) • kʼóolʼ-daa-át → tailbone.around.thing- preverb} yoo yee kadakʼítʼgiḵ! | donʼt you all (4n.i) go {____}! kʼúntsʼ (noun) • variants: kʼwántsʼ (K) • potato • progressive imperfective: {na preverb} yaa –kʼúntsʼi testicles: –ʼs testicles (of animal, esp. (ha)s kandakʼítʼ | the group is going {____} moose or caribou) | “–ʼs potatoes” • variants: – (in stages) kʼwíntsʼi (K) • • perfective (+): {na preverb} has kawdikʼéetʼ | the group went {____} kʼúxjaa (verbal noun) knocking | “the one that • perfective (–): tlél {na preverb} has always knocks” | √kʼúx-ch-aa → √knock. kawdakʼéetʼ | the group didnʼt go {____} [habitual].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) • future (+): {na preverb} (ha)s kagux̱dakʼéetʼ kʼoodásʼ (noun) shirt; tunic | (KE) • variants: | the group will go {____} kʼoodésʼ (C), goodásʼ • • future (–): tlél {na preverb} (ha)s (verb root) break | classification: rope-like kagux̱dakʼéetʼ | the group wonʼt go {____} √kʼoots objects ḵu-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) O-S-l-√kʼoots (na event verb – transitive) break pick berries | for S to pick berries (esp. pick | for S to break O (esp. rope-like objects) | in quantity to take home) | ḵukʼéetʼ woogoot classification: rope-like objects | kakéin → heʼs gone berry-picking (SN) • tatgé x̱walikʼoots → i broke the yarn (SN) • (KE) ḵux̱waakʼítʼ → i picked berries yesterday (SN) • imperative: nalkʼoots! | break it! • (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yóo

142 Tlingit to English kʼw – ḵ

ilakʼútsgiḵ! | donʼt break it! the yoke of an egg | (JC, MH) • perfective (+): awlikʼoots | s/he broke it –kʼwátʼ ² (body part) testicles: –ʼs testicles | “–ʼs • perfective (–): tlél awulkʼoots | s/he didnʼt eggs” | (KE) break it • future (+): agux̱lakʼóots | s/he will break it –kʼwátskʼu (adjective) ⑴ adolescent ⒜ smaller • future (–): tlél agux̱lakʼoots | s/he wonʼt | a smaller than usual version of a noun • break it postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies • variants: –kʼátskʼu • Kʼooxineidí (clan name) Clan: Mink (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the Mink/Marten Creek”; √kʼwáatʼ (verb root) lay eggs; nest Origin: Stream on north shore of Port Saint a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ (na event verb – impersonal) lay Nicholas | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱. egg; nest | for birds to lay eggs, nest | tʼaawáḵ ádi Group • Primary Crest: Mink/Marten • g̱eey yík alkʼwatʼ → the canada goose lays eggs Secondary Crests: Raven, Whale, Frog • «kʼóox» up the bay (SN) • yá yeedát has awdlikʼwátʼ is “marten” in most places except Prince of Wales, déi → they have already laid eggs now (SN) where it is «mink» | kʼóox-héenn-át-í → marten/ • (KE) mink.river/water.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, • perfective (+): awdlikʼwátʼ | it laid an egg AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • perfective (–): tlél awulkʼwáatʼ | it didnʼt lay Heinyaa Ḵwáan an egg • Kʼóox Hít | Mink/Marten House • future (+): akg̱walkʼwáatʼ | it will lay an egg

–kʼóolʼ ⑴ (body part) tailbone: –ʼs tailbone; spine: bottom of –ʼs spine || ⑵ back end of – (a boat); ḵ stern of – (a boat) | (KE) kʼóox (noun) marten | occassionally, there is ḵa (particle) and | (KE) some fluidity with some speakers between ḵachoo (particle) or; actually; in fact; contrary to «nukshiyáan/lukshiyáan» (mink) and kʼóox what was thought | (KE) (marten), and they might translate either word as (clan name) Clan: Beaver (Raven/Crow either animal | (KE) Ḵakʼweidí Moiety) | “People of Little Basket (Basket Bay)” kʼóox dísi (compound noun) Venus | “martenʼs | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi Group • moon” | kʼóox + dís-i → marten + moon. Primary Crest: Beaver | ḵakw-kʼ-át-í → basket. [possessed] [diminutive].thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) kʼóox̱ʼ ⑴ (plant part) pitch; resin; pine tar || ⑵ (noun) gum || ⑶ lead Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • Kaaḵáakʼw Hít | Basket/Arch House kʼóox̱ʼ létlʼk (compound noun) soft lead | kʼóox̱ʼ + létlʼk → pitch + soft • (KE) ḵashde (particle) thought: i thought | (KE) • variants: ḵashdei • kʼóox̱ʼ tíxʼi (compound noun) leadline (of net) | “pitch rope” | kʼóox̱ʼ + tíxʼ-i → pitch + rope. ḵateeyí (particle) wonder | itʼs a wonder; no one [relational] • (KE) knows how; despite the odds | (MD, GD) ḵatltulítaa pocketknife | “inside the hip knife” | ḵaatl-tú-lítaa → hip.inside.knife • (KE) • variants: kʼw g̱altulítaa • kʼwálx̱ (noun) fiddlehead fern (with edible ḵatltú (compound noun) pocket | “inside the hip” rhizome) | (KE) | ḵaatl-tú → hip.inside • (JL, KE) • variants: g̱atltú, g̱altú • kʼwántsʼ (noun) • variants: (K), kʼúntsʼ • potato (body part) flank: –ʼs flank (between the (noun) egg (of bird) | (KE) –ḵatlyá kʼwátʼ ribs and the hip); side of –ʼs body between the –kʼwátʼ ¹ (noun) (adjective) round; egg-shaped | ribs and the hip | “face of the flank/hip” | ḵaatl- prenomial adjective: appears immediately before yá → flank.face the noun that it affects • often used to describe a (verbal noun) kelp island; kelp ball | “the one spherical or round shape, which likely is related to ḵájaa

143 ḵ Tlingit to English

that swells up” | an island made by a solidifed write all single letter object pronouns as part of cluster of «sú» (giant kelp) and «géesh» (bull the verb prefix and all pronouns more than one kelp) • used by «kóoshdaa» as a «yáakw» (boat/ letter as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» canoe) that may look like an actual canoe or boat • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will to someone stranded on an island | √ḵách-aa → cause contraction in the verb prefix • used to √swell-up.one(s)-(part.i) indicate an unspecified person is the pronoun, and best translated as “someone” • as an object, (noun) basket | (KE) ḵákw it translates as “the verb happens to people” as ḵaa (possessive pronoun) someoneʼs | fourth in «ḵusix̱án» (love of people) and «ḵusax̱waa. person human possessive (4h.P) • used to áx̱» (i heard a person) • learners need to spot the show a relationship between things, including difference between the contracted form «ḵu-» and ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship the areal verb prefix, which is identical • other term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du (1s.O) toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive • haa | us [object] → first person plural object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) (1p.O) • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive • i- | you [object] → second person singular (1s.P) object (2s.O) • haa | our → first person plural possessive • yee | you all [object] → second person plural (1p.P) object (2p.O) • i | your → second person singular possessive • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) (2s.P) • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person • yee | you allʼs → second person plural pluralizer (3pl) possessive (2p.P) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person • du | her/his → third person human singular proximal object (3prx.O) possessive (3Hs.P) • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural human object (4h.O) possessive (3p.P) • at | something [object] → fourth person • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive nonhuman object (4n.O) (3N.P) • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal (part.O) possessive (3prx.P) • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → obviate possessive (3obv.P) reciprocal object (recip.O) • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human possessive (4h.P) √ḵaa ¹ (verb root) say; instruct; tell • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – transitive) possessive (4n.P) send | for S to send O (esp. on a mission or • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive errand, or to deliver a message) | note that in (part.P) classical tlingit, this verb had a thematic prefix • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive «u-» which is slowly falling out of modern day (rflx.P) speech | yaa akoonaḵéin haa jeeyís → heʼs • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal sending someone for us (SN) • haa sʼaatích possessive (recip.P) chʼa du yéet akaawaḵaa → our master sent his own son (on a mission) (SN) • (KE) ḵaa– (adjective) male | prenomial adjective: appears immediately before the noun that it • imperative: kanaḵá! / kunaḵá! | send her/ affects | (JC) him on an errand! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- (object pronoun) someone [object] | keeḵéig̱iḵ! | donʼt send her/him on an errand! fourth person human object (4h.O) • in a verb • perfective (+): akaawaḵaa | s/he sent her/ phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, and him on an errand is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to • perfective (–): tlél akawuḵaa | s/he didnʼt

144 Tlingit to English ḵ

send her/him on an errand island (SN) • (KE) • future (+): akakg̱waḵáa | s/he will send her/ • imperative: áa jeekunaḵá! / áa jeekanaḵá! | him on an errand give her/him orders! • future (–): tlél akakg̱waḵaa | s/he wonʼt send • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl áa her/him on an errand yoo jikeeḵéigiḵ! | donʼt give her/him orders! • perfective (+): áa ajikaawaḵaa | s/he gave (yéi) + ya-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na act verb – subject her/him orders intransitive) say; confess; acknowledge; declare | for S to say (a certain thing); for S to confess, • perfective (–): tlél áa ajikawuḵaa | s/he acknowledge, declare (a certain thing) | note didnʼt give her/him orders that the imperfective form and prohibitive • future (+): áa ajikakg̱waḵáa | s/he will give forms require the thematic prefix «x̱ʼa-» her/him orders • future (–): tlél áa ajikakgwaḵaa | s/he wonʼt which refers to the mouth | dei yaa ḵux̱wlig̱át, ̱ wáa sá yax̱waaḵaa → iʼve forgotten already give her/him orders what i said (SN) • haa jeeyís yéi yanaḵá, (yóo) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb – «gunalchéesh»! → say “thank you” for us! transitive) tell; say; ask | for S to tell, say (that) (SN) • aadóo sá yéi yaawaḵaaa Jesus dikéenáx̱ to O; for S to ask O to do (that) | N + ee⁓ + yoo kawdudzitéeyi aax̱ sateeyí, gáande has O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ | “for S to promise O to N” | akakg̱wanáa → whoever confesses Jesus is (KE) the Messiah will be thrown out (SN) • yéi • imperative: yóo yanasḵá! | tell her/him! ḵuyaawaḵaa → s/he suggested this to people • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yóo (SN) • (KE) yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt tell her/him! • imperative: yéi yanaḵá! | say it! • perfective (+): yóo ayawsiḵaa | s/he told • prohibitive: líl yéi x̱ʼayeeḵáaḵ! | donʼt say it! her/him • imperfective (+): yéi x̱ʼayaḵá | s/he says • perfective (–): tlél yéi ayawusḵaa | s/he that; s/heʼs saying that didnʼt tell her/him • imperfective (–): tlél yéi x̱ʼawuḵá | s/he • future (+): yóo ayagux̱saḵáa | s/he will tell doesnʼt say that; s/he isnʼt saying that her/him • perfective (–): tlél yéi yawuḵaa | s/he didnʼt • future (–): tlél yóo ayagux̱saḵaa | s/he wonʼt say that tell her/him • future (+): yéi yaawaḵaa | s/he said that (N + éede) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ (na act • future (+): yéi yakgwaḵáa | s/he will say that ̱ verb – transitive) charge; set price; confess; • future (–): tlél yéi yakgwaḵaa | s/he wonʼt ̱ acknowledge; delcare | for S to charge (N) for say that O; for S to set the price of O; for S to confess, (yéi) + O-daa-ya-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ ˟ (* act verb – acknowledge, or delcare O | du eedé kei transitive) tell | for S to tell O (a certain thing) | yagax̱dusḵáa → theyʼll charge him • wáa sá this verb only occurs in the imperfective | wáa i tláach yasaḵá wé at x̱ʼéeshi? → how much sa idaayaḵá? → whatʼs he telling you? (SN) does your mother charge for that dried fish? • sdoox naḵa.oot x̱at daayaḵá → he tells me (SN) • (KE) (advises me) to buy a stove (SN) • (KE) • imperative: yanasḵá! | charge for it! • imperfective (+): yéi adaayaḵá | s/he tells • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yoo her/him that yeesaḵéigiḵ! | donʼt charge for it! • imperfective (–): tlél yéi adaawuḵá | s/he • imperfective (+): ayasaḵá | s/he charges doesnʼt tell her/him that for it áa + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ (na event verb • imperfective (–): tlél awoosḵá | s/he doesnʼt – transitive) instruct; give orders | for S to charge for it instruct O; for S to give O orders (to do) | • perfective (+): ayawsiḵaa | s/he charged note that in classical tlingit, this verb had a for it thematic prefix «u-» which is slowly falling out • perfective (–): tlél ayawusḵá | s/he didnʼt of modern day speech | yóo xʼáatʼ kaadé áa charge for it ḵaa jikaawaḵaa yáa naaxʼú → he instructed • future (+): ayagux̱saḵáa | s/he will charge them to take the dead bodies out to the for it

145 ḵ Tlingit to English

• future (–): tlél ayagux̱saḵaa | s/he wonʼt what the design was embroidered onto and «N charge for it +» alone to indicate what the design is, or «N₁ + N₂ + káa» for N₁ (design) embroiderd onto sh + tugéit + O-ya-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ (∅ event N₂ • for example «du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa» verb – transitive) insult; offend | for S to insult, (s/he embroidered on her/his vest); «yéil offend O by what one says | sh tugéit ágé akaawaḵáa» (s/he embroidered a raven); yéil iyawtudziḵáa? → have we offended you by du luljíni káa akaawaḵáa. (s/he embroidered what we said? (SN) • sh tugéit x̱at yawdziḵáa a raven on her/his vest) | yá ḵutaan → he insulted me (he said cutting things that kakḵwadaḵáa → this summer iʼm going to hit me pretty hard) (SN) • (KE) sew beads (SN) • téel iḵkeidí akaawaḵáa → s/ • imperative: sh tugéit yeesḵá! | insult her/ he sewed beads on moccasin tops (SN) • (KE) him! • imperative: a káa kaḵá! | embroider it on it! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sh • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl a káa tugéit yeesḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt insult her/him! keeḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt embroider it on it! • perfective (+): sh tugéit ayawdziḵáa | s/he • imperfective (+): a káa akaḵéisʼ | s/heʼs insulted her/him embroidering it on it • perfective (–): tlél sh tugéit ayawusḵá | s/he • imperfective (–): tlél a káa akooḵéisʼ | s/heʼs didnʼt insult her/him not embroidering it on it • future (+): sh tugéit ayakgwasḵáa | s/he will ̱ • perfective (+): a káa akaawaḵáa | s/he insult her/him embroidered it on it • future (–): tlél sh tugéit ayakgwasḵaa | s/he ̱ • perfective (–): tlél a káa akawuḵá | s/he wonʼt insult her/him didnʼt embroider it on it √ḵaa ² (verb root) sew; embroider; bead; tattoo • future (+): a káa akakg̱waḵáa | s/he will O-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive) sew | for embroider it on it S to sew O | yaa lʼaak iyaḵáa áge? → did you • future (–): tlél a káa akakg̱waḵaa | s/he sew this dress? (SN) • (KE) wonʼt embroider it on it • imperative: ḵá! | sew it! N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaa ² (∅ motion verb – • prohibitive: líl eeḵéisʼiḵ! | donʼt sew it! transitive) sew | for S to sew O on N | (KE) • imperfective (+): aḵéisʼ | s/he sews it; s/he is • imperative: a kát kalaḵá! | sew it on it! sewing it • prohibitive: líl a káx̱ keelaḵaaḵ! | donʼt sew • imperfective (–): tlél ooḵéisʼ | s/he doesnʼt it on it! sew it; s/he isnʼt sewing it • progressive imperfective: a kaadé yaa • perfective (+): aawaḵáa | s/he sewed it akanalḵéin | s/he is sewing it on it • perfective (–): tlél awuḵá | s/he didnʼt sew it • perfective (+): a kát akawliḵáa | s/he sewed • future (+): akg̱waḵáa | s/he will sew it it on it • future (–): tlél akg̱waḵaa | s/he wonʼt sew it • perfective (–): tlél a kát akawulḵá | s/he S-d+∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) didnʼt sew it on it sew | for S to sew | (KE) • future (+): a kaadé akagux̱laḵáa | s/he will • imperative: idaḵá! | sew! sew it on it • prohibitive: líl idaḵéisʼiḵ! | donʼt sew! • future (–): tlél a kaadé akagux̱laḵaa | s/he • imperfective (+): daḵéisʼ | s/he sews; s/he is wonʼt sew it on it sewing O-ka-S-s-√ḵaa ² (∅ event verb – transitive) tattoo • imperfective (–): tlél udaḵéisʼ | s/he doesnʼt | for S to tattoo O | ax̱ sée jín kax̱wsiḵáa → i sew; s/he isnʼt sewing tattooed my daughterʼs hand (SN) • yáa ax̱ jín • perfective (+): wudiḵáa | s/he sewed kasaḵá! → tatoo my arm / hand! (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél wudaḵá | s/he didnʼt sew • imperative: kasaḵá! | tattoo it! • future (+): gux̱daḵáa | s/he will sew • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl • future (–): tlél gux̱daḵaa | s/he wonʼt sew keesaḵéix̱iḵ! | donʼt tattoo it! O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² (∅ act verb – transitive) sew • progressive imperfective: yaa kanasḵéin | s/ beads; embroider | for S to sew beads on, he is tattooing it embroider O | use «N + káa» (on N) to indicate • perfective (+): akawsiḵáa | s/he tattoed it • perfective (–): tlél akawusḵá | s/he didnʼt

146 Tlingit to English ḵ

tattoo it ḵaa daakeidí (compound noun) coffin; casket • future (+): akagux̱saḵáa | s/he will tattoo it | “personʼs container” | ḵaa + daaka-át-í → • future (–): tlél akagux̱saḵaa | s/he wonʼt personʼs-(4h.P) + around-outside.thing-(4n.i). tattoo it [relational] • (KE) √ḵaa ³ (verb root) gamble; cards: play cards; dice: ḵaa daakeidí tlaax̱í (compound noun) butterfly play dice | “mold on a personʼs coffin” | ḵaa + daaka-át-í a-S-d+l-√ḵáa ˟ ³ (na act verb – subject intransitive) + tlaax̱-í → personʼs-(4h.P) + around-outside. gamble; play cards | for S to gamble (by thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (NR) means of gambling sticks, dice, etc.); for S to ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon (postpositional pronoun) play cards | as seen in one of the examples, someone: (to) someone | fourth person human the a-thematic prefix can be replaced with postpositional (4h.PP) • used in certain verbs an object, although the a-thematic version where something is going towards the object is much more common | nahéin alḵáa → (literally or figuratively) • a special type of heʼs stick gambling (SN, JC) • ḵoo wdigéiḵ pronoun that combines three things: possessive yá yeedát at dulḵáayee → itʼs forbidden to pronoun, empty base, and relational suffix • gamble now (SN) • (KE) other possessive pronouns are listed below | (JC, • imperative: analḵáa! | gamble! KE) • prohibitive: líl eelḵáaḵ! | donʼt gamble! • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular • imperfective (+): alḵáa | s/he is gambling; s/ postpositional (1s.PP) he gambles • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • imperfective (–): tlél oolḵáa | s/he isnʼt postpositional (1p.PP) gambling; s/he doesnʼt gamble • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular • perfective (+): awdliḵáa | s/he gambled postpositional (2s.PP) • perfective (–): tlél awulḵáa | s/he didnʼt • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural gamble postpositional (2p.PP) • future (+): akg̱walḵáa | s/he will gamble • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person • future (–): tlél akg̱walḵáa | s/he wonʼt human singular postpositional (3s.PP) gamble • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third person plural postpositional (3p.PP) ḵaa at oohéini (compound noun) possession; claim: that which is claimed | “something • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman claimed by someone” | ḵaa + at + ÿu-∅-√héin-i postpositional (3p.PP) → someoneʼs-(4h.P) + something-(4n.O) + pfv. • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person cl-(–d,∅,–i).√claim.[relational] proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third ḵaa daa lʼeix̱í (compound noun) butterfly | “dances person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) around people” | monarch butterfly | ḵaa + daa • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → + √lʼeix̱-i → personʼs-(4h.p) + around/about + fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) √dance.[relational] • (NR, HC) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person ḵaa daa yaséix̱i (compound noun) doctor | nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) “heals a personʼs body” | ḵaa + daa + ya-√séix̱-i • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive → personʼs-(4h.P) + around/body + cl-(– postpositional (part.PP) d,∅,+i).√heal/cure.[relational] • (KE) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional (rflx.PP) (compound noun) servant ḵaa daa yoo jikool.átgi • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal | “serves around people” | ḵaa + daa + yoo + ji- postpositional (recip.PP) ka-wu-la-√.át-k-i → someoneʼs-(4h.p) + around/ about + to/fro + hand.hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,l,–i).√walk/ ḵaa jila.aadí (compound noun) police officer | go-(plural).[repetitive].[relative] • (JL) “leads people by the hand” | ḵaa + ji-la-√aat-í → people-(4h.O) + hand.cl-(–d,l,–i).√walk/ (compound noun) towel: body ḵaa daag̱wéinaa go.[relational] • (SaJ) towel | “one that wipes a personʼs body” | ḵaa + daa-√g̱óo-n-aa → personʼs-(4h.p) + body.√wipe. ḵaa ji.eetí (compound noun) handiwork; (progressive).one(s)-(part.i) handmade crafts | “remnant of someoneʼs

147 ḵ Tlingit to English

hands” | ḵaa + ji-eetí → someoneʼs-(4h.P) + ḵaa oox̱ aan dul.óosʼk át (compound noun) hand.remains • (KE) toothbrush | “thing a person washes their teeth with” | ḵaa + oox̱ + a-ee-n + du-l-√.óosʼ-k ḵaa jín kajág̱u (compound noun) artist | “person with fitting hands” | ḵaa + jín + ka-∅-√jáḵw-u + át → someoneʼs-(4h.P) + tooth/teeth + its- → someoneʼs-(4h.P) + hand(s)/arm(s) + hsf.cl- (4n.P).[empty base].with + someone-(4h.S). (–d,∅,–i).√fitting/neat.[relational] • (EM) [classifier].√wash.[repetitive] + thing • (JM) dentist | “personʼs tooth (verbal noun) handshake | “to ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱ ḵaa jín lidléigoo polisher” | ḵaa + oox̱ + daa + yoo + a-∅-∅-√háa-x̱ → pat a personʼs hand” | ḵaa + jín + li-√dléigoo • someoneʼs-(4h.p) + tooth + around + along + her/ from verb: O-(?)-S-l-√dléigoo(?) – for S to pat, pet him/it-(3.O).s/he-(3.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√move-(many O (pat, pet, gesture to express affection) • (JM) small parts).[repetitive] • (SaJ) • variants: ḵaa oox̱ ḵaa kanax̱ḵáa snob; person who considers layeix̱í, ḵaa oox̱ yéi daanéiyi • herself/himself better than others | “person over people” | ḵaa + ká-náx̱-ḵáa → someoneʼs-(4h.P) + ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í (compound noun) dentist | on.through/along.person-(4n.i) • (KE) “makes peopleʼs teeth” | ḵaa + oox̱ + la-√yeix̱-í → personʼs-(4h.p) + tooth + cl-(–d,l,–i).√make/ ḵaa ḵu.áx̱ji (verbal noun) ⑴ hearing | “hears use.[relational] • (KE) • variants: ḵaa oox̱ yéi people” | ḵaa + ḵu-∅-√.áx̱-ch-i → [someone- daanéiyi, ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱ • (4h.O) + areal.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√hear.rep.rel] • (JL) (compound noun) dentist || ⑵ interpreter | (SH) ḵaa oox̱ yéi daanéiyi | “works on peopleʼs teeth” | ḵaa + oox̱ + yéi + ḵaa sʼaatí (compound noun) boss | ḵaa + sʼaatí → daa-∅-√néi-yi → personʼs-(4h.p) + tooth + thus personʼs-(4h.p) + master/boss • (KE) + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on.[relational] • (KE) • ḵaa shaksayéigu (compound noun) comb | “combs variants: ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í, ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱ • a persons hair” | ḵaa + sha-ka-sa-√yáa-kw-u → ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ (verbal noun) • variants: at x̱ʼawóosʼ someone-(4h.O) + head.on.cl-(–d,s,–i).√spread- • question | ḵaa + x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ → someone- out.[repetitive].[relational] • (KE) (4h.O) + mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√ask • (JL) ḵaa shaksayíḵsʼi (compound noun) hair pendant ḵaa x̱ʼa.eetí (compound noun) leftovers; food | “bites on a personʼs head” | ḵaa + sha-ka-sa- scraps | “imprint/remains of a personʼs mouth” √yíḵ-sʼ-i → someone-(4h.O) + head.hsf.cl-(–d,s,– | ḵaa + x̱ʼa-eetí → personʼs-(4h.p) + mouth. i).√bite-(of animal).[serial].[relational] • (KE) remains/imprint • (KE) ḵaa sháade háni (compound noun) leader; chief ḵaa x̱ʼéi wdudlilúk (compound noun) communion | “stands towards the head of the people” | often | “people ʼs mouth sipping” | ḵaa + x̱ʼéi + wu- used to refer to someone who represents an entire du-dli-√lúk → personʼs-(4h.p) + mouth + pfv. community, and not just one particular clan | someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,+i).√sip • (JL) ḵaa + shá-de + √hán-i → personʼs-(4h.p) + head. stenographer; secretary towards + √stand.[relational] • (KE) • variants: ḵaa x̱ʼéidáx̱ kashxeedí | “writes from the mouths of people” | ḵaa + x̱ʼé-dáx̱ ḵaa sháade héni (C) • + ka-sh-√xeet-í → personʼs-(4h.p) + mouth.from + ḵaa sháade náḵxʼi (compound noun) leaders; hsf.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√make-furrow.[relational] • (KE) chiefs | “they stand towards the head of the (verbal noun) kiss: a kiss | (SN) people” | ḵaa + shá-de + √náḵ-xʼ-i → personʼs- ḵaa x̱ʼéit yawoos.á (4h.p) + head.towards + √stand-(plural). ḵaa x̱ʼoos (compound noun) foot (measurement) | [plural].[relational] “personʼs foot” | ḵaa + x̱ʼoos → personʼs-(4h.p) + foot • (KE) ḵaa shukaadé ḵáa (kinship term) clan member: oldest member of a clan (male or female) | ḵaa ḵaa x̱ʼoos deiyí (compound noun) path: foot path; + shuká-dé + ḵáa → someoneʼs-(4h.p) + ahead- walkway | “personʼs foot path” | ḵaa + x̱ʼoos + of/in-front-of.towards + someone-(4h.i) • (HS) dei-yí → personʼs-(4h.p) + foot + road/trail. [relational] • (KE) ḵaa toowú latʼaa (compound noun) comfort | “warm a personʼs spirit” | ḵaa + tú-wú + la-√tʼaa ḵaa yahaayí (compound noun) photograph → personʼs-(4h.p) + inside.is/are-at + cl-(–d,l,– | “personʼs image” | ḵaa + ya-√haa-yí → i).√hot • (KE) someoneʼs-(4h.p) + cl-(–d,∅,+i).√move- (imperceptably).[relational] • (KE)

148 Tlingit to English ḵ

ḵaa yatʼéináx̱ (compound noun) secret: in secret limp (as a result of injury, illness) (where nobody can see); away from peopleʼs • perfective (–): tlél wulḵáchk | s/he didnʼt view | “along the back of someoneʼs face” | ḵaa + limp; s/he didnʼt develop a limp (as a result of ya-tʼéi-náx̱ → someoneʼs-(4h.p) + face.behind. injury, illness) through/along • (KE) • future (+): kei gux̱laḵáchk | s/he will limp • future (–): tlél kei gux̱laḵáchk | s/he wonʼt (verb root) swell up; rise √ḵaach ¹ limp kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – transitive) {na preverb} + S-l-√ḵaach ² (na motion verb – raise | for S to raise O (bread) | sakwnéin kei subject intransitive) limp | for S to limp | neildé kanax̱laḵách → iʼm raising bread (SN) • (KE) wuliḵaach → s/he limped home (KE) • tlél át • imperative: kei klaḵaach! | raise the bread! wulḵaach → s/he isnʼt limping around (KE) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei keelaḵáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt raise the bread! Ḵaach.ádi (clan name) Clan: Raven, Fresh Water • progressive imperfective: kei akanalḵách | Sockeye (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of s/he is raising the bread Pybus Bay”; Origin: Pybus Bay, Admiralty Island • perfective (+): kei akawliḵách | s/he raised | Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group the bread • Primary Crests: Raven, Fresh Water Sockeye • • perfective (–): tlél kei akawulḵaach | s/he Secondary Crests: Hummingbird, Frog, Daxana didnʼt raise the bread Heen, , Land Otter, Halibut, Whale | ḵáach-át-i → • future (+): kei akagux̱laḵáach | s/he will [Pybus Bay].thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, raise the bread NR, JC, JL, HJ) • future (–): tlél kei akagux̱laḵaach | s/he Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan wonʼt raise the bread • Náalx̱ Hít | Big Halibut House ka-d+∅-√ḵaach (∅ event verb – impersonal) • Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House rise; swell up | for bread to rise, swell up | tlél • Alḵáa Hít | Gambling House kʼidéin kei kawdaḵaach → it (bread) didnʼt • G̱aach Hít | Mat House rise well (SN) • kei kagux̱daḵáach → itʼs going • Kaawdliyaayi Hít | Lowered House to rise (bread in pan) (SN) • (KE) • Yáay Hít | Whale House • progressive imperfective: kei kandaḵách | Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan the bread is rising • X̱ʼáakw Hít | Freshwater Marked Sockeye House • perfective (+): kei kawdiḵách | the bread • Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking (out to Sea) House rose (compound noun) surgeon | “cuts • perfective (–): tlél kei kawdaḵaach | the ḵaadaaxaashí a personʼs body” | ḵaa-daa-∅-√xaash-í → bread didnʼt rise someone-(4h.O).around/body.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cut. • future (+): kei kagux̱daḵáach | the bread is [relational] • (KE) going to rise • future (–): tlél kei kagux̱daḵaach | the bread √ḵaaḵ (verb root) squat; sit low; land ² isnʼt going to rise S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ (g̱a event verb – subject intransitive) √ḵaach ² (verb root) limp; lame squat; sit low; sit quickly; land ² | for S to squat, sit low; for S to squat down, sit O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² (ga state verb – object intransitive) quickly; for S to land (of waterfowl, plane) | limp; lame | for O to limp, be lame, walk classification: singular subject | ḵúx̱de yan unevenly | yáa yeedát tlél ulḵʼáchk → he wujiḵáḵ → he squatted back (out of the way, doesnʼt limp now (SN) • doctor-ch yéi sh so as not to be seen) (SN) • lʼéiw kát wujiḵáḵ kalneek, chʼu tleix̱ kei gux̱laḵáchk → the → he squatted down on the sand (SN) • du doctor says he will always limp (SN) • (KE) káa x̱wajiḵaaḵ → i sat on him quickly (SN) • imperative: laḵáchk! | limp! • goodé sá yaa neeshḵáḵ? → which way are • prohibitive: líl ilḵáchgiḵ! | donʼt limp! you moving (sitting down, along the bench)? • imperfective (+): liḵáchk | s/he limps (SN) • gáaxw át wujiḵáḵ → the duck landed • imperfective (–): tlél ulḵáchk | s/he doesnʼt (SN) • kaawayík yaagú áa yei ishḵáḵch → the limp plane lands there (SN) • (KE) • perfective (+): wuliḵáchk | s/he developed a • imperative: g̱eeshḵaaḵ! | squat!

149 ḵ Tlingit to English

• repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei [relational] • (KE) ishḵáḵjiḵ! | donʼt squat! ḵaankageetxʼ (compound noun) public: in public • progressive imperfective: yei nashḵáḵ | she/ (in front of people); potlatch: at a potlatch (in he/it is in the process of squatting (slowly) front of people); feast: at a feast (in front of • perfective (+): wujiḵaaḵ | she/he/it squatted people) | “acting with people” | ḵaa-ee-n-ka- • perfective (–): tlél wushḵaaḵ | she/he/it ∅-√geet-xʼ → someone-(4h.O).[empty base]. didnʼt squat with.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√act-thus.at-(residing) • • future (+): yei kg̱washḵáaḵ | she/he/it will variants: ḵaankak.eetxʼ (T), ḵaankʼegeexʼ (C) • squat • future (–): tlél yei kg̱washḵaaḵ | she/he/it ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼawditaaní (compound noun) wonʼt squat • variants: ḵaankageetxʼ yoo x̱ʼatángi • speech: public speaking; public speaking | “s/he talked ḵaaḵx̱daagané (compound noun) accident; in the darkness near a fire” | (NR, HC, DK) • ḵaa- mistake: unfortunate mistake; mishap: ee-n-ka-∅-√geet-xʼ + yoo + x̱ʼa-ÿu-∅-di-√taan-í unfortunate mishap | ḵwáaḵ-x̱-ÿu-daa-ga-∅-√né → someone-(4h.O).[empty base].with.hsf.cl-(– → wrongly.at-(repeatedly).pfv.around/about. d,∅,–i).√act-thus.at-(residing) + along + mouth. [ga-conj].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on • variants: pfv.s/he-(3.S).cl-(+d,∅,+i).√communicate. ḵaaḵx̱daaganée (T) • [relational] • variants: at wulyú • (adverb) • variants: ḵaaḵwx̱daagán ḵaaḵwx̱dagán ḵaashashx̱áaw (compound noun) dragonfly (T) • accidentally (wrong); wrongly by accident | “hairy headed person” | ḵaa-sha-sh-√x̱áaw | ḵaaḵwx̱-dagán → wrong.[?] • (JL) → someone-(4h.O).head.cl-(+d,sh,–i).√hairy ḵaaḵwx̱daagané (adverb) • variants: • (KE) ḵaaḵwx̱daganée (T) • accident; mistake: ḵaashaxáshaa (compound noun) scissors | “the unfortunate mistake; mishap: unfortuate one whose head cuts” | ḵaa-sha-√xásh-aa → mishap | ḵaaḵwx̱-dagán-é → wrong.[?] • (JL) someoneʼs-(4h.p).head.√cut.one(s)-(part.i) (verb root) quarrel √ḵaan ḵaatoowú (compound noun) chickadee | “personʼs N + een + S-d+∅-√ḵaan (∅ act verb – subject spirit/thoughts/feelings” | ḵaa-tú-wú → personʼs- intransitive) quarrel | for S to quarrel with, (4h.p).inside.is/are-at • (KE) • variants: exchange harsh words with N (usually of ḵaatookʼú • adults) | du een wudiḵán → they exchanged –ḵaatl (body part) hip: ʼs hip; flank: –ʼs flank; belly: harsh words (SN) • i een kuḵadaḵáan → iʼm side of –ʼs belly | (JL) going to quarrel with you (SN) • (KE) • imperative: du een idaḵán! | quarrel with ḵaax̱ (noun) duck: merganser | (KE) her/him! ḵaax̱ʼus xʼáan (compound noun) mosquito eater • prohibitive: líl du een idaḵaaníḵ! | donʼt | “angry legs” | ḵaa-x̱ʼus + xʼáan → personʼs- quarrel with her/him! (4h.P).feet/legs + anger (HJ) • imperfective (+): du een daḵáan | s/he is (clan name) Clan: Wolf quarreling with her/him Ḵaax̱ʼúseedeetaan (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Footprints • imperfective (–): tlél du een udaḵaan | s/he House” | Yanyeidí Migration • Primary Crest: is not quarreling with her/him Wolf • Secondary Crests: Killer whale, Sockeye • perfective (+): du een wudiḵán | s/he | ḵaa-x̱ʼoos-eetí–hít-taan → someoneʼs-(4h.P). quarreled with her/him foot/leg.remains/imprint.house.people-(of • perfective (–): tlél du een wudaḵaan | s/he house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) didnʼt quarrel with her/him • future (+): du een gux̱daḵáan | s/he will Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan quarrel with her/him ḵaayaku.óotʼi (compound noun) button | “personʼs • future (–): tlél du een gux̱daḵaan | s/he octopus sucker” | ḵaa-ya-ka-u-∅-√.óotʼ-i → wonʼt quarrel with her/him someoneʼs-(4h.p).hsf.round.irr.cl-(–d,∅,– ḵaanaawú tlʼátgi (compound noun) | “personʼs i).√suck/hold-on-(by suction).[possessed] • death land”; graveyard | ḵaa-naa-wú + tlʼátk-i → (RD, KE) • variants: (At), ḵaayuka.óotʼi (T), yaka. personʼs-(4h.p).√die.[possessive] + earth/land. óotʼ, yooka.óotʼ •

150 Tlingit to English ḵ

ḵaayuka.óotʼi button | “manmade sucker (as in • aa | one, some → partitive independent from octopus)” | ḵaa-yoo-ka-∅-√.óotʼi → personʼs- (part.i) (4h.P).along.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√suction-(adhere by). • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) [possessive] • (KE) • variants: ḵaayaka.óotʼi, yooka. • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → óotʼ, yaka.óotʼ • reciprocal independent (recip.i) ḵaayuka.óotʼi xʼoow (compound noun) button ḵáa shaan (compound noun) man: old man | the blanket | “sucker (as in from octopus)” | ḵaa-yoo- basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are ka-∅-√.óotʼi + xʼoow → personʼs-(4h.P).along.hsf. «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), «yadakʼwátskʼu» (boy), cl-(–d,∅,–i).√suction-(adhere by).[possessive] «yadákʼw» (adolescent male) «yées ḵáa» (young + blanket • (KE) • variants: ḵaayaka.óotʼi xʼoow, man), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «ḵáa sháan» (old yooka.óotʼ xʼoow, yaka.óotʼ xʼoow • man) • for some speakers, «yanwáat» is an elder, and for others it is an adult and «at wuskóowu» is (independent pronoun) someone | fourth ḵáa an elder | ḵáa + shaan → man + old person human independent (4h.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything ḵáadí (noun) slide: landslide; slide: gravel slide grammatically, and are most often used in | (JL) phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan ḵáasʼ (noun) ⑴ stick | (KE, JL) || ⑵ crack (in áyá» (it is us) • used to indicate an unspecified wood); wood: split wood; splinter || ⑶ raft used person is the pronoun. Eggleston and others on rivers have referred to it as the fourth person because of some of its unique features. It functions as a ḵáash (body part) hip: –ʼs hip; pelvis: –ʼs pelvis | placeholder in non-verbal pronouns, such as ḵaa (KE) tláa (a personʼs mother) oodzikaayi ḵáa (lazy –ḵáawu (kinship term) man: –ʼs man; boyfriend: person). It can mean any one of these things: a –ʼs boyfriend; husband: –ʼs husband; brother: –ʼs person, a male person, or people. As a subject in husbandʼs clan brother | “–ʼs man” | ḵáa-wu → verbs, it alters the meaning of the verb to plainly man.[possessed] state that the verb occurs. For example: yoo (noun) men | ḵáa-xʼw → man.[plural] • duwasáakw (it is called), hít wududliyéx̱ (a house ḵáaxʼw (KE) was built), and adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa (dance paddle). • other independent pronouns are listed below | ḵéichʼálʼ (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéechʼálʼ (T), (JC, KE) ḵéinaa • seam | “sewer” | √ḵáa-chʼálʼ → √sew. • x̱át | me → first person singular independent [??] • (JL) (1s.i) ḵéinaa (verbal noun) • variants: ḵéichʼálʼ, ḵéechʼálʼ • uháan | us → first person plural independent (T) • seam | “the one that sews” | √ḵáa-n-aa → (1p.i) √sew.[progressive].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) • wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i) √ḵee ¹ (verb root) sit; situated | classification: • yeewháan | you all → second person plural plural | singular form: √.nook ¹ independent (2p.i) S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (* positional verb – subject intransitive) • hú | s/he → third person human singular sit; situated | for (plural) S to be seated | a independent (3Hs.i) noun phrase with (-t) postposition can be • hás | them → third person plural independent used to indicate where one is sitting, but is not (3p.i) required | (KE) • á | it → third person nonhuman independent • prohibitive: líl yiḵeeníḵ! | donʼt you all be (3N.i) sitting! • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal • imperfective (+): has ḵéen | they sit; they independent (3prx.i) are sitting • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • imperfective (–): tlél has uḵeen | they donʼt independent (3obv.i) sit; they arenʼt sitting • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human (yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ (ga event verb – subject independent (4h.i) ̱ intransitive) sit; sit down | for (plural) S to sit, • át | something → fourth person nonhuman sit down (esp. act of sitting) | gáant tooḵéenin independent (4n.i)

151 ḵ Tlingit to English

→ we were sitting outside (SN) • yóoxʼ • perfective (–): tlél {na motion} wudaḵeen / gax̱tooḵee → letʼs sit down over there! (SN) wdaḵeen | s/he didnʼt fly {____} • (KE) • future (+): {na motion} gux̱daḵéen | she/he/ • imperative: g̱ayḵí! | you all sit down! it will fly {____} • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl yei • future (–): tlél {na motion} gux̱daḵeen | yiḵéejiḵ! | donʼt you all sit down! she/he/it wonʼt fly {____} • progressive imperfective: yei (ha)s naḵéen | {∅ motion} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen (∅ motion they are sitting down verb – subject intransitive) fly | for S (of a bird • progressive imperfective (–): tlél yei has or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: unaḵéen | they are not sitting down singular subject or people in plane | (KE) • perfective (+): has wooḵee | they sat down • imperative: {∅ motion} idaḵín! | fly {____}! • perfective (–): tlél has wuḵee | they didnʼt • prohibitive: líl {∅ motion} idaḵeeníḵ! | sit down donʼt fly {____}! • future (+): yei (ha)s gugaḵée | they will sit ̱ • progressive imperfective: {∅ motion} yaa down ndaḵín | she/he/it is flying {____} • future (–): tlél yei (ha)s gugaḵee | they wonʼt ̱ • perfective (+): {∅ motion} wudiḵín | she/ sit down he/it flew {____} √ḵee ² (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: • perfective (–): tlél {∅ motion} wudaḵeen | plural subject | singular form: √nook ⁴ she/he/it didnʼt fly {____} sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² (∅ event verb – subject • future (+): {∅ motion} gux̱daḵéen | she/he/ intransitive) get up; rise | for (plural) S to get it will fly {____} up, rise | xʼoon gaawxʼ sá shayeedaḵéex̱? → • future (–): tlél {∅ motion} gux̱daḵeen | she/ what time do you all get up? (SN) • (KE) he/it wonʼt fly {____} • imperative: shaydaḵí! | you all get up! {ga motion} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (ga motion verb • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl – subject intransitive) fly | for (singular) S (bird, shaydaḵéex̱iḵ! | donʼt you all get up! or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: • progressive imperfective: yaa (ha)s singular subject or people in plane | seig̱ánin shandaḵéen | they are starting to get up Aangóonde kei gax̱toodaḵéen → weʼre going • perfective (+): has shawdiḵée | they got up to fly to Angoon tomorrow (SN) • (KE) • perfective (–): tlél has shawdaḵí | they • imperative: {ga motion} gidaḵeen! | fly didnʼt get up {____}! • future (+): has shagux̱daḵée | they will get • prohibitive: líl {ga motion} yidaḵeeníḵ! | up donʼt fly {____}! • future (–): tlél has shagux̱daḵee | they wonʼt • progressive imperfective: {ga motion} yaa get up ndaḵín | she/he/it is flying {____} √ḵeen ¹ (verb root) fly | classification: singular • perfective (+): {ga motion} wudiḵeen | she/ subject | plural form: √yeech he/it flew {____} • perfective (–): tlél {ga motion} wudaḵeen | {na motion} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ (na motion verb s/he didnʼt fly {____} – subject intransitive) fly | for (singular) S (bird, • future (+): {ga motion} kei gux̱daḵéen | she/ or persons in a plane) to fly | classification: he/it will fly {____} singular subject or people in plane | gáaxw • future (–): tlél {ga motion} kei gux̱daḵeen | haa neeyaadé yaa ndaḵín → a duck is flying she/he/it wonʼt fly {____} towards us (SN) • (KE) (verb root) new moon • imperative: {na motion} nidaḵeen! | fly √ḵeen ² {____}! ya-d+s-√ḵeen ² (∅ event verb – impersonal) • prohibitive: líl {na motion} yidaḵeeníḵ! | moon: new moon | for the moon to be new donʼt fly {____}! • progressive imperfective: dís yei yanasḵéen • progressive imperfective: {na motion} yaa | itʼs getting to be a new moon ndaḵín | she/he/it is flying {____} • perfective (+): dís yawdziḵeen | itʼs a new • perfective (+): {na motion} wudiḵeen / moon wdiḵeen | she/he/it flew {____} • perfective (–): tlél dís yawusḵeen | itʼs not a

152 Tlingit to English ḵ

new moon Each Other • future (+): dis yei yakg̱wasḵéen | itʼs going • Shangukeidí | People of Shankw to be a new moon • Nees.ádi | People of Nees • future (–): tlél dís yei yakg̱wasḵeen | itʼs not • Wasʼineidí | People of Sea Lice Creek going to be a new moon Raven/Crow Clans √ḵeet ¹ (verb root) suspect; annoyed with • Ḵaach.ádi | People of Pybus Bay • Suḵteeneidí | People of the Wide Steam in the (noun) scab | (KE) ḵéechʼ Grass ḵéedu (verbal noun) dam: beaver dam | √ḵeet-u → • Teeyineidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark √dam-up.is/are-at (NR) • (JL) • variants: ḵéet, Stream siḵéet • • Ḵʼalchaneidí | People of the Bad Smelling ḵéesʼ (noun) flood; tide | (KE) Stream ḵéesʼ shuwee (compound noun) tideline: high tide ḵude (preverb) oblivion: into oblivion | ḵu-de → line | “below the end of the tide” | ḵéesʼ + shu-ÿee areal.towards • (JL) → flood/tide + end.below • (KE) ḵude kdagoot (verbal noun) eclipse | “came upon ḵéet (verbal noun) dam: beaver dam | √ḵeet → oblivion” | ḵu-de + ka-da-√goot → areal.towards √dam-up (NR) • (JL) • variants: ḵéedu, siḵéet • + hsf.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√walk/go • (JL) ḵéetʼ (noun) pus; discharge (from a sore, wound); ḵudziteeyi át (compound noun) • variants: (At), sore that discharges pus; wound that discharges ḵustín át • giant | “thing that exists” | ḵu-dzi- pus | (KE) √tee-yi + át → areal.cl-(+d,s,+i).√be.[relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (EN) Ḵéex̱ʼ (region name) “People of the the Mouth of the Dawn” | Included Communities: Kake, ḵugóosʼ (verbal noun) cloud | ḵu-∅-√góosʼ → areal. Stephens Passage, Frederick Sound | ḵée-x̱ʼe + cl-(–d,∅,–i).√cloud • (JL) ḵwáan → dawn.mouth + people-of • (TT, AH, ḵugwáasʼ (verbal noun) fog | ḵu-∅-√gwáasʼ → NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM) areal.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√fog • (JL) Wolf/Eagle Clans ḵukajá (verbal noun) directions | ḵu-ka-∅-√já → • Tsaagweidí | People of the Harbor Seal Ice Floes areal.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√advise/direct • (JL) • Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On Top of Each Other ḵukatáx̱ (verbal noun) • variants: katáx̱ • dew on • Shangukeidí | People of Shankw the ground; mousture on the ground | ḵu-ka- • Nees.ádi | People of Nees ∅-√táx̱ → areal.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√moisture-on- • Wasʼineidí | People of Sea Lice Creek ground (verbal noun) fight; war | ḵu-la-gaaw → Raven/Crow Clans ḵulagaaw • Ḵaach.ádi | People of Pybus Bay areal.cl-(–d,l,–i).√move-noisily • (JL) • Suḵteeneidí | People of the Wide Steam in the ḵulitéesʼshan (adjective) interesting to watch | Grass ḵu-li-√téesʼ-shan → areal.cl-(–d,l,+i).√stare/look • Teeyineidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark steadily.[adjective] • (JL) Stream (verbal noun) • variants: –ḵoonóogu • Ḵʼalchaneidí | People of the Bad Smelling –ḵunóogu • actions: –ʻs actions; habits: –ʻs habits; doings: Stream –ʻs doings | ḵu-∅-nóok-ú → areal.cl-(–d,∅,– Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan (region name) Kake: People of the i).√behave/do.[relational] • (JL) Kake Area | “People of the the Mouth of the (compound noun) cannibals; Dawn” | Included Communities: Kake, Stephens ḵusax̱aḵwáan man-eaters | often refers to the cannibal in the Passage, Frederick Sound | ḵée-x̱ʼe + ḵwáan → «Táaxʼaa» story • use of «ḵwáan» to describe this dawn.mouth + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, may be linked to a loss of humanity or origin once HJ, JM) a person eats another person | ḵu-sa-√x̱a-ḵwáan Wolf/Eagle Clans → someone-(4h.O).cl-(–d,s,–i).√eat.people-of • Tsaagweidí | People of the Harbor Seal Ice Floes • (JC) • Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On Top of

153 ḵ Tlingit to English

ḵusax̱án (verbal noun) love (of people) | ḵu-sa- ḵutlʼkw (noun) mud | (KE) √x̱án → someone-(4h.O).cl-(–d,s,–i).√love • (noun) • variants: (T,C), g̱uwakaan (KE) ḵuwakaan • ⑴ deer | (KE) || ⑵ peacemaker | in Tlingit ḵusa.áatʼ (verbal noun) cold (weather) | ḵu-sa√. culture, a person may be brought in to mediate a áatʼ → areal.cl-(–d,s,–i).√cold • (KE) • variants: situation between clans, and if successful will be ḵuse.áatʼ (C) • referred to as that clanʼs «g̱uwakaan» • a person who successfully creates peace when called upon ḵusa.áatʼ néekw (compound noun) cold: chest cold | ḵu-sa-√.áatʼ + néekw → someone-(4h.O). may receive a name which is «[noun] g̱uwakaan», cl-(–d,s,–i).√cold + sick • (KE) which trasnlates to ʼ[noun] peacemakerʼ | (HJ, JM) –ḵusnéexʼi (verbal noun) • variants: –isnéexʼi • smell: sense of smell; sense of smell | ḵu- ḵuxaak (verbal noun) dry weather; clear day | ḵu- s-√néexʼ-i → areal.cl-(+d,s,–i).√smell/sniff. √xaak → areal.√dry/crisp • (KE) [relational] • (JL) ḵux̱ (preverb) returning; reverting | for motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb ḵustí (verbal noun) life; way of living | ḵu-s-√tí → areal.cl-(+d,s,–i).√be • (KE) (towards a terminus) • results in a +d classifier • changes to high tone in «ḵúx̱de» ḵustín– (adjective) giant; monstrous | prenomial adjective: appears immediately before the noun ḵux̱ dakʼóolʼeen (adverb) • variants: ḵux̱ that it affects | ḵu-s-√tí-in → areal.cl-(+d,s,– dakʼóolʼin • backwards | “backing with the i).√be.[decessive] • (JC) tailbone” | ḵux̱ + da-√kʼóolʼ-een → [return/ revert] + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√tailbone.with ḵustín át (compound noun) • variants: ḵudziteeyi át (At) • giant | “thing that used to exist” | ḵu-s- ḵuyawdahaayí (verbal noun) movie; show: √tí-in + át → areal.cl-(+d,s,–i).√be.[decessive] + television show | “faces moving through a space” thing-(4n.i) • (EN) | ḵu-ÿa-ÿu-da-√haa-yí → areal.vsf.pfv.cl-(+d,∅,– i).√move-(imperceptably).[relational] • (JL) ḵusteeyí át kayaa (compound noun) puppet | “thing that imitates life” | ḵu-s-√tee-y-í + át + ḵuyáx̱ (particle) | correct according to the space | ka-√yaa → areal.cl-(+d,2,–i).√be.[relational] + this particle would be used to correct something thing-(4n.i) + hsf.√resemble • (DK) to the way it is expected, like if a bird only flew straight up and needed to be told to fly ḵus.ookʼ (verbal noun) toy; plaything | ḵu-s-√.ookʼ horizontally, as in Katherine Millsʼ version of → areal.cl-(+d,s,–i).√play-(quietly) • (KE) Raven & the Whale | (KM) ḵushtuyáx̱ (adverb) matter: doesnʼt matter; Ḵuyeiḵʼádi (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow doesnʼt matter | it doesnʼt matter | (JC) Moiety) | “People of Excursion Inlet”; Origin: ḵut (preverb) astray: going astray; lost: getting lost | Excursion Inlet | Taalḵweidí Migration • for motion verbs, creates a ga-conjugation motion Taalḵweidí Group | Ḵu-√yeiḵʼ-át-i → [Excursion verb (upward) | ḵu-t → areal.at-(arrived) • (KE, Inlet].thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JC) JL, HJ) ḵutaan (verbal noun) summer | “fish jumping” | ḵu.áx̱ch (verbal noun) hearing | “able to hear ḵu-√taan → areal.√jump-(of fish) • (KE, DK) people” | ḵu-∅-√.áx̱-ch → someone-(4h.O).cl- (–d,∅,–i).√hear.[habitual] • (KE) ḵutí (verbal noun) weather | ḵu-√tí → areal.√be • (KE) ḵu.áx̱ji (verbal noun) hearing aid | “people hearer” | ḵu-∅-√.áx̱-ch-i → someone-(4h.O).cl-(–d,∅,– (verbal noun) star(s) | “moves there ḵutx̱.ayanahá i).√hear.[habitual].[relative] • (KE) too much (to count)” | ḵu-dáx̱-áa-yaa-na-√há → areal.from.there.along.na-conj.√move- ḵu.aa (particle) • variants: ḵu.a, ḵwa • although; (imperceptibly) • (KE, JC, PM) however | when speakers are talking quickly they will often use «ḵwa» • can be used in oratory (verbal noun) shovel | “the one ḵutlʼídaa to call attention to the subject of a sentence or that throws things away” | ḵu-√tlʼít-aa → section of oratory • there are two particles that areal.√throw-away.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) create a shift in an argument: «ḵu.aa» makes

154 Tlingit to English ḵ – ḵw

more of a gradual shift in thinking, and «chʼa • Xaas Hít | Bison/Cattle House aan» is more of an abrubt shift in argument –ḵoowú (relational noun) den; its den (of ḵu.eení (verbal noun) murderer | “slaughters animal, underground); lair; its lair (of animal, people” | ḵu-∅-√.een-í → someone-(4h.O).cl- underground) | (JL) (–d,∅,–i).√kill-(plura) • (KE) ḵóo lidóolʼshán (adjective) erect: it gives men ḵu.éexʼ (verbal noun) potlatch; feast; party | erections | ḵáa-ee + li-√dóolʼ-shán → someoneʼs- “inviting people” | this is the most appropriate (4h.p)-[empty base] + cl-(–d,l,+i).√get-erection. term for a cultural gathering, often hosted by [adjective] • (JL) a clan or clans of the same moiety, with the Ḵóokhíttaan (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear guests being of the opposite moiety • there were (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Box many types of «ḵu.éexʼ», including «shaawát House”; Origin: Sitka | Teiḵweidí Migration, x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ» (wedding), «du x̱ʼé x̱ánt atx̱aayí Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • Kaagwaantaan Group ḵu.éexʼ» ( feast for a young woman coming out • Primary Crest: Brown Bear • Secondary Crests: of seclusion), and others; now there is primarily Eagle, Shark, Box | ḵóok-hít-taan → box.house. «ḵu.éexʼ» for the release of grief of clan members • people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) not an appropriate term for activities that are not clan-hosted | ḵu-∅-√.éexʼ → someone-(4h.O).cl- Sheetʼká Ḵwáan (–d,∅,–i).√call-out/shout • (KE, MA, SE, FD) • Ḵóok Hít | Box House • Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House ḵu.oo (verbal noun) people; community | ḵu-∅-√. • Ḵutísʼ Hít | Looking Out House oo → areal.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√live-at/remain • Tlʼaadéin Hít | Sideways House ḵú (land part) cove; bight; bay: small bay | (FW, JC) ḵúdáx̱ (adverb) • variants: ḵútx̱ • too much; ḵw excessive | ḵu-dáx̱ → areal.from ḵúnáx̱ (adverb) very; actually | ḵu-nax̱ → areal. ḵwa (particle) • variants: ḵu.aa, ḵu.a • although; through/via however | when speakers are talking quickly ḵúnáx̱– very; actual; real | prenomial adjective: they will often use «ḵwa» • can be used in oratory appears immediately before the noun that it to call attention to the subject of a sentence or affects | ḵu-nax̱ → areal.through/via section of oratory • there are two particles that ḵútx̱ • variants: ḵúdáx̱ • (adjective) too much; create a shift in an argument: «ḵu.aa» makes excessive | prenomial adjective: appears more of a gradual shift in thinking, and «chʼa immediately before the noun that it affects | ḵu- aan» is more of an abrubt shift in argument dáx̱ → areal.from ḵwáakt (daaḵ) (preverb) wrongly; mistakenly; ḵoo sh kadáan á (interjection) tormenting error: in error | for motion verbs, creates a distress; wretchedness | used when hearing ∅-conjugation motion verb terrible news that will cause torment for many –ḵwáan (relational noun) people of –; person of – people | (MD, JL) –ḵwáani (relational noun) spirit: the spirit(s) of Ḵooskʼeidí (clan name) Clan: Raven (Raven/ – (a non-human animate or inanimate) | one Crow Moiety) | “People of Ḵooskʼ”; Origin: of four ways to refer to the spirit of something in Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount tlingit. «–toowú» is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/ Fairweather) | Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary intentions/feelings of a person; «-yéik» is a spirit Crest: Raven • Seconary Crests: Coho, Musk Ox, that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can Mouse | ḵooskʼ-át-í → [ḵooskʼ]-thing-(4n.i). be human or non-human; «–yakg̱wahéiyag̱u» [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) is the living spirit inside of all things (human, Sheetʼká Ḵwáan nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the • Xaas Hít | Bison/Cattle House world around them; «–ḵwáani» is a ceremonial address used to speak to the spirits of non-

Xunaa Ḵáawu humans and to talk to them as humans • Xunaa Ḵáawu | Bison/Cattle House G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan

155 ḵʼ – l Tlingit to English ḵʼ ribbon seaweed | (KE) –ḵʼáatlʼ (adjective) flat: thin and flat | postnomial Ḵʼalchaneidí (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow adjective: appears immediately after the noun Moiety) | “People of the Bad Smelling Mouth”; that it affects | (JC) Origin: Mudflats on Duncan Canal just west ḵʼeikaxétlʼk (verbal noun) berry: bunchberry; of Wrangell Narrows | Taalḵweidí Migration • Jacobs berries | ḵʼa-ka-∅-√xétlʼk → mouth.pfv. Taalḵweidí Group | ḵʼa-l-√chán-át-i → mouth. hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√drool?.[repetitive] • (KE, JL) cl-(+d,l,–i).√stink.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) ḵʼeikaxwéin (verbal noun) flower; blossom | ḵʼa-ka-∅-√xwéin → mouth.hsf.cl(–d,∅,– Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan i).√blossom/flower • (KE) ḵʼalkátsk (verbal noun) clam: razor clam | ḵʼeildaháakʼu (verbal noun) pretending; make- “calcium mouth”; “(clamshell) white mouth” | ḵʼa- believe | ḵʼe-l-da-√háakʼu → mouth.?.cl-(+d,∅,– l-√kátsk → mouth.cl-(+d,l,–i).√calcium/white i).√pretend • (KE, JL) ḵʼalux̱útʼaa sʼáaxw (compound noun) hat: visor ḵʼeishkaháagu (compound noun) berry: bog hat worn by Sugpiaq & Unangan people of cranberry; berry: low-bush cranberry | ḵʼeish- Southcentral & Southwestern Alaska | “end kaháakw-u → ?.salmon-eggs/kidney • (KE) of nose adze hat” | ḵʼa-lu-√x̱útʼ-aa + sʼáaxw → mouth.nose.chip/chop.one(s)-(part.i) + hat ḵʼéiḵʼw ¹ (noun) kittiwake: black legged kittiwake | (AH, JC) locally called “sea pigeon” ² (noun) cut; wound: knife wound | (KE) ḵʼanashgidéi ḵáa (compound noun) poor man | ḵʼéiḵʼw ḵʼa-na-sh-√gi-déi + ḵáa → mouth.na-con-pre.cl- (+d,sh,–i).√?-towards • (KE) ḵʼw ḵʼanáax̱án (borrowed noun) fence | from Chinook Jargon «qʼəláχən» which borrows from Salishan ḵʼwátl (noun) pot: cooking pot | (KE) | (JC) ḵʼwátl wáalʼi at x̱ʼa.áx̱ch (compound noun) ḵʼanoox̱ (compound noun) labret: small lip plug; English: broken English | “sounds like a broken plug: small plug placed in a piercing, especially cooking pot” | this is how speakers of Tlingit around the mouth | “mouth (intestinal) hole” | would describe a first language Tlingit speaker ḵʼa-noox̱ → mouth.colon • (KE, JL) who struggles to speak English | (GD) ḵʼanoox̱ eetí (compound noun) labret hole | “remians of the mouth (intestinal) hole” | ḵʼa- l noox̱ → mouth.colon • (KE, JL) –ḵʼanoox̱u (body part) whiskers: –ʼs whiskers l- (classifier) | l group classifier; (+d,l,–i) | Tlingit (a fish); beard: –ʼs beard (a fish) | “mouth classifiers combine with verb roots and optional (intestinal) hole” | ḵʼa-noox̱-u → mouth.colon. thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb [relational] • (KE, JL) root contains meaning, and the classifier communicates what the verb does • classifiers ḵʼateil (compound noun) ⑴ pitcher; jug || ⑵ gallon change group and become a different verb when | (JL) the activity the verb describes changes, and ḵʼatx̱áan (borrowed noun) coward | (KE, JL) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root (compound noun) tub: large rectangular ḵʼaakanéi but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is tub for soaking skins while tanning them; –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete tanning: large rectangular tub for soaking skins activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default while tanning them | “working on a thin, flat and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, surface” | ḵʼaatlʼ-ka-√néi → thin/flat.hsf.√do/ which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), work-on • (KE) antipassives that remove the embedded object ḵʼaan (noun) dolphin | (KE) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») ḵʼáachʼ (noun) seaweed: red seaweed; seaweed: subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think

156 Tlingit to English l

of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier l ḵool.áx̱ji (verbal noun) person: deaf person changes from there to move into certain modes | “does not hear people” | l + ḵu-u-l-√.áx̱-ch-i • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, → not + someone-(4h.O).irr.cl-(–d,l,–i).√hear. and then l group, and then the rare sh group [habitual].[relational] • (KE) –i verb modes l ḵooshtéeni (verbal noun) person: blind person • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does | l + ḵu-u-sh-√téen-i → not + areal.irr.cl-(+d,∅,– it i).√see.[relational] • (KE) • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does (compound noun) widow (female) not do it l sʼaatí shaawát | “masterless woman” | (NR) • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the process of doing it l uldzéedéin (adverb) easily | l + u-l-√dzée-déin • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it → not + irr.cl-(–d,l,–i).√hard/difficult.[adverb] • imperative | do it! • (GD) • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every L Ulitoogu Ḵaa Yakg̱wahéiyagu (compound time) noun) Holy Spirit (Christian) | “the spirit of • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet a pure/holy person” | l + u-li-√took-u + ḵaa + • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen yakg̱wahéiyagu → not + irr.cl-(–d,l,–i).√potent/ • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to rancid.[relational] + someoneʼs-(4h.p) + spirit do it; it wonʼt happen • (KE) • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it l ushkʼedéin (adverb) with evil intention; badly (regularly) (behavior) | l + u-sh-√kʼé-déin → not + irr.cl- • potential decessive | s/he would have done it (–d,sh,–i).√good/fine.[adjective] • (JM, GD) • conditional | if/when s/he does it l ushkʼé (verbal noun) evil; badness; sin | l + u-sh- +i verb modes √kʼé → not + irr.cl-(–d,sh,–i).√good/fine • (KE) • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he l uwaxwachgi néekw (compound noun) does it paralysis; polio | “inflexible skin sickness” • perfective (+) | s/he did it | l + u-ÿa-√xwach-k-i + néekw → not + irr.cl- • potential (+) | s/he might do it (–d,∅,+i).√soften-skin.[repetitive].[relational] • potential (–) | s/he might not do it + sickness • (KE) • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it l yaa ḵooshgé (verbal noun) foolishness; ∅ group recklessness | “without intelligence” | l + yaa + • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) ḵu-u-sh-√gé → not + along + areal.irr.cl-(+d,sh,– • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) i).√understand/comprehend • (KE) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) • di- | (+d,∅,+i) l yoo ḵʼeishtángi (verbal noun) person: mute person | “without speaking” | l + yoo + ḵʼa-u-sh- s group √tán⁵-k-i → not + to/fro + mouth.irr.cl-(+d,sh,– • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) i).√communicate • (KE) • si- | (–d,∅,+i) • s- | (+d,∅,–i) la- (classifier) | l group classifier; (–d,l,–i) | • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the l group verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • la- | (–d,∅,–i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • li- | (–d,∅,+i) change group and become a different verb when • l- | (+d,∅,–i) the activity the verb describes changes, and • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and sh group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • ji- | (+d,∅,+i)

157 l Tlingit to English

and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, sh group which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier lagaaw (verbal noun) noise | la-√gaaw → cl-(–d,l,– changes from there to move into certain modes i).√loud • (KE) • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group lagaawdéin (adverb) loudly | la-√gaaw-déin → cl- (–d,l,–i).√loud-[adverb] –i verb modes • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does lag̱wán (verbal noun) bow (ribbon tied into a bow) it | la-√g̱wán → cl-(–d,l,–i).√tie-(into bow or • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does slipknot) • (KE) not do it –laká (body part) mouth: inside of –ʼs mouth | la- • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the ká → neck.on • (KE, JL) process of doing it • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it lakʼeechʼwú (compound noun) duck: scooter duck • imperative | do it! | “at the back of the head” | la-kʼeechʼ-wú → • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every neck.?.is/are-at time) –lakʼéechʼ (body part) occiput: –ʼs occiput; neck: • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet –ʼs nape of neck; head: –ʼs back of head | la- • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen kʼéechʼ → neck.? • (KE) • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to (body part) skull: pit at the do it; it wonʼt happen –lakʼéechʼkóog̱u base of –ʼs skull | (KE) • la-kʼéechʼ-kóoḵ-u → • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it neck.?.pit/cellar.[relational] • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it (regularly) laḵdíxʼ (compound noun) bentwood box full of • potential decessive | s/he would have done it food | “plugged bentwood box” | laḵt-√díxʼ → • conditional | if/when s/he does it bentwood-box.√plug • (EmM, WM) +i verb modes lanáalx̱ (verbal noun) wealth; prosperity; riches | • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he la-√náalx̱ → cl-(–d,l,–i).√wealth • (KE) does it latseen (verbal noun) strength; power | la-√tseen • perfective (+) | s/he did it → cl-(–d,l,–i).√strong • potential (+) | s/he might do it • potential (–) | s/he might not do it Lawáak (placename) Klawock | Named after • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it «Lawá», the man who founded Klawock | (TT) ∅ group lawúx̱ ⑴ (noun) seagull: young seagull || ⑵ (color) • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) gray | (KE) • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) –lawyadaadookxʼú sáani (body part) foreskin: • da- | (+d,∅,–i) –ʼs foreskin | (KM) • di- | (+d,∅,+i) lax̱ʼyeit (compound noun) grass: beach grass | s group “thing below the heron” | láx̱ʼ-yee-át → heron. • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) below.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) • si- | (–d,∅,+i) • s- | (+d,∅,–i) láḵt (noun) bentwood box | (KE) • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) láx̱ʼ (noun) heron | (KE) l group láx̱ʼ loowú (compound noun) blueberry: swamp • la- | (–d,∅,–i) blueberry | “heronʼs beak” | name derives from • li- | (–d,∅,+i) the similar gray-bluish color of the heronʼs beak • l- | (+d,∅,–i) | (KE) • dli- | (+d,∅,+i)

158 Tlingit to English l

–láx̱ʼi (plant part) sapwood: –ʼs sapwood; bark: –ʼs i-át + shál → tide-flats.[relational].thing-(4n.i) + sappy inner bark (of a tree) | (KE) spoon • (KE) laaḵʼásk (noun) seaweed: black seaweed | (KE) leineit shál yaakw (compound noun) boat: gill net boat | “sheep horn spoon boat” | (BF) • leineit (noun) famine; starvation | (KE) laaxw + shál + yaakw → sheephorn + spoon + canoe/ laax̱ (noun) cedar: red cedar | (KE) boat Laax̱aayík Teiḵweidí (clan name) Clan: Brown leitóox̱ (body part) throat | la-tú-x̱ → neck.inside. Bear (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Payne at-(along/repetitive) • (KE) Island at Laax̱aayík (In the Glacier)”; Origin: (noun) fir | (JL) ° abies lasiocarpa ° North Side of Prince of Wales Island, Laax̱aayík | leiyís Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group • Primary léikwaa (noun) bread: Easter bread; bread: Crest: Brown Bear | łaʼx̣aʼ + yík → Eyak: glacier communion bread | (KE) + in-(shallow container) • teiḵw-át-í → payne- léiḵʼw (noun) red snapper; yellow eye; red rockfish island.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, | (KE) JC, JL, HJ) léin (noun) tide flats | related to the verb root √láa Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan (melt; thaw; dissolve; for tide to recede), as in –laayig̱águ (body part) finger: –ʼs ring finger | «yánde yaa naléin» (the tide is going out) | (KE) (KE) • la-yee-gákw-u → neck.below.hard-wood. ̱ (noun) paint: face paint || (color) [relational] léix̱ʼw ⑴ ⑵ crimson red | (KE) (body part) penis: –ʼs penis | (KE) –láaw li! (interjection) donʼt!; stop it! • variants: ilí!, ihí! • (noun) tree: dead dry tree, still standing | láax̱ (classifier) | l group classifier; (–d,l,+i) | (KE) li- Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and ldakát (particle) all; every | (KE) optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier ldakát át (particle) everything | chʼa + ldakát + át → all + thing-(4n.i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers change group and become a different verb when ldakát ḵáa (particle) everyone; everybody | ldakát the activity the verb describes changes, and + ḵáa → all + person-(4h.i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and ldakát yé (particle) everywhere | ldakát + yé → all «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root + place • (KE) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is lé (T) membrane | (JL) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default lékwaa (compound noun) spirit: fighting spirit | and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, (KE) which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), lél not • variants: hél, tléil, tlél, téil, tíl, l • antipassives that remove the embedded object –létlʼk (adjective) soft (of a solid mass); pliable | pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») postnomial adjective: appears immediately after subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think the noun that it affects | (JL, KE, JC) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes (body part) windipe: –ʼs windpipe leikachóox̱ʼu • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, | la-ká-√chóox̱ʼ-u → neck.on.√roll-(fat). and then l group, and then the rare sh group [relational] • (KE) –i verb modes leil (noun) flab | (JL) • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does –leilí (body part) ⑴ flab: –ʼs flab; wrinkles: –ʼs it wrinkles | (JL) || ⑵ scrotum: –ʼs scrotum • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does not do it (noun) • variants: tleilú • butterfly; moth; leilú • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the (NR, KE) process of doing it leineit shál (compound noun) spoon: sheep horn • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it spoon; spoon: mountain goat horn spoon | lein- • imperative | do it!

159 l Tlingit to English

• perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every √g̱aas → cl-(–d,l,+i).√forbidden • (JL) time) linéisʼchʼán (adjective) grease: is easily greased; • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet rubs easily (like applying lotion) | li-√néisʼ- • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen chʼán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√grease/rub/apply-lotion. • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to [ajdective] • (JL) do it; it wonʼt happen • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it linéitlchʼán (adjective) fat: gets fat easily | li- • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it √néitl-chʼán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√get-fat.[adjective] (regularly) • (JL) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it lingitʼaaní (compound noun) world: the world | • conditional | if/when s/he does it used to refer to the entire world | lingit-aan-í → +i verb modes tlingit-land-(inhabited).[possessed] • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he lingitʼaaní tuḵwáani (compound noun) people: does it the people of the world; humanity | used to • perfective (+) | s/he did it refer to the all the people in the world | lingit- • potential (+) | s/he might do it aan-í + tú-ḵwáan-i → tlingit-land-(inhabited). • potential (–) | s/he might not do it [possessed] + inside.people-of.[relational] • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it lingít (noun) ⑴ human being || ⑵ Tlingit | when ∅ group speaking Tlingit, the noun «lingít» often refers • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) to a person or a Tlingit person, but generally has • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) less political meaning than when using “Tlingit” • da- | (+d,∅,–i) while speaking English • di- | (+d,∅,+i) lingít– (adjective) Tlingit; traditional | prenomial s group adjective: appears immediately before the noun • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) that it affects • si- | (–d,∅,+i) • s- | (+d,∅,–i) Lingít Aaní (compound noun) Tlingit Land; • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) Tlingit Territory | used to refer to land that has traditionally been inhabited by Tlingit people l group | lingít + aan-í → tlingit + land-(inhabited). • la- | (–d,∅,–i) [possessed] • li- | (–d,∅,+i) • l- | (+d,∅,–i) lingít kʼúntsʼi (compound noun) hemlock: water • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) hemlock | “Tlingit potato” | (KE) sh group lingít shákw (compound noun) strawberry: native • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) strawberry • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) lingít xʼáaxʼi (compound noun) crabapple | lingít + • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) xʼáaxʼ-i → tlingit + apple.[relational] • (KE) • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) lisʼaag̱í (verbal adjective) boney | verbal adjectives lichʼéix̱ʼu (verbal adjective) dirty; filthy | verbal are prenomial, appearing immediately before adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately the noun that it affects | li-√sʼaaḵ-í → cl-(– before the noun that it affects | li-√chʼéix̱ʼw-u → d,l,+i).√bone.[relational] • (JL) cl-(–d,l,+i).√dirt.[relational] • (JL) lishoog̱u (verbal adjective) funny; comical; –lidíx̱ʼ (body part) • variants: –lúdíx̱ʼ • neck: back laughable | verbal adjectives are prenomial, of neck; neck: upper neck | can refer to whole appearing immediately before the noun that it upper neck, but specifically means back of neck | affects | li-√shooḵ-u → cl-(–d,l,+i).√laugh/smile. lá-díx̱ʼ → neck.back • (JL) [relational] • (JL) lig̱aas (verbal noun) taboo; spiritual violation –litkagoodlí (body part) fin: –ʼs anterior dorsal fin | a cultural violation that will often result in a hump (of salmon) | leet-ká-gootl-í → back-(of terrible fate upon the person committing the act, fish).on.hump/bump.[relational] • (JL) or that personʼs family, clan, or community | li-

160 Tlingit to English l

–litkatʼaawú (body part) fin: –ʼs dorsal fin (of fish) i).√flood/vomit.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, | leet-ká-tʼaaw-ú → back-(of fish).on.feather. AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) [relational] • (JL) Heinyaa Ḵwáan –litká ⑴ (body part) back: on –ʼs back (a fish) || ⑵ Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan (land part) crest: on the crest; ridge: on the ridge; (region name) Chilkoot: People backbone of – (a hill, ridge, or point) | leet-ká → Lḵóot Ḵwáan of the Chilkoot Area | “People of the Lake back-(of fish).on • (JL) That Puked” | Included Communities: Haines, lit.isdúk (compound noun) bass: black bass | leet-. Chilkoot, Skagway, Dyea, Chilkoot Trail, Lynn is-dúk → back.whistle?.skin • (KE) Canal | l-√ḵóo-t + ḵwáan → cl-(+d,l,–i).√flood/ litʼáaychʼán (adjective) heat: is quick/easy to heat vomit + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, up | li-√tʼáa(y)-chʼán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√hot/warm. FW) [adjective] Wolf/Eagle Clans • Shangukeidí | People of Shankw litʼoojí (verbal adjective) stings (like nettles or thorns); smarts (with sharp pain or discomfort) • Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House | verbal adjectives are prenomial, appearing Raven/Crow Clans immediately before the noun that it affects • Lukaax̱.ádi | People off the Point of It | li-√tʼooch-í → cl-(–d,l,+i).√stings/smarts. Lḵʼayáakʼw X̱ʼus.eetí (compound noun) Milky Way [relational] • (JL) | “footprints of Lḵʼayáakʼw” | Lḵʼayáakʼw + x̱ʼoos- liwáalʼshán (adjective) • variants: liwáalʼsháni eetí → Lḵʼayáakʼw + foot.remains • (KE) • breaks easily | li-√wáalʼ-shán → cl-(– Ltu.áa (placename) Lituya Bay | “Lake inside the d,l,+i).√break-(generally).[adjective] • (JL) Point (nostril)” | lú-tú-áa → noise/point.inside. liwáaschʼán (adjective) roast: nice to roast | li- lake • (TT) √wáas-chʼán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√roast/scorch-(by lugán (compound noun) ⑴ oystercatcher | “fire fire).[adjective] • (JL) nose” || ⑵ tufted puffin | lú-√gán → nose/ liyóox̱ʼshán (adjective) soak: it is nice to soak (in point.√light/burn • (GD, KE) water) | li-√yóox̱ʼ-shán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√become- –lugóochʼ (body part) nose: lobe of –ʼs nostril | lú- soaked.[adjective] • (JL) kʼóochʼ → nose.hind-end • (JL) (adjective) washes easily | li-√.óosʼ- li.óosʼshán lugéitlʼ (body part) ⑴ snot | lú-g̱éitlʼ → nose. shán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√wash.[adjective] • (JL) ̱ mucus-(wet) • (KE) || ⑵ (noun) turkey li.óoshchʼán (adjective) • variants: li.óoshshán • lugwéinaa (compound noun) handkerchief; tissue sulks easily | li-√.óosh-chʼán → cl-(–d,l,+i).√sulk ̱ | “one that wipes a nose” | «xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa» can • (JL) be used to differentiate a cloth hankerchief and lítaa (verbal noun) knife | “the one that slides” | a paper tissue | lu-√g̱óo-n-aa → nose.√wipe. √lít-aa → √slide.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) (progressive).one(s)-(part.i) lítaa eetí (compound noun) wound: knife wound –lukatíxʼi (relational noun) bowstay: –ʼs bowstay | “remains of the knife” | √lít-aa + eetí → √slide. | “rope on the nose of –” | lú-ká-tíxʼ-i → nose/ one(s)-(part.i) + remains • (KE) point.on.rope.[relational] • (KE) –leedí (body part) fin: dorsal fin | (JL) lukatʼíshaa (compound noun) needle: leather needle | “the one that stretches skin on the point” (body part) back: –ʼs back (of fish) | (JL) –leet | lú-ká-√tʼísh-aa → nose/point.on.√stretch-skin. –léelkʼw (kinship term) grandparent: –ʼs one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) grandparent | (KE) Lukaax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: Sockeye (Raven/ léetʼ (noun) roots used in basket decoration; vines Crow Moiety) | “People off the Point of It”; used in basket decoration | (KE) Origin: Duncan Canal | Taalḵweidí Migration Lḵuweidi (clan name) Clan: (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Sockeye | “People of the Flood” | Teiḵweidí Migration • Secondary Crests: Raven, White Raven, Kingfisher, Mt. Fairweather, Devilʼs Thumb Mtn., • Dag̱istinaa Group | l-ḵoo-át-i → cl-(–d,l,–

161 l – lʼ Tlingit to English

Land Otter, Mt. Ripinsky, Hummingbird | lú-ká- lóotʼ (noun) eel | (JL) x̱-át-i → noise/point.on.along/repeatedly.thing- (verb root) pee; urinate (4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) √lóoxʼ a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) Lḵóot Ḵwáan urinate; pee | for S to urinate | (GD, EM, KE) • Yéil Hít | Raven House • imperative: alʼúxʼ (dé)! | urinate (now)! • Yéil Kíji Hít | Raven’s Wing House • prohibitive: líl eelʼúxʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt urinate! • Yéil Kúdi Hít | Raven’s Nest House • progressive imperfective: yaa analʼúxʼ | she/ • Shaa Hít | Mountain House he/it is going along urinating • Kóoshdaa Hít | Land Otter House • perfective (+): aawalʼúxʼ | she/he/it urinated • G̱eisán Hít | Mount Ripinsky House • perfective (–): tlél awulʼóoxʼ | she/he/it Jilḵáat Ḵwáan didnʼt urinate • Déix̱ X̱ʼaháadi Hít | Two Door House • future (+): akg̱walʼóoxʼ | she/he/it will Xunaa Ḵáawu urinate • future (–): tlél akgwalʼóoxʼ | she/he/it wonʼt G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan ̱ • Shaká Hít | Prow House urinate lukshiyáan (noun) • variants: nukshiyáan • mink sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ (∅ event verb – | occassionally, there is some fluidity with some subject intransitive) pee oneself; urinate oneself speakers between «nukshiyáan/lukshiyáan» | for S to pee oneself | (GD, EM, KE) (mink) and kʼóox (marten), and they might • imperative: (góok) sh daa eedalúxʼ! | (go translate either word as either animal | (KE) ahead) pee yourself! nose ring | lú-nás → nose.? • (KE) • prohibitive: líl sh daa eedalúxʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt lunás pee yourself! –lunáa (relational base) point: over or along • progressive imperfective: sh daa yaa the point of it; end: at or near the end of it (a andalúxʼ | s/he is peeing herself/himself pointed object, point of land) | “in the area of • perfective (+): sh daa awdilúxʼ | s/he peed the point of –” | lú-niyaa → nose/point.area herself/himself lututúḵlʼi (body part) nose: cartlidge of –ʼs nose | • perfective (–): tlél sh daa awdalóoxʼ | s/he lú-tú-túḵlʼ-i → nose.inside.cartlidge.[relational] didnʼt pee herself/himself • (KE) • future (+): sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ | s/heʼs going to pee herself/himself (body part) nose: inside –ʼs nose; nose: –ʼs –lutú • future (–): tlél sh daa agux̱dalóoxʼ | s/heʼs nostril | lú.tú → nose/point.inside • (KE, JL) not going to pee herself/himself (relational noun) tip: –ʼs tip; point: –ʼs point –luxʼaa (body part) urine: –ʼs urine | (KE) | lú-xʼaa → noise/tip.point • (KE) –lóoxʼu (verbal noun) vest; shirt: sleeveless shirt or (compound noun) bird: a type of bird l.uljíni lu.áadaa top | “without arms” | l-u-l-√jín-i → not.irr.cl- (marbled godwit?) | “the one that spears fish (–d,l,–i).√arm/hand.[relational] • (KE) with its beak” | lu-√.áat-aa → nose/beak.√spear- fish.one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL)

–lú (body part) ⑴ nose: –ʼs nose || ⑵ beak: –ʼs beak lʼ || ⑶ (land part) point (of land) || ⑷ (noun) point (of a long thin pointed object) lʼag̱akáx̱ (compound noun) wind: west wind | “putting the hemlock branches on it” | √lʼaaḵ- –lútʼaaḵ (body part) nose: side of –ʼs nose | lú- a-ká-x̱ → √put-hemlock-branches-down-(for tʼáaḵ → nose.beside • (KE) herring spawn).its-(3m.p).on.at-(repeatedly) lookanáa person who acts crazy or possesssed • (KE) | member of a secret society whose trademark is (compound noun) mask for dancing | acting bestial and eating dogs | (JL) lʼax̱keit “thing on dancing” | √lʼeix̱-ká-át → √dance. loon (noun) bark: dry woody outer bark | (KE) on.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) lóol (noun) ⑴ fireweed || ⑵ (color) pink: dark pink; lʼákwti (verbal noun) tree: dry-fallen tree | √lʼákw- purple: light purple | (KE) t-i → √[??].[repetitive].[relational] • (KE)

162 Tlingit to English lʼ lʼátʼaa (verbal noun) tongs | “the one that carries lʼée xʼwán (compound noun) socks | “wool boots” | with tongs” | √lʼátʼ-aa → √carry-(with tongs). lʼée + xʼwán → wool + boots • (KE) one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) √lʼéelʼ (verb root) defecate; poop (body part) breast: –ʼs breast | (KE) -lʼaa a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – subject intransitive) lʼaak (noun) dress (clothing) | (KE) defecate; poop | for S to defecate | (GD, EM, KE) (noun) boat: low-bowed boat | (JL) lʼáaḵw • imperative: alʼílʼ (dé)! | defecate (now)! lʼáax̱ʼ ⑴ (color) grayish || ⑵ (noun) blonde hair | • prohibitive: líl eelʼílʼx̱iḵ! | donʼt defecate! (KE) • progressive imperfective: yaa analʼílʼ | she/ lʼéx̱ʼkw (noun) soil; dirt | (KE) he/it is going along defecating • perfective (+): aawalʼílʼ | she/he/it defecated (noun) • variants: lʼoowú • wood: piece of lʼeiwú ⑴ • perfective (–): tlél awulʼéelʼ | she/he/it wood || wood chip ⑵ didnʼt defecate lʼeix (noun) rock: a type of gray rock; aluminum • future (+): akg̱walʼéelʼ | she/he/it will | (JL) defecate • future (–): tlél akgwalʼéelʼ | she/he/it wonʼt lʼeix̱ (noun) dance: a dance | (JL) ̱ defecate lʼéiw (noun) ⑴ sand || ⑵ gravel | (KE) sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ (∅ event verb – lʼéiw xʼaayí (compound noun) sand point | lʼéiw + subject intransitive) poop oneself; defecate xʼaa-yí → sand + point.[relational] • (KE) oneself | for S to poop oneself | (GD, EM, KE) lʼéiw yátxʼi (compound noun) sand: fine sand; • imperative: (góok) sh daa eedalílʼ! | (go gravel: fine gravel | “sand children” | lʼéiw + yát- ahead) poop yourself! xʼ-i → sand + child.[plural].[relational] • (KE) • prohibitive: líl sh daa eedalílʼx̱uḵ! | donʼt poop yourself! (body part) penis: –ʼs penis | (KE) –lʼíli • progressive imperfective: sh daa yaa andalílʼ lʼílʼ (compound noun) poop; excrement | “mess” | | s/he is pooping herself/himself «gánde nagoodí» is a euphemism, «háatlʼ» is the • perfective (+): sh daa awdilílʼ | s/he pooped most common form, and «lʼílʼ» is the most direct herself/himself & literal | (JL) • variants: háatlʼ, gánde nagoodí • • perfective (–): tlél sh daa awdaléelʼ | s/he –lʼeedí (body part) tail: –ʼs tail (of animal) | tail for didnʼt poop herself/himself a bird or fish is «–koowú» | (KE) • future (+): sh daa agux̱daléelʼ | s/heʼs going to poop herself/himself Lʼeeneidí (clan name) Clan: Dog Salmon (Raven/ • future (–): tlél sh daa agux̱daléelʼ | poop Crow Moiety) | “People of Dog Salmon Creek” herself/himself | Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Raven, Gull, Big Lʼuknax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: Coho (Raven/ Dipper, Mountain Goat, Lady of the Lake | téelʼ- Crow Moiety) | “People of Coho Community héen-át-i → dog-salmon.water/river/creek.thing. Bay”; Origin: Deep Bay | Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration [possessed] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • Primary Crest: Coho • Seconary Crests: Raven, Frog (Dry Bay), Octopus, Sea Lion, Whale | Áakʼw Ḵwáan lʼugunáx̱-át-i → coho-clan-community-(Deep • G̱aatáa Hít | Trap House Bay).thing.[possessed] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • Téelʼ Hít | Dog Salmon House Sheetʼká Ḵwáan Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan • Daginaa Hít | Out in the Ocean Salmon Box • Téelʼ Hít | Dog Salmon House House • Téelʼ Yádi Hít | Dog Salmon Child House • Ḵutá Hít | Sleep House lʼée (noun) ⑴ wool || ⑵ blanket: wool blanket | • Lʼook Hít Tlein | Big Coho House wool blankets are one of the most cherished items • Lʼook Hít Yádi | Little Coho House collected and given away at ḵu.éexʼ • Shgataayí Hít | Yakutat Creek House • Taan Hít | Sea Lion House lʼée ḵʼáatlʼ (compound noun) felt | “flat wool” | lʼée + ḵʼáatlʼ → wool + flat • (JL) • Xinaa Hít | House at Lower End of Town

163 lʼ – n Tlingit to English

• Xinaa Hít 2 | House at Lower End of Town 2 ka-S-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – subject • Xíxchʼi Hít | Frog House intransitive) close eyes | for S to close eyes | • Yáay Hít | Whale House (GD, KE) • imperative: keedalʼúx ! | close your eyes! Áakʼw Ḵwáan • Lʼook Hít | Coho House • prohibitive: líl keedalʼúxx̱iḵ! | donʼt close your eyes! G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan • perfective (+): kawdilʼúx | s/he closed her/ • Dleit Xíxchʼi Hít | White Frog House his eyes Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan • perfective (–): tlél kawdalʼoox | s/he didnʼt • Shaa Hít | Mountain House (Mount close her/his eyes Fairweather) • future (+): kagux̱dalʼóox | s/he will close her/ • Daginaa Hít | Out in the Ocean Salmon Box his eyes House • future (–): tlél kagux̱dalʼoox | s/he wonʼt • Eech Hít | Reef House close her/his eyes • Eech Hít 2 | Reef House 2 –lʼóotʼ (body part) tongue: –ʼs tongue | (KE) lʼutʼtláaḵ (compound noun) snake | “arrow tongue” | lʼóotʼ-tláaḵ → tongue-arrow • (KE) lʼóox̱ (noun) water: silty water; water: murky water Lʼux̱ʼeidí (clan name) Clan: (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Herring Spawn in Water” | Teiḵweidí m Migration • Teiḵweidí Group | √lóox̱ʼʼ-át-í → √spawn-(in water, especially herring).thing- mesdzi (C) (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl (4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) with ear tufts • variants: wesdzi (C), tsískʼw, óondách (T) • Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan lʼook (noun) salmon: coho; salmon: silver salmon | (KE) n (noun) • variants: lʼeiwú • wood: piece of lʼoowú ⑴ -n (suffix) with –; using –; as soon as – | (JC) wood || ⑵ wood chip | these (compound noun) mallet; hammer: na conjugation motion preverbs lʼoowú táḵl preverbs create motion verbs using the na wooden hammer | lʼoowú + táḵl → wood + conjugation prefix hammer • (KE) unbounded directed motion √lʼoox (verb root) • variants: lʼéexw (K) • close eyes • [no preverb] | moving along, lateral, horizontal (N waaḵ) + ka-d+∅-√lʼoox (∅ event verb – • N-dé | moving toward N impersonal) close eyes | for Nʼs eyes to be closed • gándé | to the bathroom; go urinate, pee; go | «–waaḵ» is not required by the verb. For defecate, poop example, it is possible to say simply: kawdilʼúx • N-x̱ | moving along N to give the meaning “her/his eyes are closed”. • N-dáx̱ | moving away from N To specify whose eyes are closed, use the • N-náx̱ | moving by way of, through N appropriate possessive pronoun plus –waaḵ, • N-náḵ | leaving N behind as in: ax̱ waaḵ kawdilʼúx “my eyes are closed.” • N-g̱áa | going for (to obtain) N | (GD, KE, NS) • yux̱ | moving out of house • progressive imperfective: (du waaḵ) yaa • N-xʼ + yux̱ | moving out of house at N kandalʼíxw | her/his eyes are starting to close unbounded undirected motion • perfective (+): (du waaḵ) kawdilʼíxw | her/ • N-t | moving around N his eyes are closed • N áa | moving around N • perfective (–): (du waaḵ) tlél kawdalʼeexw | her/his eyes arenʼt closed nadashée (verbal noun) help; helper | na-da-√shée • future (+): (du waaḵ) kagux̱dalʼéexw | her/ → na-con.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√help • (JL) his eyes will be closed nadáakw (borrowed noun) table | from Chinook • future (–): (du waaḵ) tlél kagux̱dalʼeexw | Jargon «lətáp» which borrows from French “le her/his eyes wonʼt be closed table” | (JC)

164 Tlingit to English n nahéin (borrowed noun) stick game | from Chinook násʼk (number) three | (KE) Jargon «lahál» which borrows from Salishan | násʼk jinkaat (number) thirty | “three tens” | násʼk (JC) + jinkaat → three + ten • (KE) (compound noun) debt | “borrowing nahéesʼadi násʼk jinkaat ḵa tléixʼ (number) thirty one | thing” | na-√héesʼ-át-i → na-md.√borrow/loan “three tens and one” | násʼk + jinkaat + ḵa + tléixʼ • (JL) → three + ten + and + one • (KE) (borrowed noun) priest | from Chinook nakwnéit násʼk yakyee (compound noun) Wednesday; Jargon «ləplét» which borrows from French “le day: Wednesday | “third day” • variants: násʼk prêtre” | (JC) yagiyee, násʼk yagee • (compound noun) witch | “master nakwsʼaatí (noun) hook: halibut hook | (KE) of medicine” | a witch in Tlingit is a person náxw who practices spiritual energies that are often -náx̱ ¹ (relational suffix) through; along; via; designed to harm others • the «nakwsʼaatí» can including the time of | closed monosyllable take animal forms, imitate animals, and invade Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open the consciousness of people by utilizing spiritual monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of magic and knowledge of plants and other the preceding vowel | (KE, JC) medicines • ceremonies exist to determine if a -náx̱ ² (suffix) number of people | used for person is a witch, and they were conducted by an counting people only • closed monosyllable «íx̱tʼ»—if the accused were a witch, they would Tlingit suffixes are high tone, and open begin shaking uncontrollably monosyllable suffixes are opposite of the tone of nalháashadi (compound noun) driftwood | the preceding vowel “floating thing” | this name is used for driftwood naa (noun) nation; moiety; clan; people: band of that is floating in the water | na-l-√háash-át-i people | (KE) → na-md.cl-(–d,l,–i).√drift/float.thing-(4n.i). (compound noun) clan: member of [relational] • (KE) naa káani opposite clan commissioned to conduct a naná (verbal noun) death | na-∅-√ná → na-md.cl- ḵu.éexʼ; master of ceremonies for a ḵu.éexʼ | “in (–d,∅,–i).√die • (JL) law of the clan” | A person of the guest moiety nasʼgadooshú (number) eight | “someone extends who is related by marriage to the hosts. A naa [their hand] to the third one” | nasʼk-aa-du-w- káani may be male or female. The naa káani ÿa-√shú → one.one(s)-(part.i).someone-(4h.S). helps to invite the other guests, and serves as [perfective].[classifer].√extends “master of ceremonies” at the ceremonial. He or she also helps with the distribution of gifts. (HTY nasʼgadooshóonáx̱ (number) eight people | used 53) | naa + káani → clan + in-law • (KE, RN) for counting people only | (KE) naa sháade háni (compound noun) leader: clan nasʼgidahéen (number) three times | (KE) leader; chief: clan chief | “stands towards the nasʼgináx̱ (number) three people | used for head of the clan” | often used to refer to someone counting people only | (KE) who can represent an entire clan and not just their clan house | naa + shá-de + √hán-i → –nashoowú (kinship term) relative: –ʼs relative | “extending to –” | na-∅-√shoo(w)-ú → na-con. clan/tribe/moiety + head.towards + √stand. cl-(–d,∅,–i).√extend.[relational] • (JL) [relational] (compound noun) party: life of nawéin (borrowed noun) oats | from Chinook naa shuklag̱eeyí Jargon «ləwén» which borrows from French “la the party | “beautiful to the clan” | naa + shu-ka- avoine” | (JC) la-√g̱ee-yí → clan + end.hsf.cl-(–d,l,–i).√fancy/ beautiful.[relational] • (KE) nax̱ (land part) bay: small bay; valley | (JC) naa tláa (compound noun) clan mother; leader –náḵ (relational noun) away from –; leaving – of a clan | traditional leadership among the behind | (JC, KE) Tlingit involves the selection of speakers for the clan, the highest ranking of which are «hít sʼaatí» násʼgig̱áa (number) three at a time; three by three | (KE) and «naa tláa»; the «hít sʼaatí» would often

165 n Tlingit to English

speak for the clan in ceremonies, although the O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) let «naa tláa» would often speak as well • decisions go of, release her/him/it; leave, desert her/ are often made communally by a clan, and the him/it; hand her/him/it over | for S to let go, «hít sʼaatí» has the authority to carry out those release, relinquish O; for S to leave, desert O; decisions; among the «hít sʼaatí» of one clan, a for S to hand over, deliver up O | (GD, KE) • tsu determination is made on who the senior member ajikwg̱anáaḵ → heʼs going to let it go again is when the houses are standing together as a (SN) • tsaa dleeyí ḵaa x̱ʼéide ajeewanáḵ → he clan • the caretaking of «at.óow», including the is giving away seal meat (SN) giving of names and use of songs and stories • imperative: jináḵ! | let it go! is often the responsibility of the «hít sʼaatí» in • prohibitive: Líl jeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt let it go! consultation with other clan leaders • a clan • perfective (+): ajeewanáḵ | s/he let it go selects «hít sʼaatí» and «naa tláa» internally and • perfective (–): tlél ajuwanaaḵ | s/he didnʼt makes the appointment at «ḵu.éexʼ», often while let it go bringing out new «at.óow», killing money, and at • future (+): ajikg̱wanáaḵ | s/he will let it go times granting a new name to the leader(s) being • future (–): tlél ajikg̱wanaaḵ | s/he wonʼt let appointed | naa + tláa → clan + mother it go Naachʼuneidí (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ (∅ event verb – subject Moiety) | “People of Naachʼu Héen”; Origin: A intransitive) quit work; stop working | for S creek in Whitewater Bay | Deisheetaan Migration to quit, stop work | (GD, KE) • jix̱toodanaaḵ • Deisheetaan Group | naachʼu-héen-át-í → gu.aa déi ágé? → I wonder whether weʼd naachʼu.river/water..thing-(4n.i).[relational] • better quit? (SN) (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • imperative: jeedanáḵ (dé)! | quit (work) (already)! Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • prohibitive: líl jeedanáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt quit Jilḵáat Ḵwáan (work)! naadaayi héen (compound noun) • variants: • perfective (+): jiwdináḵ | s/he quit (work) kanaadaayi héen, x̱áat héeni • river; stream; • perfective (–): tlél jeewdanaaḵ | s/he didnʼt creek | “flowing water” | na-ÿa-√daa-yi + héen quit (work) → [na-con-pre]-cl-(–d,∅,+i).√flow.[relational] • future (+): jigux̱danáaḵ | s/he will quit + water/river (work) naagasʼei (borrowed noun) fox: red fox | (JL) • future (–): tlél jigux̱danaaḵ | s/he wonʼt quit ̱ (work) naakée (independent base) upstream; north | naa- kée → north.above/up • (KE) O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ (∅ event verb – transitive) quit (esp. drinking); give up (esp. drinking) | for √naakw (verb root) medicine: use medicine S to quit, give up O (esp. drinking) | (GD, KE) O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ (na act verb – transitive) • x̱ʼanáḵ déi wé at daná! → quit drinking now! medicine: use medicine; dose; medicate | for (SN) S to treat O with medicine; for S to medicate • imperative: x̱ʼanáḵ! | quit (drinking)! O; for S to dose O | yáa náakw teen tlákw • prohibitive: líl x̱ʼeenáḵx̱iḵ! | donʼt quit nanáakw → medicate him all the time with (drinking)! this medicine! (SN) • Lingít yáx̱ áwé sh • perfective (+): ax̱ʼeiwanáḵ | s/he quit x̱wadináakw → I dosed myself the Tlingit (drinking) way (SN) • perfective (–): tlél ax̱ʼawunaaḵ | s/he didnʼt • imperative: nanáakw! | medicate her/him! quit (drinking) • perfective (+): wudináakw | s/he medicated • future (+): ax̱ʼakg̱wanáaḵ | s/he will quit her/him (drinking) • future (–): tlél ax̱ʼakgwanaaḵ | s/he wonʼt (verb root) stand; rise | classification: ̱ √naaḵ ¹ quit (drinking) plural subject | plural form: √haan ¹ (noun) wood: rotten wood; wood: punky (verb root) let go; release; hand over; give naaḵw √naaḵ ² wood | (KE, NR) up Naanya.aayí (clan name) Clan: Killer Whale

166 Tlingit to English n

(Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Upper → clothing + her/him.it-(3.O).s/he-(3.S).cl-(– River”; Origin: Shtaxʼhéen | Killer Whale d,∅,–i).√eat + thing-(4n.i) • (KE, JL) • variants: Migration • Naanya.aayí Group • Primary Crests: atx̱a át • White Bear, Killer Whale • Secondary Crests: naa.át kaxítʼaa (compound noun) clothes brush Wolf, Brown Bear, Marmot, Mudshark (Dogfish), | “the one that sweeps the clothes” | naa.át + ka- Sea Monster, Mountain Goat | naa-niya-aa-yí → ∅-√xítʼ-aa → clothes + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sweep. upriver.area.one(s)-(part.i).[relational] • (TT, one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) –náa ⑴ (relational noun) draped over –; covering Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan – | (KE) || (body part) body: –ʼs upper body • Xʼátgu Hít | Dogfish House ⑵ | (MH) • Xʼátgu Naasí Hít | Dogfish Intestines House • Ḵóok Hít | Box House náakw (noun) medicine | can refer to physical • Hít Tlein | Big House or spiritual medicine, and in compound words • Tatóok Hít | Cave House could mean the medicine of an animal (beacuse it • Chéx̱ʼi Hít | Shadow House taught Tlingit people how to use it) or it could be • Aanshooká Hít | End of Town House something that repels that particular animal (noun) octopus naanyaa kanatʼaayí (compound noun) náaḵw huckleberry; blueberry | “northern blueberry” | náaḵw tlʼeig̱i gwéil (compound noun) • variants: naa-nÿaa + kanatʼá-yí → upstream/north.area + náaḵw tlʼeeg̱i gwéil • octopus bag | “octopus blueberry.[relational] • (KE) tentacle bag” | náaḵw + tlʼeiḵ-i + gwéil → octopus + finger + bag naasa.áa (borrowed noun) sewing tool kit, box; sewing tool box; sewing trunk | from Eyak náaw (borrowed noun) • variants: naaw • liquor; «la•saʼah» and Ahtna «nazʼaayi» | (JL) booze; alcohol; alcoholic beverage | from the English “rum” | (KE) –naasí (body part) intestines: –ʼs intestines; guts: –ʼs guts | (KE) náaw éesh (compound noun) alcoholic | “father of the booze” | náaw + éesh → alcohol + father Naasteidí (clan name) Clan: Flicker (Eagle/ Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Nass River Rock”; • (KE) Origin: Nass River | Killer Whale Migration náaw sʼaatí (compound noun) alcoholic | “boss • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: Flicker • of the booze” | náaw + sʼaatí → alcohol + boss/ Secondary Crests: Wolf, Eagle, Murrelet | naas- master • (KE) té-át-í → intestine.rock.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • náax̱ ag̱ataan (compound noun) trap: fish trap (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) made of sharpened sticks | “let fish jump Heinyaa Ḵwáan on death” | náa-x̱ + a-g̱a-∅-√taan → death. Kooyu Ḵwáan at-(repeatedly) + [a-theme].g̱a-md.cl-(–d,∅,– • Chʼeet Hít | Murrelet House i).√jump-(of fish) • (JL) • Kóon Hít | Flicker (Woodpecker) House náayadi (compound noun) salmon: half-dried • Deikeenoow Hít | Far Out Fort House smoked salmon | √náa(y)-át-i → √grease/rub/ naawú (compound noun) corpse; body: dead body | apply-lotion.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) √naa-wu → √die.is/are-at • (JL) né (noun) grass: hairy grass; seaweed: hairy naaxein (compound noun) Chilkat blanket | seaweed on which herring spawn | (KE) “spawned out white on the upper body” | náa- néx̱ʼw (noun) berry: cloudberry | (KE) xein → upper-body.spawned-out-salmon • (KE, JL) √nei ¹ (verb root) carry | classification: plural & varying objects naa.át (compound noun) clothes; clothing; garment | “covering thing”; “draping thing” | √naa-át → √nei ² (verb root) do; work on draped-over/covering.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) √nei ³ (verb root) weave yarns; knit; crochet; make cloth | classification: yarns, fabrics naa.át ax̱a át (compound noun) moth | “thing that eats clothing” | naa.át + a-∅-∅-√x̱a + át √nei ⁴ (verb root) respect

167 n Tlingit to English neigóon (noun) berries: nagoon berries | (KE) nisdaat (compound noun) night: last night | (KE) neil ⑴ (noun) home || ⑵ (preverb) inside; niyaháat (compound noun) armor: body armor; homeward; into building | for motion verbs, breastplate | “shielding cover” | nÿaa-háat → creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (terminal) • shield/vicinity.cover • (KE) when used as a directional preverb, «neil» is used (relational base) • variants: –yinaa • ⑴ when the speaker is inside a building and «yee» is –niyaa direction of –; facing – || ⑵ in –ʼs way; keeping used when the speaker is outside of the building – away; protecting from –; shielding from –; | (KE, JC) screening from –; blocking – | from «nÿaa» neil yee táaxʼayi (compound noun) housefly | which transforms to «niyaa» or «yinaa» in “mosquito in the home” | neil + yee + táaxʼaa- modern Tlingit • in compound nouns, will often yi → home + inside-(building) + mosquito. contract to «-nyaa» or «naa» | (JC, KE) [relational] • (KE) –niyaadé (relational noun) • variants: –yinaadé neilyeetéeli (compound noun) slippers | “in the • toward the direction of –; toward the general home shoes” | neil-yee-téel-i → home.inside- area of – | «niyaa» is from «nÿaa» which (building).shoe(s).[relational] • (KE) transforms to «niyaa» or «yinaa» in modern Tlingit neitl (noun) • variants: neetl (T) • obesity | (JL) (postverb) always | appears after a verb to (verb root) • variants: √neetl (T) • fat: get fat neech ¹ √neitl modify it as “always [verb]” | (KE) • variants: √neix̱ (verb root) save; heal nich, nooch, nuch • Neix̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: (Neix̱.ádi Moiety) neech ² (noun) beach | when used as a directional | “People of the Naha Bay”; Origin: Naha Bay, preverb, «neech» is used when the speaker is western Behm Canal | Neix̱.ádi Group • Primary on the beach and «éiḵ / éeḵ» is used when the Crests: Eagle, Beaver, Halibut, King Crab, Giant speaker is inland from the shoreline | (KE) Clam | Neix̱-át-i → [Naha Bay]-thing-(4n.i). [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) neechkaḵáawu (compound noun) person without a clan; person nobody wants | “person on the Saanyaa Ḵwáan beach” | a severe insult in Tlingit, often referring • Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House to a person kicked out of their clan house • term • Chʼáakʼ X̱ʼoosí Hít | Eagle Foot House should be used with extreme caution—even in • Sʼigeidí X̱aayí Hít | Beaver Lodge House teasing this term is culturally inappropirate and • Chʼáakʼ Kúdi Hít | Eagle Nest House will certainly cause a fight • Chʼáakʼ Koowú Hít | Eagle Fan-Tail House • Cháatl Hít | Halibut House neechkateiyí (compound noun) person without • X̱eetʼ Hít | Giant Clam House Tlingit birth parents, especially the mother | • Xʼéix̱ Hít | King Crab House “rock on the beach” | a term in Tlingit used for • Ḵéedu Hít | Beaver Dam House people who become Tlingit through adoption but have no ability to achieve leadership within néilʼ (noun) basket of woven red cedar bark | (KE) the clan • term should be used with extreme néisʼ (noun) liniment; oil (for coating skin or caution—even in teasing this term can be hurtful rubbing into skin); lotion | √náa-sʼ → √grease/ in public rub/apply-lotion.[in series] • (JL) neechkayádi (compound noun) fatherless child; –néixʼi (relational noun) inheritance: –ʼs bastard | “child on the beach” | a severe insult in inheritance | √náa-xʼ-i → √inherit.[plural]. Tlingit, often referring to a child of parents who [relational] • (KE) are the same moiety • term should be used with extreme caution—even in teasing this term is (noun) • variants: néex̱ʼ • marble (stone) | néix̱ʼ culturally inappropirate and will certainly cause (KE) a fight | (KE) (compound noun) • variants: neek sʼaatí niksʼaatí (noun) • variants: neegúlʼ (C) • paint | (T), neek shatlʼéḵxʼu, neek shetlʼéḵxʼu (C) • neegwálʼ ̱ (JL) gossiper; rumormonger | “master of telling” | neek-sʼaatí → tell-master/boss • (KE) neek (noun) news; information; gossip; rumor |

168 Tlingit to English n – s

(KE) nooch (postverb) always | appears after a verb to modify it as “always [verb]” | (KE) • variants: neek sʼaatí (compound noun) • variants: (T), niksʼaatí, neek shatlʼéḵxʼu, neek shetlʼéḵxʼu (C) nuch, neech, nich • • gossiper; rumormonger | “master of telling” | √nook ¹ (verb root) sit | classification: singular | neek + sʼaatí → tell + master/boss • (KE) plural form √ḵee ¹ neek shatlʼéḵxʼu (compound noun) • variants: √nook ² (verb root) • variants: √neekw ² • feel; neek shetlʼéḵxʼu (C), neek sʼaatí (T) • gossiper; touch rumormonger | “carrys news by the head with (verb root) • variants: √neekw ³ • behave; fingers” | neek + sha-∅-√tlʼéḵ-xʼ(w)-u → tell + √nook ³ do head.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√carry-with-pincers/finger. [plural].[relational] • (KE) √nook ⁴ (verb root) rise; rouse; get up | classification: singular subject | plural form: (compound noun) newspaper | “news neek xʼúxʼ √ḵee ² paper/book”; “gossip peper/book” | neek + xʼúxʼ-u → news/gossip + membrane.rel • variants: neek √nook ⁵ (verb root) carry | classification: live xʼúxʼu • creature √neekw ² (verb root) • variants: √nook ² • feel; noow ⑴ (land part) island: flat-topped island with touch steep sides; island: low flat island; hill: low flat hill || ⑵ (noun) fort; fortress | (KE) √neekw ³ (verb root) • variants: √nook ³ • behave; do noow g̱ei (compound noun) fort: in a fort; shelter: in a shelter; cove: in a cove | noow + gei → fort + (clan name) Clan: Killer Whale (Eagle/ ̱ Nees.ádi between-folds • (KE) Wolf Moiety) | “People of Nees” | Killer Whale Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: Noowshaka.aayí (clan name) Clan: Sockeye Killer Whale | nees-át-í → nees.thing-(4n.i). (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People on the Head of [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) the Fort”; Origin: Lukaax̱.ádi (Tlax̱aneisʼ Noow) | Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan Primary Crest: Sockeye • Secondary Crest: Raven • Kéet Gooshí Hít | Killerwhale Dorsal Fin House | noow-shá-ká-aa-yí → fort.head.on.one(s)- √neexʼ (verb root) smell; sniff (part.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) néegwálʼ (noun) paint | (KE) Jilḵáat Ḵwáan néekw (noun) sickness; illness; hurt; disease | (JL) –nóochʼi (body part) isthmus: –ʼs isthmus (of fish) | flesh beneath the head and between the gill √néekw ¹ (verb root) sick; hurt covers néekwdéin (adverb) painfully; sickly; ill will: with ill will | √néekw-déin → sick/hurt.[adverb] • nóosh (noun) salmon: dead salmon (after (GD) spawning) | (KE) (verb root) swallow néesʼ (noun) urchin: sea urchin | (KE) √nóotʼ (noun) shell; shell-like chip; shell-like flake; néex̱ʼ (noun) • variants: néix̱ʼ • marble (stone) | nóoxʼ (KE) china; carapace | (KE) nooskw (noun) • variants: nóosk • wolverine | (KE) s (noun) • variants: lukshiyáan • mink nukshiyáan (classifier) | s group classifier; (+d,s,–i) | | occassionally, there is some fluidity with some s- Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and speakers between «nukshiyáan/lukshiyáan» optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the (mink) and kʼóox (marten), and they might verb root contains meaning, and the classifier translate either word as either animal | (KE) communicates what the verb does • classifiers núkt (noun) grouse: blue grouse | (KE) change group and become a different verb when √núkts˟ (verb root) sweet the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and

169 s Tlingit to English

«altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, sh group which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes sa- (classifier) | s group classifier; (–d,s,–i) | • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and and then l group, and then the rare sh group optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the verb root contains meaning, and the classifier –i verb modes communicates what the verb does • classifiers • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does change group and become a different verb when it the activity the verb describes changes, and • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and not do it «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is process of doing it –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • imperative | do it! and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), time) antipassives that remove the embedded object • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier do it; it wonʼt happen changes from there to move into certain modes • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it and then l group, and then the rare sh group (regularly) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it –i verb modes • conditional | if/when s/he does it • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does it +i verb modes • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he not do it does it • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the • perfective (+) | s/he did it process of doing it • potential (+) | s/he might do it • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it • potential (–) | s/he might not do it • imperative | do it! • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every ∅ group time) • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen • da- | (+d,∅,–i) • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to • di- | (+d,∅,+i) do it; it wonʼt happen s group • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it • si- | (–d,∅,+i) (regularly) • s- | (+d,∅,–i) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) • conditional | if/when s/he does it l group +i verb modes

170 Tlingit to English s

• state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he sakwnéin katéix̱i (compound noun) porridge; does it flour gravy | “boiled bread” | sakwnéin + ka- • perfective (+) | s/he did it ∅-√táa-x̱-i → bread + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√boild- • potential (+) | s/he might do it (food).[repetitive].[relational] • (KE) • potential (–) | s/he might not do it (compound noun) flour | “dry • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it sakwnéin kaxook bread” | sakwnéin + ka-∅-√xook → bread + hsf. ∅ group cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dry • (KE) • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) (compound noun) bread • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) sakwnéin kax̱ʼeiltí crumbs | “crumbled bread” | sakwnéin + ka-∅- • da- | (+d,∅,–i) √x̱ʼeil-t-í → bread + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√crumble. • di- | (+d,∅,+i) [repetitive].[relational] s group • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) sakwnéin wuduwawáalʼ (compound noun) • si- | (–d,∅,+i) breaking bread; communion | sakwnéin + • s- | (+d,∅,–i) ∅-wu-du-ÿa-√wáalʼ → bread + it-(3.O).pfv. • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) someone(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,+i).√break-(general) • (JL) l group • la- | (–d,∅,–i) sankeit (compound noun) • variants: kasan.át (T) • | • li- | (–d,∅,+i) “thing on the waist” ⑴ armor made of tough hide • l- | (+d,∅,–i) or wooden rods || ⑵ apron: dance apron | san- • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) ká-át → waist.on.thing-(4n.i) • (JL, KE) sh group –satú (relational noun) voice: –ʼs voice | “inside • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) base of neck”; “inside the voice” | sá-tú → base-of- • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) neck.inside • ka-san-át → hsf.waist.thing-(4n.i) • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) sawáak (borrowed noun) dog: big dog; dog: guard • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) dog | from Russian “собака” | (JC) (compound noun) scarf; neck wrap; sadaatʼaay sá ⑴ (particle) voice | (JC) || ⑵ (question particle) kerchief (around neck) | “heat around the neck” | [interrogative – marks WH-questions in | sa-daa-√tʼaay → base-of-neck.around.√t-heat combination with other particles (see below)] • (KE) | question particles combine most commonly to sadaa.át (compound noun) • variants: shadaa.át form questions, but can also be used to create • headscarf; scarf: headscarf; kerchief covering statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át the head | “thing around the base of the neck” | wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, sá-daa-át → base-of-neck.around.thing-(4n.i) whatever went around there) (David Kadashan • (JL) 6) • possibly related to the verb root √saa (name/ call-out) • the particle can also be used as a sort (verbal noun) happiness; joy | sa-√gú → cl- sagú of command, especially in the phrase «Lingít (–d,s,–i).√happy • (KE) x̱ʼéináx̱ sá!» (say it in Tlingit!) | (JC, KE, SC) saka.át (compound noun) necklace | “thing on the • daa(t) sá | what base of the neck” | sa-ká-át → base-of-neck. • daaḵw.aa sá | which one (of a set) on.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • wáa sá | how sakeit (compound noun) bib; bib: dance bib | “thing • aadóo sá, áa sá | who on the base of the neck” | sa-ká-át → base-of- • goo sá | where neck.on.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • xʼoon sá | how much/many • gwátgeen sá, gútgeen sá (Y) | when (in future) sakwnéin (borrowed noun) bread | from Chinook • gwátk sá, gútk sá (Y) | when (in the past) Jargon «saplíl» (compare Haida «sablíi») | (KE) • daat yís sá | for what (benefit) sakwnéin éewu (compound noun) bread: loaf of • daat g̱áa sá | for what (purpose) bread | “cooked bread” | sakwnéin + √ée-wu → • wáanáx̱ sá | why bread + √cook.is-at • (KE) –sá ⑴ (body part) neck: base of neck; neck: lower

171 s Tlingit to English

neck | where one wears a necklace • jugular to any person, living or dead, who also has that notch or suprasternal notch • variants: –sé • || ⑵ same Tlingit name (relational noun) voice: –ʼs voice | (JC, JL) –saayee (body part) calf: calf of –ʼs leg; knee: –sákw (adjective) future; to be; for | postnomial underside of –ʼs knee; leg: (inside of) –ʼs lower adjective: appears immediately after the noun leg that it affects | (JC, KE) sáanáx̱ (compound noun) wind (blowing) from the –sákwti handle of – (a stick-like object); shaft of south | “through the southern area” | saa-náx̱ → – (spear or other stick-like object) | classification: southern.through/via • (KE) stick-like object | (KE) • variants: –sáxwdi, –síxwdi (At, T), –súxdi (T), –súxti (T, C) • Sáangwéishán (borrowed noun) Salvation Army | from English “Salvation Army” | (JL) sáḵs (noun) ⑴ yew || ⑵ bow | (JL, KE) sdágáa (particle) sure: for sure | (KE) • variants: –sáni (kinship term) uncle: –ʼs paternal uncle | in dágáa • Tlingit kinship, the term for a paternal uncle is used for all males of a fatherʼs clan who is in the sé (particle) • variants: sí • perhaps; maybe | used same generation as the father • can be used to to soften a question, with possible interpretations show personal closeness with a male member as «wáa sá s iyatee?» (perhaps say how you are of the opposite clan who is not necessarily the doing?) | (JC, JL) fatherʼs same clan • in times of good humor, this –sé ⑴ (body part) neck: base of neck; neck: lower term is used in a variety of ways to tease people, neck | where one wears a necklace • jugular but should be done with caution in public | (KE) notch or suprasternal notch • variants: –sá • || ⑵ (relational noun) voice: –ʼs voice | (JC, JL) √sátk˟ (verb root) fast; quick (compound noun) berrying basket sáxʼ (noun) cambium; sap scraped from inner bark seig̱atáanaa | (KE) hung around the neck, resting on the chest; can hung around the neck, resting on the chest saa (noun) name | (KE) | “the one that carries down around the neck” | √saa ¹ (verb root) narrow sa-u-g̱a-∅-√táan-aa → base-of-neck.pfv.g̱a-md. cl-(–d,∅,–i).√move-empty-container.one(s)- (verb root) name; call out √saa ² (part.i) • (KE) √saa ³ (verb root) rest seig̱án (noun) tomorrow | (KE) • variants: saak (noun) eulachon; candlefish; hooligan | (KE) seig̱ánin • saak eix̱í (compound noun) hooligan oil; hooligan √seiḵʼw (verb root) dye; color grease | saak + eix̱-i → hooligan + grease/oil. (noun) • variants: seen • trap: deadfall trap [relational] • variants: saak eex̱í (Y, T, An, S) • sein | (JL) (region name) Sanyaa: People of Saanyaa Ḵwáan (compound noun) necklace | “base of neck the Sanyaa Area | “People of the Southern Area” seit thing” | sá-át → base-of-neck.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) | Included Communities: Cape Fox, George Inlet, Clover Passage | sáa-niÿaa + ḵwáan → southern. –seiyí (relational base) shelter: the shelter of –; lee: area + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, the lee of –; area: the (beach) area below – (a FW) mountain, hill, etc.) | (KE)

Wolf/Eagle Clans séiḵʼw ¹ ⑴ (noun) flesh: soft, tender flesh below • Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island the growing part of a fingernail or toenail (the quick); flesh under the outer skin || (color) Raven/Crow Clans ⑵ • Kiks.ádi | People of Helm Bay pale-red (noun) Neix̱.ádi séiḵʼw ² spot: dark spot | (JL) • Neix̱.ádi | People of Naha Bay sgóon (borrowed noun) school | school, from –saayí (relational noun) name: –ʼs name; English “school” | (KE) • variants: shgóon, at namesake: –ʼs namesake | in Tlingit kinship, this wooskú daakahídi, áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé • term can be used to refer to a personʼs name or sgóonwaan (borrowed noun) student; pupil;

172 Tlingit to English s

scholar | from Chinook Jargon «skul + man» • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) which borrows from English “school man” | (KE) • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) si- (classifier) | s group classifier; (–d,s,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and • di- | (+d,∅,+i) optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the s group verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • si- | (–d,∅,+i) change group and become a different verb when • s- | (+d,∅,–i) the activity the verb describes changes, and • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), sh group • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes siḵéet (verbal noun) dam: beaver dam | si-√ḵeet → • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, [classifier].√dam-up (NR) • (JL) • variants: ḵéet, and then l group, and then the rare sh group ḵéedu • –i verb modes sitgawsáan (borrowed noun) noon; midday | from • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does Chinook Jargon «sítkəm» (“half” from Chinookan) it + san from English “day” | (KE, BC) • variants: • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does sitgaamsáan (T) • not do it si.áatʼi héen (compound noun) cold water | si- • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the √áatʼ-i + héen → cl-(–d,s,+i).√cold.[relational] + process of doing it water/river • (KE) • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it • imperative | do it! si.áaxʼu át (compound noun) pepper | “spicy thing” • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every | si-√áaxʼw-u + át → cl-(–d,s,+i).√spicy/sour. time) [relational] + thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet sítʼ (noun) glacier | (KE) • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen (compound noun) glacier bear | sʼeek- • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to sítʼ tuxóodzi nóon → black-bear.? • sítʼ + tu-xóots-i → glacier + do it; it wonʼt happen inside.brown-bear.rel • variants: sʼiknóon • • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it –síxwdi (relational noun) handle of – (a stick-like (regularly) object); shaft of – (spear or other stick-like • potential decessive | s/he would have done it object) | classification: stick-like object | (KE) • conditional | if/when s/he does it • variants: (At, T), –sákwti, –sáxwdi, –súxdi (T), –súxti (T, C) • +i verb modes • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he √seek ¹ (verb root) delayed; held back does it (verb root) belted; wearing a belt • perfective (+) | s/he did it √seek ² • potential (+) | s/he might do it seen (noun) • variants: sein • trap: deadfall trap • potential (–) | s/he might not do it | (JL) • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it √seen (verb root) hide; conceal ∅ group seet (noun) canoe: dugout canoe designed to go

173 s – sʼ Tlingit to English

through shallow waters | (KE) • Aanx̱ʼaak Hít | Middle of Town House • Shaa Hít | Mountain House sée (noun) doll | related to the kinship term «–sée» (–ʼs daughter) | (KE) • Táax̱ʼ Hít | Snail House • Wanda Hít | Armor House –sée (kinship term) daughter: –ʼs daughter; child: • Yéik Hít | Spirit House –ʼs daughter | term is often used by women to daughters of their biological sisters • when sú (noun) kelp: giant kelp | (NR, GD) speaking directly to oneʼs daughter, no pronoun is –súxti (relational noun) handle of – (a stick-like needed and the kinship term changes to «síkʼ» or object); shaft of – (spear or other stick-like «séekʼ» with the diminutive «-kʼ» suffix object) | classification: stick-like object | (KE) • variants: (T, C), –súxdi (T), –sákwti, –sáxwdi, (noun) belt | (KE) séek –síxwdi (At, T) • séet (land part) channel; draw; gully; canyon: box canyon | (JL) sooḵ (noun) grass: wide grass | (NR, JL) (verb root) fall together; drop together | Séet Ká (placename) Petersburg | “On the √soos ¹ Channel” | (BF, TT) classification: plural √soos ² put to sleep | by whistling through teeth séew (noun) rain | (KE) • variants: sóow (C) • sóow (noun) rain | (KE) • variants: (C), séew • séew kooshdaneit (compound noun) swallow | “thing that is accustomed to the rain” | (KE, JL) sʼagwáat ⑴ (noun) bark: flaky surface of the outer • séew + ka-wu-sh-√tán-i-át → rain + hsf.pvf.cl- bark of conifers, especially hemlock || ⑵ (color) (–d,sh,–i)-√accustomed.[relational].thing-(4n.i) brown Skanax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: Raven, Fresh Water Sockeye (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the sʼ Noisy Beach”; Origin: Saginaw Bay | Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: –sʼakhtu.ix̱i (compound noun) marrow: bone Raven, Fresh Water Sockeye | skanáx̱-át-i → marrow | “grease inside the bone” | (JL, KE) [Noisy Beach].thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, • sʼaaḵ-tú-eex̱-i → bone.inside.oil/grease. AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) [relational] • variants: –sʼakhtu.ex̱i (C), – sʼaaḵshi • Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan Stax̱.ádi (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow Moiety) | –sʼaḵshutúḵlʼi (body part) cartilage at the end of “People of Stax̱”; Origin: Ahrnklin River (Aantlein) its bones; gristle at the end of its bones | sʼaaḵ- | Ahtna/Eyak Descended | Stax̱-(Ldax̱éin?)- shu-túḵlʼi → bone.end.cartilage/gristle • (KE) át-i → Ahtna: Strelna-(Lake).thing-(4n.i). –sʼaḵtu.eex̱í (body part) marrow: –ʼs bone marrow [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) | sʼaaḵ-tú-eex̱-í → bone.inside.oil/grease. stoox (borrowed noun) stove | from English “stove” | [relational • (KE) • variants: –sʼaḵtu.eix̱í • (JM, KE) • variants: shtoox • –sʼaḵx̱ʼáak túḵlʼi cartilage between its bones; gristle between its bones | sʼaaḵ-x̱ʼáak + túḵlʼi → (compound noun) beach asparagus | suḵkáadzi bone.between + cartilage/gristle • (KE) suḵ-káadzi → grass.[?] • (RD) (region name) Sumdum: People (compound noun) goose tongue | “fat Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan suḵtéitlʼ of the Sʼawdáan Area | “People of the Greenstone grass” | suḵ-téitlʼ → grass.fat-(nonhuman) • (KE) Area”; “People of the Dungeness Crab Area” | Suḵteeneidí (clan name) Clan: Dog Salmon Included Communities: Holkham Bay, Tracy Arm (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the Wide | sʼoow-déin + ḵwáan → greenstone.vicinity + Steam in the Grass”; Origin: Keku Straight people-of • sʼáaw-déin + ḵwáan → dungeness- below Hamilton Bay | Taalḵweidí Migration • crab.vicinity + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon HJ, JM) • Secondary Crests: Raven, Snail | sooḵ-tú-héen- Wolf/Eagle Clans át-í → wide-grass.inside.river/water.thing-(4n.i). • Sʼeetʼḵweidí | People of Humpback Cove [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan • Kayáashkiditaan | People of the House above

174 Tlingit to English sʼ

the Platform xʼúxʼ → √tear + a-theme.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√gamble + paper • (FS) • variants: dusʼélʼ xʼúxʼu • Raven/Crow Clans • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor (Port sʼélʼ kinaak.át (compound noun) rain coat; rain Stewart in northern Behm Canal) slicker • variants: sʼélʼ kinaa.át, sʼélʼ kinaa.ét (C) • sʼáx (noun) starfish | (KE) sʼélʼ tsáaxʼ (compound noun) rubber gloves sʼáxtʼ (noun) devilʼs club sʼélʼ xʼwán (compound noun) rubber boots; rain sʼaach (noun) fern: shield fern boots sʼéx̱ (noun) swamp hemlock | (KE) sʼaag̱itunéekw (compound noun) rheumatism | “sick inside the bones” | sʼaaḵ-i-tú-√néekw → –sʼei (body part) eyebrow: –ʼs eyebrow | (KE) • bone.[peg vowel].inside.√sick/hurt • (KE) variants: –sʼee • sʼaaḵ (noun) bone | (KE) sʼeiḵ (noun) smoke | (KE) • variants: sʼeeḵ • –sʼaaḵshi (compound noun) marrow: bone marrow √sʼeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ¹ • suck out | | “touching the bone (?)” | (JL, KE) • sʼaaḵ-shi usually through straw or opening → [bone.touching] • variants: –sʼakhtu.ix̱i, – (verb root) • variants: √sʼeeḵ ² • smoke; sʼakhtu.ex̱i (C) • √sʼeiḵ ² smoky (relational noun) boss: –ʼs boss; master: –ʼs -sʼaatí (compound noun) smokehouse | master; expert: expert of – | (KE) sʼeiḵ hídi (T) “smoke house” | sʼeiḵ + híd-i → smoke + house. sʼaax̱ marmot: hoary marmot; groundhog (locally); [relational] • (BC) • variants: sʼeiḵ daakahídi, “whistler” | (JL, KE) sʼeiḵ daakéedi (C), at xʼaan hídi, et xʼaan hídi sʼáasʼ (noun) ⑴ finch: goldfinch; canary | might be (C) • Wilsonʼs Warbler || dance; waltz | (KE, JL) ⑵ sʼeiḵ kawóot (compound noun) beads: light bluish- sʼáaw (noun) crab: dungeness crab | (KE) gray trade bead(s) | Russian blues [?] | (KE) sʼáaxw (noun) hat | (KE) sʼeiḵdaakeit (compound noun) pipe: tobacco pipe | “smoke container” | sʼeiḵ + daaká-át → smoke sʼáaxw x̱ʼakatóol (compound noun) hat: felt hat with curled brim | “hat with a spun brim” | + around-outside.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: sʼáaxw + x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√tóol → hat + mouth.hsf.cl- sʼiḵdaakeit • (–d,∅,–i).√spin • (JL) √sʼeilʼ (verb root) tear; rip; peel sʼáax̱ʼ (noun) ⑴ cod: gray cod | (NR) || ⑵ cod: ling sʼéilʼ (noun) wound | (KE) cod | (KE) sʼéix̱wani ⑴ (noun) lichen that hangs from trees; sʼáayadi (compound noun) payment: something old manʼs beard || ⑵ (color) yellow: greenish- claimed as payment | √sʼáay-át-i → √claim-as- yellow; green: light yellowish-green payment.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) sʼéix̱ʼ (noun) diarrhea : watery diarrhea | (JM, JL) ¹ (particle) first | appears in the preverb to note sʼé sʼigeidí (compound noun) beaver | “thing below the the order of events | (KE) black bear” | sʼeek-yee-át-i → black-bear.below. sʼé ² clay; silt: alluvial silt thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL, KE) • variants: sʼé kachóox (compound noun) brick | “clay shaped sʼikyeidí • by hand” | sʼé + ka-∅-√chóox → clay + hsf.cl- sʼigeidí áayi (compound noun) lake: small lake (–d,∅,–i).√rub/massage • (JL) made by beaver dam | “beaver lake” sʼélasheesh (compound noun) duck: flathead duck sʼigeidí x̱aayí (compound noun) beaver den | “first to try to outdo at a feast” | sʼé-la-√sheesh | “beaverʼs sweatlodge” | (KE) • sʼeek-yee-át-í → first.cl-(–d,l,–i).√try-to-outdo-at-feast • (KE, + x̱aay-í → black-bear.below.thing-(4n.i). JL) [relational] + sweatlodge.[relational] (noun) | rubber sʼélʼ sʼig̱eeḵáawu (compound noun) ghost; zombie sʼélʼ alḵáa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) pull tabs; rippies | “smoke person” | sʼeeḵ-ee-ḵáa-wu → smoke. | “tearing gambling paper” | √sʼélʼ + a-l-√ḵáa + [relational].person-(4h.i).[relational]

175 sʼ Tlingit to English sʼig̱eeḵáawu léix̱ʼu (compound noun) mushroom: to look at things and avoid being turned to stone puffball mushroom | “ghostʼs ochre” | sʼeeḵ-ee- | (GD) ḵáa-wu + léix̱ʼw-u → smoke.[relational].person- sʼín (noun) carrot | (KE) (4h.i).[relational] + ochre.[possessed] sʼísaa (verbal noun) cloth; sailcloth | “the one(s) sʼig̱eeḵáawu tléig̱u (compound noun) berry: that blow around” | √sʼis-aa → √blow-around. watermelon berry; twistedstalk (Streptopus one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) species); berry: snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus); berry: foolʼs huckleberry (Menziesia sʼísaa hít (compound noun) tent | “cloth house” | ferruginea) | “ghostʼs berry” | various odd √sʼís-aa + hít → √blow-around.one(s)-(part.i) + looking, tasteless, or otherwise undesirable house • (KE) berries, some poisonous • use and meaning varies sʼísaa yaakw (compound noun) sailboat | “cloth locally | sʼeeḵ-ee-ḵáa-wu + tléiḵw-u → smoke. canoe” | √sʼís-aa + yaakw → √blown-around. [relational].person-(4h.i).[relational] + berry. one(s)-(part.i) + canoe/boat • (KE) [possessed] sʼíxʼ (noun) dish; plate | (KE) (compound noun) mussel: sʼig̱eeḵáawu yaagí (compound noun) towel: dish towel red mussel | “ghostʼs mussel” | sʼeeḵ-ee-ḵáa-wu sʼíxʼ g̱wéinaa | “one that wipes a dish” | sʼíxʼ + √góo-n-aa → + yaak-í → smoke.[relational].person-(4h.i). ̱ dish(es) + √wipe.(progressive).one(s)-(part.i) [relational] + mussel.[possessed] (compound noun) plate | “flat dish” | (clan name) Clan: Wolf, Killer Whale sʼíxʼ ḵʼáatlʼ Sʼiknax̱.ádi sʼíxʼ + ḵʼáatlʼ → diah + flat • (KE) (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Black Bear Bay”; Origin: Limestone Inlet (on Stephens sʼíxʼg̱aa (compound noun) moss | (KE) Passage) | Killer Whale Migration • Naanya. –sʼee (body part) eyebrow: –ʼs eyebrow | (KE) • aayí Group • Primary Crests: Wolf, Killer Whale variants: –sʼei • • Secondary Crest: Brown Bear | sʼeek-nax̱-át-i → black-bear.bay.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, sʼeek (noun) bear: black bear AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) sʼeeḵ (noun) smoke | (KE) • variants: sʼeiḵ • Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan √sʼeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ¹ • suck out | • X̱ʼaan Hít | Fire House usually through straw or opening • Ankʼw Hít | Tsimshian Cane House √sʼeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √sʼeiḵ ² • smoke; sʼiknóon (compound noun) bear: glacier bear | smoky sʼeek-nóon → black-bear.? • sítʼ + tu-xóots-i → (noun) lamp; light | (KE) glacier + inside.brown-bear.rel • variants: sítʼ sʼeenáa tuxóodzi • sʼeenáa gáasʼi (compound noun) camp: old campsite | “housepost of the light” | sʼeenáa + (compound noun) Hudson Bay Tea; sʼikshaldéen gáasʼ-i → light + housepost.[relational] • (JL) Labrador Tea; Eskimo Tea | sʼiksh-a-l-déen • (KE) sʼeenáa yaakw (compound noun) boat: gas- powered boat | “lamp boat” | (KE) sʼikyeidí (compound noun) • variants: sʼigeidí • beaver | “thing below the black bear” | sʼeek-yee- √sʼees ¹ (verb root) blown by wind; blown around át-i → black-bear.below.thing-(4n.i).[relational] √sʼees ² tired of; had enough of • (JL, KE) √sʼeet (verb root) bind; wrap around (compound noun) pipe: tobacco pipe sʼiḵdaakeit (clan name) Clan: Wolf (Eagle/Wolf | “smoke container” | sʼeiḵ + daaká-át → smoke Sʼeetʼḵweidí Moiety) | “People of Humpback Cove”; Origin: + around-outside.thing-(4n.i) • (KE) • variants: Taku | Killer Whale Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí sʼeiḵdaakeit • Group • Primary Crest: Wolf • Secondary sʼíksh (noun) ⑴ false hellebore | WARNING: Crests: Killer Whale, Glacier | sʼéetʼ-ḵu-át-í → EXTREMELY POISONOUS • the root of this plant humpback-whale.cove.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • can be made into a sneezing powder locally called (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) “skookum root” | (KE) || ⑵ binoculars | the use Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan of this term might be related to the use of sʼísksh • Sítʼ Hít | Glacier House

176 Tlingit to English sʼ – sh

• Sʼeek Hít | Black Bear House «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • Kéet Hít | Killerwhale House but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default Deisleen Ḵwáan and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, sʼeex (noun) dirt; scrap(s); rubbish; trash; clutter; which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), lint | (KE) antipassives that remove the embedded object pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») √sʼeex (verb root) aged food; ferment; spoil; rot subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think √sʼeexʼw (verb root) stick to; adhere; seal together of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier sʼéexʼát (compound noun) shrimp | “scrap thing” | changes from there to move into certain modes sʼéexʼ-át → dirts/trash/scrap(s)/lint.thing • (KE) • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, and then l group, and then the rare sh group sʼéex̱ʼ (noun) diarrhea | (JL) –i verb modes sʼuḵkasdúk (compound noun) bear: brown bear • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does with solid ribs | sʼuḵ-ka-s-√dúk → rib-hsf.cl- it (–d,s,–i).√solid/closed-up • (KE) • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does sʼú (noun) roots: thin roots; branch: thin branches not do it | (JL) • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the process of doing it (noun) duck: harlequin duck | (KE) sʼúsʼ • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it sʼúwaa (verbal noun) chopping block; awl | “the • imperative | do it! one that chops” | √sʼúw-aa → √chop.one(s)- • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every (part.i) • (KE) time) sʼook (noun) barnacle | (KE) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen (verb root) fry (until crisp); toast √sʼook • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to sʼoow ⑴ (noun) greenstone; jade || ⑵ (color) green do it; it wonʼt happen | (KE) • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it √sʼoow (verb root) chop (regularly) sʼoow x̱útʼaa (compound noun) adze: stone adze | • potential decessive | s/he would have done it “greenstone one that chops” | sʼoow + √x̱útʼ-aa → • conditional | if/when s/he does it greenstone + √chip/chop.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) +i verb modes –sʼóoḵ (body part) rib: –ʼs rib | (JL) • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he sʼóosʼ (noun) pole: thin pole(s) that fish are does it threaded through for drying in smokehouse | • perfective (+) | s/he did it (JL) • potential (+) | s/he might do it • potential (–) | s/he might not do it sʼóosʼani (plant part) pine cone; spruce cone; • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it connifer cone | (KE) ∅ group • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) sh • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) sh- (classifier) | sh group classifier; (+d,sh,–i) | • di- | (+d,∅,+i) Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and s group optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • si- | (–d,∅,+i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • s- | (+d,∅,–i) change group and become a different verb when • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group

177 sh Tlingit to English

• la- | (–d,∅,–i) + da-√.ux-sʼ-i + át → self-(rflx.O) + cl-(+d,∅,– • li- | (–d,∅,+i) i).√blow.[in series].[relational] + thing-(4n.i) • l- | (+d,∅,–i) • (JL) • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) sh da.úsʼgu át (compound noun) washing machine; sh group washer; dishwasher | “thing that washes itself” • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) | sh + da√.úsʼ-kw-u + át → self-(rflx.O) + cl- • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) (+d,∅,–i).√wash.[repetitive].[relational] + • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) thing-(4h.i) • (JL) • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) sh eelkʼátlʼ! (interjection) shut up! | “silence sh ⁓ ∅- (object pronoun) -self [object] | reflexive yourself” | use of this interjection can be rude if object (rflx.O) • in a verb phrase, the object is not teasing or speaking in anger or haste • «jáa!» impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the is a better option for the English equivalent “shh!” standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter | sh + ∅-i-l-√kʼátlʼ → self-(rflx.O) ∅-cp.you- object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and (2s.S).cl-(+d,l,–i).√silence all pronouns more than one letter as part of (compound noun) sawmill the preverb, except for «ḵu-» and «ḵu-» • open sh kadaxáshdi hít | “cutting itself into pieces house” | sh + ka-da- object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause √xásh-t-i + hít → self-(rflx.O) + hsf.cl-(+d,∅,– contraction in the verb prefix • presence of «sh» i).√cut/saw.[repetitive].[relational] + house as an object pronoun will create middle voice (+d form of the classifer) and will translate as “the sh kahaadí– (verbal adjective) crazy; insane; subject does the verb to themself” • other object disturbed; mentally unbalanced | verbal pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) adjectives are prenomial, appearing immediately • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object before the noun that it affects | sh + ka-∅- (1s.O) √haat-í → self-(rflx.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√(?). • haa | us [object] → first person plural object [relational] • (KE) (1p.O) sh kalneegí (verbal noun) preacher | “tells self the • i- | you [object] → second person singular story of it” | sh + ka-l-√neek-í → self-(rflx.O) + object (2s.O) hsf.cl-(+d,l,–i).√tell.[relational] • (KE) • yee | you all [object] → second person plural sh kalyéiyi prostitute | “lowers self” | sh + ka-l- object (2p.O) √yáa-yi → self-(rflx.O) + hsf.cl-(–d,l,–i).√lower. • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) [relational] • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person pluralizer (3pl) –sh tundanóogu (verbal noun) feeling: –ʼs • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person feelings | sh + tu-na-da-√nóok-u → self-(rflx.O) proximal object (3prx.O) + inside.na-md.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√feel/taste. • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person [relational] • (JL) human object (4h.O) sh tuwáa kasyéiyi (compound noun) tourist | • at | something [object] → fourth person “feeling strange to self” | sh + tú-ÿá + ka-s-√yéi-yi nonhuman object (4n.O) → self-(rflx.O) + inside.face. + hsf.cl-(+d,s,– • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object i).√strange.[relational] • (KE) (part.O) (compound noun) medicine: • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) sh xénx̱i náakw tuberculosis medicine | “medicine for sores” • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → | (JL) • sh + √xén-x̱-i + náakw → self-(rflx.O) + reciprocal object (recip.O) √have-sores/have-scabs.[repetitive].[relational] sh daxash washéen (compound noun) chainsaw + medicine | “machine that cuts itself” | sh + da-√xash (compound noun) • washéen → [reflexive] + [classifier]-√cut/saw + sh x̱ʼéi shadagutx̱ lítaa variants: sh x̱ʼéi shudagutx̱ lítaa • knife: pocket machine knife | “knife that goes into its own mouth” | sh sh da.uxsʼi át (compound noun) • variants: sh + x̱ʼéi + sha-da-√gut-x̱ + lítaa → self-(rflx.p) da.uxsʼ át • horn: automatic horn (in car, boat, + mouth + head.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√go/walk. etc) | “thing that blows in a series by itself” | sh [repetitive] + knife • (JL)

178 Tlingit to English sh sh yáa awudanéixʼi (compound noun) respectable: +i verb modes self-respecting people; honorable people | sh + • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he yáa + a-ÿu-∅-da-√néi-yi → self-(rflx.O) + along does it + [a-theme].pfv.s/he-(3.S).cl-(+d,∅,–i).√respect. • perfective (+) | s/he did it [plural].[relational] • potential (+) | s/he might do it • potential (–) | s/he might not do it (compound noun) respectable: sh yáa awudanéiyi • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it self-respecting person; honorable person | sh + yáa + a-ÿu-∅-da-√néi-yi → self-(rflx.O) + along ∅ group + [a-theme].pfv.s/he-(3.S).cl-(+d,∅,–i).√respect. • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) [relational] • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) (classifier) | sh group classifier; (–d,sh,–i) | sha- • di- | (+d,∅,+i) Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the s group verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • si- | (–d,∅,+i) change group and become a different verb when • s- | (+d,∅,–i) the activity the verb describes changes, and • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, sh group which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes shach’éen (compound noun) hair ribbon; ribbon: • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, hair ribbon | head-ribbon | sha-chʼéen → head. and then l group, and then the rare sh group ribbon (compound noun) ribbon: hair ribbon; –i verb modes shachʼéen • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does bow in hair; hair tie | sha-chʼéen → head.ribbon it • (JL) • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does shadakóox̱ʼ (compound noun) hat: ceremonial not do it woven root hat with a stack of basket-like • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the cylinders on top | “dry yaana.eit (wild celery) process of doing it stalks around the head” | (JL, KE) • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it (relational base) around the head of –; • imperative | do it! –shadaa around the top of – (object with rounded top) | • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every shá-daa → head.around • (KE) time) • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet –shadaadoogú (body part) scalp: –ʼs scalp | “skin • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen around the head” | sha-daa-dook-ú → head. • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to around.skin/hide.[relational] do it; it wonʼt happen shadaa.át (compound noun) • variants: sadaa.át • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it • headscarf; scarf: headscarf; kerchief covering • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it the head | sha-daa-át → head.around.thing • (regularly) (JL) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it • conditional | if/when s/he does it –shagóon ⑴ (relational noun) origin: –ʼs origin; parts: –ʼs parts; components: –ʼs components;

179 sh Tlingit to English

materials: –ʼs materials; made of: what – is “head heron” | sha-láx̱ʼ → head.heron (to be) made of || (kinship term) lineage: ⑵ shaltláax̱ (compound noun) reef above high tide –ʼs lineage; history: –ʼs history; ancestry: –ʼs level; island: nucleus of emerging river island ancestry | the pronoun «haa» (our) changes | “head made moldy” | sha-l-√tláax̱ → head. this term into the sacred «Haa Shagóon» which [classifier].√moldy translates as “Our Ancestors”, whereas «ax̱ shagóon» (my lineage) is used more often when shalxwáts (verbal noun) duck with white lines on talking about lines of descent and family histories head | “painted face” | sha-l-√xwáts → head.cl- (+d,l,–i).√paint-face • (JL) –shakakóoch’i (compound noun) hair: –ʼs curly hair; curly: –ʼs curly hair | “curly hair on the shanax̱wáayi (compound noun) axe | “through the head” | sha-ka-√kóochʼ-i → head.on.curly-(hair). head one”; “through the end one” | sha-náx̱-aa- [relational] yí → head.through.one(s)-(part.i).[relational] • shú-náx̱-aa → end.through.one(s)-(part.i) • shakalḵísht (compound noun) deer: male deer variants: shunax̱wáayi, shunx̱wáa (C) • with antlers that have grown and split into two forks | “roasting sticks on the head” | (GD) • sha- shanax̱wáayi yádi (compound noun) hatchet ka-l-√ḵísh-t → [head.hsf.cl-(–d,l,+i).√roast-(over | “through the head one child”; “through the fire, on sticks) end one child” | sha-náx̱-aa-yí + yát-i → head. through.one(s)-(part.i).[relational] + child. –shakasʼídi (plant part) calyx: –ʼs calyx | “binds [possessed] • shú-náx̱-aa + yát-i → end.through. up on the head” | the sepals of a flower, typically one(s)-(part.i) + child.[possessed] • variants: forming a whorl that encloses the petals and shúnx̱aa yádi (C) • forms a protective layer around a flower in bud | sha-ka-∅-√sʼít-i → head.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bind/ –shanáa (compound noun) covering his her head; wrap-up.[relational] • (JL) head: over his her head | “draped over the head” | shá-náa → head.draped-over/covering shakatlʼéen (verbal noun) hank; bunch; skein | sha-ka-∅-√tlʼéen → head.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tie- Shangukeidí (clan name) Clan: Thunderbird in-bunch/gather-in-bunch • (JE) (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Shankw” | Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group shak’áts’ (compound noun) dagger: double- • Primary Crest: Thunderbird • Secondary ended dagger | “sharp head” | sha-√kʼátsʼ → Crests: Eagle, Brown Bear, G̱unakadeit (Sea head.√sharp Monster) | shankw-át-i → [shankw].thing-(4n.i). shakéil’ (compound noun) dandruff | “head ashes” | [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) sha-kéilʼ → head.ashes Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan shakee.át (compound noun) headdress with carved • Ḵóok Hít | Box House frontlet, ermine skins, and sea lion whiskers; Lḵóot Ḵwáan dance headdress with carved frontlet, ermine • Kawdliyaayi Hít | Lowered ( from the Sun) skins, and sea lion whiskers | “thing on the head” House | shakée-át → (on)-top-of-head.thing G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan (relational base) top of – (something with –shakée (clan name) Clan: Thunderbird a rounded top, as a mountain); above –; over: Shankweidí (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Saint Philip (elevated) over – | shá-kée → head.above • (KE) Island”; Origin: Saint Phillip Island, Bay of shak’únts’ (noun) deer sprouting horns | “potato Pines | Teiḵweidí Migration • Dag̱istinaa Group head” | also used as a nickname to tease | sha- • Primary Crest: Thunderbird • Secondary kʼúntsʼ → head.potato Crests: Eagle, Brown Bear, G̱unakadeit (Sea Monster) | shankw-át-i → [shankw].thing-(4n.i). shalas’áaw (compound noun) deer with full-grown antlers | “crabbed head” | sha-la-√sʼaaw → [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) head.[classifier].√crab-(dungeness) • (GD, KE) • Heinyaa Ḵwáan variants: shals’áaw • • G̱unakadeit Hít | Sea Monster House • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House –shaláx̱’ (body part) head: back of his her head at the base; back of his her head at the base | Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan

180 Tlingit to English sh

• Chʼáakʼ Hít | Eagle House [relational] • G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House shákdéi (particle) perhaps | the most common • Tsískʼw Hít | Great Horned Owl House ways to express doubt in Tlingit are listed below: • Xʼátgu Hít | Dogfish House particles shaséet (verbal noun) braid(s); hair: braid(s) | sha- • kwshé | probably (hopeful, likely) ∅-√séet → head.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√braid • (JL) • gíwé, géwé, gíyú | thatʼs possible –shashaaní (compound noun) hair: gray hair | • shákdéi | perhaps “old head” | sha-shaan-í → head.old/elderly. • gwál | maybe (doubtful) [relational] verb • yéi x̱waajée | i think so; i suspect it to be; i guess shataag̱áa (compound noun) deer: deer with single spikes for antlers; ruminant: ruminant with shákw (noun) strawberry: domestic strawberry single spikes for antlers | “head spearer” | (GD) (noun) spoon • sha + √táḵ + aa → {head + √spear/poke/prod shál + the-one] –shát (kinship term) wife: –ʼs wife | classification: female kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this (body part) hair: –ʼs hair (on head) | –shax̱aawú term is used for the female in a marriage sha-x̱aawú → head.hair (kinship term) sister: –ʼs older sister (a (compound noun) shark: man-eating –shátx̱ shax̱dáḵw ⑴ femaleʼs older sister) | classification: female shark (legendary) • variants: shux̱dáḵw • || ⑵ kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is only (compound noun) beetle: type of beetle • variants: used by females to refer to biological sisters and shux̱dáḵw • females of the same clan and generation who shax̱’ée x’wál’ (compound noun) hair pin | sha-x̱’ée they have a close relationship with • can be used + x’wál’ → head.? + ? with females of the same moiety but not the same shax̱út’aa (verbal noun) fishing rod | “the one clan to show close personal or clan relationships that drags it by the head” | sha-√x̱út’-aa → shaa (noun) mountain head.√drag.one(s)-(part.i) √shaa ¹ (verb root) bark (compound noun) bald spot; bald shax̱’wáas’ (T) (verb root) marry head | sha-√x̱’wáas’ → head.√bald √shaa ² (compound noun) mountain: shelter of a (compound noun) pillow | “thing below the shaa seiyí shayeit mountain; mountain: area on the beach below a head” | shá-yee-át → head.below.thing mountain | shaa + seiyí → mountain + shelter/ shayéinaa (verbal noun) anchor | “the one lowered lee/area-below by the head” | sha-√yáa-n-aa → head.√lower/ (compound noun) mountaintop; spread-out.[progressive].one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) shaa shakée mountain: on top of the mountain (compound noun) nail | “beneath the head” shayéen (compound noun) mountainside; | sha-yée(n) → head.below • variants: tuháayi • shaa yadaa moutain: around the mountain | “around –shá (body part) head: –ʼs head the face of the mountain” | shaa + ÿa-daa → mountain + face/vertical-surface.around sháchgi tléig̱u (compound noun) swamp berries; berries: swamp berries | sháchk-i + tléiḵw-u → –shaadí (plant part) sprouts (of plant); fleshy swamp.[peg vowel] + berry.[relational] leaves (of plant) | –ʼs sprouts, fleshy leaves sháchk (noun) swamp growing toward the top of the stem (e.g. of bear root) sháchk kax̱’wáal’i (compound noun) Alaska cotton; cottongrass; swamp cotton | “down- shaaḵ (noun) snag (driftwood in water); driftlog, feathers on the swamp” | sháchk + ka-x̱ʼwáalʼ-i → driftwood swamp + on.down-feathers.[relational] shaan (noun) old age; hair: gray hair; elderly sháchk ka.aasí (compound noun) jackpine; swamp person | (JL) spruce; stunted tree in swamp | “tree on the –shaan (adjective) old; elderly | postnominal swamp” | sháchk + ka-aas-í → swamp + on.tree. adjective: appears immediately after the noun it

181 sh Tlingit to English

modifies | (KE, JC) is an elder, and for others it is an adult and «at wuskóowu» is an elder | shaawát + shaan → (verb root) old; old age √shaan woman + old shaanák’w (compound noun) (little) old person | shaan-aa-kʼw → old/elderly.one(s)-(part.i). shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ (compound noun) wedding | [diminutive] “inviting to be next to a woman” | «ḵu.éexʼ» is the most appropriate term for a cultural gathering, shaanáx̱ (compound noun) mountain valley; valley often hosted by a clan or clans of the same moiety, | shaa-náx̱ → mountain.through/via with the guests being of the opposite moiety • √shaash˟ (verb root) worn down; worn out there were many types of «ḵu.éexʼ», including «shaawát x̱áni ḵu.éexʼ» (wedding), «du x̱ʼé x̱ánt (verb root) grab; hold; catch √shaat atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ» ( feast for a young woman shaatk’ásk’u (compound noun) girl; female: girl; coming out of seclusion), and others; now there is adolescent: girl | shaat-kʼiyátskʼu⁓kʼátskʼu → primarily «ḵu.éexʼ» for the release of grief of clan woman-(contracted).adolescent • variants: members • not an appropriate term for activities shaatkʼiyátskʼu, shaatkʼiyétskʼu (C) • that are not clan-hosted | shaawát + x̱án-i + ḵu-∅-√.éexʼ → woman + beside.[relational] + shaatkʼ (compound noun) woman: young woman (not married); female: young woman (not someone-(4h.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√call-out/shout • married) | the basic stages of growth for a (KE, MA, SE, FD) female in Tlingit are «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), shaax’wsáani (compound noun) girls; young «shaatkʼiyátskʼu» (girl), «sháatkʼ» (adolescent women; female: girls, young women | sháa-xʼw- female) «yées shaawát» (young woman), sáani → women.[plural].[diminutive plural] «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «shaawát sháan» (old (noun) gray currant; stink currant woman) | shaat-kʼ → woman-(contracted). shaax̱ [diminutive] • (KE) shaayáal (noun) hawk: kind of hawk shaatkʼátskʼu (compound noun) girl | the basic sháa (noun) women (plural) stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are sháachʼ ¹ (noun) plant: green plant that grows on «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), «shaatkʼiyátskʼu» (girl), trees | (JL) «sháatkʼ» (adolescent female) «yées shaawát» (young woman), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), sháachʼ ² (noun) sardine; herring: young herring «shaawát sháan» (old woman) | sháatkʼ-kʼátskʼu sháak (noun) plant: timothy grass (used for basket → young-man.adolescent/small • sháatkʼ- decoration) kʼátskʼu → young-woman.adolescent • variants: sháal trap: fish trap | (KE) shaatkʼwátskʼu, shaatkʼiyátskʼu • –sháawu (kinship term) sister: –ʼs clan sister | in –shaatkʼí (kinship term) girlfriend: –ʼs young Tlingit kinship, the term for clan sister is used for woman (girlfriend) | “–ʼs little woman” women of the same clan without a close enough | sháatkʼ-í → young-(unmarried)-woman. relationship to use «–shátx̱/–kéekʼ» (used by [possessive] • (KE) females) or «–dlaakʼ» (used by males) shaaw (noun) gumboots; chiton shé (noun) blood –shaawádi (kinship term) wife: –ʼs lady (wife); shé! (interjection) whoa! | expression of mild girlfriend: –ʼs lady (girlfriend) | shaawát-i → surprise | (KE) • variants: shéi! • woman.[possessed] • (KE) shéx̱ʼwtáaxʼi (compound noun) ⑴ | “chewed red shaawát (noun) woman; female: woman alder” | shéix̱ʼw-√táaxʼ-i → red-alder.√bite/ shaawát shaan (compound noun) woman: chew.[relational] • (KE) || ⑵ (color) red: bright old woman | the basic stages of growth for red; orange: light orange a female in Tlingit are «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), –sheidí (body part) antler: –ʼs antlers; horn: –ʼs «shaatkʼiyátskʼu» (girl), «sháatkʼ» (adolescent horn | “head thing” | shá-át-i → head.thing- female) «yées shaawát» (young woman), (4n.i).[relational] «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «shaawát sháan» (noun) rattle | (KE) (old woman) • for some speakers, «yanwáat» sheishóox̱

182 Tlingit to English sh

√sheix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √shéex̱ʼ • , • variants: time) √sheex̱ʼ • praise; glorify; commend • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen (noun) alder: red alder | (KE) || shéix̱ʼw ⑴ ⑵ • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to (color) orange: dark orange do it; it wonʼt happen shéiyi (noun) ⑴ spruce: Sitka spruce || ⑵ tree | • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it (KE, JC) • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it shgóonaa (borrowed noun) ship: schooner; ship: (regularly) sailing ship | from English “schooner” | (JL) • potential decessive | s/he would have done it • conditional | if/when s/he does it Shg̱agwéi (placename) Skagway | “bunched up water”; “whitecaps on the water” | sh-∅-√g̱akw- +i verb modes yé → self-(rflx.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√(?).place • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does it Shg̱aadaayihin.aayí (clan name) Clan: Raven • perfective (+) | s/he did it (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of Shg̱aadaayi • potential (+) | s/he might do it Héen”; Origin: Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north • potential (–) | s/he might not do it of Mount Fairweather) | Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it • Primary Crest: Raven • Seconary Crests: Coho, Musk Ox, Mouse | Shgaadaayi-héen-aa-yí ∅ group ̱ • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) → Shgaadaayi.river/water.one(s)-(inhN.i). ̱ • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) shi- (classifier) | sh group classifier; (–d,sh,+i) | • di- | (+d,∅,+i) Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the s group • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • si- | (–d,∅,+i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • s- | (+d,∅,–i) change group and become a different verb when • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) the activity the verb describes changes, and examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, sh group which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier shí (noun) song | (KE) changes from there to move into certain modes • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, shí awliyéx̱ (compound noun) northern lights: and then l group, and then the rare sh group red northern lights | “it made blood” | a red northern lights that look like a cloud and have –i verb modes much less movement • these were not supposed to • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does be looked at, and foretold of a coming war | shí + it a-ÿu-∅-li-√yéx̱ → blood + her/him/it-(3.O).pfv.s/ • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does he-(3.S).cl-(–d,l,+i).√make/build/use • (NR) not do it • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the –shísʼḵ ⑴ (noun) sapling || ⑵ (plant part) process of doing it wood: green wood of – || ⑶ (body part) flesh: • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it raw or rare flesh || ⑷ (adjective) raw (flesh); • imperative | do it! green (wood) | postnomial adjective: appears • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every immediately after the noun that it affects

183 sh Tlingit to English

√shee ¹ (verb root) search for; hope for “split limb” | sheey + ka-∅-√ḵáasʼ-i → limb + hsf. cl-(–d,∅,–i).√split-wood.[relational] • (KE) √shee ² (verb root) touch (plant part) knot: limb knot | (verb root) help sheey tukagoodlí √shee ³ “lump on the inside of the limb” | sheey + tu-ka- √shee ⁴ (verb root) sing; compose song gootl-í → limb + inside.hsf.bump/hump • (KE) (adjective) female | prenomial adjective: sheech– sheey woolí (plant part) knot hole (in tree) appears immediately before the noun that it | “limb hole” | sheey + wool-í → limb + hole. affects | (KE, JC) • variants: shich– • [relational] • (KE) √sheekʼw • variants: √shookʼ • cramp; shocked by electricity shéen (noun) spoon: large wooden spoon | (KE) (verbal noun) story | “tells self the story sheen (noun) ⑴ bailer: wooden bailer | (KE) || ⑵ shkalneek spoon: large wooden spoon of it” | sh-ka-l-√neek → self-(rflx.O) + hsf.cl- (+d,l,–i).√tell. • (KE) sheen x̱ʼayee (compound noun) dipper (for dipping water) | “bailer below the mouth” | shkʼw (particle) | term of endearment, especially sheen + x̱ʼa-yee → bailer + mouth.below • (KE) made to grandchildren | (DK) • variants: chkʼw • (placename) Stiking River | “Biting Sheetʼká (placename) Sitka | “On the Outskirts Shtaxʼhéen of Baranof Island” | shee + tʼiká → [baranoff Itself River” | sh-∅-√táaxʼ-héen → (rflx.O)-cl- island] + beside/outskirts • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, (–d,∅,–i).√bite.river/water • (TT, AH, NR, JC, HJ, JM, FW) JL, HJ) (borrowed noun) steam engine; train | Sheetʼká Ḵwáan (region name) Sitka: People shtéen káa of the Sitka Area | “People on the Outskirts of “steam car” | from English “steam car” | (KE) Baranof Island” | Included Communities: Sitka, shukalx̱aají (compound noun) troller | “takes it in West sides of Baranof and Chichagof Islands front by boat” | shú-ká-l-√x̱aa-ch-í → end.on.cl- | shee + tʼiká + ḵwáan → [baranoff island] + (+d,l,–i).√paddle.[repetitive].[relational] beside/outskirts + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, (relational base) front of –; ahead of JL, HJ, JM, FW) –shuká ⑴ –; history of – | “on the end of –” || ⑵ (kinship Wolf/Eagle Clans term) geneology of –; ancestors of – | in Tlingit • Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House kinship, the term Haa Shuká is especially • Ḵóokhíttaan | People of the Box House important and has been translated as “everything • Chookaneidí | People of Grass River we have ever been, everything we are right now, • Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On the and everything we are going to become” | shú-ká Other Side of Each Other → end.on • (KE, ADH) • X̱ʼaxʼaahíttaan | People of the Edge House –shukát (relational noun) before – | usually used Raven/Crow Clans as a time reference, as in “the time before –” | • Kiks.ádi | People of Helm Bay shú-ká-t → end.on.at-(arriving) • (JL) • Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay • Watineidí | People of Watin (?) –shutú (relational noun) corner: (in) the corner; edge: (on or along) the edge; end of it | (KE) • Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream north of Mount Fairweather) –shutóox̱ʼ (body part) ankle: outer side of –ʼs foot • Xʼatʼka.aayí | People on the Island up to the anklebone | (KE) • Tʼaḵdeintaan | People of the House toward the (relational base) end: around the end Side –shuwadaa of –; around – (bypassing, avoiding); bypassing sheexw (noun) bow: close quarter bow and arrow –; avoiding – | (KE) | (KE) • variants: sheixw • –shuxʼaa yádi (kinship term) child: first born child sheey ¹ (plant part) ⑴ limb; primary branch; knot: | shuxʼaa + yát-i → first + child.[relational] • limb knot || ⑵ (noun) stick | (KE) (HS) sheey ² (body part) right (hand) | (JL) shuxʼáanáx̱ (adverb) first: (at) first; originally | “through the end of point” | (KE) • variants: sheey kaḵáasʼi (compound noun) sliver; splinter | shuxʼwáanáx̱ •

184 Tlingit to English sh – t

–shuyee (relational base) foot of: at the foot of a shóogu– (adjective) first; initial | prenomial slope; down from the crest of; back from the adjective: appears immediately before the noun crest of | shu-ÿee → end.below • (KE) • variants: that it affects | (JC) –shuwee • shóogunáx̱ (adverb) originally; beginning: in the –shú (relational base) end of – | (KE) beginning; first: (at) first | shóogu-náx̱ → first. through/via • (KE) √shoo ² (verb root) suffer (compound noun) house: smokehouse sh + ka-S-d+l-√shoo ʰ (na event verb – subject shóosʼi hídi for drying tobacco leaves | shóosʼi + hít-i → [??] intransitive) crazy: go crazy | for S to go crazy | (GD, KE) + house.[relational] • (JL) • prohibitive: líl yoo sh keelshéigiḵ! | donʼt Shxʼát Ḵwáan (region name) People of the Shxʼát go crazy! Area | Included Communities: Wrangell Area, • progressive imperfective: yaa sh kanalshéin Behm Canal, Petersburg | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, | s/he is going crazy HJ) • perfective (+): sh kawdlishoo | s/he went Wolf/Eagle Clans crazy • Naanya.aayí | People of the Upper River • perfective (–): tlél sh kawulshoo | s/he • Sʼiknax̱.ádi | People of Black Bear Bay didnʼt go crazy • Kayáashkiditaan | People of the House above • future (+): sh kakg̱walshóo | s/he will go the Platform crazy • X̱ʼookʼeidí | People of Leader Bay • future (–): tlél sh kakg̱walshoo | s/he wonʼt go crazy Raven/Crow Clans • Ḵaach.ádi | People of Pybus Bay O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ (na event verb – object • Kaasx̱ʼagweidí | People of Kaasx̱ʼéikw intransitive) intoxicated; drunk ² | for O to be • Kiks.ádi | People of Helm Bay intoxicated | (GD, KE) • Taalḵweidí | People of the Mountain that Never • imperative: (góok) ikanashú! | (go ahead) Flooded get drunk! • Teeyhittaan | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark • prohibitive: líl yoo ikoosheigíḵ! | donʼt get House drunk! • progressive imperfective: yaa kanashéin | s/ he is getting drunk t • perfective (+): kaawashoo | s/he is drunk • perfective (–): tlél kawushoo | s/he isnʼt -t (relational suffix) ⑴ at: arriving at; at: moving drunk about at; at a point || ⑵ around a point | (JC) • future (+): kakg̱washóo | s/he will get drunk tadanóoxʼ (compound noun) turtle | “shelled at • future (–): tlél kakg̱washoo | s/he wonʼt get bottom” | ta-da-√nóoxʼ → bottom-(of cavity).cl- drunk (+d,∅,–i).√shell • variants: tanóox’, kanóoxʼ • (verb root) soak in cold water for √shooch tag̱anís ¹ (compound noun) sapling; pole made from strength; bathe sapling | “for the bottom of a pole” | ta-g̱an-yís → √shookʼ • variants: √sheekʼw • cramp; shocked by bottom.manmade-pole/stick.for electricity tag̱anís ² (compound noun) pole; sapling | “for √shooḵ (verb root) laugh; smile poking with” | √taaḵ-a-een-yís → √spear/poke/ prod.its.with.for –shoowú (relational noun) part of –; half of – | “is at the end of –” | shú-wú → end.is/are-at –taká (relational base) bottom: inside surface of bottom of – (a container, vessel) | táak-ká → in- shoox̱ʼ (noun) robin | related to «shéix̱ʼw» (red alder, orange [color]) | (KE, JL) (container/water).on • (KE) (compound noun) rockslide | té-√ḵaadí → shóo yax̱ (preverb) turning over end by end | for taḵaadí motion verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion rock-√{rock/snow}-slide verb (towards a terminus) | shú + ÿax̱ → end + Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan (region name) Tuxecan: turning-over • (JC) People of Tuxecan (Taḵjikʼ Aan) | “People

185 t Tlingit to English

of the Taḵjikʼ Aan” | Included Communities: water.[relational] • (KE) Northwestern Prince of Wales Island, Coronation tax̱héeni (compound noun) broth: soup broth; Island, Southern Kuiu Island • the Tlingit soup | “boiled food water” | √táa-x̱-héen-i → √boil- Readers “Traditional Tlingit Country” map food.[repetitive].water.[relational] • (KE) lists the translation for «Taḵjikʼ Aan» as “Little (clan name) Clan: Black Legged Coastal Town” which would make the noun Tax̱ʼhíttaan Kittiwake (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of «Taḵjee» | taḵjikʼ + aan + ḵwáan → taḵjikʼ + land- the Snail House”; Origin: Hoonah | Lʼuknax̱. (inhabited) + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, ádi Migration • Primary Crest: Black Legged JM, FW) Kittiwake • Seconary Crest: Snail | táax̱ʼ-hít-taan Wolf/Eagle Clans → snail/slug.house.people-(of house) • (TT, AH, • Ḵaax̱ʼooshíttaan | People of Personʼs Foot NR, JC, JL, HJ) House • Naasteidí | People of the Nass River Rock Xunaa Ḵáawu • Táax̱ʼ Hít | Snail House • Shankweidí | People of Saint Philip Island • Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island tax̱ʼutéeyi (compound noun) opercula; operculum | “imitating a snail” | tax̱ʼ-∅-u-∅-√tée-yi → snail/ Raven/Crow Clans • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor slug.her/him/it-(3.O).irr.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√be • (HJ) • Taakw.aaneidí | People of the Winter Village tayashagoo (compound noun) sea anemone: small • Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek red sea anemone | “pokes out on the face of the • Teeyeeneidí | People of the Yellow Cedar Bark rocks” | té-yá-sha-√goo → rock.face.[classifier]. Stream poke tanaa.ádi (compound noun) pajamas; bedclothes tayataayí (compound noun) sea anemone | | “sleep draped over thing” | tá-naa-át-i → sleep. “beneath the face of the rocks” | té-ÿá-taayee → draped-over.thing.rel rock.face.beneath Taneidí (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow Moiety) | tayeidí bladder rack; rock weed; seaweed: yellow “People of Jumping Fish Creek”; Origin: Tunehean seaweed | “thing beneath” | tayee-át-i → beneath. Creek | Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group thing.[relational] | √tán-a-héen-át-i → √jump-(of fish).[peg –tayee (relational base) underneath –; beneath –; vowel].river/water.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • below – | (KE) (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) tayees (compound noun) (compound noun) axe: stone Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan axe; stone axe | té-yees → stone.stone-axe • (KE) tanóoxʼ (compound noun) turtle | “bottom of shell” • variants: yees • | ta-nóoxʼ → bottom-(of cavity).shell • variants: tá (noun) sleep tadanóox’, kanóoxʼ • –tá ¹ (relational base) bay: head of bay (noun) yesterday tatgé –tá ² bottom: bottom of – (a cavity, container) tatgéiyi– (adjective) yesterday: of yesterday | tág̱aa (verbal noun) lancet; lance; spear | “one that prenomial adjective: appears immediately before spears”; “one that pokes” | √táḵ-aa → √spear/ the noun that it affects | tatgé-yi → yesterday. poke.one(s)-(part.i) [relational] (noun) hammer tatóok (compound noun) cave | ka-tóo-k → táḵl on.inside.? • (KE) • variants: katóok • tás (noun) sinew; thread tawéi (noun) mountain sheep; bighorn sheep; –tási (body part) sinew: –ʼs sinew | this is likely the Dallʼs sheep; sheep: mountain sheep | (KE, JL) • form for sinew removed from the body, thus the variants: dleit tawéi • possessive suffix tax’aayí (compound noun) rock point; point: rock táxʼx̱i (noun) dentalium; dentalia shells | (JL) • point | té-x’aa-yí → rock.point.[relational] variants: tʼáxʼx̱i • Tax̱héeni (placename) Takhini hot springs (north √taa ¹ (verb root) | classification: singular | plural of Whitehorsee, Yukon Territory) | “boiled food form: √x̱éixʼw ⑴ sleep; rest; put to sleep; put to water” | √táa-x̱-héen-i → √boil-food.[repetitive].

186 Tlingit to English t

bed || ⑵ lay down || ⑶ carry | classification: Shaa (Devilʼs Thumb Mountain), Thomas Bay, dead creature or sleeping baby east of Cape Fanshaw | Taalḵweidí Migration • Taalḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: Taalḵunax̱kʼu √taa ² (verb root) fat (of animal); prime (of animal) | classification: animal Shaa (Devilʼs Thumb Mountain) • Secondary Crest: Raven • «Kax̱ḵuyendu Aa» is the name of a √taa ³ (verb root) steam; boil | especially meat or water spirit kiilled by Lḵʼayáakʼw | taal-ḵú-át-í → berries flat-open-basken.cove.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • Taagish Ḵwáan (region name) Carcross: People (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) of Carcross; Tagish: People of Tagish | “People Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan of Tagish & Carcross” | Included Communities: • Shaa Hít | Mountain House Carcross, Tagish • name comes from the Tagish • Kax̱ḵuyendu Aa Hít | Water Spirit House language (Tākizi) | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • G̱ílʼ Hít | Cliff House Wolf/Eagle Clans taan (noun) sea lion • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar • Yanyeidí | People of Hemlock House; People of √taan ¹ (verb root) carry | classification: empty the Mainland container or hollow object (verb root) cover; open (cover) Raven/Crow Clans √taan ² • G̱aanax̱teidí | People of Sheltered Harbor Rock √taan ³ (verb root) carry | classification: stick-like • Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail object House (verb root) wash over; rough (of navigable • Ishkeetaan | People of Deep Pool in the River √taan ⁴ water) House • Kooḵhittaan | People of Cellar House √taan ⁵ (verb root) communicate; think | classification: singular | plural form √aat ⁵ taakw aanási (compound noun) jellyfish | “winter intestines” | taakw aaninaasí → winter land- √taan ⁶ (verb root) precipitate; fall (of (inhabited).[relational].intestines • (KE) • precipiration) variants: taakw aaninaasí, taakw aanísi, taak √taan ⁷ (verb root) bend; bent aaneisí • √taan ⁸ (verb root) habit: in habit of; like doing Taakw.aaneidí (clan name) Clan: Strong Man, Woodworm (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of √taan ⁹ (verb root) jump | classification: fish the Winter Village”; Origin: Port Chester, Annette √taan ¹⁰ (verb root) hunt octopus Island | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • G̱aanax̱.ádi (compound noun) horsetail Group • Primary Crests: Strong Man and the taan x̱’adaadzaayí | “sea lion whiskers” | taan + x̱’a-daa-dzaayí → Sea Lion, Woodworm • Secondary Crests: Whale, sea-lion + mouth.around.whiskers Giant Mouse | táakw-aan-át-i → winter.land- (inhabited).thing.[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, –taaní (TC) (body part) umbilical cord: –ʼs JL, HJ) umbilical cord | (JL) • variants: –taanwú, –táani • Heinyaa Ḵwáan • Yáay Hít | Whale House Taantʼá Ḵwáan (region name) Tongass: People of the Tongass (Taantʼá) Area | “People Beside Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan • Taan Hít | Sea Lion House Prince of Wales Island” | Included Communities: Southern Prince of Wales, Ketchikan, Saxman • taakw.eetí (compound noun) spring; early summer often associated with Tongass, which is a Coast | “remains of winter” | taakw-eetí → winter. Tsimshian Placename (Tʼang̱aash) | taan-tʼaaḵ remains/imprint + ḵwáan → sea-lion-[name of POW].beside + √taaḵ ¹ (verb root) spear; poke; poke hole; prod people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) √taaḵ ² (verb root) care for; serve Wolf/Eagle Clans • Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island Taalḵweidí (clan name) Clan: Devilʼs Thumb • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar Mountain (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of Little Flat Basket Bay”; Origin: Taalḵunax̱kʼu Raven/Crow Clans

187 t Tlingit to English

• G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor táaw (noun) thievery | (JL) taashuká (compound noun) river flats; tidelands; táaw s’aatí (compound noun) thief | “master of mudflats | “in front of the bottom (of cavity)”; “at thievery” | √táaw + s’aatí → √steal + master-(of) the foot of the bottom (of cavity)” | taa(k)-shuká (compound noun) stolen goods | √táaw- → bottom-(of cavity). (in)-front/ahead • taa(k)- táawadi át-i → √steal.thing-(4h.i).[relational] • (JL) shuyee → bottom-(of cavity).at-the-foot-of-a- slope • variants: taashuyee (A,C) • táax’ál’ (noun) needle taat (noun) night táax’aa (verbal noun) mosquito | “the one that bites” | √táax’-aa → √bite.one(s)-(part.i) taat aayí adéli (compound noun) night watchman; watchman: night watchman | “watches over the táax’aa x̱’uskudayáat’ (compound noun) daddy nightʼs things” | taat + aa-yí + a-√dél-i → night long legs; mosquito eater | “the one that bites + thing(s).[possessed] + [a-thematic).√watch/ and has long legs” | √táax’-aa + x̱’us-ku-da- guard.rel √yáat’ → √bite.one(s)-(part.i) + foot/leg. [comparitive].[classifier].√long taat sitgawsáani (compound noun) midnight | taat + sit-gaw-sáan-i → night + ? táax̱’ (noun) snail; slug taat yeen (compound noun) night: during the táay (noun) garden; field night; night: in the middle of the night | “middle táay kahéix̱i (compound noun) gardener | “digs of the night” | taat + yeen → night + middle-of- in the garden” | táay + ka-√háa-x̱-i → garden + (a period of time) hsf.√move-small-parts.[repetitive].[relational] √taaw (verb root) steal; sneak teḵaadí (verbal noun) rockslide | té-√ḵaadí → √taaxʼ (verb root) bite; chew rock.landslide/avalanche • (JL) • variants: taḵaadí • taax̱ʼw (noun) smoke signals | (JL) té (noun) rock; stone √taax̱ʼw ¹ (verb root) sink; drown (noun) (adjective) stone: made of stone; rock: (verb root) signal with smoke té– √taax̱ʼw ² made of rock | prenomial adjective: appears taay (noun) fat; blubber immediately before the noun that it affects | (JC) taayí daa yaa ḵug̱áat (compound noun) nightmare té kakúḵxʼu (compound noun) rockslide | “rushing | “disoriented about sleep” | tá-yí + daa + yaa mass of rock” | té + ka-∅-√kúḵ-xʼ-u → rock + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat → sleep.[relational] + around/ + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√rush-(in boiling mass). about + along + areal.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dizzy/ [repetitive].[relational] • (JL) confused/dazed/disoriented • (JL) té kas’úgwaa yeit (T) (compound noun) cast-iron –táak (relational base) ⑴ bottom of – (a cavity) skillet; skillet: cast-iron skillet | “stone thing | (KE) || ⑵ in: (submerged) in – (a body of beneath the ones that fry” | té + ka-√s’úk-aa + water) | used for water that is above the knees, yee-át → stone + hsf.√fry/toast.one(s)-(part.i) + deep enough to submerge in • for water too beneath.thing shallow to submerge in, see «–yík» | (NR, MH) té ḵáas’ (compound noun) rock crevice; fissure in táakw (noun) winter; year rock | “rock crack” | té + √ḵáas’ → rock + √be- cracked táakw niyís (compound noun) preparation: (in preparation) for winter; winter: (in preparation) té ḵ’áatl’ (compound noun) stone: wide flat stone for winter | táakw + niyís → winter + (used for cooking); rock: wide flat stone (used preparation-for-(time) for cooking) | té + ḵ’áatl’ → rock + flat táal (noun) basket: flat open basket woven from té shanax̱wáayi (compound noun) sledgehammer wide strips of bark (for carrying fish, etc.); | “stone axe”; “stone through the head one” | té platter: large platter + sha-náx̱-aa-yí → stone/rock + head.through. one(s)-(part.i).[relational] táanaa (verbal noun) spear for catching octopus | √táan-aa → √catch-octopus-with-hook.one(s)- té tayee tlóox̱u (compound noun) bullhead: little (part.i) bullhead (found under beach rocks) | “bullhead

188 Tlingit to English t

under the rocks” | té + tayee + tlóox̱-u → stone + √teix̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teex̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; underneath + bullhead.rel screw || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy té xóow (compound noun) cairn; memorial pile of –teiyí (body part) gall bladder: –ʼs gall bladder | rocks; rock pile | té + xóow → rock + rock-pile (JL) té x̱áaxʼ (compound noun) rock: slab of rock | “rock –teiyí kahéeni (body part) bile: –ʼs bile | “gall split into layers” | té + √x̱áaxʼ → rock + √split- bladder juice” | –teiyí + ka-héen-i → gall-bladder into-layers • (JL) + on.water.rel • variants: (At), –teiyí tukehéeni (C), –teiyí • téx̱ (noun) • variants: tíx̱ (At, T) • odor: strong odor | like onions, body odor, raven | (JL) téil ¹ (plant part) pitch scab (where bark has been removed); pitchwood –téx̱i (relational noun) • variants: –tíx̱i • odor: –ʼs body odor | téx̱-i → strong-odor.[relational] • téil ² (particle) not • variants: tíl, lél, hél, tléil, tlél, l • (JL) −téitlʼ (adjective) fat (of animal) | postnominal teiḵ (noun) shawl; cape; poncho adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC) Teiḵweidí (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear (Eagle/ Wolf Moiety) | “People of Payne Island”; Origin: téix̱ (verbal noun) boiled food; broth | √taa-x̱ → North Side of Prince of Wales Island | Teiḵweidí √boild-food.[repetitive] • (JL) Migration • Teiḵweidí Group • Primary Crest: (body part) heart: –ʼs heart Brown Bear • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Murrelet, –téix̱’ Golden Eagle, Shark, Thunderbird, Sun, Marmot, –tin (relational base) with –; by means of –; as Storm Petrel, Mt. Edgecumbe, Eagle | teiḵw-át-í → soon as – | it is unclear whether the form of this payne-island.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, word is determined by grammatical rules, dialect NR, JC, JL, HJ) preference, or personal preference • variants: tín, teen, téen, een, -n • Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan • Saanyaa Hít | Southern Area House tináa (noun) copper shield | an item of wealth, often used for trade • at times made into small Taantʼá Ḵwáan • Kaatsʼ Hít | House of Kaatsʼ ornamentation (pendants, earrings, etc.) • at • Shaanáx̱ Hít | Valley House times made very large as clan at.óow • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House tínx (noun) bearberry: alpine bearberry ; • Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House kinnikinnick • Wandaa Hít | Around the Edge House tíx (noun) flea

Saanyaa Ḵwáan (verbal noun) stamping: sound • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House tíxwjaa (A) of stamping; stomping: sound of stomping; • Litká Hít | Ridge House pounding: sound of pounding fists; clapping: • Xóots Ḵoowú Hít | Brown Bearʼs Den House sound of clapping; sound of running quickly • Kaatsʼ Hít | House of Kaatsʼ | “feet stamping” | (JL) • √tíxw-ch-aa → √feet- • G̱ooch Hít | Wolf House stamp.[repetitive].one(s)-(part.i) Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • Shaanáx̱ Hít | Valley House tíxʼ (noun) rope • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House tíxʼ yádi (compound noun) string | “rope child” | tíxʼ + yát-i → rope + child.[possessed] Sheetʼká Ḵwáan Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan √tee ¹ (verb root) be: to be • Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House (yéi) + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object • Gijook Hít | Golden Eagle House intransitive) be: to be | for O to be (that way) • Gaaw Hít | Drum House | (KE) • wáa sá has yatee? → how are they? • Ḵʼatx̱áan Hít | Coward House (SN) • ldakát yéide yatee wé kakéin → the yarn • Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House is all colors (SN) • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House • imperative: yéi inatí! | be that way! teil (noun) • variants: teel • scar | (JL) • prohibitive: líl yéi eetéeḵ! | donʼt be that

189 t Tlingit to English

way! N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object • imperfective (+): yéi yatee | she/he/it is that intransitive) like ²; similar to | for O to be like N way | this is a powerful verb in Tlingit oratory, used • imperfective (–): tlél yéi utí | she/he/it isnʼt to create simile | (KE) • kooléix̱waa has yáx̱ that way yatee → they were like walruses (SN) • ldakát • progressive imperfective: yéi yaa nanein | has du tundatáanee woosh yáx̱ wooditee → all she/he/it is becoming that way their thoughts were like each otherʼs (that is, • perfective (+): yéi wootee | she/he/it was/ there was unanimous agreement) (SN) became that way N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – • perfective (–): tlél yéi wutee | she/he/it object intransitive) need; lack; require | for O wasnʼt that way to need N; for O to lack N; for O to require N | • future (+): yéi kgwatée | she/he/it will be ̱ (KE) • yées téel eetéenax̱ x̱at yatee → I need that way new shoes (SN) • future (–): tlél yéi kg̱watee | she/he/it wonʼt be that way N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) acceptable; satisfactory; like: N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object to be well-liked | for N to be acceptable to O; intransitive) be at; stay at; remain at; dwell at; for N to be satisfactory to O; for N to be well- live at | for O to be or stay at N; for O to dwell, liked by O | (KE) • du yoo x̱ʼatángi ḵaa tóogaa live at N; for O to remain at N | (KE) • yáaxʼ ̱ yatee → his speech is acceptable/satisfactory ágé yéi yee kgwatée? → are you going to stay ̱ (SN) • ax̱ sáni ḵaa tóogaa yatee → my uncle here? (SN) ̱ is popular/my uncle is acceptable to people N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – (SN) object intransitive) be near; stay by; remain by; N + x̱ʼéi-gaa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – live by | for O to be near N; for O to stay by N; ̱ object intransitive) obey; obedient | for O to for O to remain by N; for O to live by N | (KE) obey N; for O to be obedient to N | (KE) • ax̱ • i x̱ánxʼ yéi x̱at nagatee! → let me stay with ̱ dachx̱ánkʼ ax̱ x̱ʼéigaa yatee → my grandchild you, at your place! (SN) ̱ obeys me (SN) • du x̱ʼéig̱aa inatí! → obey him! N + waḵsheeyee-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na (SN) state verb – object intransitive) appear before | tleiyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – for O to appear before N; for O to be apparent object intransitive) wait; still: be still; quiet; stop to N | (KE) • has du waḵsheeyeexʼ yéi wootèe → | for O to be still, quiet; for O to stop (car, clock, he appeared to them (SN) e.g.); for O to wait | (KE) • chʼa tleiyéixʼ yéi N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb ng̱atee → heʼd better wait/let him stay there – object intransitive) remember; bear in mind | and keep still (SN) • tléil du eeg̱áa tleiyéi yéi for N to remember O; for N to bear O in mind | haa utí → weʼre not waiting for him (SN) (KE) • du ḵusax̱áni tlákw du tóoxʼ yéi yatèe → N + toowú + tleiyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na he remembered his love all the time (and this state verb – object intransitive) calm: be calm; affected how he behaved) (SN) meditate N + ee⁓ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object N + ka-yáanáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state intransitive) affect | for O to affect N | (KE) • verb – object intransitive) overpowered | for N haa een at googatée → itʼs going to affect us/ ̱ to be overpowered by O | yá ḵutí ax̱ kayáanáx̱ we will be involved (for example, in some yatee → the weather is stronger than me; the cultural activity) (SN) • yóo aan ka.á haa een weather is overpowering me TY wootee → the earthquake affected us (SN) (yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) feel like doing; want to do; feel intransitive) care about; concerned about; that way | for O to want to do, feel like doing affected by | for N to care about O; for N to be (that); for O to feel a certain way | (KE) • yax̱ concerned about O; for N to be affected by O | has ayax̱lajaaḵt has toowatee → they wanted (KE) • tléil has du tóon utí → they don ʼt care to kill them (SN) • gáandei tuwatee → he (about public opinion) (SN)

190 Tlingit to English t

feels like going outside (SN) itʼs getting stormy • imperative: a daa itunatí! | care about it! • perfective (+): ayawditee | it was stormy; itʼs • imperfective (+): a daa tuwatee | s/he cares stormy about it • perfective (–): tlél ayawdatee | it wasnʼt • imperfective (–): tlél a daa tootí | s/he stormy; itʼs not stormy doesnʼt care about it • future (+): yei ayagux̱datée | it will be stormy • future (+): a daa tukg̱watée | s/he will care • future (–): tlél yei ayagux̱datee | it wonʼt be about it stormy • future (–): tlél a daa tukgwatee | s/he wonʼt ̱ O-shu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object care about it intransitive) expected: be expected | for O to (yéi) + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) be expected | x̱áa shoowatee → an attacking be (for the weather to be a certain way); force was expected (SN) weather: for the weather to be (a certain way) O-shu-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na event verb – | for the weather to be (that way) | (KE) • waa transitive) postpone | for S to postpone O | sá ḵoowatee gáanxʼ? → whatʼs the weather (GD, KE) like outside? (SN) • tsu chʼu yéi shákdéi • imperative: shukanatí! | postpone it! ḵukg̱watée séigán → maybe it will be the • prohibitive: líl yoo shukeeteegíḵ! | donʼt same weather tomorrow (SN) postpone it! • imperfective (+): yéi ḵuwatee | the weather • perfective (+): ashukaawatee | s/he is that way postponed it • imperfective (–): tlél yéi ḵootí | the weather • perfective (–): tlél ashukawutee | s/he didnʼt isnʼt that way postpone it • perfective (+): yéi ḵoowatee | the weather • future (+): ashukakg̱watée | s/he will was that way postpone it • perfective (–): lél yéi ḵuwutee | the weather • future (–): tlél ashukakg̱watee | s/he wonʼt wasnʼt that way postpone it • future (+): yéi ḵukg̱watée | the weather will be that way N-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object intransitive) be (member of a group); become sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – (member of a group) | for O to be N (a object intransitive) grateful; thankful; satisfied member of a group); for O to become N | (KE) | for O to be grateful, thankful; for O to be • ḵúnáx̱ yaadachóonx̱ isitee → you are really satisfied | i eedáx̱ sh tóogaa x̱at ditee → I am ̱ upright/honest (SN) • ax̱ éesh asg̱eiwúx̱ sitee grateful to you (SN) → my father is a seine fisherman (SN) • imperative: sh tóog̱aa indatí! | be grateful! • imperative: (noun)-x̱ inastí! | be a (noun)! • imperfective (+): sh tóog̱aa ditee | s/he is • prohibitive: líl (noun)-x̱ yoo eesteegíḵ! | grateful donʼt become a (noun)! • perfective (+): sh tóog̱aa wditee | s/he was • imperfective (+): (noun)-x̱ sitee | s/he is a grateful (noun) • perfective (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa wdatee | s/he • imperfective (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ ustí | s/he wasnʼt grateful isnʼt a (noun) • future (+): sh tóog̱aa gux̱datée | s/he will be • perfective (+): (noun)-x̱ wusitee | s/he grateful became a (noun) • future (–): tlél sh tóog̱aa gux̱datee | s/he • perfective (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ wustee | s/he wonʼt be grateful didnʼt become a (noun) a-ya-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – impersonal) • future (+): (noun)-x̱ gux̱satée | s/he will be stormy weather; rough (of weather); windy: a (noun) very windy weather | for the weather to be • future (–): tlél (noun)-x̱ gux̱satee | s/he stormy, rough; for the weather to be very windy wonʼt be a (noun) | (KE) • yéi x̱waajée sigán yei ayagux̱datée → i ̱ N + een-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – object think itʼs going to be stormy tomorrow (SN) intransitive) be with | for O to be with N | • progressive imperfective: yei ayandatéen | gunalchéesh haa eenx̱ isateeyí → thank you

191 t Tlingit to English

for being with us (BF) ḵux̱wdzitee (i was born there) | (KE) • i tláa ágé chʼa yeisú ḵudzitee? → is your mother still g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ (g̱a act verb – subject intransitive) cry; weep; mourn: cry in mourning; howl living? (SN) • tléil daa sá ḵoostí → there isnʼt (plural subject) | for (plural) S to cry, weep, anything (SN) mourn; for (plural) S to howl (esp. of wolves) | • imperfective (+): ḵudzitee | it exists; she/he/ classification: plural | (KE) it is alive • imperfective (–): tlél ḵoostí | it doesnʼt exist; • imperative: g̱ax̱geesatí! | you all cry! she/he/it isnʼt alive • prohibitive: líl g̱ax̱yisatéeḵ! | donʼt you all cry! • perfective (+): ḵoowdzitee | it existed; she/ he/it was born • imperfective (+): has g̱ax̱satí | they cry; they are crying • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwustee | it didnʼt exist; she/he/it wasnʼt born • imperfective (–): tlél has ug̱ax̱satí | they donʼt cry; theyʼre not crying • future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wastée | it will exist; she/ • progressive imperfective: kei (ha)s he/it will be born • future (–): tlél yéi ḵukgwastee | she/he/it g̱ax̱nastéen | they are beginning to cry ̱ wonʼt be born • perfective (+): has g̱ax̱wusitee | they cried • perfective (–): tlél has g̱ax̱wustí | they didnʼt ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object cry intransitive) born; exist; live; subsist | for S • future (+): kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satée | they will to exist; for S to be born; for S to live; for S to cry subsist | in some cases speakers will use a first • future (–): tlél kei (ha)s g̱ax̱gax̱satee | they person singular subject pronoun for this verb, wonʼt cry as in áa ḵux̱wdzitee (i was born there) | (CG, NS) • yadáli saayí áwé i jeewú; a yáx̱ ḵigeestí! O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ (na state verb – transitive) ̱ expect her/him/it; anticipate it | for S to → you have an important (noble) name (lit. anticipate, foresee O; for S to expect, consider a heavy name); live up to it! (SN) • kóox haa O likely to happen or arrive | (KE) • Aangóon x̱ʼéitx̱ shuwaxeex; kʼúntsʼ ká yei ḵugax̱toostée → aantḵeení has ashusitee → Angoon is our rice is all used up; weʼll live on potatoes (SN) expecting visitors (SN) • has du éet awdlig̱ín, has du jeedáx̱ at shusati een → he looked at • imperfective (+): ḵudzitee | it exists; she/he/ them, expecting to get something from them it is alive (SN) • imperfective (–): tlél ḵoostí | it doesnʼt exist; • imperative: shunastí! | expect her/him/it! she/he/it isnʼt alive • prohibitive: líl sheesatéeyiḵ! | donʼt expect • perfective (+): ḵoowdzitee | it existed; she/ her/him/it! he/it was born • imperfective (+): ashusitee | s/heʼs • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwustee | it didnʼt exist; expecting her/him/it she/he/it wasnʼt born • imperfective (–): tlél ashoostí | s/he isnʼt • future (+): yéi ḵukg̱wastée | it will exist; she/ expecting her/him/it he/it will be born • perfective (+): ashuwsitee | s/he expected • future (–): tlél yéi ḵukg̱wastee | she/he/it her/him/it wonʼt be born • perfective (–): tlél ashuwustee | s/he didnʼt N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb expect her/him/it – impersonal) busy; occupied | for N to be busy • future (+): ashugux̱satée | s/he will expect with things; for N to be occupied with things her/him/it • imperfective (+): du daat át ḵudzitee | s/ • future (–): tlél ashugux̱satee | s/he wonʼt heʼs busy expect her/him/it • imperfective (–): tlél du daat át ḵoostí | s/ he isnʼt busy O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ (g̱a state verb – object • perfective (+): du daat át ḵoowdzitee | s/he intransitive) born; exist; live | for O to be in existence; for O to be born; for O to live | in was busy some cases speakers will use a first person • perfective (–): tlél du daat át ḵuwustee | s/ singular subject pronoun for this verb, as in áa he wasnʼt busy • future (+): du daat át yei ḵukg̱wastée | s/he

192 Tlingit to English t

will be busy → yellow-cedar-bark.house.people-(of house) • • future (–): tlél du daat át yéi ḵukg̱wastee | (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) s/he wonʼt be busy Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan √tee ² (verb root) carry | classification: general, • Teey Hít | Yellow Cedar Bark House compact object; abstract Teeyeeneidí (clan name) Clan: Dog Salmon √tee ³ (verb root) hang (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the Yellow Cedar Bark Stream” | Kiks.ádi Mirgration • (verb root) wear; put on √tee ⁴ Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: √tee ⁵ (verb root) imitate; mimic; quote Raven, Frog, Octopus, Land Otter, Starfish | téeyʼ- teel (noun) • variants: teil • scar | (JL) héen-át-i → yellow-cedar-bark.river/water.thing- (4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) Teelʼhittaan (clan name) Clan: Dog Salmon (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the Dog Heinyaa Ḵwáan Salmon House”; Origin: on the point opposite the • Yéil Hít | Raven House Barrier Islands | Lʼeeneidí Mirgration • Primary • Yan Wuliháshi Hít | Drifted Ashore House Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: Octopus, • Teey Hít | Yellow Cedar Bark House Raven | téelʼ-hít-taan → dog-salmon.house. Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) • Gaax̱ka Hít | Gaax̱ká House • Héenká Hít | On the Water House

Heinyaa Ḵwáan • Sʼáx Hít | Starfish House –teen (relational base) with –; by means of –; as • Yéil Hít | Raven House soon as – | it is unclear whether the form of this • Yéil Yádi Hít | Little Raven House word is determined by grammatical rules, dialect preference, or personal preference | (KE, JC) • Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan • Kóoshdaa Hít | Land Otter House variants: téen, een, tin, tín, -n • • Teey Hít | Yellow Cedar Bark House √teen ¹ (verb root) travel (generally) téel (noun) shoe(s) √teen ² (verb root) see; perceive téel’ (noun) dog salmon; chum salmon √teen ³ (verb root) go away mad téel daakeyéis’i (C) (compound noun) shoe polish √teesʼ (verb root) stare; look for; inspect | “discolors around the shoe” | téel + daa-ka- teesh (noun) • variants: tuteesh, toowú √yéis’-i → shoe + around.hsf.√discolor.rel teesh • loneliness; boredom | tu-√teesh → téel daanéegwálʼi (T) (compound noun) shoe inside.√lonely • (KE, CG, JL) polish | “painting around the shoe” | (JL) • téel + √teesh (verb root) lonesome; bored daa-√néegwálʼ-i → shoe + around.√paint.rel teet x̱’achálx̱i (compound noun) foam (on waves); téel iḵkeidí (compound noun) moccasin top | “on waves: foam (on waves); sponge | “foams at top of the front of the foot shoe” | téel + iḵ-ka-át-í the mouth of the wave” | téet + x̱’a-√chál-x̱-i • → → shoe + midfoot.on.thing.[possessed] wave + mouth.foam?.[repetitive].[relational] téel kanágaa (compound noun) shoe-stretching √teew (verb root) • variants: √toow • read; count; block | téel + ka-∅-√nák-aa → shoe + hsf.cl- study; teach (–d,∅,–i).√shape/form.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) (compound noun) shoemaker; cobbler | √teex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √teix̱ʼ • ⑴ wring; twist; téel layeix̱í téel + la-√yeix̱-í → shoe + [classifier].√construct/ screw || ⑵ crooked; twisted; windy make.rel teey (noun) bark: yellow cedar bark téel tukanágaa (compound noun) shoe: wooden teey woodí (compound noun) yellow cedar bark form for shaping or stretching moccasins; (for weaving) | (KE) • variants: teey hoodí (T) • moccasin: wooden form for shaping or Teeyhíttaan (clan name) Clan: Frog (Raven/ stretching moccasins; form: wooden form for Crow Moiety) | “People of the Yellow Cedar Bark shaping or stretching moccasins | “the one that House” | Kiks.ádi Mirgration • Primary Crest: shapes the inside of the shoe” | téel + tú-ka-√nák- Frog • Secondary Crests: Raven | téeyʼ-hít-taan aa → shoe + inside.hsf.√shape/form.one(s)-

193 t Tlingit to English

(part.i) daa → butt/bottom.around téel x̱’adzaasí (compound noun) shoelace(s) | tuḵdaa.át (compound noun) diaper | “thing around “shoe mouth laces” | téel + x̱’a-dzaas-í → shoe + the butt” | tóoḵ-daa-át → butt/bottom.around. mouth.lace/thong.rel thing téet (noun) wave; swell tuḵg̱wéinaa (compound noun) toilet tissue; toilet paper | “one that wipes the butt” | tuḵ-√góo-n-aa (body part) vein; tendon (inside body) ̱ –téetʼ → butt.√wipe.(progressive).one(s)-(part.i) téey (noun) patch –tuḵx̱ʼé (body part) anus: –ʼs anus; butthole: –téey (body part) chin: –ʼs chin –ʼs butthole | tuḵ-wool-í → butt.mouth.rel • téeyaa (compound noun) chisel | “the one that variants: –tuḵ.woolí • chisels” | √téey-aa → √carve-(with chisel or Tuḵyeidí (clan name) Clan: Raven, Beaver (Raven/ adze).one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) • variants: tíyaa • Crow Moiety) | “People of of the Outlet”; Origin: téeyi (verbal noun) fish: soaked dried fish | √téey-i Outlet of a lake on Xutsnoowú or Mitchell Bay → √soak-fish.[relational] | Deisheetaan Migration • Deisheetaan Group • Primary Crests: Raven, Beaver | tuḵyee-át-í → (subject pronoun) we [subject] | first person tu- outlet.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, plural subject (1s.S) • in a verb phrase, the subject JC, JL, HJ) is the agent in the verb • other subject pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject –tuḵ.woolí (body part) anus: –ʼs anus; butthole: (1s.S) –ʼs butthole | tuḵ-wool-í → butt.hole.rel • • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject variants: –tuḵx̱ʼé • (1p.S) (compound noun) pants; • i- | you [subject] → second person singular tuḵʼatáal; tug̱atáal trousers | tuḵ-a-táal → butt.[a-theme?].√? subject (2s.S) • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural tula.aan (verbal noun) kindess; generosity of subject (2p.S) heart | “kind inside” | tu-la√.aan → inside. • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) [classifier].√kind/gentle • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person tunax̱hinnadaa (compound noun) pipe (for pluralizer (3pl) carrying water) | “water flowing through the • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person inside” | tú-náx̱-héen-na-√daa → inside.through. human subject (4h.S) water.[progressive imperfective].√flow • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] → reciprocal subject (recip.S) tundatáan (verbal noun) • variants: tundataan • thought; feelings | “inner communication” | tudaxákw (compound noun) • variants: tu-na-da-√táan → inside.[conjugation prefix]. tuḵdaadaxákw • basket with a rattle in the lid [classifier].√communicate | “grind up inside”; “grind up around the bottom” | tu-da-√xákw → inside.[classifier].√grind-up/ tután (compound noun) hope; intention; focus of beat-up • tóoḵ-daa-da-√xákw → butt/bottom. hopes or thoughts | “inner communication” | tu- around.[classifier].√grind-up/beat-up • (KE) √tán → inside.√communication (noun) • variants: teesh, toowú tuháayi (compound noun) nail | “moves into (in tuteesh small parts)” | tu-háa-yi → inside.move-(many teesh • loneliness; boredom | tu-√teesh → small parts).[relational] • (KE) • variants: inside.√lonely • (KE, CG, JL) shayéen • tuwalagéil (verbal noun) braided –tukayátxʼi (compound noun) seeds: –ʼs seeds –tuwán (relational base) beside –; next to – | (KE) inside – (as inside a berry) | “–ʼs children inside” (compound noun) opinion: in –ʼs opinion; | tu-ka-yát-xʼ-i → inside.on.child.[plural]. –tuwáxʼ thinking: to –ʼs way of thinking feeling | “on [possessed] the inside face of –” | tú-ÿá-xʼ → inside.face.at- –tuḵdaa (relational base) bottom: (around) the (residing) bottom of –; butt: around the butt of – | tóoḵ-

194 Tlingit to English t tuwaakú (borrowed noun) tobacco (domestic) | • –tóox̱ [tú+-x̱] | moving along on the inside of –; from English “tobacco” repeatedly inside of – –tuwáadáx̱ (relational noun) because of –; due to túḵlʼ (noun) spruce: young spruce; hemlock: –; by virtue of –; on the strength of –; encouraged young hemlock • variants: dúḵlʼ • by – | tu-ÿá-dáx̱ → inside.vsf.from • (KE) –túḵlʼi (body part) cartilage: –ʼs cartilage; gristle: tuxʼandaxeech (compound noun) anxiety; –ʼs gristle preoccupation; nerves: wracked nerves; (verbal noun) drill | “the one that drills” | weighing: something weighing on oneʼs mind túlaa √túl-aa → √drill/spin.one(s)-(part.i) | “concentrating on anger inside” | tu-xʼan- da-√xeech → inside.anger.[classifier}.√strive/ túlxʼu (compound noun) drill bit | “drill in peg” | concentrate √túl-√xʼu → √dill/spin.√drive-in-(peg)/nail tux̱ʼachʼítʼaa (verbal noun) stick: butt-wiping stick túxjaa (verbal noun) stamping; stomping; clapping | “the one that dips to the butthole” | tuḵ-x̱ʼa-∅- | “the one(s) that stamp feet” | √túx-ch-aa → √chʼítʼ-aa → butt.mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√dip-in- √stamp-feet.[habitual].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) with-stick.one(s)-(part.i) –tooch (adjective) fresh (of fish) | postnominal tux̱ʼachʼítʼaa xʼúxʼ (compound noun) paper: toilet adjective: appears immediately after the noun it paper | “butt wiping stick paper” | tuḵ-x̱ʼa-∅- modifies | (JC) √chʼítʼ-aa + xʼúxʼ → butt.mouth.cl-(–d,∅,– √took ¹ (verb root) explode i).√dip-in-with-stick.one(s)-(part.i) + paper/ membrane • (HC) √took ² (verb root) rancid; too strong (overly fermented); rotten –tux̱ʼaxʼaayí (body part) buttocks: crack of –ʼs buttocks; butt: –ʼs butt crack | “the point of the tooḵ (noun) needlefish mouth of the butt” | tóoḵ-x̱ʼá-xʼaa-yí → butt. Tooḵa.ádi (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow Moiety) mouth.point | “People of Tooḵa” | G̱aanax̱.ádi Migration • tux̱ʼwánsʼi náakw (compound noun) pepper | G̱aanax̱.ádi Group | tooḵa-át-i → tooḵa.thing- “rotted-to-powder medicine” | tu-√x̱ʼwán-sʼ-i + (4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) náakw → inside.√rot-to-powder.[repetitive]. toolchʼán (compound noun) top (spinning toy) | [relational] + medicine √tool-chʼán → √spin.[adjective] tu.óoxsʼi yeit (compound noun) • variants: toow (body part) tallow; fat: hard fat túxsʼayeit, tu.úxsʼayeit • instrument: wind (verb root) • variants: √teew • read; count; instrument √toow study; teach (compound noun) instrument: wind tu.ooxsʼ yeit (compound noun) candle | “tallow instrument | “thing blown through below” | tu- toow sʼeenáa light”; “reading light” | toow + sʼeenáa → tallow ∅-√.oox-sʼ + yee-át → inside.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√blow. + light • √toow + sʼeenáa → reading/learning + [series] + below.thing-(4n.i) • (SN) light (FS) (relational base) inside – (oft. closed –tú (body part) inner being: –ʼs inner being; container or abstract concept) | common suffix –toowú spirit: –ʼs spirit; mind: –ʼs mind; soul: –ʼs soul combinations are listed below. take note of the ; feelings: –ʼs feelings; intention: –ʼs intention; ways that suffixes affect tone and vowel length thoughts: –ʼs thoughts | “located inside –” | one • –tóogaa [tú+-gáa] | pleasing; liked; wanted ̱ ̱ of four ways to refer to the spirit of something in • –toodáx̱ / –tootx̱ [tú+-dáx̱] | from the inside tlingit. «–toowú» is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/ of – intentions/feelings of a person; «-yéik» is a spirit • –tóode [tú+-dé] | towards the inside of – that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can • –tóonáx̱ [tú+-náx̱] | through the inside of – be human or non-human; «–yakgwahéiyagu» • –tóot [tú+-t] | arriving at the inside of –; at the ̱ ̱ is the living spirit inside of all things (human, inside of – nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the • –tóowu [tú+-wu] | located inside of – world around them; «–ḵwáani» is a ceremonial • –tóoxʼ [tú+-xʼ] | residing on inside of –; located address used to speak to the spirits of non- inside of – humans and to talk to them as humans | tú-wú

195 t – tʼ Tlingit to English

→ inside.at Frog, Whale, Mt. Fairweather, Freshwater Coho, Sockeye, Bullhead, Snail, Venus | tʼaaḵ-déin-hít- toowú klag̱é (compound noun) pride; self- esteem, feeling good about oneself | “beautiful taan → beside.vicinity.house.people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) thoughts”; “beautiful feelings” | tú-wú + ka-la-√g̱é → inside.at + hsf.[classifier].√fancy/pretty/ Sheetʼká Ḵwáan proud • Danakoo Hít | Danakoo House toowú kʼé (compound noun) good thoughts; Xunaa Ḵáawu happiness; felicity | “good thoughts”; “good • Tʼaḵdéin Hít | Toward the Side House feelings” | tú-wú + √kʼé → inside.at + √good/fine • X̱ʼáakʼw Hít | Freshwater Marked Coho House • X̱ʼáakʼw Yádi Hít | Little Freshwater Marked toowú latseen strength of mind or heart; courage; resolve | “strong thoughts”; “strong feelings” | tú-wú Coho House + la-√tseen → inside.at + [classifier].√strong • Yéil Hít | Raven House • Yéil Kúdi Hít | Raven’s Nest House toowú néekw (compound noun) sorrow; sadness • Kʼóox Dísi Hít | Marten Moon House | “ill thoughts”; “ill feelings | tú-wú + √néekw → • Teet Hít | Wave House inside.at + √sick/ill • Ḵáa Shaayí Hít | Man’s Head House √toox̱ʼ ¹ (verb root) spit out; spew out • G̱aanax̱áa Hít | G̱aanax̱áa House √toox̱ʼ ² (verb root) growl (of stomach) –tʼaḵká (relational base) beside –; alongside –; next to – | tʼaaḵ-ká → beside.on • (KE) –tóoch (body part) flesh: raw flesh of – (a fish) | (JL) tʼá (noun) salmon: king salmon; salmon: chinook salmon; salmon: spring salmon –tóog̱aa (relational noun) pleasing to –; enough for –; sufficient for – | (JL) –tʼáni (plant part) branch: –ʼs secondary branch –tóoḵ (body part) buttocks: –ʼs buttocks; butt: –ʼs tʼási (noun) grayling butt; bottom: –ʼs bottom √tʼaa ¹ (verb root) warm; hot tóonáx̱ ḵaadutéen (compound noun) mirror ∅-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal) warm; hot | “through (it) someone sees people” | tóo-náx̱ | for something to be warm; for something to + ḵaa-∅-√teen → inside.through + someone- be hot | (KE) • ḵúnáx̱ x̱at uwatʼáa → iʼm really (4n.O).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√see • (JL) warm (SN) • héen tléil ootʼáaych → the water tóosʼ (noun) shark isnʼt warm yet (SN) • progressive imperfective: yaa natʼéin | itʼs (noun) flea: sandflea; bug: bedbug | (JL) tóoxʼ getting hot -tx̱ (relational suffix) • variants: -dáx̱, -x̱ • from; out • perfective (+): uwatʼáa | itʼs hot of; since (that time) | contraction from «-dáx̱» • perfective (–): tlél wutʼá | itʼs not hot to «-tx̱» is optional when the suffix attaches to • future (+): gug̱atʼáa | it will get hot an open noun • contraction to «-x̱» occurs when • future (–): tlél gug̱atʼaa | it wonʼt get hot attaching to «áa» (that place), which creates ya-∅-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ event verb – impersonal) «aax̱» ( from there) • closed monosyllable Tlingit hot; heated | for something to be hot; for suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable something to be heated | (KE) • yaawatʼáayi suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding héen → hot water (often designating coffee vowel | (KE, JC) or tea) (SN) • x̱ʼàan yáx̱ yaawatʼáa → itʼs red hot (SN) tʼ • progressive imperfective: yaa yanatʼéin | itʼs getting hot Tʼaḵdeintaan (clan name) Clan: Black Legged • perfective (+): yaawatʼáa | itʼs hot; it got hot Kittiwake (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of • perfective (–): tlél yawutʼá | it isnʼt hot; it the House toward the Side”; Origin: Island on didnʼt get hot the outer coast beyond Cape Spencer, or inside • future (+): yakg̱watʼáa | it will get hot Lituya Bay | Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary • future (–): tlél yakg̱watʼaa | it wonʼt get hot Crest: Black Legged Kittiwake • Seconary Crests: ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ state verb – impersonal) warm

196 Tlingit to English tʼ

(of weather); warm (of weather) | for the her/him/it weather to be warm; for the weather to be hot N + jintáak + S-d+∅-√tʼaach⁓ (∅ act verb – | (KE) subject intransitive) clap hands | for S to clap • imperfective (+): ḵuwatʼáa, ḵuyatʼáa | the oneʼs hands | (SN) weather is hot • imperative: jintáak datʼách! | clap your • imperfective (–): tlél ḵuwatʼaa | the weather hands! isnʼt hot • perfective (+): jintáak wuditʼách | s/he • perfective (+): ḵoowatʼáa | the weather got clapped her/his hands hot • perfective (–): tlél ḵoowutʼá | the weather ka-S-l-√tʼaach⁓ (∅ act verb – subject intransitive) didnʼt get hot applaud; clap | for S to applaud; for S to clap • future (+): ḵukg̱watʼáa | the weather will be | daak has kawdudlitʼách → they applauded hot (by clapping) so they had to come back (for • future (–): tlél ḵukg̱watʼaa | the weather an encore) (SN) wonʼt be hot • perfective (+): kawlitʼách | s/he applauded O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ (∅ act verb – transitive) warm it up {na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (na motion | for S to warm O (water, etc.) | (KE) • héen verb – subject intransitive) swim (human) | for kuḵasatʼáa → iʼm going to warm (heat) the S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap water (SN) the water) | classification: singular subject • imperative: satʼá! | warm it up! • classification: human | héen kaanáx̱ yaa • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl ndatʼách → heʼs swimming across the river isatʼeix̱íḵ! | donʼt (ever) warm it up! (SN) • imperfective (+): astʼeix̱ | s/he is warming {na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach (na it up motion verb – object intransitive) swim (human) | • imperfective (–): tlél x̱wasatʼeix̱ | s/he isnʼt for (plural) O (humans) to swim (using strokes warming it up which slap the water) | classification: plural • perfective (+): awsitʼáa | s/he warmed it up subjects • classification: human | (GD, KE) • perfective (–): tlél awustʼá | s/he didnʼt • kʼisáani deikéet kandutʼáchch → young men warm it up swim way out (regularly) • future (+): agux̱satʼáa | s/he will warm it up • imperative: aadé yee kandutʼaach! | you all • future (–): tlél agux̱satʼaa | s/he wonʼt warm swim there! it up • prohibitive: líl aadé yoo yee kadutʼáchgiḵ! | √tʼaa ² (verb root) ripe donʼt you all swim there! • progressive imperfective: aadé (ha)s (verb root) slap with open hand √tʼaach kandutʼách | they are swimming there O-S-∅-√tʼaach (∅ act verb – transitive) slap her/ • perfective (+): aadé (ha)s kawduwatʼaach | him/it; tag her/him | for S to slap O; for S to they swam there tag O (as in game of tag) | (KE) • perfective (–): tlél aadé (ha)s kawdutʼaach | • imperative: tʼách! | slap her/him/it! they didnʼt swim there • prohibitive: líl eetʼáchx̱iḵ! | donʼt slap her/ • future (+): aadé (ha)s kagux̱dutʼáach | they him/it! will swim there • imperfective (+): atʼácht | s/he is slapping • future (–): tlél aadé (ha)s kagux̱dutʼaach | her/him/it they wonʼt swim there • imperfective (–): tlél ootʼácht | s/he isnʼt slapping her/him/it {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach (∅ motion • perfective (+): aawatʼách | s/he slapped her/ verb – subject intransitive) swim (human) | for him/it S to swim (of human, using strokes which slap • perfective (–): tlél awutʼaach | s/he didnʼt the water) | classification: human | deikéet slap her/him/it wutuditʼách → we swam way out (SN) • future (+): akgwatʼáach | s/he will slap her/ ̱ –tʼaag̱í (kinship term) brother: –ʼs clan brother him/it or sister; sister: –ʼs clan brother or sister; • future (–): tlél akg̱watʼaach | s/he wonʼt slap relative: –ʼs relative (of same clan); comrade:

197 tʼ Tlingit to English

–ʼs comrade | “beside –” | term of endearment Native American | “long feather” | also a used for someone who is always there, is of the Kaagwaantaan name • a term used for lower-48 same moiety, and does not have a closer kinship Native Americans | tʼaaw-∅-√yáatʼ → feather. relationship | tʼaaḵ-í → beside.[relational] • cl-(–d,∅,–i).√long • (JL) (KE) tʼaay (noun) hot springs | √tʼaaʰ⁓ → warm; hot (relational base) beside –; side: at –ʼs side –tʼaaḵ tʼaay néekw (compound noun) fever | √tʼaay + | (KE) néekw → √warm/hot + sickness • variants: Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan (region name) Taku: People of the (At,T) • Taku Area | “People of the King Salmon Cove” (noun) board | Included Communities: Taku River, Southern tʼáa Juneau, Northwest Admiralty Island • another tʼáa jáaji (compound noun) ski(s) | “board possible definition is “People of the Flooding snowshoe(s)” | tʼáa + jáaji → board + Geese” contracted from «tʼaawáḵ galaḵú» | tʼá-ḵú snowshoe(s) + ḵwáan → king-salmon.cove + people-of • (TT, tʼáa jáaji wootsaag̱ayí (compound noun) ski AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) pole(s) | “board snowshoeʼs one that pokes/ Wolf/Eagle Clans spears” | tʼáa + jáaji + wu-∅-∅-√tsaaḵ-aa-yí → • Yanyeidí | People of the Hemlock board + snowshoe(s) + [[perfective]].[s/he]. • Tsaatʼineidí | People of the Stream Behind a [classifier].√poke/spear Seal tʼáa kayéx̱aa (compound noun) plane for scraping • Sʼeetʼḵweidí | People of Humpback Cove wood | “the one that whittles/shaves the board” Raven/Crow Clans | tʼáa + ka-√yéx̱-aa → board + hsf.√make/ • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor construct.one(s)-(part.i) • Ishkahíttaan | People of Deep Pool in the River tʼáa ká (compound noun) floor | “on the board” | House tʼáa + ká → board + on/hzsf • Kooḵhíttaan | People of Cellar House • Tooḵa.ádi | People of Tooḵa tʼáa shukaayí (compound noun) square (for • Xaas.híttaan | People of the Ox House marking boards) | “measures the end of the board” | tʼáa + shu-√kaay-í → board + –tʼaaḵxʼi yán (kinship term) relatives: –ʼs relatives end.√measure.rel (of same clan); clan members | “those beside –” | (RN) tʼáa shuxásha (compound noun) saw: narrow saw used to cut corners off lumber; saw: bevel saw –tʼaaḵxʼí yán (kinship term) brothers: –ʼs clan | “the one that saws the end of the board” | tʼáa + brothers or sisters; sisters: –ʼs clan brothers or shu-√xásh-aa → board + end.√cut/saw.one(s)- sisters; relatives: –ʼs relatives (of same clan); (part.i) comrades: –ʼs comrades | “those beside –” | term of endearment used for someone who is tʼáa shuxáshaa (compound noun) knife: straight always there, is of the same moiety, and does not knife (for carving) | “the one that cuts the end have a closer kinship relationship | tʼaaḵ-xʼ-í + of a board” | tʼaa + shu-√xásh-aa → board + yán → beside.[plural].[relational] + [plural- end.√cut.one(s)-(part.i) • (TV) diminutive] • (NR) tʼáa yá (compound noun) wall | “face of the board” | tʼaaw (noun) feather tʼáa + yá → board + face/vertical-surface tʼaawáḵ (noun) Canada goose tʼáa yátxʼi (compound noun) shingles | “board children” | tʼaa + yát-xʼ-i → board + child. tʼaawáḵ xʼeesháa (compound noun) tea kettle [plural].[possessive] (originally with long curved spout) | “Canadian goose bucket” | tʼaawáḵ + xʼeesháa → Canadian –tʼáak (relational base) back inland from –; behind goose + bucket – (when looking from the sea); landward: on the landward side of –(something on the water) –tʼaawú (body part) fin: –ʼs pectoral fin (of fish) | tʼaaw-ú → feather.[relational] • (JL) tʼáax̱ʼw (noun) wart Tʼaawyáatʼ (compound noun) American Indian; √tʼei ¹ (verb root) • variants: √tʼee • find

198 Tlingit to English tʼ – tl

√tʼei ² (verb root) behind something –tʼéey (body part) elbow: –ʼs elbow –tʼeinyaa (relational base) inside of – (clothing, tʼukanéiyi (compound noun) baby | “restrained on bedding); lining of – the craddleboard” | the basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), –tʼeinyaakawoowú (A) (compound noun) lining: –ʼs lining | tʼeinyaa-ka-woow-ú → inside/lining. «yadakʼwátskʼu» (boy), «yadákʼw» (adolescent on.chest.rel male) «yées ḵáa» (young man), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «ḵáa sháan» (old man) • the √tʼeix̱ (verb root) fish with hook basic stages of growth for a female in Tlingit are tʼeix̱áa (verbal noun) fish hook | “the one that fishes «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), «shaatkʼiyátskʼu» (girl), (with a hook)” | √tʼeix̱-aa → √fish-(with hook). «sháatkʼ» (adolescent female) «yées shaawát» one(s)-(part.i) • variants: tʼeix̱ • (young woman), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «shaawát sháan» (old woman) | tʼook-a-√néi-yi (verb root) • variants: √tʼeex̱ʼ • pound; √tʼeix̱ʼ → craddleboard.[a-theme].√weave-yarns/knit/ smash; hammer crochet/make-cloth.[relational] (relational base) behind – | (KE) • variants: –tʼéik (verbal noun) bow and arrow; arrow and –tʼéi • tʼúgwaa bow | “the one that shoots (with bow and arrow)” –tʼiká (relational base) beside –; out past –; out | √tʼúk(w)-aa → √shoot-(bow and arrow). away from –; outskirts: (on) the outskirts of – one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) (town) tʼoochʼ ⑴ (noun) charcoal || ⑵ (color) black (body part) elbow: tip of –ʼs elbow | “end –tʼiyshú (compound noun) petroleum; oil | of the elbow” | tʼéey-shú → elbow.end tʼoochʼ eix̱í “charcoal oil” | tʼoochʼ + eex̱-í → charcoal + oil.rel √tʼee (verb root) • variants: √tʼei ¹ • find • variants: tʼoochʼ eex̱í • tʼeegáa (verbal noun) rudder | “the one(s) that steer tʼoochʼ ḵáa (compound noun) black man or person; (with a paddle)” | √tʼeek-áa → √paddle/steer- African-American (with paddle).one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) tʼoochʼ té (compound noun) coal | tʼoochʼ + té → √tʼeexʼ (verb root) frozen; hardened; difficult charcoal + rock tʼeexʼdéin (adverb) difficulty; strenuously | tʼoochʼineit (compound noun) bottle; jug | “black √tʼeexʼ-déin → √frozen/difficult.[adverb] thing below the water” | tʼoochʼ-héen-yee-át → charcoal.water.below.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) √tʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √tʼéix̱ʼ • pound; smash; hammer tʼook (noun) cradleboard; papoose carrier (noun) tanning frame; frame for stretching tʼéesh √tʼook (positional verb) shoot bow and arrow; skin select gambling sticks (compound noun) square | tʼéesh + tʼéesh kaayí tʼóokʼ (noun) nettle kaayí → frame-for-stretching-skin + measuring- stick tʼéexʼ (noun) ice tl (adjective) hard (substance) | postnominal –tʼéexʼ tlagu– (adjective) ⑴ ancient || ⑵ forever | adjective: appears immediately after the noun it prenomial adjective: appears immediately modifies | (JC) before the noun that it affects | (JC) • variants: tʼéexʼ ká téel (compound noun) skates: ice skates tlaguwu– • | “shoes on ice” | tʼéexʼ + ká + téel → ice + on + Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi (compound noun) Ancient Ones; shoe(s) • (BC) People of Long Ago | ceremonial term used for tʼéexʼ ká yaakw (compound noun) snow machine; ancestors of long ago | tlagu + ḵwáan-xʼ-i ( + snow mobile; skidoo | “boat on ice” | tʼéexʼ + ká + yán) → old + people-of – .[plural].[relational] yaakw → ice + on + canoe/boat • (BC) ( + [plural kinship]) • (KE) • variants: Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi Yán • tʼéexʼdéin (adverb) difficcult: with difficulty | (GD) • √tʼéexʼ-déin → √frozen/difficult.[adverb] tlagu tsʼatsʼéeyee (compound noun) bird: grey

199 tl Tlingit to English

singing bird (sparrow or finch); sparrow: grey be interpreted as “angrily” or “hastily” singing bird (sparrow or finch); finch: grey –tláakʼw (kinship term) aunt: –ʼs maternal aunt | singing bird (sparrow or finch) | “old bird” | in Tlingit kinship, the term for a maternal aunt tlagu + tsʼatsʼéey-ee → old + bird.rel is used for all females of the same clan who is –tlaguḵwansaayí (kinship term) namesake: –ʼs in the same generation as the father. This term ancient namesake | “–ʼs name from the Ancient can also extend to any women of the opposite People” | this term is used ceremoniously to moiety who are of the motherʼs generation as an refer to someone long ago who had the same expression of personal closeness • can be used to name, and in Tingit thinking therefore was show personal closeness with a female member of the same person | tlagu-ḵwáan-saa-yí → old. the same moiety who is not necessarily the same people-of.name.[relational] • (KE) • variants: clan | (KE) –tleguḵwansaayí (C) • tláaḵ (noun) arrow: sharp arrow for killing (interjection) how about that! | (JL) tlagóo tle (particle) then; time: at that time | used before –tlag̱eiyí (body part) brain: –ʼs brain | “enclosed in a verb to create “when {verb}” or “while {verb}” «tla» [head?]” • will be used often to tie a series of actions together • often appears with the particle tlahéeni (compound noun) water: mother water (from birth, water breaking) | “mother water” | «chʼu» and becomes “just then” | Tle ḵúnáx̱ tláa + héen-i → [mother + water.rel] • (SB) kʼadéin yan ax̱éixʼw áwé, ḵaa x̱oot wujikʼén wé át wé Áa Tayaadi. → When they were fast tlax̱ (adverb) very | appears in front of the verb or asleep the Lake-bottom-child [a type of bird] phrase it is modifying | (KE) came hoppîng among them. (EN) • use varies tlax̱aneisʼ (compound noun) kingfisher | tlaax̱-aa- from speaker to speaker, and it can appear neisʼ → mold.one(s)-(part.i).ointment multiple times in one sentence, often to show the immediacy of a string of actions • (KE) • (interjection) oops! • variants: tlám!, tláp! • tláʼ! variants: tlei • (particle) always; all the time; constantly tlákw (particle) • variants: tlelí, tlél unalé, tlél nalé, | often appears with the particle «chʼa» before tlelé tleinlé, tleinlí • almost | “itʼs not far” it • used before repetitive verbs to create “always {verb}” | (KE) tlékʼde (particle) to one side | (JL) Tlákw Aan (placename) Klukwan | “Eternal tlékʼg̱aa (number) one at a time; one by one | Village” | tlákw + aan → always + land- tléixʼ-g̱aa → one.after (inhabited) • (TT, KE) tlékʼg̱aanáx̱ one (person) at a time | tléixʼ-g̱aa- náx̱ → one.after.through tláykʼ (particle) no • variants: tléikʼ • (compound noun) raspberry | “berry (verb root) settle (of sediment) tléḵw yádi √tlaa ¹ child” | tléiḵw + yádi → berry + child √tlaa ² (verb root) big around in girth; stout tlél aa sá (particle) • variants: tlél aadóo sá • tlaagú (noun) myth; legend; childrenʼs tale; fable nobody | “say not who” | tlél + aa(dóo) + sá → | (KE, JL) not + who + voice/name √tlaakw (verb root) ⑴ whisper; investigate || ⑵ tlél daa sá (particle) nothing | tlél + daa + sá → tell legend not + what + voice/name tlaax̱ (noun) mold tlél daa.itḵooshgóok (state verb) awkward √tlaax̱ (verb root) modly tlél dutéeni táaxʼaa (compound noun) no-see- –tláa (kinship term) mother: –ʼs mother | in Tlingit ums; midgies; sand flies; punkies | “mosquito kinship, this term is also often used to refer to that isnʼt seen” | tlél + du-∅-√téen-i + ∅-√táaxʼ- biological sisters of a mother or a same moiety aa → not + someone-(4h.s).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√see + female who steps in as a mother | (KE) cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bite.one(s)-(part.i) tláakw (adverb) fast | when combined with certain tlél gooxʼ sá (particle) nowhere | tlél + goo-xʼ + sá verbs like «yoo x̱ʼayatánk» (s/he is speaking), can → not + where.at-(residing) + voice/name

200 Tlingit to English tl – tlʼ tlél nalé (particle) • variants: tlél unalé, tlelé, tlelí, night; night: one night | one night | tléixʼ + taat tleinlé, tleinlí • almost | “itʼs not far” → [one + night] • (KE) (compound noun) shoreline | tlei? + yán tlél unalé (particle) • variants: tlél nalé, tlelé, tlelí, tleiyán tleinlé, tleinlí • almost | “itʼs not far” → ? + shore (adverb) one kind; one type; one tlél wáa sá (particle) okay: itʼs okay; itʼs not that tleiyeekaadé way; so-so | “say not how” | interpretation of this way; one direction | tlei-yee-ká-dé → one.below. particle depends upon context, and can vary from on.towards • (KE) “not much” (as an answer to «waa sá at nanéin i tléikʼ (particle) no • variants: tláykʼ • een?») to “it will be okay” (as a response to «chʼa (noun) berry; berries aadé yéi x̱at na.óo!») | tlél + wáa + sá → not + tléiḵw how + voice/name • (NR) tléiḵw kahínti (compound noun) watermelon berry; berry: watermelon berry; twisted stalk; (adjective) large (plural); big (plural) | –tlénxʼ wild cucumber | tléiḵw + ka-√hín-t-i → berry + postnomial adjective: appears immediately after hsf.√water-(mix with).[repetitive].[relational] the noun that it affects | (JC) (compound noun) berry juice; (compound noun) owl: a type of tléiḵw kahéeni tlénxʼ shx̱ʼaneit joice: berry juice | tléiḵw + ka-héen-i → berry + owl | “big things red under their head” | tlein-xʼ + hsf.√water-(mix with).[relational] sha-x̱ʼaan-yee-át → big.[plural] + head.fire/red. below.thing-(4n.i) • (JL) tléiḵw wásʼi (compound noun) berry bush | tléiḵw + wásʼ-i → berry + bushrel (number) once; one time | tleixʼ- tleidahéen not • variants: tlél, hél, lél, téil, tíl, l • dahéen → one.times tléil (number) one (person) | tléixʼ-náx̱ → one. (number) six | “someone extends [their tléináx̱ tleidooshú through hand] to the first one” | tléixʼ-aa-du-w-ÿa-√shú → one.one(s)-(part.i).someone.[perfective]. tléixʼ (number) one [classifer].√extends tléixʼ hándit (number) one hundred | tléixʼ + tleidooshóonáx̱ (number) six (people) | hándit → one + hundred-(from English “hundred”) tleidooshú-náx̱ → six.through tléixʼ yakyee (compound noun) Monday; day: tleikatánk (compound noun) huckleberry: red Monday | “first day” • variants: tléixʼ yagiyee, huckleberry tléixʼ yagee • tleiḵáa (number) twenty | “one person” | tléixʼ-ḵáa tliyaa (independent base) farther over; way over | → one.person (KE) tleiḵáa ḵa tléináx̱ (number) twenty one (people) tliyaatáakw (compound noun) year: the other year | tleixʼ-ḵáa + ḵa + tléixʼ-náx̱ → one.person + and | “the farther year” | tliyaa-táakw → farther. + one.through yesterday tleiḵáa ḵa tléixʼ (number) twenty one | tleixʼ-ḵáa tliyaatgé (compound noun) day: the other day; day: + ḵa + tléixʼ → one.person + and + one a few days ago | “farther than yesterday” | tliyaa- tatgé → farther.yesterday tleiḵáanáx̱ (number) twenty (people) | tleixʼ-ḵáa- náx̱ → one.person.through √tlooxʼ (verb root) crawl | crawl on hands and toes tleilkʼú (noun) string figures; “catʼs cradle” | (JL) tlóox̱ (noun) bullhead: mud bullhead tleilú (noun) • variants: leilú • butterfly; moth; (NR, KE) tlʼ (adjective) large; big | postnomial adjective: –tlein (adverb) enough; adequate; lots | tlʼa-gáa appears immediately after the noun that it affects tlʼag̱áa ̱ → ?-adequate • (KE, JL) | (JC) (compound noun) • variants: (particle) • variants: tleinlí, tlél unalé, tlél tlʼaḵshanaa.át tleinlé tlʼiḵnaa.át • thimble | “thing draped over the nalé, tlelé, tlelí • almost | “itʼs not far” fingertip” | tlʼeeḵ-sha-naa-át → finger.head. tleitaat (compound noun) one night; time: one draping.thing

201 tlʼ – ts Tlingit to English tlʼátk (noun) soil; earth; land ¹; country O; for S to throw away, dispose of, get rid of O; for S to divorce O | (GD, KE) • ax̱ shát x̱at (plant part) branch: old, dead branch tlʼáxchʼ wulitlʼeet → my wife deserted me (SN) • dei tlʼaadéin (independent base) crosswise; sideways | x̱walitlʼeet → iʼve already thrown it away (SN) tlʼaa-déin → sideways/crosswise.[adverb] • (JL, • imperative: naltlʼeet! | get rid of it! KE) • prohibitive: líl yoo ilatlʼítgiḵ! | donʼt get rid tlʼaadéin.aa (compound noun) turnip | “the one of it! crosswise” | tlʼaadéin-aa → crosswise.one(s)- • perfective (+): awlitlʼeet | s/he got rid of it (part.i) • perfective (–): tlél awultlʼeet | s/he didnʼt get rid of it tlʼaaḵʼwáchʼ (noun) sourdock; wild rhubarb • future (+): agux̱latlʼéet | s/he will get rid of it tlʼáakʼ (noun) pale; pastel • future (–): tlél agux̱latlʼeet | s/he wonʼt get rid of it √tlʼáakʼ (verb root) wet (verb root) fill; overflow | classification: ⑴ (noun) fungus: yellow tree fungus || ⑵ √tlʼeetʼ tlʼáatlʼ liquid (color) yellow (noun) filth; mess; trash; rubbish; garbage –tlʼeḵshá (body part) finger: –ʼs fingertip | tlʼeiḵ- tlʼeex shá → finger.head tlʼéekʼat (compound noun) sticks woven through the fish lengthwise after it has been filleted for –tlʼeḵtlein (body part) finger: –ʼs middle finger | “big finger” | tlʼeiḵ-tlein → finger.big barbecuing; barbecue: sticks woven through the fish lengthwise after it has been filleted for –tlʼeḵx̱ʼáak (body part) finger: between –ʼs fingers barbecuing | √tlʼéekʼ-át → √?-thing | tlʼeiḵ-x̱ʼáak → finger.between tlʼúkʼx̱ (noun) worm; larva; grub; caterpillar; snake tlʼeitáḵw– (adjective) pure | “removed trashiness” | | (KE) • variants: tlʼúkʼ • prenomial adjective: appears immediately before tlʼooḵ (noun) rotting sore; gangrene; cancer the noun that it affects | √tlʼeit-áḵw → √trashy/ dirty.[deprivative] • (JC) √tlʼooḵ ¹ (verb root) rot; decay –tlʼéili (body part) semen: –ʼs semen; milt: –ʼs milt √tlʼooḵ ² (verb root) drip slowly (of fish) –tlʼóog̱u (body part) liver: –ʼs liver | “slow drip” | tlʼéitlʼ (noun) moonfish; suckerfish; blowfish √tlʼóoḵ-u → √drip-(slow).[relational] tlʼiḵkakées (compound noun) ring | “bracelet on the finger” | tlʼeeḵ-ka-kées → finger.on.bracelet ts tlʼiḵnaa.át (compound noun) • variants: tlʼaḵshanaa.át • thimble | “thing draped over the tsá (particle) then: only then | often appears finger” | tlʼeeḵ-naa-át → finger.draping.thing between two verb phrases where the first happens just after the second, where the second verb tlʼildaaskeit (compound noun) clam: littleneck required the completion of the first | ldakát yax̱ clams | tlʼil-daa-sá-ká-át → hammer.what.say. ayaIalʼéexʼ áwé tsá dáḵdei g̱unayéi uwagút → on.thing • (JL) [only] when he had broken them all, then he started [walking] up (APJ, Haa Shuká 86–87) tlʼíg̱aa (verbal noun) pincers: –its pincers | “the one that carries it in its pinchers” | √tlʼeeḵ-aa • (JL) • (KE) (verbal noun) pole (for boating, for pushing –tlʼeeg̱í (body part) tentacle: –ʼs tentacle (of tság̱aa octopus) skin toboggan) | “the one that pushes with a stick” | √tsáḵ-aa → √poke/prod/push-(with (body part) finger: –ʼs finger –tlʼeeḵ stick).one(s)-(part.i) (verb root) abandon; leave; throw away; √tlʼeet (noun) squirrel: arctic ground squirrel; dispose of tsálk gopher: arctic ground squirrel O-S-l-tlʼeet (na event verb – transitive) abandon; tsaa (noun) seal: harbor seal; seal: hair seal; seal: desert; leave; throw away; dispose of; get rid common seal of; divorce | for S to abandon, desert, leave tsaa naasí géidi (compound noun) seal intestine

202 Tlingit to English ts

braided into a tube which is stuffed with chunks Seal”; Origin: Youngs Bay | Yanyeidí Migration of seal fat | “against the seal intestine” | tsaa + • Primary Crest: Wolf | tsaa-tʼee-héen-i-át-i naas-í + géi-t-i → seal + intestine-[possessed] + → seal.behind.water/river.[relational].thing. against/opposing.at-(arrived).[relational] • (JL) [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) Tsaagweidí (clan name) Clan: Killer Whale Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Harbor Seal • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House Ice Floes”; Origin: Hood Bay, Kake | Killer Whale • Yayuwaa Hít | Between Them House Migration • Daḵlʼaweidí Group • Primary Crest: tsáats (noun) bear root; Indian potato Split Killer Whale • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Seal, Shark | tsaa-√goo-át-í → seal.√swim-(in school, tsé (particle) be sure not to | used with the of mammal).thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, admonitive verb form, which gives the meaning NR, JC, JL, HJ) “be sure not to {verb}” or “see that you donʼt {verb}” | (KE) Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan • Aan Yakawlitseix̱i Hít | House that Anchored √tseits (verb root) injury; hurt: get hurt the Village at + ka-S-∅-√tseits (∅ event verb – subject • Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House intransitive) injured; hurt: get hurt; hurt: get • X̱áay Hít | Yellow-Cedar House hurt feelings | for S to get injured; for S to have hurt feelings | (GD, KE) tsaag̱álʼ (compound noun) spear | √tsaaḵ-álʼ → √poke/prod/push-(with stick).? • prohibitive: líl at keetsétsx̱íḵ! | donʼt get injured! √tsaaḵ (verb root) | classification: singular poke; • perfective (+): at kaawatséts | she/he/it got stick out; extend; prick; launch (boat) | plural injured form: √tsoow • perfective (–): tlél at kawutseits | she/he/it náakw + N + tóo-de + S-d+l-√tsaaḵ (? event didnʼt get injured verb – subject intransitive) shot: give a shot of • future (+): at kakg̱watséits | she/he/it will medicine through a needle; medicine | for N get injured to get a shot (of medicine through a needle) | • future (–): tlél at kakg̱watseits | she/he/it náakw du toodé kawdudlitsaaḵ → s/he got a wonʼt get injured shot (GD) √tseix̱ (verb root) • variants: √tseex̱ • kick; trample; kei + ji-S-l-√tsaaḵ (∅ event verb – subject pedal intransitive) | classification: singular raise O-S-∅-√tseix̱ (∅ act verb – transitive) kick it; oneʼs hand (in voting, etc.) | for (singular) S stamp it (with foot) | for S to kick O; for S to to raise the hand (in voting, etc.) | (KE) stamp O, put foot down on O violently • imperative: kei jilatsaaḵ! | raise your hand! • imperative: tséx̱! | kick it! • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei • prohibitive: líl eetséx̱iḵ! | donʼt kick it! jeelatsáḵjiḵ! | donʼt raise your hand! • imperfective (+): atséx̱t | s/heʼs kicking it • progressive imperfective: kei jinaltsáḵ | s/he • imperfective (–): tlél ootséx̱t | s/heʼs not is raising a hand (slowly) kicking it • perfective (+): kei jiwlitsáḵ | s/he raised a • perfective (+): aawatséx̱ | s/he kicked it hand • perfective (–): tlél awutseix̱ | s/he didnʼt • perfective (–): tlél kei jiwultsaaḵ | s/he kick it didnʼt raise a hand • future (+): akg̱watséix̱ | s/he will kick it • future (+): kei jigux̱latsáaḵ | s/he will raise • future (–): tlél akg̱watseix̱ | s/he wonʼt kick it a hand –tseiyí sweetheart: –ʼs sweetheart • future (–): tlél kei jigux̱latsaaḵ | s/he wonʼt raise a hand | plural form: √tsoow tsín (noun) muskrat (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with tsaatguyéigaa (particle) finally; at (long) last; only tsískʼw ̱ ear tufts • variants: dzískʼw (At, T), óondách (T), then | (JL) • variants: tsaatguwéig̱aa • wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) • (clan name) Clan: Wolf (Eagle/ Tsaatʼineidí broil; barbecue Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Stream Behind a √tseek

203 ts Tlingit to English

O-S-l-√tseek (∅ act verb – transitive) barbecue; she/he/it is weak broil | for S to broil O slowly; for S to cook O • imperfective (+): tlél kei unalcheen | she/ directly over live coals; for S to barbecue O | he/it is getting weak (CV́C Hort/Pot) | (KE) • yaaw awlitsík → he • perfective (+): tlél wultseen | she/he/it was broiled the herring (catching the broth in a weak clam shell and pouring it over) (SN) • future (+): tlél kei gux̱latseen | she/he/it will • imperative: latsík! | barbecue it! be weak • prohibitive: líl ilatsíkx̱iḵ! | donʼt barbecue it! x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state verb – impersonal) • imperfective (+): altséek | s/heʼs precious; expensive; high-priced | for barbecueing it; s/he barbecues it something to be precious, of great value; for • imperfective (–): tlél ooltseek | s/he doesnʼt something to be expensive, high-priced | (KE) barbecue it • wáa sá yee ée x̱ʼawlitseen? → how expensive • perfective (+): awlitsík | s/he barbecued it was it for you all? (SN) • perfective (–): tlél awultseek | s/he didnʼt • imperfective (+): x̱ʼalitseen | itʼs expensive barbecue it • imperfective (–): tlél x̱ʼeiltseen | itʼs not • future (+): agux̱latséek | s/he will barbecue expensive it • perfective (–): x̱ʼawlitseen | it got expensive • future (–): tlél agux̱latseek | s/he wonʼt • perfective (–): tlél x̱ʼawultseen | it didnʼt get barbecue it expensive √tseen (verb root) ⑴ strong; value || ⑵ weak; • future (+): kei x̱ʼagux̱latseen | it will be anemic; mild (of weather) expensive • future (–): tlél kei x̱ʼagux̱latseen | it wonʼt be O-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state verb – object intransitive) expensive strong; powerful | for O to be strong, powerful | (KE) • yá óoxjaa shákdéi kei gux̱latseen O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ (ga act verb – transitive) → maybe this wind will get stronger (SN) cherish; value | for S to cherish, value O | (CJ) • latseendéin dulyéix̱ → they are building it • x̱ʼatulitseen → we cherish it (CJ, NR) solidly/making it strong (SN) tseeneidi shál (compound noun) ladle: handmade • imperative: iklatseen! | be strong! ladle; spoon: handmade spoon | “strong thing • prohibitive: líl eeltseeníḵ! | donʼt be strong! spoon”; “valubale thing spoon” | √tseen-át-i + • imperfective (+): litseen | s/heʼs strong shál → √strong/valuable.thing.[relational] + • imperfective (–): tlél ultseen | s/heʼs not spoon/ladle strong • progressive imperfective: kei naltseen | s/he tseenx̱ʼé (compound noun) lizard; newt | “strong is becoming strong mouth” | √tseen-x̱ʼé → √strong/valuable.mouth • progressive imperfective (–): tlél kei tséek (noun) spit: roasting spit; skewer; roasting unaltseen | s/he is not gaining strength stick; barbecue stick • perfective (+): wulitseen | s/he became (particle) again; more: some more | appears strong tsu before a verb to indicate it occuring again | (KE) • perfective (–): tlél wultseen | s/he didnʼt get strong tsú (particle) also; too; as well | often appears near • future (+): kei gux̱latseen | s/he will be the end of sentences strong √tsoow (verb root) | classification: plural poke; • future (–): tlél kei gux̱latseen | s/he wonʼt stick out; extend; prick; launch (boat) | singular be strong form: √tsaaḵ tlél + O-l-√tseen ˟ (ga state verb – object kei + ji-S-l-√tsoow⁓ (∅ raise oneʼs hand (in intransitive) weak; anemic; mild (of weather) voting, etc.) | for (plural) S to raise the hand | for O to be weak; for O to be anemic; for O (in voting, etc.) | classification: plural | (KE) to be mild (of weather) | (KE) • ax̱ tláa tléil • imperative: kei jiylatsóow! | you all raise oolcheen → my mother is weak (not strong) your hand! (SN) • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl kei • imperfective (+): tlél ultseen / tlél ulcheen | jiylatsóowjiḵ! | donʼt you all raise your hand!

204 Tlingit to English ts – tsʼ

• perfective (+): kei (ha)s jiwlitsóow | they quieten O; for S to cause O to stop talking | raised their hands (GD, KE) • perfective (–): tlél kei (ha)s jiwultsóow | • imperative: yan x̱ʼalatsʼán! | quieten her/ they didnʼt raise their hands him! • future (+): kei (ha)s jigux̱latsóow | they will • prohibitive: líl yax̱ x̱ʼeelatsʼáaniḵ! | donʼt raise their hands quieten her/him! • future (–): tlél kei (ha)s jigux̱latsóow | they • progressive imperfective: yánde ax̱ʼanaltsʼán wonʼt raise their hands | s/he is starting to quieten her/him • perfective (+): yan ax̱ʼawlitsʼán | s/he quietened her/him tsʼ • perfective (–): tlél yan ax̱ʼawultsʼáan | s/he didnʼt quieten her/him tsʼakʼáawásh (compound noun) fish: dried fish • future (+): yánde ax̱ʼagux̱latsʼáan | s/he will strips; fish: dried necktie style | possibly quieten her/him borrowed noun • future (–): tlél yánde ax̱ʼagux̱latsʼáan | s/he tsʼanéi (compound noun) basket: round basket wonʼt quieten her/him made of split red cedar branches yan⁓ + O-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – transitive) tsʼas (particle) merely | (JC) leave alone; stop bothering | for S to leave tsʼatsʼée songbird; bird | often refers to a bird O alone; for S to stop bothering O | (GD, KE) larger than a closed hand • some communities only • yan has x̱walitsʼén → i leave them alone / i use «tsʼítskw» donʼt bother them (SN) • chʼa yan x̱at latsʼén! → just leave me alone! (SN) (compound noun) crow tsʼaxweil • imperative: yan latsʼén! | leave her/him/it tsʼáḵl (noun) black with dirt, filth, stain; black alone! paint • prohibitive: líl yax̱ ilatsʼéiniḵ! | donʼt leave her/him/it alone! √tsʼaa (verb root) fragrant; sweet-smelling • progressive imperfective: yánde yaa tsʼésx̱ʼw (noun) snail with shell analtsʼén | s/he is leaving her/him/it alone √tsʼein (verb root) • variants: √tsʼaan • stop; stop: • perfective (+): yan awlitsʼén | s/he left her/ cause to stop him/it alone • perfective (–): tlél yan awultsʼéin | s/he yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb – didnʼt leave her/him/it alone subject intransitive) stop talking; quieten down • future (+): yánde agux̱latsʼéin | s/he will | for S to quieten down, stop talking | (GD; leave her/him/it alone KE) • dei gáa yaa nateen: yax̱ x̱ʼakawditsʼén ̱ • future (–): tlél yánde agux̱latsʼéin | s/he → heʼs getting better, so heʼs quietened down wonʼt leave her/him/it alone (stopped groaning) (SN) • imperative: yan x̱ʼeedatsʼán! | quieten down! –tsʼéix̱i (relational noun) taste: has a taste for –; • prohibitive: líl yax̱ x̱ʼeedatsʼáaniḵ! | donʼt addict: is addicted to –; crave: craves – | (JL) quieten down! tsʼixaa (noun) sneeze: a sneeze | (JL) • progressive imperfective: yánde x̱ʼandatsʼán | s/he is starting to quieten down tsʼíktsʼík (borrowed noun) cart; wheelbarrow | from • perfective (+): yan x̱ʼawditsʼán | s/he Chinook Jargon «tsʼíktsʼík» | (JC) quietened down –tsʼíkʼwti (body part) • variants: –tsʼéekʼu • • perfective (–): tlél yan x̱ʼawdatsʼáan | s/he muscle: –ʼs muscles (of shell creature); shellfish: didnʼt quieten down “button”/muscle of shellfish | “pincher” • future (+): yánde x̱ʼagux̱datsʼáan | s/he will (noun) songbird: small songbird; bird: quieten down tsʼítskw small songbird | for many Tlingit speakers, this is • future (–): tlél yánde x̱ʼagux̱datsʼáan | s/he a bird smaller than a closed hand wonʼt quieten down (compound noun) magpie yan⁓ + O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin (∅ motion verb tsʼeeg̱éeni – transitive) quieten; stop talking | for S to tsʼéekáx̱kʼw (compound noun) blueberry: alpine

205 tsʼ – oo Tlingit to English

blueberry; berry: alpine blueberry ux̱ akasʼíḵx̱i ⑴ (verbal noun) hide: smoked hide || (color) tan | ux̱ + a-ka-∅-√sʼíḵ-x̱-i → [??] + –tsʼéekʼu (body part) • variants: –tsʼíkʼwti • ⑵ muscle: –ʼs muscles (of shell creature); shellfish: a-theme.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√smoke.[repetitive]. “button”/muscle of shellfish | “pincher” [relational] • (JL) (preverb) blindly; out of control | for motion tsʼéekʼw (noun) • variants: tsʼéexʼw • ⑴ pinch ux̱ kei verbs, creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (with finger) | (JL) || ⑵ apostrophe; (FS) (towards a terminus) tsʼootaat (compound noun) morning | tsʼoo-taat → ?.night ux̱ganhéen (compound noun) kerosene; oil: coal oil | “water that burns” | u-g̱a-∅-√gan-héen → (borrowed noun) Tsimshian: Coast Tsʼootsxán irr.g̱a-md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light.water • (JL) Tsimshian | (KE) • variants: Tsʼootsxén (C) • ux̱ganḵáasʼ • variants: ux̱ganlʼoowú • match | “stick that burns” | u-g̱a-∅-√gan-ḵáasʼ → irr.g̱a-md. u cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light.stick • (JL) ux̱ganlʼoowú • variants: ux̱ganḵáasʼ • match | uháan (independent pronoun) us | first person “wood that burns” | u-g̱a-∅-√gan-lʼoowú → irr.g̱a- plural independent (1p.i) • independent pronouns md.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√burn/light.wood • (JL) are not linked to anything grammatically, and –ux̱taag̱áni (body part) tooth: canine tooth/teeth are most often used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» | “ones to spear with” | oox̱-√taaḵ-áa-een-i → (here i am) and «uháan áyá» (it is us) • other tooth/teeth.√spear/poke.one(s)-(part.i).with. independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) [relational] • (JL) • x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i) • uháan | us → first person plural independent ú (1p.i) • wa.é | you → second person singular úsʼaa (verbal noun) soap | “the one that washes” | independent (2s.i) √úsʼ.aa → √wash.one-(s)-(part.i) • (JL) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural independent (2p.i) • hú | s/he → third person human singular oo independent (3Hs.i) (verb root) live at; remain • hás | them → third person plural independent √oo ¹ (3p.i) ḵu-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ (na state verb – impersonal) live • á | it → third person nonhuman independent at | for S to live, live at, dwell permanently | (3N.i) (KE) • du hfdi yeexʼ chʼa tléináx̱ ḵoowa.óo → • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal he lives alone in his house (SN) • woosh teen independent (3prx.i) has ḵudi.óo → they lived at the same time • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate (SN) independent (3obv.i) • imperative: áa ḵuna.oo! | live there! • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human • prohibitive: líl áa ḵuyi.oowúḵ! | donʼt live independent (4h.i) there! • át | something → fourth person nonhuman • imperfective (+): áa ḵuya.óo, áa ḵuwa.óo | independent (4n.i) s/he lives there • aa | one, some → partitive independent • imperfective (–): tlél áa ḵoo.oo | s/he (part.i) doesnʼt live there • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • perfective (+): áa ḵoowa.oo | s/he lived there • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → • perfective (–): tlél áa ḵuwu.oo | s/he didnʼt reciprocal independent (recip.i) live there • future (+): áa ḵukgwa.óo | s/he will live there (adjective) similar; looks like; fake | ̱ –uwaa • future (–): tlél áa ḵukgwa.oo | s/he wonʼt postnominal adjective: appears immediately after ̱ live there the noun it modifies | ú-√yaa → irr.√resemble • (JC) √oo ² wear; dress; put in place; use

206 Tlingit to English oo

yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ (na state verb – object • future (+): atkʼátskʼu akg̱wa.oo | sheʼs going intransitive) wear it; use it | for S to wear, put to have a baby on, dress in O; for S to use O | (KE) • future (–): tlél atkʼátskʼu akg̱wa.oo | sheʼs • imperative: yéi na.oo! | wear it! not going to have a baby • prohibitive: líl yéi ee.oowúḵ! | donʼt wear it! √oo ³ buy • imperfective (+): yéi aya.óo | s/heʼs wearing O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ (na event verb – transitive) buy it it | for S to buy O | (KE) • yanshukaadé • imperfective (–): tlél yéi oo.oo | s/he isnʼt gax̱tooḵóox̱; haa wóowu sákw gax̱too.oo wearing it → weʼre going out to camp, so we will buy • perfective (+): yéi aawa.oo | s/he wore it food to take with us (SN) • tléil daa sá yoo • perfective (–): tlél yéi awu.oo | s/he didnʼt ee.eigeeḵ! dei aa wtuwa.oo. → donʼt buy a wear it thing! weʼve already bought some (SN) • future (+): yéi akgwa.óo | s/he will wear it ̱ • imperative: na.oo! | buy it! • future (–): tlél yéi akgwa.oo | s/he wonʼt ̱ • prohibitive: líl yoo ee.eigíḵ! | donʼt buy it! wear it • perfective (+): aawa.oo | s/he bought it N-xʼ + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ (na event verb – object • perfective (–): tlél awu.oo | s/he didnʼt buy it intransitive) put them there; leave them there • future (+): akg̱wa.oo | s/he will buy it | for S to put (plural) O at N; for S to leave • future (–): tlél akg̱wa.oo | s/he wonʼt buy it (plural) O at N | classification: plural objects (verb root) boil • classification: several objects and often a √ook ¹ variety of things | (KE) • ḵʼwátl ká yéi na.oo! √ook ² (verb root) fill; overflow | classification: → put them in the pot! (SN) • gáaxw x̱ʼwáalʼi liquid shayeit tóoxʼ yéi gax̱too.oo → we are going to √ookʼ (verb root) play quietly; amuse self put down feathers in the pillow (SN) • imperative: áa yéi na.oo! | put them there! ḵu-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ (na act verb – subject • prohibitive: líl áa yéi yi.eix̱íḵ! | donʼt you all intransitive) play quietly; amuse self | for S to put them there! entertain, amuse oneself; for S to play quietly • perfective (+): áa yéi aawa.oo | s/he put | (GD, KE) • sée teen ḵunax̱toos.ookʼ! → letʼs them there play with dolls! (SN) • perfective (–): tlél áa yéi awu.oo | s/he • imperative: ḵunees.ookʼ! | play quietly, didnʼt put them there amuse yourself! • prohibitive: líl ḵees.ookʼúḵ (i sée teen)! | • future (+): áa yéi akg̱wa.oo | s/he will put them there donʼt play (with your dolls)! • imperfective (+): ḵus.ookʼ | s/he is playing • future (–): tlél áa yéi akg̱wa.oo | s/he wonʼt put them there quietly, amusing herself/himself • imperfective (–): tlél ḵoos.ookʼ | s/he isnʼt atkʼátskʼu⁓yát(kʼ) + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ (na event playing quietly, amusing herself/himself verb – transitive) baby: have baby; pregnant: be • progressive imperfective: yaa ḵunas.úkʼ | s/ pregnant | for S to have O (baby); be pregnant he is beginning to play quietly, amuse herself/ with O (baby) | «atkʼátskʼu,» «yát,» or «yátkʼ» himself are interchangeable and do not affect meaning • perfective (+): ḵoowdzi.ookʼ | s/he played • using «atyátxʼi» (children) changes the quietly, amused herself/himself meaning to having children in general | (GD, • perfective (–): tlél ḵuwus.ookʼ | s/he didnʼt LA, KE) play quietly, amuse herself/himself • imperative: (tsu) atkʼátskʼu na.oo! | have • future (+): ḵukg̱was.ookʼ | s/he will play (another) baby! quietly, amuse herself/himself • prohibitive: líl atkʼátskʼu yoo ee.eigíḵ! | • future (–): tlél ḵukg̱was.ookʼ | s/he wonʼt donʼt have a baby! play quietly, amuse herself/himself • perfective (+): atkʼátskʼu aawa.oo | she had (verb root) shoot with gun a baby √oon • perfective (–): tlél atkʼátskʼu awu.oo | s/he √oos ¹ (verb root) pout; sulk didnʼt have a baby √oos ² (verb root) hyperactive; wild; crazy; noisy

207 oo – w Tlingit to English

√oosʼ (verb root) wash óox (noun) air (exhaled); air: spray of air (exhaled by a sea mammal); breath | (JL) óo óoxjaa (verbal noun) wind | “the one that blows” –óoxu (relational noun) spray from blowhole; air óon (noun) fish: small round white fish | (JL) from blowhole | (JL) óon g̱eiwú (compound noun) • variants: (C), óon –óoxʼu (body part) shoulder blade: –ʼs shoulder yayeeg̱eiwú (AT) • net used for round whitefish | blade | (JE) óon + g̱eiwú → round-whitefish + web/net • (JL) –óoxʼu kadleeyí (body part) • variants: –óoxʼ óon yayeeg̱eiwú (compound noun) • variants: (AT), kadleeyí, –óoxʼu kedleeyí (C) • muscle: –sʼ óon g̱eiwú (C) • net used for round whitefish shoulderblade muscles; shoulderblade: –sʼ | óon + yá-yee-g̱eiwú → round-whitefish + face. shoulderblade muscles | óoxʼu + ka-dleey-í → below.web/net • (JL) shoulder-blade + on.meat/muscle.[relational] óonaa (verbal noun) gun; rifle | “the one that • (JL) shoots” | √óon-aa → √shoot-(firearm).one-(s)- –óoxʼu x̱ʼáak (body part) shoulderblade: area (part.i) • (JL) between –ʼs shoulderblades | (JL) óonaa tukatság̱aa • variants: (T) • gun: cleaning rod for gun | “the one that pokes inside the gun” | √óon-aa + tu-ka-∅-√tsáḵ-aa → gun/rifle + inside. w hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√push/poke/prod-(with sticklike object).one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) waḵdáanaa (compound noun) eyeglasses | “eye money”; “eye coins” | waaḵ + dáanaa → eye + • variants: (C) • bullet: empty óonaa x̱ʼadádzi money/coin/dollar shell (after being fired) | óonaa + x̱ʼa-dádzi → gun/ rifle + mouth.firestone • (JL) –waḵhéeni (body part) tears: –ʼs tears | “eyeʼs water” | waaḵ-héen-i → eye.water.rel • (KE) • (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with óondách variants: –wax̱ʼahéeni • ear tufts | (KE, JL) • variants: (T), tsískʼw, wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) • waḵjéitl (compound noun) eyes: wide-open eyes; eyes: glaring eyes; person with wide-open eyes | (interjection) tiny!; cute! | (NR) • variants: óoskʼ! waaḵ-√jéitl → eye(s).√spread-open-(body part) óoskʼi!, óoshkʼ! • • (JL) (verbal noun) laundry | “wash” | √óosʼ-i → óosʼi (compound noun) blindfold | “tied √wash.[relational] • (JL) waḵkadóoxʼ over eyes” | waaḵ-ká-√dóoxʼ → eye.on.tie-knot óosʼi katág̱aa • variants: (T), óosʼi katáxʼaa (T) • clothespin | “the one that pokes the landry” | óosʼi + –waḵkadlóog̱u (body part) eye: sleep in eye; eye: ka-∅-√táḵ-aa → landry + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√speak/ eye booger; eye: crust in eye | waaḵ-ká-dlóoḵ-u poke/prod.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) → eye.on.dried-mucus.[releational] • (JL) óosʼi katáxʼaa (compound noun) • variants: (T), waḵkalsʼoox̱ʼ gáaxw (compound noun) scooter óosʼi katág̱aa (T) • clothespin | “the one that duck | “duck with dried mucus around eyes” bites the landry” | óosʼi + ka-∅-√táxʼ-aa → | waaḵ-ká-l-√sʼoox̱ʼ + gáaxw → eye.hsf. landry + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√bite.one(s)-(part.i) [classifier].√have-dried-mucus + duck • (JL) –waḵká (relational base) blocking –ʼs view; in –ʼs óosh (postverb) if only; as if; even if | appears way (so that –ʼs canʼt see) | “on the eyes of –” | after a verb to modify it as “if only [verb]” | (KE) • waaḵ-ká → eye.on yisikóo óosh → if you only knew (RD) –waḵshiyee (relational base) before –ʼs eyes; see: óotʼaa (compound noun) tweezers | “the one that where – can see (it); eye: before –ʼs eyes | waaḵ- removes splinters” | √óotʼ-aa → √remove- shiyee → eye.before splinter.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) wanadóo (borrowed noun) sheep: domestic sheep | –óotʼi (body part) suckers: –ʼs suckers (of octopus) from Chinook Jargon «limutó», which comes form | (JL) French “le mouton” | (JC) • variants: nawadoo (T), nawadóo (S) •

208 Tlingit to English w wanadóo latíni (compound noun) shepherd cylinder connecting rod | “the one that pokes | “watches the sheep” | wanadóo + la-√tín-i → holes in the machine” | washéen + ka-√táḵ-aa-yi sheep-(domestic) + [classifier].√see.rel → machine + hsf.√poke/prod.one(s)-(part.i). [relational] wanadóo yádi (compound noun) lamb | “sheep child” | wanadóo + yát-i → sheep-(domestic) + –washká (body part) cheek: (outside of) –ʼs cheek child.[possessive] | wásh-ká → cheek.on wanatíx (verbal noun) ant | “hops along” | ÿa- –washtú (body part) cheek: inside of –ʼs cheek | na-√tóox → vsf.na-cj.√hops-along • variants: wásh-tú → cheek.inside wanatóox • Watineidí (clan name) Clan: (Raven/Crow –wanáa (relational base) separate from –; apart Moiety) | “People of the Rock Sitting at the from –; keeping away from –; aloof from –; more Mouth (of the creek)”; Origin: Wattahéen Creek in than – (a number) | (JL) Hoonah Sound (?) | wát-té-√téen-át-i → mouth- (of body of water).rock.√-(4n.i).[relational] (relational noun) separate from –; edge: –wanáak People of Watin (?); • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) on the edge; side: side of –; missing –ʼs mark | (KE) watsixtlaanáagu (compound noun) caribou leaf; wankashxéet flounder: starry flounder | “designs wormwood; stinkweed | used as a regular along the edges” | wan-ká-sh-√xéet → edge-of.hsf. medicinal drink when made into tea • can [classifier].√furrow/plow be mixed into a salve for scrapes, burns, and other skin irritations | watsix-tlaa-náakw-u → –wanká (relational base) on the edge of – (as a caribou.head?.medicine.[relational] • (JL) ° trail); on the side of – (as a trail); shoulder: on artemesium sp. ° the shoulder of – | (KE) watsíx (noun) caribou wasóos (borrowed noun) cow | from Chinook Jargon «musmús» which borrows from Klamath –wax̱ʼahéeni (body part) tears: –ʼs tears | “eye or Molala • related Haida word: masmúus | (JC) openingʼs water” | waaḵ-x̱ʼa-héen-i → eye.mouth. water.rel • (KE) • variants: –waḵhéeni • wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni (compound noun) milk: cowʼs milk | wasóos + lʼaa + tu-√x̱án-i → cow + breast –wax̱ʼax̱éix̱ʼu (body part) eyelash: –ʼs eyelash + inside.√love.rel • (JL) • variants: wasóos lʼaayí, | “eye openingsʼ fish flesh” | waaḵ-x̱ʼa-x̱éix̱ʼ-u wínk • → eye.mouth.√sleep-(plural).flesh-(of fish). [relational] wasóos lʼaayí (compound noun) milk: cowʼs milk | wasóos + lʼaa-yí → cow + suckle.rel • (JL, KE) • wa.é (independent pronoun) you | second person variants: wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni, wínk • singular independent (2s.i) • independent pronouns are not linked to anything Wasʼineidí (clan name) Clan: Rhinoceros Auklet grammatically, and are most often used in (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Sea Lice Creek”; phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan Origin: Cathedral Falls Creek at head of Hamilton áyá» (it is us) • other independent pronouns are Bay | Teiḵweidí Migration • Teiḵweidí Group • listed below | (JC, KE) Primary Crest: Rhinoceros Auklet • Secondary • x̱át | me → first person singular independent Crests: Wolf, Brown Bear, Eagle | wéisʼ-héen-át-í → (1s.i) louse.water/river.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, • uháan | us → first person plural independent AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) (1p.i) Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan • wa.é | you → second person singular • Tax̱ʼ Hít | Tier House independent (2s.i) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural wasʼxʼaan tléig̱u (compound noun) salmonberry | “tip of the bush berry” | wasʼ-xʼaan + tléiḵw-u → independent (2p.i) bush.tip + berry.rel • hú | s/he → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i) washéen (borrowed noun) engine; motor | from • hás | them → third person plural independent English “machine” (3p.i) washéen katág̱ayi (compound noun) engine • á | it → third person nonhuman independent

209 w Tlingit to English

(3N.i) wáa sá (question particle) how | fluent speakers • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal often translate this as “what” because the independent (3prx.i) question particle “how” functions differently • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate in Tlingit, as in «wáa sá at woonéi?» (how did independent (3obv.i) it happen?) which functions more like “what • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human happened?” • determiners may be added to «sá» independent (4h.i) as in «wáa sáyá» (how is this?), «wáa sáwé?» • át | something → fourth person nonhuman (how is that?) • question particles combine most independent (4n.i) commonly to form questions, but can also be used • aa | one, some → partitive independent to create statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, (part.i) daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) marmots, whatever went around there) (David • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → Kadashan 6) | wáa sá iyatee? → how are you? reciprocal independent (recip.i) • wáa sá haa toowú yakʼéi → how very good we feel • (JC,KE) wa.é tlein gwéijích (phrase) you old thing you | (JL) wáa yateeyi yéixʼ (phrase) sometimes; occasionally; once in a while | wáa + ya-√tee-yi wáḵtʼásʼ (compound noun) snapping eyes in anger; anger: snapping eyes in anger | (HW) + yé-xʼ → how + cl-(–d,∅,+i).√be.[relational] + place/time.at-(residing) • (JC, JL) –wán (relational base) edge of –; side: (to the) side of –; bank of (body of water) wáa yateeyí aa sá? (phrase) which one? | (JL) (borrowed noun) police officer; wásʼ (noun) bush wáachwaan watchman; guard | from English “watchman” wásh (borrowed noun) mush; oatmeal; porridge | from English “mush” wáadishgaa (borrowed noun) priest (question particle) why | determiners –wásh (body part) cheek: –ʼs cheek wáanáx̱ sá may be added to «sá» as in «wáanáx̱ sáyá» –wát (relational noun) mouth of – (a body of (why is this?), «wáanáx̱ sáwé?» (why is that?) water) | classification: body of water | (KE) • question particles combine most commonly to –waaḵ (body part) eye: –ʼs eye form questions, but can also be used to create statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, daa sáyá át (verb root) • variants: √wool • hole: have a √waal wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, marmots, hole; outlet: have an outlet whatever went around there) (David Kadashan 6) √waasʼ (verb root) • variants: √woosʼ • ask; inquire | wáanáx̱ sáwé i toowú yanéekw? → why are you Waashdan Ḵwáan (compound noun) American sad? • (JC,KE) | “People of Boston” | «Waashdán» comes from wáang̱aneens (adverb) sometimes; once in a English “Boston” while; occasionally | this is a contingent verb waat (noun) armspan; fathom | from √waat – mode (ʼwheneverʼ) that has been compressed over measure; stretch arms; grow time to act more like a particle | wáa-na-g̱a-∅- √née-n-sá → how.[na-con-pre].[g̱a-mode].cl- √waat ¹ (verb root) grow; raise | classification: (–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on.[stem-variation].voice/ living creature name • (MH, JC) (verb root) stretch limbs; measure with √waat ² wáasadi (compound noun) fish: fire-roasted fish; outstretched limbs skin: skin crunchy from roasting | √wáas-át-i → wáa nanée sáwé (phrase) • variants: wáa nanéi √roast/scorch-(by fire).thing-(4n.i).[relational] sáwé • at some point | a consecutive verb mode • (JL) (ʼafterwardʼ or ʼfollowingʼ) • often used in oratory wesdzi (noun) owl: great horned owl; owl with ear as a sort of riddle to imply that the action being tufts | (JL) • variants: (C), mesdzi (C), tsískʼw, described went for a long duration, or perhaps óondách (T) • suddenly changed | wáa + na-∅-√née + sá-wé → how + [na-con-pre].cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on + wé (determiner) there; time: can be used to refer voice/name.there • (JC) generally to past, present, or future | distant

210 Tlingit to English w

from the speaker, but in the same general space wutiyeit (compound noun) important thing that • common suffix combinations are listed below. has happened | in formal speech, this can often take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and refer to the death that has occurred and is being vowel length referred to indirectly | wu-ÿa-√tee-yi-át → pfv.cl- • wéidáx̱ / wéitx̱ [wé+-dáx̱] | from there (–d,∅,+i).√be.[relative].thing-(4n.i) • (JL) • wéide [wé+-dé] | towards there (verbal noun) • variants: wootsaagáa • wéináx̱ [wé+-náx̱] | through there wutsaag̱áa ̱ • cane; walking stick; staff | “the one that • wéit [wé+-t] | arriving there; at that place there poked it with a pole” | wu-√tsaaḵ-aa → • wéidu [wé+-t+-wu] | there; located at that [perfective].√poke/prod/push-(with stick). place right there one(s)-(part.i) • wéixʼ [wé+-xʼ] | residing there; at this place there wuwtunéekw (compound noun) chest pain; • wéix̱ [wé+-x̱] | moving along there; repeatedly tuberculosis | “sickness in the chest” | woow-tú- there néekw → chest.inside.sick wéiksh (noun) knife: womanʼs knife for scraping √woo ¹ (verb root) order; send for hides; knife: curved knife for scraping hides; ulu √woo ² (verb root) lunch; picnic wéinaa (verbal noun) powder: face powder; chalk √woo ³ (verb root) fair skinned; fair-complexioned | “the one that is fair complected” | √wóo-n-aa → √fair-complected.[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i) wooch kikyátxʼi (kinship term) twins: twins to • (JL) each other | “children alongside each other” | wooch + kik-yát-xʼ-i → together + side-of-torso. wéisʼ (noun) louse; lice child.[plural].[possessive] • (JL) wéitadi (compound noun) woman who has Wooch Keekt Yal.at Yaakw (placename) Orionʼs reached begun menstration cycles | √wéit-át-i → Belt (constellation) | “boats steered together √menstrate.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) side by side” | wooch + keek-t + ya-l-√.at + yaakw wéixʼadi (compound noun) order: something → together + torso/alongside.at-(arrived) + vsf. to be sent, something ordered | √wóo-xʼ-át-i cl-(+d,l,–i).√carry-(wooden objects/assembled → √order/send-for.[repetitive].thing-(4n.i). objects) • (JL) [relational] • (JL) wooch yáx̱ yaa datóowch (compound noun) wéix̱ʼ (noun) bullhead; sculpin math | “counting them in balance” | wooch + yáx̱ + yaa + da-√tóow-ch → together + like + along + (borrowed noun) milk: cowʼs milk | from wínk [classifier].√count/read.[repetitive] English “milk” • variants: wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni, wasóos lʼaayí • wool (noun) hole -wu ⁓ -u (relational suffix) at: is/are at | used in √wool (verb root) • variants: √waal • hole: have a verbless phrases | (JC) hole; outlet: have an outlet Wudanaaḵ (compound noun) ḵu.éexʼ: opening woolnáx̱ wooshḵáḵ (compound noun) wren songs of a ḵu.éexʼ | “Standing” | from | “landed through the hole” | wool-náx̱ + Dauenhauer (HTY 44): the first part, called «Ḵaa wu-sh-√ḵáḵ → hole.through + [perfective]. Eetí G̱áax̱i» (“The Cry for Someone”) is conducted [classifier].√land/squat by the hosts; it consists of speeches and four woon (noun) maggot songs of mourning. The second part, «L Sʼaati Shaa G̱áax̱i (“The Widowʼs Cry,” literally “the woosáani (compound noun) spear for hunting cry for a leaderless woman”) is performed by the √woosʼ (verb root) • variants: √wáasʼ • ask; inquire opposite moiety (the guests), who respond with a woosh ¹ (possessive pronoun) each otherʼs | ceremony to remove the grief of the hosts. It, too, reciprocal possessive (recip.P) • used to show consists of speeches and songs. | wu-da-√naaḵ a relationship between things, including → pfv.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√stand-(plural) • (NR) • ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship variants: Kei Gax̱dunáaḵ, Gaaw Wutaan, G̱áax̱, term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ • the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next

211 w Tlingit to English

to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive postpositional (3p.PP) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person wooch • proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third (1s.P) person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • haa | our → first person plural possessive • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → (1p.P) fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) • i | your → second person singular possessive • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person (2s.P) nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • yee | you allʼs → second person plural • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive possessive (2p.P) postpositional (part.PP) • du | her/his → third person human singular • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional possessive (3Hs.P) (rflx.PP) • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal possessive (3p.P) postpositional (recip.PP) • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive woosh ³ (object pronoun) each other [object]; (3N.P) together [object] | reciprocal object (recip.O) • in • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal a verb phrase, the object is impacted by the verb, possessive (3prx.P) and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person to write all single letter object pronouns as part obviate possessive (3obv.P) of the verb prefix and all pronouns more than • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human one letter as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» possessive (4h.P) • open object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman cause contraction in the verb prefix • indicates possessive (4n.P) being together, doing something together, or • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive doing something to each other, and appears as (part.P) «woosh» and «wooch» interchangeably • triggers • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive middle voice (+d form of the classifer) • other (rflx.P) object pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal variants: wooch • possessive (recip.P) • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object woosh ² (postpositional pronoun) each other: (to) (1s.O) each other | reciprocal postpositional (recip. • haa | us [object] → first person plural object PP) • used in certain verbs where something is (1p.O) going towards the object (literally or figuratively) • i- | you [object] → second person singular • a special type of pronoun that combines three object (2s.O) things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and • yee | you all [object] → second person plural relational suffix • other postpositional pronouns object (2p.O) are listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: wooch • • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person postpositional (1s.PP) pluralizer (3pl) • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person postpositional (1p.PP) proximal object (3prx.O) • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person postpositional (2s.PP) human object (4h.O) • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural • at | something [object] → fourth person postpositional (2p.PP) nonhuman object (4n.O) • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object human singular postpositional (3s.PP) (part.O) • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) person plural postpositional (3p.PP) • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] →

212 Tlingit to English w

reciprocal object (recip.O) woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa (compound noun) • variants: kaawayík yaagú • airplane | “the ones woosh ⁴ (subject pronoun) each other [subject]; together [subject] | reciprocal subject (recip.S) that (people) together” | woosh + ká-t + ka-ÿu- • in a verb phrase, the subject is the agent dli-√yeech-í + aa → together + on.at-(arriving) in the verb • indicates being together, doing + hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,l,+i).√fly-(plural).[relational] + something together, or doing something to each one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) other, and appears as «woosh» and «wooch» woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa daakahídi interchangeably • triggers middle voice (+d form (compound noun) airport | “the house around the of the classifer) • other subject pronouns are one that flies (people) together” | woosh + ká-t + listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: wooch • ka-ÿu-dli-√yeech-í + aa + daaka-hít-i → together • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject + on.at-(arriving) + hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,l,+i).√fly- (1s.S) (plural).[relational] + one(s)-(part.i) + around- • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject outside.house.[relational] (1p.S) (kinship term) sisters: –ʼs sisters; • i- | you [subject] → second person singular –woosh kikʼi yan brothers: –ʼs brothers | “each otherʼs younger subject (2s.S) siblings” | used to refer to a femaleʼs sisters or • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural a maleʼs brothers, often from the same parents subject (2p.S) and always from the same clan | woosh + kéekʼ-i • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) + yan → each-otherʼs-(recip.p) + younger- • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person sibling-(same gender).[peg vowel] + [plural- pluralizer (3pl) diminutive] • (NR) • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person human subject (4h.S) woosh kínde kaduneegí (verbal noun) tattle-tale • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] | “together upwards telling person” (tattle-tale) → reciprocal subject (recip.S) | (JM) • woosh + kín-de + ka-du-∅-√neek-i • from verb: kín ka-S-∅-√neek⁓ (na act): for S to tattle- (adverb) different directions; woosh dakádin tale → [together + up.towards + hsf.someone- facing opposite directions; opposite directions (4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√tell.rel] | woosh + daaká-t-yeen → together + around- outside.on.at-(arrived).facing • (KE) woosh yaayí (compound noun) pair | “faces together” | woosh + yá-yí → together + face.rel woosh dakán (adverb) facing away from each other | woosh + daaká-n → together + around- Wooshkeetaan Clan: Shark (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) outside.with • (WM) | “People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other” | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí woosh dasháay (verbal noun) married couple; Branch • Xakwnoowkeidí Group • Primary Crests: mates (of people or animal) | woosh + da- Shark • Secondary Crests: Wolf, Thunderbird, Bear, √sháa(y) → each-other + cl-(+d,∅,–i).√marry Killerwhale, Murrelet, G̱unakadeit (Sea Monster), • (JL) Eagle | woosh-keeká-hít-taan → together.across woosh dayeen (adverb) facing each other | woosh from/facing.house.people-of-house + daa-yeen → together + around.facing Xunaa Ḵáawu • Wooshdaa Hít | woosh gax̱dusháa (compound noun) wedding Around Each Other House | “someone is getting married” | woosh + ga-u- • Tóosʼ Déx̱ʼi Hít | Shark Backbone House • Noow Hít | Fort House g̱a-du-∅-√sháa → together + ga-cj.irr.g̱a-md. someone-(4h.S).∅.√marry Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • Noow Hít | Fort House (adverb) differently | woosh g̱unayáade • Noowshaká Hít | On the Head of the Fort House “different from one another” | woosh + g̱u-nayáa- de → together + different.area.towards • Xóots Kúdi Hít | Brown Bear Nest House (compound noun) different Sheetʼká Ḵwáan woosh g̱unayáade aa • Noow Hít | Fort House ones; variety | “ones different from one another” | woosh + g̱u-nayáa-de + aa → together + Áakʼw Ḵwáan different.area.towards + one(s)-(part.i) • G̱unakadeit Hít | Sea Monster • Hít Tlein | Big House

213 w – x Tlingit to English

• Noow Hít | Fort House • x̱át | me → first person singular independent • Tóosʼ Hít | Shark House (1s.i) • Xeitl Hít | Thunderbird House • uháan | us → first person plural independent • Xóots Hít | Brown Bear House (1p.i) • Ḵóok Hít | Box House • wa.é | you → second person singular independent (2s.i) wooshx̱ dagaa (compound noun) box: food box with a compartment in the middle | woosh-x̱ + • yeewháan | you all → second person plural da-√gaa → together.at-[repetitive] + cl-(+d,∅,– independent (2p.i) i).√distribute/scatter • (JL) • hú | s/he → third person human singular independent (3Hs.i) hurry √wootl • hás | them → third person plural independent sh + yáa + S-d+∅-√wootl (∅ event verb – (3p.i) subject intransitive) hurry: to be in a hurry | • á | it → third person nonhuman independent for S to be in a hurry | (GD, KE) • sh yáa has (3N.i) udawútlch → they are always in a hurry (SN) • • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal sh yáa ágé idawútl? → are you hurrying? (SN) independent (3prx.i) • imperative: sháa idawútl! | hurry! • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • repetitive imperfective prohibitive: líl sháa independent (3obv.i) idawútlx̱iḵ! | donʼt (ever) hurry! • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human • perfective (+): sháa wdiwútl | s/he is in a independent (4h.i) hurry • át | something → fourth person nonhuman • perfective (–): tlél sháa wdawootl | s/heʼs independent (4n.i) not in a hurry • aa | one, some → partitive independent • future (+): sháa gux̱dawóotl | s/he will be in (part.i) a hurry • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • future (–): tlél sháa gux̱dawootl | s/he wonʼt • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → be in a hurry reciprocal independent (recip.i) wootsaag̱áa (compound noun) • variants: wóoshnáx̱ x̱ʼakakéix̱ʼi (compound noun) chain wutsaag̱áa • cane; walking stick; staff | “hooked together at the mouth” | wóosh-náx̱ | “the one that proded” | wu-√tsaaḵ-áa → + x̱ʼa-ka-√kéix̱ʼ-i → together.through + mouth. [perfective].√poke/prod.one(s)-(part.i) hsf.√hook/gaff.[relational] • (JL) –woowká (body part) chest: (on) –ʼs chest | woow- wóow (noun) food (sent or taken along); lunch ká → chest.on (sent or taken along); provisions sent or taken √woox̱ʼ (verb root) wide; broad along (on a trip, to work or school) –wóo (kinship term) father-in-law: –sʼ father-in-law –wóow (body part) chest: –ʼs chest | (KE) wóow daakeit (compound noun) container for wóosh (independent pronoun) each other; traveling provisions; lunch basket; lunch together | reciprocal independent (recip.i) • container | “thing around lunch-(to be sent or independent pronouns are not linked to anything taken)” | wóow + daa-ká-át → lunch-(sent/ grammatically, and are most often used in taken) + around.on.thing phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan áyá» (it is us) • indicates being together, doing something together, or doing something to each x other. In verbs, it occurs outside of the verb itself Xakwnoowkeidí (clan name) Clan: (Eagle/Wolf and is used in addition to other pronouns. It Moiety) | “People on the Sandbar Fort”; Origin: is seen as woosh and wooch interchangeably, Strawberry Point; Icy Strait, especially upon the and common examples are wooch.een (being peninsula between Lynn Canal and Glacier Bay together), woosh ji.éen (hands together), and | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch woosh gax̱dusháa (wedding) • other independent • Xakwnoowkeidí Group • the parent clan of the pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • variants: Kaagwaantaan, Wooshkeetaan, and Chookaneidí wóoch •

214 Tlingit to English x

clans | xákw-noow-ká-át-í → sandbar.fort. • variants: dléikwaa shéeyi • on.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, (noun) iceberg JL, HJ) xáatl xáatl kaltság̱aa (compound noun) poles used xasʼká yáx̱ yatee (phrase) level: it is level | “itʼs to push aside ice (from a boat) | “the one like itʼs on the scraper” | xasʼ-ká + yáx̱ + ya-√tee that prods the iceberg” | xáatl + ka-l-tsáḵ-aa → scraper.on + like + cl-(–d,∅,+i).√be • (JL) → iceberg + hsf.[classifier].√poke/prod/push. xákw (noun) sandbar; gravel bar; sand beach; one(s)-(part.i) gravel beach xáatsʼ ⑴ (noun) sky: clear sky; sky: blue sky || ⑵ xákwlʼi (noun) soapberry, soapberries; berry: (color) blue: sky blue soapberries | √xaakw → √grind-up/whip-up- (noun) baleen; plastic (soapberries) xén xein (noun) salmon: spawned-out salmon with –xákwti (relational base) empty: –ʼs empty shell white fungus, ready to die | (JL) (of house); empty: empty container | √xaak → √become-bare-of-flesh/dry-out xeisáa (verbal noun) trap: small bird trap made with inverted container | “the one that traps xáshaa (verbal noun) saw | “the one that saws”; “the small birds” | √xeis-áa → √trap-small-birds. one that cuts” | √xaash-aa → √saw/cut.one(s)- one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) (part.i) –xeit (body part) chest: solar plexus | (JL) xátʼaa (verbal noun) sled | “the one that hauls”; “the one that drags” | √xáatʼ-aa → √drag/pull/haul. –xeitká (body part) thorax: –ʼs thorax; chest: flat one(s)-(part.i) upper surface of –ʼs chest | “on the solar plexus” | xeit-ká → sloar-plexus.on • (JL) √xaa (verb root) pour; dump xeitl (noun) thunderbird | a crest of several Tlingit xaadáa (verbal noun) ⑴ lace; veil | “the one that clans with a recurved beak • large enough to pulls tight”; “the one that fastens” || ⑵ wire: pick up killer whales out of the sea with its talons fence wire | √xaat-áa → √pull-tight/fasten. | (KE) one(s)-(part.i) xeitl lʼúkx̱u (compound noun) lightning | xaas (noun) bison; buffalo; ox; muskox; cow; horse “thunderbirdʼs blinking”; “thunderʼs blinking” √xaasʼ (verb root) scrape; shave | xeitl + √lʼúk-x̱-u → thunderbird/thunder + √blink.[repetitive].[possessive] √xaash (verb root) cut; saw (compound noun) horsefly | √xaat ¹ (verb root) pull tight; fasten; extend; stick xeitl táaxʼaa out “thunderbird one that bites”; “thunder one that bites” | (KE) • xeitl + √táaxʼ-aa → thunderbird/ shape; resemble (in shape); look like (in √xaat ² thunder + √bite.one(s)-(part.i) shape) xéidu (noun) comb √xaatʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull | classification: heavy object or limp object such as dead animal Xinhíttaan (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear (Eagle/ Wolf Moiety) | “People of Downriver Side House” (verb root) suspended without visible √xaatʼ ² | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch support | classification: celestial bodies • Chookaneidí Group | ix-i-naa-hít-taan → xáak (noun) shell: empty bivalve shell | √xaak → downstream.[peg vowel].area.house.people-(of √become-bare-of-flesh/dry-out house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) –xáak (body part) skeleton: –ʼs skeleton; bones: –ʼs • Ixinaa Hít | Downriver House bare bones | √xaak → √become-bare-of-flesh/ xi.áat (verbal noun) • variants: xei.át, xee.át • dusk; dry-out • variants: –xáagu • twilight | (KE) • xi-√.aat → dusk/twilight.√go- xáanaa (noun) evening (plural, by walking) xáanaa tʼukanéiyi shéeyi (compound noun) xídlaa (verbal noun) rake: herring rake | “the lullaby | “evening baby song” | (JM2) • xáanaa + one that rakes for herring” | (KE) • √xídl-aa → tʼukanéiyi + shí-yi → [evening + baby + song.rel] √rake-for-herring.one(s)-(part.i)

215 x Tlingit to English xítʼaa (verbal noun) broom; brush: small broomlike kei + ∅-√xeex (∅ motion verb – impersonal) rise | brush | “the one that scrapes (bark)”; “the one for the sun, moon to rise | g̱agaan kei naxíx → that sweeps” | √xítʼ-aa → √scrape-bark/sweep. the sun is rising (SN) one(s)-(part.i) • progressive imperfective: kei naxíx | itʼs rising xítlaa (verbal noun) • variants: xídlaa • rake: herring rake | “the one that rakes herring” | • perfective (+): kei uwaxíx | it rose √xítl-aa → √rake-fish-(esp. herring).one(s)- • perfective (–): tlél kei wuxeex | it didnʼt rise (part.i) • (JL) • future (+): kei kg̱waxéex | it will rise • future (–): [does not occur] | xíxchʼ (noun) frog yínde + ∅-√xeex (na motion verb – impersonal) √xeech (verb root) exert strength; concentrate on set | for the sun, moon to set | (KE) • g̱agaan √xeelʼ ¹ (verb root) trouble; tangle; mess anax̱ yei naxíx → the sun is setting (SN) • progressive imperfective: yínde yaa naxíx | (verb root) erase √xeelʼ ² it is setting √xeet (verb root) ⑴ furrow; plow || ⑵ write; draw • perfective (+): yínde wooxeex | it set || ⑶ move | classification: stick-like object • perfective (–): tlél yínde wuxeex | it didnʼt set √xeetʼ (verb root) brush; scrape • future (+): yínde kg̱waxéex | it will set (verb root) fall; drop on; hit | classification: √xeex ¹ • future (–): tlél yínde kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt set singular √xeex ⁴ (verb root) occur; happen √xeex ² (verb root) run | classification: singular subject | plural form: √gooḵ ² xéelʼi (noun) mossberry (noun) fly: housefly; fly: bluebottle fly √xeex ³ (verb root) rise; set; move; blow | xéen classification: celestial body, wind –xéesʼ (body part) shin: –ʼs shin ∅-√xeex (na motion verb – impersonal) blow | for –xéesʼi (relational noun) cutwater: –ʼs cutwater the wind to blow | itʼs possible to simply say (of a boat); bow: curved part of a bow (of «wooxeex» (“it blew”), the sentence sounds boat); stern: curved part of a stern (of boat) more natural when «kʼeeljáa» (“wind”) is | classification: sea vessel | √xéesʼ → √sea- included | (GD, KE) mammal-dives-in-arc • (KE) • progressive imperfective: (kʼeeljáa) yaa (noun) ditch; furrow | (JL) naxíx | itʼs starting to blow xéet • perfective (+): (kʼeeljáa) wooxeex | it blew Xudzidaa Ḵwáan (region name) Angoon: People • perfective (–): (kʼeeljáa) tlél wuxeex | it Around the Charred Wood | “People Around the didnʼt blow Charred Wood” | Included Communities: Angoon, • future (+): (kʼeeljáa) gug̱axéex | it will blow Basket Bay, Tenakee, East Chichagof Island, • future (–): (kʼeeljáa) tlél gug̱axeex | it wonʼt Northeast Baranoff Island, Southwest Admiralty blow Island • also known as «Xudzidaa Ḵwáan» “People Around the Charred Wood” | xóodzi-daa N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex (∅ motion verb – impersonal) + ḵwáan → charred-wood.around + people-of blow | for a strong wind to blow at N | (GD, • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) • variants: KE) • ḵúnáx̱ át uwaxíx yá xáanaa → itʼs Xudzidaa Ḵwáan • blowing hard this evening (SN) • kʼeeljáa has du kát uwaxíx → the storm is blowing on Wolf/Eagle Clans them (SN) • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar • progressive imperfective: aadé yaa naxíx | • Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island itʼs starting to blow there • Wooshkeetaan | WooshkeetaanPeople of the • perfective (+): át uwaxíx | it blew there Houses On the Other Side of Each Other • perfective (–): tlél át wuxeex | it didnʼt blow Raven/Crow Clans there • Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail • future (+): aadé kg̱waxéex | it will blow there House • future (–): tlél aadé kg̱waxeex | it wonʼt blow • Ḵakʼweidí | People of Basket Bay there • Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek

216 Tlingit to English x – xw

• Naachʼuneidí | People of Naachʼu Héen • Naachʼuneidí | People of Naachʼu Héen Xunaa (placename) Hoonah | “Lee of the North –xux̱aawú (body part) hair: –sʼ pubic hair Wind” | xóon + niyaa → north-wind + facing/ ¹ (noun) comet; star: falling star shielding • (TT) • variants: Xunniyaa, Gaaw Tʼaḵ xoodzí Aan • xoodzí ² (noun) wood: burnt or charred wood Xunaa Ḵáawu (region name) “People of the Lee –xook (adjective) dry; dried | postnominal from the North Wind” | Included Communities: adjective: appears immediately after the noun it Hoonah, Pelican, Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Lituya modifies | (JC) Bay, Mt. Fairweather, Port Frederick | the use √xook (verb root) dry of «ḵáawu» instead of «ḵwáan» is a choice of (noun) wind: north wind Hoonah people, who have been displaced from xóon their home in «Sítʼ Eetí G̱eiyí» (“Remains/imprint xóoshtʼ (noun) singed matter; burnt matter; of the Glacier”, Glacier Bay) | xoon-niÿaa + ḵáa- charred matter wu → north-wind.blocking + person-(4h.i). xóots (noun) bear: grizzly bear, brown bear [relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) xóow (noun) rocks: memorial pile of rocks; rocks: Wolf/Eagle Clans pile of rocks • Wooshkeetaan | People of the Houses On the Other Side of Each Other • Chookaneidí | People of Grass River xw • Katakw.ádi | People of Wilson Cove • Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt House xwájaa (verbal noun) scraper: skin scraper | “the | → Raven/Crow Clans one that makes it soft, pliable” √xwách-aa • Tʼaḵdeintaan | People of the House toward the √make-soft/pliable.one(s)-(part.i) Side √xwaach (verb root) soft; flexible • Ḵooskʼeidí | People of Shg̱aadaayihéen (stream (verb root) frost north of Mount Fairweather) √xwaan • G̱aanax̱.ádi | People of Sheltered Harbor ḵu-ka-d+l-√xwáan * (? state verb – impersonal) • Xʼatʼka.aayí | People on the Island frosty | for the ground or weather to be frosty | (SN) (region name) Angoon: Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan • perfective (+): ḵukawdlixwáan | it was People of the Brown Bear Fort | “People of the frosty; it is frosty Brown Bear Fort”; “People Around the Charred • future (+): ḵukakwgalxwáan | it is going to Wood” | Included Communities: Angoon, Basket ̱ be frosty Bay, Tenakee, East Chichagof Island, Northeast Baranoff Island, Southwest Admiralty Island xwaasdáa (noun) canvas; tarp; tent • also known as «Xudzidaa Ḵwáan» “People –xwáayi (kinship term) brother: –ʼs clan brother Around the Charred Wood” | xóots-noow-u + | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used to refer to ḵwáan → brown-bear.fort.[relational] + people- younger men of the same clan or moeity who do of • xóodzi-daa + ḵwáan → charred-wood. not have a closer kinship relationship | (JL, KE) around + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, FW) • variants: Xudzidaa Ḵwáan • xwénaa (verbal noun) (verbal noun) ladle | “the one that spoons out”; “the one that dishes out”; “the Wolf/Eagle Clans one that shovels out” | √xwén-aa → √spoon-out/ • Daḵlʼaweidí | People of the Inland Sandbar shovel-out/dish-out.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) • Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island • Wooshkeetaan | WooshkeetaanPeople of the xweitl (noun) fatigue Houses On the Other Side of Each Other √xweitl ¹ (verb root) tired; weary Raven/Crow Clans √xweitl ² (verb root) itch; tickle • Deisheetaan | People of the End of the Trail House xwéix̱ (noun) steambath; food: steamed food | • Ḵakʼweidí | People of Basket Bay (JL) • Lʼeeneidí | People of Dog Salmon Creek

217 xʼ Tlingit to English

point.on.through + along + mouth.cl-(–d,∅,– xʼ i).√communicate.[repeteadly] -xʼ (suffix) | plural marker | used to denote when –xʼaakeidí (compound noun) seeds: –ʼs seeds | there are multiple nouns and no other quantifier “thing on the tip (of the branch)” | xʼaa(n)-ka-át-i is used • unlike English, this is not added when a → tip-(of branch).on.thing.[relational] specifying number is present, but more so when √xʼaaḵw ¹ (verb root) forget; come to an end the nouns are not counted or are too many to count | déix̱ dóosh → two cats • dóoshxʼ → cats √xʼaaḵw ² (verb root) situate comfortably -xʼ ⁓ -∅ (relational suffix) at (at rest or residing); at –xʼaan ⑴ (plant part) branch: top of –ʼs branches the scene of; at the time of | alternate form -Ø (of tree, bush); branch: tips of –ʼs branches (of (unmarked) when attaching to a noun ending in tree, bush) || ⑵ (relational base) tip: –ʼs tip (of a long vowel, commonly in the case of «áa» (the pointed object) | (KE) place) | (KE) √xʼaas (verb root) fall; cascade; drip at a fast rate | xʼatʼdaayéejayi (compound noun) turnstone: black classification: liquid turnstone; stone: black turnstone | “the one –xʼaash (body part) buttocks: cheek of –ʼs buttocks that files with its bark” | √xʼatʼ-daayée-ch-aa-yi √xʼaat file; sharpen → √file.bark.[instrumental].one(s)-(part.i). [relational] –xʼáagi (body part) fin: –ʼs pectoral fin | “–ʼs swimmer (underwater)” Xʼatʼka.aayí (clan name) Clan: Coho (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People on the Island”; Origin: Island xʼáan (noun) anger; war in Lituya Bay | Lʼuknax̱.ádi Migration • Primary xʼáan kanáayi (compound noun) • variants: Crest: Coho • Seconary Crests: Raven, Water xʼáan koonáayi • war leader; leader: war Ouzel | xʼáatʼ-ká-aa-yí → island.on.one(s)- leader | “always going around with war” (part.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) | xʼáan + ka-ÿu-√náa-yi → anger/war + hsf. [perfective].√accompany.rel • (JL) • variants: Sheetʼká Ḵwáan • Kayaashká Hít | Platform House xʼáan koonáayi • • Lʼook Hít | Coho House xʼáan yinaa.át (compound noun) • variants: xʼáan G̱unaax̱oo Ḵwáan niyaa.át • war clothes (of moosehide) | “anger shielding clothing” | xʼáan + nÿa-át → anger +

Xunaa Ḵáawu in-way-of/covering.drape.thing-(4h.i) xʼádaa (verbal noun) file | “the one that files” | √xʼát-aa → √file.one(s)-(part.i) xʼáandéin (adverb) angrily | √xʼaan-déin → √angry-[adverb] • (MD) xʼákwjaa (verbal noun) steamer | “the one that always steams” | √xʼúk(w)-ch-aa → √steam. xʼáas (noun) waterfall [habitual].one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) xʼáatʼ (land part) island xʼásʼaa (verbal noun) scraper | “the one that xʼáaxʼ (noun) crabapple; apple | originally used scrapes” | √xʼásʼ-aa → √slice/scrape.one(s)- for traditional crabapple, but commonly used (part.i) • (JL) now for domestic apple and Lingít xʼáaxʼi for crabapple xʼátgu (verbal noun) dogfish; mudshark | “filer” | √xʼát-kw-u → √file.[repetitive].[relational] xʼáaxʼ kahéeni (compound noun) apple juice | “water on the apple” | xʼáaxʼ + ka-héen-i → apple (land part) point (of land) xʼaa + hsf.water.rel xʼaa luká (land part) ridge: on the ridge of the point (of land); elevation: on the elevated part xʼéig̱aa– (adjective) ⑴ truly; true || ⑵ really | of the point (of land) | “on the nose of the point” prenomial adjective: appears immediately before | xʼaa + lú-ká → point + nose.on the noun that it affects (compound noun) truth | “true thing” | xʼaakaanáx̱ yoo x̱ʼatánk (compound noun) xʼéig̱aa át metaphor | “speaking over a point of land” xʼéig̱aa + át → tue + thing | (NR) • xʼaa-ká-náx̱ + yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → xʼéig̱aa ḵáa (compound noun) warrior; veteran:

218 Tlingit to English xʼ – x̱

combat veteran | “true person” | often used √xʼoo (verb root) peg; nail for someone who has been in combat, and not (question particle) how many; how much as a term for someone figuratively fighting for xʼoon sá | when using this question particle, the specifying something | xʼéigaa + át → tue + thing ̱ noun often is placed between «xʼoon» and «sá» xʼéitaa (verbal noun) trout: cutthroat trout • determiners may be added to «sá» as in «xʼoon sáyá» (how many is this?), «xʼoon sáwé?» (how –xʼéixʼu (body part) gill: –ʼs gill (of fish) many is that?) • question particles combine most xʼéix̱ (noun) crab: king crab; crab: spider crab | commonly to form questions, but can also be used (KE) to create statements like «jánwu alʼóon, sʼaax̱, -xʼi sáani (suffix) | diminutive plural marker daa sáyá át wu.aadí» (he hunts mountain goats, | the diminutive marker cannot combine with marmots, whatever went around there) (David the plural marker, so the diminutive plural form Kadashan 6) | xʼoon dáanaa sáwé? → how is N-xʼi sáani (many small Nʼs) | hítxʼi sáani → much money is that? • (JC,KE) small houses • variants: -xʼu sáani • xʼóolʼ (noun) whirlpool; tide: boiling tide; chaos xʼítʼaa (verbal noun) broom; scraper: bark scraper | «xʼóolʼ yáx̱ yatee» is often used as a metaphor | “the one that sweeps” | √xʼít-ʼaa → √brush/ to describe a chaotic or troubling event or state scrape • (JL) of being xʼees (body part) boil; inflammation; swelling xʼóotʼaa (body part) finger: –ʼs middle finger | “the one that pulls middle fingers” | Tlingit people (noun) bucket; pail xʼeesháa would lock middle fingers and then pull for a xʼéedadi (compound noun) • variants: xʼéetadi competition of strength | √xʼóotʼ-aa → √pull- • tree: uprooted tree (with roots protruding); middle-fingers.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) stump: uprooted stump (with roots protruding) (noun) blanket; robe | “uprooted thing” | √xʼéet-át-i → √uprooted. xʼóow thing.rel xʼwán ¹ (noun) boot(s) –xʼéesʼi (body part) hair: tangled lock of –ʼs hair; xʼwán ² (particle) be sure to; may you | used with hair: –ʼs matted hair; hair: –ʼs tangled hair | “–ʼs imperative and hortative verb modes in the tangle” | √xʼéesʼ-i → √tangle/matted.rel • (JL) postverb, commonly to soften the command or suggestion xʼúkjaa (verbal noun) steam (visible, in the air); mist (rising from a body of standing water); √xʼwásḵ˟ (verb root) numb; no feeling fog (rising from a body of standing water) | “the one that steams” | √xʼúk-ch-aa → √steam. [repeatedly].one(s)-(part.i) x̱ xʼúsʼ (noun) club -x̱ ¹ (relational suffix) at: in prolonged contact at; xʼúxʼ (noun) membrane; paper; book; magazine; at: moving around at; at: repeatedly arriving at newspaper; letter; mail | (JC) xʼúxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) bookstore; post -x̱ ² (suffix) | locative marker denoting the group of office; library | “builing around the book/paper” a verb | most commonly used with the verb N-x̱ | xʼúxʼ + daa-ka-hít-i → membrane + around. sitee, where N is the group that the Object belongs on.house.rel to | Lingítx̱ haa sitee → we are Tlingit • chʼáakʼ naax̱ sitee ax̱ éesh → my father is of the eagle xʼúxʼ daakaxʼúxʼu (compound noun) envelope | moiety “paper around the paper” | xʼúxʼ + daa-ka-xʼúxʼ-u → membrane + around.on.membrane.rel -x̱ ³ (relational suffix) • variants: -dáx̱, -tx̱ • from; out of; since (that time) | contraction from «-dáx̱» xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa (compound noun) tissue | “paper to «-tx̱» is optional when the suffix attaches to one that wipes a nose” | «xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa» can an open noun • contraction to «-x̱» occurs when be used to differentiate a cloth hankerchief and a attaching to «áa» (that place), which creates paper tissue | xʼúxʼ + lu-√g̱óo-n-aa → membrane «aax̱» ( from there) • closed monosyllable Tlingit + nose.√wipe.(progressive).one(s)-(part.i) suffixes are high tone, and open monosyllable

219 x̱ Tlingit to English

suffixes are opposite of the tone of the preceding • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person vowel | (KE, JC) pluralizer (3pl) • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person x̱a- (subject pronoun) i [subject] | first person singular subject (1s.S) • in a verb phrase, the proximal object (3prx.O) subject is the agent in the verb • other subject • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) human object (4h.O) • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject • at | something [object] → fourth person (1s.S) nonhuman object (4n.O) • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (1p.S) (part.O) • i- | you [subject] → second person singular • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) subject (2s.S) • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural reciprocal object (recip.O) subject (2p.S) x̱á (particle) you see • variants: x̱áa • • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) –x̱án (relational base) near –; at house of – (a • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person person); by – pluralizer (3pl) • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person –x̱án.aa (kinship term) spouse: –ʼs spouse; mate: human subject (4h.S) –ʼs mate; partner: –ʼs life partner | “the one • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] near –” | many speakers will interpret use of this → reciprocal subject (recip.S) term as a sign of long term relationship, often marriage | x̱án-aa → next-to.one(s)-(part.i) • x̱alakʼáchʼ (compound noun) porcupine | “sharp (MH, KE) hair” | x̱alakʼáchʼ → x̱aaw-la-√kʼáchʼ (√kʼátsʼ) hair.[classifier].√sharp x̱át (independent pronoun) me | first person singular independent (1s.i) • independent pronouns are x̱aldleit (compound noun) fox: white fox | “white not linked to anything grammatically, and are hair” | x̱aaw-la-√dleit → hair.[classifier].√white most often used in phrases like «yáadu x̱át» x̱altʼoochʼ naag̱asʼéi (compound noun) fox: black (here i am) and «uháan áyá» (it is us) • other fox | “black haired fox” | x̱aaw-la-√tʼoochʼ + independent pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) naag̱asʼéi → hair-[classifier].√black + fox • x̱át | me → first person singular independent (1s.i) x̱at (object pronoun) me [object] | first person singular object (1s.O) • in a verb phrase, the object • uháan | us → first person plural independent is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • (1p.i) the standard in Tlingit is to write all single letter • wa.é | you → second person singular object pronouns as part of the verb prefix and independent (2s.i) all pronouns more than one letter as part of the • yeewháan | you all → second person plural preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open object pronouns independent (2p.i) (ending in a vowel) will cause contraction in • hú | s/he → third person human singular the verb prefix • default form is «x̱at» which independent (3Hs.i) optionally contracts to «x̱aa-» when the first letter • hás | them → third person plural independent that follows is «d-» or «t-» • other object pronouns (3p.i) are listed below | (JC, KE) • á | it → third person nonhuman independent • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object (3N.i) (1s.O) • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal • haa | us [object] → first person plural object independent (3prx.i) (1p.O) • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate • i- | you [object] → second person singular independent (3obv.i) object (2s.O) • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human • yee | you all [object] → second person plural independent (4h.i) object (2p.O) • át | something → fourth person nonhuman • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) independent (4n.i) • aa | one, some → partitive independent

220 Tlingit to English x̱

(part.i) person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) reciprocal independent (recip.i) • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) x̱átʼaa (verbal noun) whip | “the one that is springy” | √x̱átʼ-aa → √springy.one(s)-(part.i) • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive postpositional (part.PP) √x̱aa ¹ (verb root) eat • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional √x̱aa ² paddle; row (rflx.PP) √x̱aa ³ (verb root) war; attack in fleet; attack in pod • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal postpositional (recip.PP) √x̱aach (verb root) tow by boat x̱aanásʼ (noun) raft | (KE) –x̱aagú (body part) claw: –ʼs claw x̱aanásʼ éinaa (compound noun) rack for drying x̱aaheiwú (compound noun) currant: black currant fish | “the one that rises like a raft” | √x̱aanásʼ | “gathered for eating” | √x̱aa-√haa-wú → + √áa-n-aa → √raft + √end-rises.[progressive]. √eat.√gather-(in small parts).[relational] one(s)-(part.i) (body part) nail: –ʼs nail (of finger or toe); –x̱aakw –x̱aaní (relational noun) barbs: –ʼs barbs (of spear); fingernail: –ʼs fingernail; toenail: –ʼs toenail prongs: –ʼs prongs (of spear) | “makes barbs” | –x̱aakw eetí (body part) nail: –ʼs fingernail or √x̱aan-i → √make-barbs.rel • (JL) toenail markings; fingernail: –ʼs fingernail x̱aat ¹ (plant part) root (especially spruce root) markings; toenail: toenail markings | “remains of the nail (of finger or toe)” | x̱aakw + eetí → x̱aat ² (postpositional pronoun) me: (to) me | nail-(finger or toe) + remains/imprint contraction of «ax̱ éet» • see «x̱aan» for more details √x̱aan (verb root) smolder; smoke from smoldering coals x̱aat sʼáaxw (compound noun) hat: woven root hat | “root hat” | x̱aat + sʼáaxw → root-(esp. spruce) x̱aan ⁓ ax̱ ee- (postpositional pronoun) me: (to) + hat me | first person singular postpositional (1s. PP) • used in certain verbs where something is x̱aatlʼ (noun) algae found on rocks; freshwater going towards the object (literally or figuratively) grass | (JL) • a special type of pronoun that combines three √x̱aaw (verb root) hairy things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and (compound noun) window | x̱aa-waaḵ-í relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are x̱aawaag̱í → ?-eye.rel listed below | (JC, KE) • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular x̱aawaag̱í kasʼísayi (compound noun) window postpositional (1s.PP) curtain | “fabric on the window” | x̱aa-waaḵ-í • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural + ka-√sʼís-aa-yi → ?-eye.rel + hsf.√blown-(by postpositional (1p.PP) wind).one(s)-(part.i).rel • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular –x̱aawú (body part) hair: –ʼs hair; fur: –ʼs fur; postpositional (2s.PP) quill: –ʼs quill(s) (of porcupine); fuzz: –ʼs fuzz | • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural default word for hair; thick facial hair (whiskers) postpositional (2p.PP) are –dzaay which appears with an attached body • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person part (ex: –x̱ʼadaadzaayí) human singular postpositional (3s.PP) • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third x̱aay (noun) sweatlodge; steambath; sweatbath person plural postpositional (3p.PP) x̱áa (noun) ⑴ pod (of killer whales); canoes: group • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman of canoes on the water || ⑵ war party; attacking postpositional (3p.PP) force of warriors or soldiers; army • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person (noun) salmon; fish proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) x̱áat • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third x̱áat daakahídi (compound noun) cannery | “building around salmon/fish” | x̱áat + daa-ka-

221 x̱ Tlingit to English

hít-i → fish/salmon + around.on.house.rel conainer” • variants: –x̱ích • x̱áat g̱íjaa (compound noun) fish pitchfork | “the x̱ík (noun) puffin one that throws (pitchfork or stick) at salmon/ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ei • ⑴ pass: for a fish” | x̱áat + √gích-aa → salmon/fish + √throw- √x̱ee ̱ day to pass; pass through night || ⑵ camp; (stick/pitchfork).one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) overnight; stay (compound noun) river: salmon/fish x̱áat héeni √x̱eech ¹ (verb root) throw | classification: river; stream: salmon/fish stream | x̱áat + héen-i singular object → salmon/fish + water/river.rel √x̱eech ² (verb root) club; beat with stick-like x̱áat kʼáax̱ʼi (body part) bloodline inside fish, object along the backbone | x̱áat + kʼáax̱ʼ-i → salmon/ fish + bloodline-(along spine).[relational] –x̱eek (body part) upper arm: –ʼs upper arm x̱áat x̱ʼaka.éesh fish: strung up fish | x̱áat + x̱eel (noun) foam; sea foam; whitecaps x̱ʼa-ka-∅-√.éesh → fish + mouth.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– (verb root) • variants: x̱ein • move through i).√string-beads • (JL) √x̱een space (compound noun) whitefish; fish: baby x̱áat yádi (verb root) • variants: √x̱eit • breed; mate; fish; fish: tiny fish | “fish child” | x̱áat + yát-i → √x̱eet ¹ spawn | classification: animals salmon/fish + child.rel √x̱eet ² (verb root) drizzle rain x̱áatlʼáḵw (compound noun) ulcer: mouth ulcer; soreness of the mouth (as of a baby teething) | a-ka-s-√x̱eet (∅ event verb – impersonal) drizzle √x̱áa-tlʼáḵw → √eat.ulcer/sore rain | for it to drizzle rain | (CV́C Hort/Pot) | (GD, KE) (noun) log (fallen tree) | (KE) x̱áaw • progressive imperfective: yaa akanasx̱ít | x̱áax̱ʼ (noun) dew | (JL) itʼs beginning to drizzle rain • perfective (+): akawsix̱ít | itʼs drizzling rain x̱áay (noun) cedar: yellow cedar; cedar: Alaska cedar • perfective (–): tlél akawusx̱eet | itʼs not drizzling rain √x̱ei (verb root) • variants: √x̱ee • ⑴ pass: for a • future (+): akagux̱sax̱éet | itʼs going to day to pass; pass through night || ⑵ camp; drizzle rain overnight; stay • future (–): tlél akagux̱sax̱eet | itʼs not going √x̱eiḵ (verb root) wakeful; awake to drizzle rain X̱eil Ḵwáan (clan name) Clan: (Eagle/Wolf √x̱eetlʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱éitlʼ • afraid; fearful Moiety) | “People of the Foam”; Origin: x̱éel (noun) granite • variants: x̱éel té • Chickamin River, Wrangell | Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group | x̱eil + ḵwáan → x̱éelʼ ⑴ (body part) thick mucus || ⑵ (noun) fish foam + people-of • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) slime; slime | (KE, JL) (noun) rash | (JL) √x̱ein (verb root) • variants: x̱een • move through x̱éesh space x̱éetʼ (noun) clam: giant clam √x̱eit (verb root) • variants: √x̱eet ¹ • breed; mate; x̱éex̱ (noun) owl: small owl spawn | classification: animals –x̱uká (relational base) surface: on the surface of √x̱eitl (verb root) blessed; lucky – (water or ship) | classification: water, ship | x̱oo-ká → among.on √x̱eitlʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱eetlʼ • afraid; fearful (verbal noun) adze | “the one that chips √x̱eixʼw | classification: plural | singular form: x̱útʼaa √taa ¹ sleep; rest; put to sleep; put to bed (wood) | x̱út-ʼaa → √chip-(wood).one(s)-(part.i) (kinship term) husband: –ʼs husband | –x̱ikshá (body part) shoulder: –ʼs shoulder | “head –x̱úx̱ of the upper arm” | x̱eek-shá → upper-arm.head classification: male kinship term | in Tlingit kinship, this term is used for the male in a –x̱íji (body part) mane: –ʼs mane (esp. the hair on marriage the neck hump of a moose) | “thow things in a –x̱oo (relational base) among –; in the midst of – |

222 Tlingit to English x̱ – x̱ʼ

(KE) | “one that wipes a mouth” | «xʼúxʼ x̱ʼag̱wéinaa» can be used to differentiate a cloth napkin and a x̱ookdahéen (compound noun) homebrew; liquor: homebrew; moonshine | “mixed water” | x̱oo-k- paper napkin | x̱ʼa-√g̱óo-n-aa → mouth.√wipe. da-√héen → mix.[repetitive].[classifier].√water/ (progressive).one(s)-(part.i) water-down (GD) x̱ʼaháat (verbal noun) door | “mouth covering” | x̱ʼa-√háat → mouth.√cover –x̱ooní ⑴ (kinship term) relation: –ʼs relation (same clan or moiety); friend: –ʼs friend (same –x̱ʼahéeni (body part) saliva: –ʼs saliva; spit: –ʼs clan or moiety) | in Tlingit kinship, this term is spit | “mouth water” | x̱ʼa-héen-i → mouth. used for friends who are the same moiety when no water/river.rel closer kinship relationship exists, or a friendship x̱ʼakakéix̱ʼi (verbal noun) chain | “hooks the with someone who does not have a Tlingit clan mouth” | x̱ʼa-ka-√kéix̱ʼ-i → mouth.hsf.√hook/ | (KE) || ⑵ (relational noun) matches: one that gaff.[relational] • (KE) matches –; equivalent: equivalent to –; like: one (compound noun) lipstick | “the one like – x̱ʼakaséḵʼwaa that colors on the mouth” | x̱ʼa-ka-√séḵʼw-aa → √x̱ootʼ ¹ (verb root) drag; pull mouth.hsf.√dye/color.one(s) √x̱ootʼ ² (verb root) adze; chip; chop x̱ʼakaskéin (verbal noun) basket: unfinished basket √x̱oox̱ (verb root) summon; call on; ask for | “becoming unraveled at the mouth” | x̱ʼa-ka-s- √kéi-n → mouth.hsf.[classifier].√unravel/track. x̱óow (noun) bark: slab of bark | used as shingles [progressive] on Tlingit houses | (JL) –x̱ʼakooká (relational base) response: in response to –; reply: reply to –; answer: answering –; x̱ʼ follow: following –ʼs train of speech | “imitating –ʼs speech”; “along the lines of –ʼs speech” | x̱ʼa- –x̱ʼadaa (body part) lips: –ʼs lips; mouth: area kooká → mouth.paralleling/imitating/along- around –ʼs mouth | x̱ʼá-daa → mouth.around the-lines-of • (KE) x̱ʼalatseení ka.óow ádi (compound noun) gift; –x̱ʼadaadzaayí (body part) mustache: –ʼs present | “precious purchased thing” | x̱ʼa-la- mustache; whiskers: –ʼs whiskers | “whiskers √tseen-í + ka-∅-√.óow + át-i → mouth.cl-(–d,l,– around the mouth” | x̱ʼá-daa-dzaay-í → mouth. i).√strong/valuable + round.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√buy + around.whiskers.rel thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (GD) x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ (compound noun) Yupik; Inupiaq; x̱ʼalinóokcháni (adjective) • variants: Inuit | “bones around the mouth” | name comes x̱ʼalinéekwcháni (K) • delicious: it looks from bone labret that is common on either side delicious | x̱ʼa-li-√nóok-chán-i → mouth.cl- of the mouth among certain arctic peoples • this (–d,l,+i).√feel/taste.[?].[relational] • (GD) name is not preferred by many northern peoples, (verbal adjective) funny (of speech); who prefer the name of their tribal affiliation | x̱ʼalishoog̱u comical (of speech); laughable (of speech) x̱ʼa-daa-sʼaaḵ → mouth.around.bones • variants: | verbal adjectives are prenomial, appearing x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ • immediately before the noun that it affects | x̱ʼa- –x̱ʼadéexʼi (compound noun) cork; plug; stopper; li-√shooḵ-u → mouth.cl-(–d,l,+i).√laugh/smile. lid (to jar) | “plugs up the mouth” | x̱ʼá-√déexʼ-i [relational] • (RD) → mouth.√plug.rel x̱ʼalʼdaakeit (compound noun) small covered box x̱ʼagáaxʼ (verbal noun) prayer; plea | x̱ʼa-√gáaxʼ → | “oiled container” | name probably comes from mouth.√pray small boxes used for storing seal & eulachon oil x̱ʼagáaxʼ daakahídi (compound noun) house of | √x̱ʼalʼ-daa-ká-át → √annoint-with-oil.around. prayer; church | “building around prayer” | x̱ʼa- on.thing √gáaxʼ + daa-ka-hít-i → mouth.√pray + around. x̱ʼalʼdaayéeji (compound noun) sandpiper (shore on.house.rel bird) | “flies around the skunk cabbage” | x̱ʼalʼ- daa-√yéech-i → skunk-cabbage.around.fly- x̱ʼag̱wéinaa (compound noun) napkin; paper towel

223 x̱ʼ Tlingit to English

(plural).[relational] Chookaneidí Group | x̱ʼa-xʼaa-hít-taan → mouth. point.house.people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, –x̱ʼanaa (relational base) in –ʼs way; keeping – away; protecting –; shielding –; screening from JC, JL, HJ) –; blocking – | x̱ʼa-niyaa → mouth.facing/ Sheetʼká Ḵwáan shielding/covering • (KE) • X̱ʼaxʼaa Hít | Edge House x̱ʼaséikw (verbal noun) breath; life | x̱ʼa-√sáa-kw → –x̱ʼax̱án (relational base) at hand (for – to eat or mouth.√breathe/rest • (KE) • variants: daséikw • drink) | “near the mouth” | x̱ʼa-x̱án → mouth. near x̱ʼastóox̱ (body part) spit | x̱ʼa-s-√tóox̱ → mouth. [classifier].√spit-out –x̱ʼax̱éedli (compound noun) trim: –ʼs trim, trimming; hem: –ʼs hem | “trimming the (verbal noun) bubble: small bubbles (in x̱ʼasúnjaa opening” | x̱ʼa-√x̱éetl-i → mouth.√trim/hem. water) | “the one that bubbles (tiny bubbles)” [relational] | x̱ʼa-√sún-ch-aa → mouth.√bubble-(with tiny bubbles).[repeatedly].one(s) x̱ʼax̱éetl (verbal noun) edging of hides; hem of clothes | x̱ʼa-∅-√x̱éetl → mouth.cl-(–d,∅,– (body part) tonsils: –ʼs tonsils | –x̱ʼasʼguwéisʼi i).√trimmed/hemmed • (JL) “gland at the stump of the jaw” | x̱ʼásʼ-gu-wéisʼ-i → jaw.stump.gland.[relational] –x̱ʼayáx̱ (relational base) according to –ʼs words, instructions; words: according to –ʼs words; (body part) jaw: –ʼs jawbone; jaw: –x̱ʼasʼtusʼaag̱í instructions: according to –ʼs instructions –ʼs jaws | x̱ʼásʼ-tú-sʼaaḵ-í → jaw.inside.bone. | “correct according –ʼs mouth” | x̱ʼa-yáx̱ → [relational] mouth.correct (relational noun) song: –ʼs song | –x̱ʼasheeyí (compound noun) food container; pot; pan; song belongs to the composer, and is usually x̱ʼayeit dish; bowl: large bowl | “thing below the mouth” | considered property of clan of the owner x̱ʼa-yee-át → mouth.below.thing (verbal noun) boots: knee boots | x̱ʼatux̱.ayéeg̱i (relational base) ready for – to eat ; waiting “pull it up through the opening” | (EN) • x̱ʼa-tóo- –x̱ʼayee for – to eat ; ready for – to drink ; waiting for – x̱ + a-∅-∅-√yéeḵ-i • related verb: a-S-∅ + d-√yeeḵ to drink; waiting for – to speak; waiting for – to – for S to put on, pull on O (shoes, trousers) → finish speaking | “below the mouth of –” | x̱ʼa-yee [mouth/opening.inside.along + her/him/it.- → mouth.below (3.O).s/he-(3.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√pull-up.rel] (relational base) scraps: –ʼs food scraps; (body part) cold sore | “rotten mouth” | –x̱ʼa.eetí x̱ʼatlʼooḵ food: –ʼs left-over food scraps; crumbs of food x̱ʼa-√tlʼooḵ → mouth.√rotten/smelly left or scattered where – ate; crumbs of food x̱ʼawool (compound noun) doorway | “mouth of the scattered where – ate | “remains of –ʼs mouth” | hole” | x̱ʼa-wool → mouth.hole x̱ʼa-eetí → mouth.remains/imprint x̱ʼawool kayáashi (compound noun) porch; patio | –x̱ʼásʼ (body part) jaw: –ʼs lower jaw; mandible: –ʼs “door platform” | x̱ʼa-wool + ka-yáash-i → mouth. mandible hole + hsf.platform.[relational] √x̱ʼátʼ ˟ (verb root) unripe (verbal noun) question | x̱ʼa-∅-√wóosʼ → x̱ʼawóosʼ (land part) canyon; ravine; gorge | (JL) mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√ask • (JL) x̱ʼaak (compound noun) maple: dwarf maple | (verbal noun) pipe; cigar | “the one x̱ʼaalx̱ʼéi x̱ʼaxékʼwaa “mouth crunching loudly on food” | √x̱ʼaal-x̱ʼéi → that inhales smoke through the mouth” | x̱ʼa-∅- √crunch-(loudly on food).mouth √xékʼw-aa → mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√sip-(with air to cool off)/inhale-smoke.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) √x̱ʼaalʼ (verb root) ⑴ wither (of leaves) || ⑵ cook | cook by blanching x̱ʼaxélʼk (verbal noun) slobber; drooling | x̱ʼa-∅- √xélʼ-k → mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√drool-(a lot). x̱ʼaan ⑴ (noun) fire || ⑵ (color) red [repetitive] • (JL) x̱ʼaan daa.éexʼi (compound noun) alarm: fire alarm X̱ʼaxʼaahíttaan (clan name) Clan: Brown Bear | “yells about the fire” | x̱ʼaan + daa-∅-√.éexʼ-i → (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of the Edge House” fire/red + around/about.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√call-out/ | Teiḵweidí Migration, Xakwnoowkeidí Branch • holler • (FS)

224 Tlingit to English x̱ʼ x̱ʼaan gook (compound noun) fireside; fire: by the x̱ʼíxʼ (noun) eggs (of eels, etc.) fire; fire: facing the fire | x̱ʼaan + gook → fire + (verb root) slippery; slip near-(fire) √x̱ʼeelʼ √x̱ʼeexʼ (verb root) squeeze through narrow space; x̱ʼaan káx̱ túlaa (compound noun) fire drill: hand stuck in narrow space drill used to start fires by friction; drill: hand drill used to start fires by friction | “the one that √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ • burn; scald | drills on the fire” | x̱ʼaan + ká-x̱ + √túl-aa → fire + classification: skin or flesh on.at-(repeatedly/along) + √drill.one(s)-(part.i) x̱ʼéen (noun) wall screen; wall crest –x̱ʼáak (relational base) between – | when followed –x̱ʼéeshi (relational noun) fish: –ʼs dried, thinly cut by the -t postposition (which is required by (fish) flesh; strips: thin strips of – (fish) positional verbs), the final -k optionally falls out, (noun) wedge; shim as in one as in: «has du léelkʼw du x̱ʼáat .áa» s/he x̱ʼéexʼw is seated between her/his grandparents | (KE) x̱ʼéexʼwálʼ (compound noun) safety pin | “needle that wedges apart” | → √x̱ʼéexʼw-álʼ √wedge- (noun) salmon: sockeye salmon that has x̱ʼáakw apart.needle? entered fresh water; salmon: coho salmon that has entered fresh water –x̱ʼulʼdaa (body part) abdomen: –ʼs abdomen | x̱ʼoolʼ-daa → belly.around • (JL) x̱ʼáalʼ (noun) skunk cabbage (body part) toe: –ʼs big toe; foot: –ʼs big (noun) cod: ling cod –x̱ʼusgoosh x̱ʼáaxʼw toe | “foot thumb” | x̱ʼus-goosh → foot.thumb/ –x̱ʼé (body part) ⑴ (body part) mouth: –ʼs mouth || dorsal-fin ⑵ (relational base) opening: –ʼs opening x̱ʼuskeit (compound noun) leggings for dancing; x̱ʼeintʼáaxʼaa (compound noun) labret; lip plug | dance leggings; leggings for climbing | “thing on “one that bites the mouth” | x̱ʼei-na-√tʼáaxʼ-aa → the legs” | x̱ʼus-ká-át → foot/leg.on.thing mouth.na-conj.√bite.one(s) –x̱ʼustáak (body part) (body part) sole of –ʼs feet; –x̱ʼeis (relational base) for – to eat or drink | “for –ʼs feet: sole of –ʼs feet | x̱ʼus-táak → foot.bottom- mouth” | x̱ʼé-yís → mouth.for-(benefit) (of container) x̱ʼeisʼawáa (borrowed noun) ptarmigan: willow –x̱ʼustlʼeiḵ (body part) foot: –ʼs toe; toe: –ʼs toe | ptarmigan; pigeon | possibly from a neighboring “foot finger” | x̱ʼus-tlʼeiḵ → foot.finger • variants: Na-Dene Northern Athabascan language –x̱ʼustlʼeeḵ • x̱ʼeitakw kudasáa téel (compound noun) shoes: –x̱ʼusyee (relational base) under –ʼs feet; at the foot high heel shoes | “narrow heeled shoes” of – | x̱ʼus-yee → foot/leg.under • (KE) | x̱ʼeitakw + ka-u-da-√sáa + téel → heel + (relational noun) footprint: –ʼs footprint; [comparitive].irr.cl-(+d,∅,–i).√narrow + shoe(s) –x̱ʼus.eetí tracks: –ʼs tracks | “remains of –ʼs foot” | x̱ʼus-eetí • (KE) → foot/leg.remains/imprint (body part) heel: –ʼs heel; foot: –ʼs heel | –x̱ʼeitákw (relational noun) flesh: –ʼs flesh (of fish) x̱ʼei-tákw → mouth.? –x̱ʼúx̱u (clan name) Clan: (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) (verb root) • variants: √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ • burn; scald | X̱ʼookʼeidí √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ | “People of Leader Bay”; Origin: near Wrangell classification: skin or flesh | Killer Whale Migration • Naanya.aayí Group knife with fold-in blade x̱ʼéi shadagutx̱i lítaa | X̱ʼookʼ-át-í → xʼookʼ.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • | “gets up quickly knife” | x̱ʼéi + sha-da-√gut-x̱-i (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) + √lít-aa → mouth + head.[classifier].√walk/ go.[repetitive].[relational] + √slide.one(s) Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan • Shdeen Hít | Steel House –x̱ʼéig̱aa (relational noun) pleasing to –ʼs palate; • Aandaa Óonaa Hít | Cannon House tastes good to –; satisying –ʼs request or words (noun) wood: soft brown wood for tanning | x̱ʼé-g̱aa → mouth/opening.pleasant/sufficient x̱ʼoon • (JL) dye (body part) foot: –ʼs foot; leg: –ʼs leg | seems x̱ʼéishxʼw ⑴ (noun) Stellarʼs jay; bluejay; jay: –x̱ʼoos to most commonly refer to the foot, but can refer Stellarʼs jay, bluejay || ⑵ (color) blue: dark blue

225 x̱ʼ – y Tlingit to English

to the leg in general as well • progressive imperfective (+) | s/he is in the –x̱ʼóolʼ belly: –ʼs belly; belly: –ʼs paunch; abdomen: process of doing it –ʼs abdomen • perfective (–) | s/he didnʼt do it • imperative | do it! (noun) seal: fur seal x̱ʼóon • perfective habitual (+) | s/he does it (every time) x̱ʼw • perfective habitual (–) | s/he hasnʼt done it yet • future (+) | s/he will do it; it will happen x̱ʼwaash (noun) lady slipper; chiton: lady slipper • future (–) | s/he wonʼt do it; s/he is not going to | (JL) do it; it wonʼt happen • hortative | let her/him do it; let us do it (noun) down (feathers); feather: down x̱ʼwáalʼ • repetitive imperfective | s/he does it feathers | eagle down is a symbol for peace and (regularly) used in dances and other ceremonies • potential decessive | s/he would have done it x̱ʼwáatʼ (noun) trout: Dolly Varden trout • conditional | if/when s/he does it x̱ʼwéinaa (verbal noun) roasting: forked roasting +i verb modes stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; • state imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he the end is then bound); stick: forked roasting does it stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; • perfective (+) | s/he did it the end is then bound) | “the one that roasts • potential (+) | s/he might do it by skewering” | √x̱ʼoo-n-aa → √roast-(by • potential (–) | s/he might not do it skewering).prog.one(s)-(part.i) • potential attributive | no way s/he can do it ∅ group • ∅- | (–d,∅,–i) y • ÿa- | (–d,∅,+i) • da- | (+d,∅,–i) ÿa- (classifier) | ∅ group classifier; (–d,∅,+i) | Tlingit classifiers combine with verb roots and • di- | (+d,∅,+i) optional thematic prefixes to form a verb • the s group verb root contains meaning, and the classifier • sa- | (–d,∅,–i) communicates what the verb does • classifiers • si- | (–d,∅,+i) change group and become a different verb when • s- | (+d,∅,–i) the activity the verb describes changes, and • dzi- | (+d,∅,+i) examples would be «ayatéen (∅, “seeing”) and l group «altín» (l, “watching”) which have the same root • la- | (–d,∅,–i) but a different classifier • a Tlingit classifier is • li- | (–d,∅,+i) –i for incomplete activity and +i for complete • l- | (+d,∅,–i) activity • a Tlingit classifier is –d by default • dli- | (+d,∅,+i) and +d for middle voice (subject is also object, which includes reflexive and reciprocal forms), sh group • sha- | (–d,∅,–i) antipassives that remove the embedded object • shi- | (–d,∅,+i) pronoun, and fourth person human («4H») • sh- | (+d,∅,–i) subjects for l, s, & sh classifiers • it helps to think • ji- | (+d,∅,+i) of default form as –d & –i, and the classifier changes from there to move into certain modes yadakʼwátskʼu (compound noun) boy | the • ∅ group is the default group, and then s group, basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are and then l group, and then the rare sh group «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), «yadakʼwátskʼu» (boy), «yadákʼw» (adolescent male) «yées ḵáa» (young –i verb modes man), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «ḵáa sháan» • act imperfective (+) | s/he is doing it; s/he does (old man) | yadakʼw-kʼátskʼu → young-man. it adolescent/small • yadákʼw-kʼátskʼu → young- • imperfective (–) | s/he is not doing it; s/he does man.adolescent not do it

226 Tlingit to English y

–yadákʼu (kinship term) boyfriend: –ʼs boyfriend “the fruit of education.” • one of four ways to refer | “–ʼs young man” | (KE) to the spirit of something in tlingit. «–toowú» is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/intentions/feelings of a (noun) young man (not married) | the yadákʼw person; «-yéik» is a spirit that returns after death basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are to assist an íx̱tʼ and can be human or non-human; «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), «yadakʼwátskʼu» (boy), «–yakgwahéiyagu» is the living spirit inside «yadákʼw» (adolescent male) «yées ḵáa» (young ̱ ̱ of all things (human, nonhuman, inanimate) man), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «ḵáa sháan» that senses and feels the world around them; «– (old man) | (KE) ḵwáani» is a ceremonial address used to speak –yadaadzaayí (body part) beard: –ʼs beard; to the spirits of non-humans and to talk to them whiskers: –ʼs whiskers | “whiskers around the as humans • the ending «-ag̱u» seems to have face” | yá-daa-dzaay-í → face.around.whiskers. changed to «-ag̱u» for most speakers | ya-ga-u- rel g̱a-∅-√háa-.áḵw → vsf.ga-conj.irr.g̱a-mode.cl- yadígaa rudder | “the one that steers a boat” | (–d,∅,–i).√move-(imperceptibly).dwindle-away ya-∅-√dík-aa → vsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√steer.one-(s)- • chʼas ldakát át a yakg̱wahéiyagu ḵudzitee → in (part.i) • (JL) everything a spirit exists (CG) • (KE, JC) yadujeeyí (verbal noun) punishment; discipline; yakyee (noun) day; afternoon | (KE) • variants: chastising; disciplinary lecture | ya-du-∅-√jee- yagiyee, yagee (T) • yí → vsf.someone-(4h.S).cl-(–d,∅,–i).√punish. yakw daa.ideidí (compound noun) boat: shell of [relational] a boat | “thing beneath the joints of the canoe/ yagiyee (noun) day; afternoon | (KE) • variants: boat” | yaakw + daa-it-yee.át-í → canoe/boat + yagee (T), yakyee • around.joint(s).under.thing.[relational] • (KE) yagúnlʼ (compound noun) growth on the face; face: yakwkasheeyée (compound noun) song: paddling growth on the face | “face burl” | yá-gúnlʼ → song, canoe song; canoe song; paddling song | face.burl • (KE) “song on the canoe” | (SH) • yaakw + –ka + shí-yí → [canoe/boat + hsf.song.rel] yagootl (compound noun) deer: young deer | yá- gootl → face.bump • (KE) yakwteiyí (compound noun) tricks; sleight of hand; juggling | “canoe rock” | yaakw-té-yí → canoe/ –yahaayí (relational noun) soul: –ʼs soul (of departed person); shadow: –ʼs shadow; boat.rock.[relational] [?] • (KE) image: –ʼs image; photo: –ʼs photo | “–ʼs yakwtlénxʼ (compound noun) ships: cruise ships; moving imperceptably” | ya-√haa-yí → cl- ships: large ships; ships: ferries; ferries (ships) (–d,∅,+i).√move-(imperceptably).[relational] | “large boats” | yaakw-tlein-xʼ → canoe/boat. • (KE) large.[plural] • (KE) yakasg̱áat (verbal noun) star: falling star | “falls yakwtlein (compound noun) ship: cruise ship; ship: scattered” | ya-ka-s-√g̱áat → vsf.hsf.cl-(+d,s,– large ship; ship: ferry; ferry (ship) | “large boat” | i).√fall-scattered • (JL) yaakw-tlein → canoe/boat.large yaka.óotʼ button | “sucker (as in from octopus)” yakwyádi (compound noun) boat: skiff; boat: small | ya-ka-∅-√.óotʼ → vsf.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√suction- boat; canoe: flat-bottom canoe | “canoe child”; (adhere by) • (KE) • variants: yooka.óotʼ, ḵaayuka. “boat child” | yaakw-yát-i → canoe/boat.child. óotʼi, ḵaayaka.óotʼi • [relational] • (KE) –yaká (relational noun) front: out in front of –; yaḵá (verbal noun) speech; saying | (JL) facing: (out) facing –; opposite of – | (JL) –yaḵáawu (kinship term) partner: –ʼs partner; –yakg̱wahéiyag̱u (compound noun) • variants: trade: –ʼs trading partner | (KE) –yakg̱wahéiyagu • spirit: –ʼs spirit | “– will move towards dwindling to nothing” | this is yalináaḵwchʼán (adjective) bait: good for bait | a sacred word in Tlingit and often refers to the ya-li-√náaḵw-chʼán → vsf.cl-(–d,l,+i).√octopus/ ability of everything to comprehend language bait.[adjective] • (JL) and intentions. this concept forms the basis of yalooleit (compound noun) cockle | ya-lool-yee-át respect, which David Katzeek has referred to as → vsf.fireweed?.below.thing • (KE)

227 y Tlingit to English

–yana.áatʼani (T) lid: –ʼs lid (of pot, etc.); cover: – the top of the head) | “dented face” | ya-√tʼákw ʼs cover (of pot, etc.) | with so many variations, this → face-√dented • (KE) may be a borrowed word. the most common verb yatʼaayi héen (compound noun) hot water; for cover is «√taan ²», but the potential root in the coffee | “hot water” | ya-√tʼaa-yi + héen → cl- compound noun appears to be «√.áatʼ ²» which is (–d,∅,+i).√hot.[relational] + water/river • (KE) undocumented. «naa» is ofted used for a covering or draping • variants: –yanáatʼayi (T), –yana.áatʼi –yatʼéik (relational base) behind –ʼs back; back: (T), –naax̱ʼáatʼeni (C), a náatʼeni (C), –yanaa. where – canʼt see | “behind the face” | ya-tʼéik → áatʼáni, –yana.áaktʼáni • face.behind • (KE) –yanáa (relational base) over – (a container or –yatʼéináx̱ (relational base) secret: in secret something with an opening); covering – (a (where nobody can see); away from peopleʼs container or something with an opening) | view | “along the back of the face” | ya-tʼéi-náx̱ → classification: container with opening | (KE) face.behind.through/along • (KE) yaneisʼí (T) (compound noun) cream: face cream; yawéinaa (verbal noun) powder: face powder | cream: cold cream | “face rub” | yá-neisʼí → face. ya-∅-√wéinaa → vsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√powder-face rub/ointment • (KE) yanshuká (compound noun) campsite; camp: out yax̱ at g̱akú (verbal noun) proverb; saying | in camp; bush: the bush; wilderness | “on the “known when it is over” | yax̱ + at + g̱a-∅-√kú → end of the land” | yán-shú-ká → land/shore.end. [completion] + something-(4n.O). + [g̱a-modal]. on • (KE) cl-(–d,∅,–i).√know • (JC) yanwáat (compound noun) adult; elder | “fully yax̱ at g̱wakú (compound noun) saying; proverb; grown” | for some speakers, «yanwáat» is event that is so common it has become a saying an elder, and for others it is an adult and or proverb | “let something be completely known” «at wuskóowu» is an elder | yan-√wáat → | yax̱ + at + ∅-g̱a-ÿa-√kú → shore/completion + completion/shore.√grow-(up) • (KE) something + ∅-cp.g̱a-mode.cl-(–d,∅-–i).√know • (KE) yanxoon (verbal noun) driftwood: pile of driftwood; drift logs; snag pile | “showing faces” | yax̱akʼáaw (compound noun) crosspiece: ya-na-√xoon → vsf.na-conj.√reveal-face crosspiece of a boat or snowshoe; thwart of a boat | (KE) • variants: –yax̱akʼáawu • Yanyeidí (clan name) Clan: Wolf (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) | “People of Hemlock House”; “People of Yax̱tehíttaan (clan name) Clan: Dog Salmon the Mainland” | Yanyeidí Migration • Primary (Raven/Crow Moiety) | “People of the Big Dipper Crest: Wolf • Secondary Crests: Killerwhale, House”; Origin: Auke Bay | Lʼeeneidí Mirgration Brown Bear, Mudshark, Octopus, Hawk, Wasʼasʼei • Primary Crest: Dog Salmon • Secondary Crests: (Dorothy Peak) | yán-yee-át-í → hemlock.below. Raven, Gull, Big Dipper, Mountain Goat, Lady of thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, the Lake | yax̱té-hít-taan → big-dipper.house. HJ) people-(of house) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ) Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan Áakʼw Ḵwáan • Yax̱té Hít | Big Dipper House Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan • Chʼaalʼ Hít | Willow House Yax̱té (noun) Big Dipper; Ursa Major | used as a crest of the Yax̱tehíttaan | (KE) Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan (plant part) bark: inside surface of bark Áatlein Ḵwáan –yayeidí • Yayuwaa Hít | Between Them House | “thing below the face of –” | yá-yee-át-i → vsf. below.thing-(4n.i).[relational] • (JL) Deisleen Ḵwáan yayéinaa (verbal noun) whetstone | “the one yatáakw (verbal noun) thief; kleptomaniac | ya- that lowers it” | ya-√yáa³-n-aa → cl-(–d,∅- √táaw-kw → cl-(–d,∅,+i).√steal.[repetitive] • +i).√lower/spread-out.[progressive].one(s)- (JL) (part.i) (body part) temple: –ʼs temple; face: –yatʼákw –yayík (relational noun) sound of – (something upper side of –ʼs face (from the cheekbones to

228 Tlingit to English y

whose identity is unknown); noise of – (puppy), etc. | yát-i → child.[possessed] • (KE) (something whose identity is unknown) | ya-yík || ⑵ (adjective) small; little; childlike | a very → face.sound • (KE) small version of a noun • postnominal adjective: appears immediately after the noun it modifies –yayís (relational noun) getting ready for –; anticipation: in anticipation of – | ya-yís → | (JC) face.for-(benefit) • (KE) yán ¹ ⑴ (noun) shore || ⑵ (independent base) shoreward; landward | for motion verbs, –ya.áak (relational noun) room: –ʼs room; space: –ʼs space; place for –; time for –; opportunity creates a ∅-conjugation motion verb (towards for – | «eetí ká» is commonly used for a room, as a terminus) || ⑶ (preverb) complete: to in classroom or bedroom. «ya.áak» is interpreted completion more as “make room for” or “reserve room for” | yán ² (noun) hemlock ya-√.áak → cl-(–d,∅,–i).√make-room • (KE) –yán (kinship term) | pluralizes diminutive kinship ya.áaw (verbal noun) strap for carrying or fastening terms | the term «–hás» comes after most kinship to body; string for carrying or fastening to body | terms to pluralize them • a few kinship terms use ya-∅-√.áaw → vsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√strap • (JL) the dimunitive plural «–yán», such as «–káani yán» (–ʼs in-laws), «–dachx̱ánxʼi yán» (–ʼs yá (determiner) right here; time: right now or recently | in the immediate space of the speaker grandchildren) • the kinship term «–yádi» (child) • common suffix combinations are listed below. tends to not take on a pluralizing term, but take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and instead is «–yátxʼi» (children) vowel length yánde át (compound noun) west wind; wind • yáadáx̱ / yáatx̱ [yá+-dáx̱] | from right here blowing ashore | “shoreward thing” | yán-de + át • yáade [yá+-dé] | towards right here → shore/land.towards + thing • (KE) • yáanáx̱ [yá+-náx̱] | through right here (verb root) play active games • yáat [yá+-t] | arriving right here; at this place √yát right here –yátxʼi (kinship term) children: –ʼs children | the • yáadu [yá+-t+-wu] | right here; located at this term for children in Tlingit can apply to any place right here noun and is not species specific. «dóosh yátxʼi» • yáaxʼ [yá+-xʼ] | residing right here; at this place (kittens), «keitl yátxʼi» (puppies), etc. | yát-xʼ-i → right here child.[plural].[possessed] • (KE) • yáax̱ [yá+-x̱] | moving along right here; –yátxʼu ée (interjection) poor baby! | a sincere repeatedly right here exlamation of empathy: used when a child hurts –yá (relational base) face: –ʼs face; vertical: –ʼs herself/himself, or when a child is upset | (KE) vertical surface | commonly written as “vsf” in yáxwchʼ (noun) otter: sea otter | (KE) • variants: Tlingit glossing. • common suffix combinations yúxchʼ (Y) • are listed below. take note of the ways that suffixes (compound noun) kelp: long affect tone and vowel length yáxwchʼi daaw ribbon kelp | ribbon kelp that has grown long • –yaadáx̱ / –yaax̱ [yá+-dáx̱] | from the face of – enough to reach the waterʼs surface and starts • –yaadé [yá+-dé] | towards the face of – to grow along the surface. name comes from sea • –yaanáx̱ / –yanax̱ [yá+-náx̱] | through the face otterʼs wrapping their babies in the kelp as they of – go hunting so the babies do not float away. | (RL) • –yát [yá+-t] | arriving at the face of –; on the face of – yáxwchʼi yaakw (compound noun) canoe: small • –yáwu [yá+-wu] | located on the face of – canoe with high carved prow | “sea otter canoe” | • –yáxʼ / –yáa [yá+-xʼ] | residing on the face of –; (KE) located on the face of – –yáx̱ ⑴ (relational base) like ² –; in accordance with • –yáx̱ [yá+-x̱] | moving along on the face of –; –; as much as – || ⑵ (relational noun) correct: repeatedly on the face of – for – to be correct; appropriate: for – to be appropriate –yádi (kinship term) ⑴ child: –ʼs child | the term for child in Tlingit can apply to any noun and is not yaa (noun) trout: sea trout species specific. «dóosh yádi» (kitten), «keitl yádi» √yaa ¹ (verb root) move uncertainly; disappear

229 y Tlingit to English

√yaa ² (verb root) pack on back; carry on back Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan (region name) Yakutat: People of the Yakutat Area | “People of the Rebounded (verb root) lower √yaa ³ Canoe”; “People of the Mouth of Body of Salt √yaa ⁴ (verb root) spread out Water” | Included Communities: Yakutat, Icy Bay, √yaa ⁵ (verb root) resemble Big River to Harlequin Lake • both names seems to come from Eyak, although local interpretations (verbal noun) student; learner yaa at naskwéini have been created using yaakw (canoe/boa) | “beginning to know” | yaa + at + na-sa-kóo- | Eyak: diyaʼqudaʼt → Mouth of the Body of n-i → along + something-(ind.N) + na-conj. Saltwater • łaʼx̣aʼ + yík → Eyak: glacier + in- [classifier].√know.[progressive].[relational] (shallow container) • (TT, AH, NR, JC, JL, HJ, JM, yaa ḵudzigéiyi tsʼatsʼée (compound noun) FW) • variants: Laax̱aayík Ḵwáan • pigeon | “the intelligent songbird” | yaa + ḵu- Wolf/Eagle Clans dzi-√géi-yi + tsʼatsʼée → along-(preverb) + areal. • G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan | People of the Burnt [classifier].√intelligent/understand.[relational] House at Kaliakh River + songbird • Teiḵweidí | People of Payne Island yaadachóon ⑴ (independent base) straight ahead; • Dag̱istinaa, Shangukeidí | Upper Channel directly ahead || ⑵ (particle) vocable | used Clan, People of Shankw when song calling to signal the vocables of the • Lḵuweidi | People of the Flood song Raven/Crow Clans yaadachóon– (adjective) straight; directly; • Lʼuknax̱.ádi | People of Coho Community Bay plainly; honestly | prenomial adjective: appears • Kwáashkʼiḵwaan, Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan | Humpy immediately before the noun that it affects Creek People, Knik Arm People yaak (noun) mussel yaan (noun) hunger yaakw (noun) canoe; boat | for inland speakers, yaana.eit (compound noun) wild celery; cow «dúḵ» is used for canoe and «yaakw» for boat • parsnip | “thing that is situating there” | yaa-na-∅-√. variants: dúḵ (T) • aa-át → along.na-conj.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√situated.thing • (KE) yaakw x̱ukahídi (compound noun) cabin of boat; house: pilot house; boat: cabin or pilot house on –yaanaayí (relational noun) enemy: –ʼs enemy; boat | “house on the surface of the canoe/boat” adversary: –ʼs adversary | √yaa-naa-yí → | yaakw + x̱oo-ka-hít-i → canoe/boat + among. √move-imperceptibly.nation/group.[relational] on.house.[relational] yaash ká (compound noun) smokehouse shelf | yaakw x̱uká (compound noun) deck of a boat; boat: √yaash + ká → √build-platform + on • (KE) deck of a boat | “on the surface of the boat” | √yaatʼ (verb root) long yaakw + x̱oo-ká → canoe/boat + among.on yaaw (noun) herring | (KE) yaakw yasatáni (compound noun) captain of a canoe/boat | “steers the canoe/boat” –yaax̱ (relational base) edge: along the edge of | | yaakw + ya-sa-√tán-i → canoe/boat + vsf. (JC) [classifier].√steer-(boat).[relational] –yaayí (relational noun) one of – (a pair) | (KE) yaakw yiksʼísayi (compound noun) sail | “the yaa.aanuné (compound noun) duck: oldsquaw one in the canoe/boat blown around” | yaakw duck | “happened on the land” | yaa-aan-ÿu-∅- + yik-√sʼís-aa-yi → canoe/boat + in-(shallow √né → along.land-(inhabited).pfv.cl-(–d,∅,– container).√blown.one(s).[relational] i).√do/happen [?] yaakw yík (compound noun) in the canoe/boat; yáa at wooné (verbal noun) respect | yáa + at boat: in the canoe/boat | yaakw + yík → canoe/ + wu-∅-√né → along + something-(ind.N) + boat + inside-(shallow container) [perfective].[classifier].√respect yaakw yík washéen (compound noun) motor: yáanadi (compound noun) thing that is packed | outboard motor; motor: boat motor | “machine √yáa-n-át-i → √pack-(on back).[progressive]. in the boat” | yaakw + yík + washéen → canoe/ thing.[relational] boat + in-(shallow container) + machine • (JL)

230 Tlingit to English y

–yáanáx̱ (relational base) beyond –; more than –; thus + hand.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on • (KE) too much of –; excessively – | (KE) yéi jinéiyi (verbal noun) worker | yéi + ji-∅-√néi- yáanaa (compound noun) backpack; pack sack yi → thus + hand.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√do/work-on. | “the one that packs (on back)” | √yáa-n-aa → [relational] • (KE) √pack-(on back).[progressive].one-(s)-(part.i) yéi kwdiyáatlʼi tuḵʼatáal (compound noun) pants: yáay (noun) whale | (KE) short pants, capri pants; shorts | “short enough to show pants” | yéi + ka-ÿu-di-√yáatlʼ + tuḵʼatáal (compound noun) baleen; whalebone yáay x̱ʼaxéni → thus + hsf.pfv.cl-(+d,∅,+i).√short + pants • | “whale mouth plastic” | the word for plastic (FS) likely comes from the word for baleen | yáay + x̱ʼa-xén-i → whale + mouth.plastic.[relational] yéik (noun) spirit: spirit helper of an íx̱tʼ | one of • (KE) four ways to refer to the spirit of something in tlingit. «–toowú» is the spirit/thoughts/hopes/ (postverb) place | used at the end of a verb— yé ⑴ intentions/feelings of a person; «-yéik» is a spirit often with a peg vowel suffix attached at the that returns after death to assist an íx̱tʼ and can end of the verb—to create: “the place where the be human or non-human; «–yakgwahéiyagu» verb occurred” | át woogoodi yé → the place ̱ ̱ is the living spirit inside of all things (human, where s/he walked around • Wudzidugu yé → ̱ nonhuman, inanimate) that senses and feels the the cottonwooded place (Geikie Inlet) (TT) || world around them; «–ḵwáani» is a ceremonial way | used in combination with the preverb ⑵ address used to speak to the spirits of non- «aadé»—often with a peg vowel suffix attached humans and to talk to them as humans at the end of the verb—to create: “the way the verb occurred” | aadé át woogoodi yé → the yéil (noun) ⑴ raven || ⑵ Raven, the trickster | way that s/he walked around • aadé haa ée at when telling stories about the trickster Raven, dultoowu yé → the way we were taught (CG) the word is capitalized when writing in Tlingit. at times the trickster Raven will be referred to as (verb root) hold more √yék˟ «yá Yéil» (this Raven) or «yú Yéil» (that Raven yélaa (verbal noun) ⑴ imitation; counterfit | “the over there), but otherwise the use of the word is one that ravens” || ⑵ mask: Halloween mask | identical √yél-aa → √raven.one(s)-(part.i) • (JL) yéil kawóodi (compound noun) coral: petrified yétsʼ shál (compound noun) spoon: black horn coral | “Ravenʼs beads” | yéil + kawóot-i → raven spoon | (KE) + bead(s).[possessive] • (KE) –yeidí (relational noun) price of –; value of –; yéil koox̱étlʼaa (compound noun) scarecrow | “the money from the sale of – one(s) that scare raven(s)” | yéil + ka-ÿu-ÿa- √yeiḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ¹ • pull; draw √x̱étlʼ-aa → raven + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,+i).√afraid. one(s) • (KE) (verb root) • variants: √yeeḵ ² • mark with a √yeiḵ ² (compound noun) Raven story | yéil line; draw a line Yéil ḵutlaagú + ḵu-tlaagú → raven + areal.myth/legend • variants: √yeil (verb root) pretend; lie; cheat; deceive Yéil ḵutlaakw • √yeilʼ (verb root) calm; peaceful yéil sʼáaxu (compound noun) limpet | “ravenʼs hat” yeis (noun) fall; autumn | (KE) | yéil + sʼáaxw-u → raven + hat.[relational] • (KE) • variants: yéil tsʼáaxu • √yeisʼ (verb root) bruised; discolored yéilʼ (noun) elderberry | (KE) –yeit (relational noun) receptacle to do something in; container to put under –; something to put yéin (noun) sea cucumber | (KE) under – | “below thing” | yee.át → below.thing- –yéisʼ (adjective) dark; dusky; discolored; (4n.i) • (JL) immature | postnominal adjective: appears √yeix̱ (verb root) make; use immediately after the noun it modifies | (JC) yéi (adverb) thus; specifically • variants: yóo • yéix̱ (noun) trap: deadfall trap for large animals | (KE) yéi jiné (verbal noun) work; job | yéi + ji-∅-√né → yi- (subject pronoun) you all [subject] | second

231 y Tlingit to English

person plural subject (2p.S) • in a verb phrase, –yís (relational base) for –; for: to the end of –; the subject is the agent in the verb • other subject giving to – | (KE) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) ¹ (possessive pronoun) you allʼs | second • x̱a- | i [subject] → first person singular subject yee person plural possessive (2p.P) • used to show (1s.S) a relationship between things, including • tu- | we [subject] → first person plural subject ownership («haa aaní» – “our land”), kinship (1p.S) term origination («du éesh» – “her/his father”), • i- | you [subject] → second person singular the link to a relational base («ax̱ x̱áni» – “next subject (2s.S) to me”), and conjugation of certain verbs («du • yi- | you all [subject] → second person plural toowú sigóo» – “s/he is happy”) • other possessive subject (2p.S) pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) • ∅- | s/he [subject] → third person subject (3.S) • ax̱ | my → first person singular possessive • has + ∅- | they [subject] → third person (1s.P) pluralizer (3pl) • haa | our → first person plural possessive • du- | someone [subject] → fourth person (1p.P) human subject (4h.S) • i | your → second person singular possessive • woosh, wooch | each other, together [subject] (2s.P) → reciprocal subject (recip.S) • yee | you allʼs → second person plural –yik.ádi (body part) organs: –ʼs internal organs; possessive (2p.P) viscera; guts: –ʼs guts | “–ʼs inner things” | yík- • du | her/his → third person human singular át-i → in-(shallow container).thing.[relational] possessive (3Hs.P) • (KE) • has du ⁓ s du | their → third person plural possessive (3p.P) –yinaa (relational base) • variants: –niyaa • ⑴ • a | its → third person nonhuman possessive direction of –; facing – || ⑵ in –ʼs way; keeping – away; protecting from –; shielding from –; (3N.P) screening from –; blocking – | from «nÿaa» • ash | this galʼs/guyʼs → third person proximal which transforms to «niyaa» or «yinaa» in possessive (3prx.P) modern Tlingit • in compound nouns, will often • a | that other galʼs/guyʼs → third person contract to «-nyaa» or «naa» | (JC, KE) obviate possessive (3obv.P) • ḵaa | someoneʼs → fourth person human –yinaadé (relational noun) • variants: –niyaadé possessive (4h.P) • toward the direction of –; toward the general • at | somethingʼs → fourth person nonhuman area of – | «yinaa» is from «nÿaa» which possessive (4n.P) transforms to «niyaa» or «yinaa» in modern • aa | oneʼs, someʼs → partitive possessive Tlingit (part.P) yinaaháat (compound noun) armor: body armor; • chush ⁓ sh- | -selfʼs → reflexive possessive breastplate | “cover of the side down below” | (rflx.P) yinaa-√háat → side-down-below.√cover • (KE) • woosh, wooch | each otherʼs → reciprocal possessive (recip.P) –yinaanáx̱ (kinship term) family line: –ʼs family line of descent; descent: –ʼs line of descent | in yee ² (object pronoun) you all [object] | second Tlingit kinship, this term is used to distinguish person plural object (2p.O) • in a verb phrase, between clan lines of descent | (KE) the object is impacted by the verb, and is not the subject • the standard in Tlingit is to write all (relational base) in – (a shallow concave –yík ⑴ single letter object pronouns as part of the verb landform or object, open to the above); in (a prefix and all pronouns more than one letter tree or forest) | (KE) || in – (a body of water) ⑵ as part of the preverb, except for «ḵu-» • open | classification: body of water | used for a body object pronouns (ending in a vowel) will cause of water that is below the knees, too shallow to contraction in the verb prefix • other object submerge in • for water deep enough to submerge pronouns are listed below | (JC, KE) in see «–táak» | (MH) • x̱at | me [object] → first person singular object yíḵdlaa (compound noun) spark | √yíḵ-dlaa → (1s.O) √sparks-fly.[?] • (KE) • haa | us [object] → first person plural object

232 Tlingit to English y

(1p.O) fourth person human postpositional (4h.PP) • i- | you [object] → second person singular • at ee- | (to) something → fourth person object (2s.O) nonhuman postpositional (4n.PP) • yee | you all [object] → second person plural • aa ee- | (to) one, some → partitive object (2p.O) postpositional (part.PP) • ∅- ⁓ a- | her/him → third person object (3.O) • chush | (to) -selfʼs → reflexive postpositional • has + ∅- ⁓ a- | them [object] → third person (rflx.PP) pluralizer (3pl) • woosh, wooch | (to) each other → reciprocal • ash | this gal/guy [object] → third person postpositional (recip.PP) proximal object (3prx.O) √yeech (verb root) fly | classification: plural • ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- | someone [object] → fourth person subject | singular form: √ḵeen ¹ human object (4h.O) • at | something [object] → fourth person yeedát (adverb) now • variants: yeedét (C) • nonhuman object (4n.O) yeedát tsá (particle) finally; now: merely now | • aa- | one, some [object] → partitive object (GD) (part.O) –yeeg̱áa waiting for – | most often appears before • sh ⁓ ∅- | -self → reflexive object (rflx.O) a positional verb, which changes the meaning to: • woosh, wooch | each other, together [object] → “S was waiting here (positioned) for –” | yee-g̱áa reciprocal object (recip.O) → below.after/for • yú dikée kei x̱too.ádin áwé sdu –yee ¹ (relational base) below – yeeg̱áa áa x̱tooḵeech → when we had gotten way up high we would sit there waiting for them (JL, JC) • ² (relational base) inside – (a building) | when –yee i yeegáa yan yax̱waa.áa → i was sitting and waiting used as a directional preverb, «neil» is used when ̱ for you (SN) • (KE) • variants: –yigáa • the speaker is inside a building and «yee» is used ̱ when the speaker is outside of the building | (KE) yeekag̱áax̱i loon: red-throated loon; loon: arctic loon | “cries down” | yee-ka-√g̱áax̱-i → below. (postpositional pronoun) you all: (to) you yee ee- hsf.√cry.[relational] • variants: yeekeg̱áax̱i (C), all | second person plural postpositional (2p. hinkag̱áax̱i (T) • PP) • used in certain verbs where something is going towards the object (literally or figuratively) √yeeḵ ¹ (verb root) • variants: √yeiḵ ¹ • pull; draw • a special type of pronoun that combines three √yeeḵ ² (verb root) • variants: √yéiḵ ² • mark with a things: possessive pronoun, empty base, and line; draw a line relational suffix • other possessive pronouns are (verb root) bite; carry in mouth listed below | (JC, KE) √yeeḵ ³ • ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan | (to) me → first person singular √yeeḵ ⁴ (verb root) swampy; sink; pulled under; postpositional (1s.PP) weigh down; stop flowing; backed up; fill • haa ee- ⁓ haan | (to) us → first person plural gradually postpositional (1p.PP) –yeen (relational base) during: (sometime) during • i ee- | (to) you → second person singular – (period of time); time: (sometime) during – postpositional (2s.PP) (period of time) | (KE) • yee ee- | (to) you all → second person plural postpositional (2p.PP) yees (noun) (compound noun) axe: stone axe; stone • du ee- ⁓ u- | (to) her/him → third person axe | té-yees → stone.stone-axe • variants: human singular postpositional (3s.PP) tayees • • has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- | (to) them → third yeesʼ (noun) scraper for hemlock bark | (KE) person plural postpositional (3p.PP) √yeesh (verb root) pull | classification: fairly light • a ee- ⁓ aan | (to) it → third person nonhuman object postpositional (3p.PP) • ash ee- | (to) this gal/guy → third person yeewháan (independent pronoun) you all proximal postpositional (3prx.PP) | second person plural independent (2p.i) • • a ee- ⁓ a- | (to) that other gal/guy → third independent pronouns are not linked to anything person obviate postpositional (3obv.PP) grammatically, and are most often used in • ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ ḵoon | (to) someone → phrases like «yáadu x̱át» (here i am) and «uháan

233 y Tlingit to English

áyá» (it is us) • other independent pronouns are female) «yées shaawát» (young woman), listed below | (JC, KE) «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «shaawát sháan» • x̱át | me → first person singular independent (old woman) | yées + shaawát → new/young + (1s.i) woman • uháan | us → first person plural independent yées wáat (compound noun) young adult | “newly (1p.i) grown” | yées + √wáat → new/young + grown • wa.é | you → second person singular • (KE) independent (2s.i) • yeewháan | you all → second person plural yéesʼ (noun) mussel (large mussel on stormy independent (2p.i) coast, used for scraping) | (KE) • hú | s/he → third person human singular yéesh (noun) leech; bloodsucker | (KE) independent (3Hs.i) (kinship term) son: –ʼs son; child: –ʼs son • hás | them → third person plural independent –yéet | term is often used by women to sons of their (3p.i) bilogical sisters • when speaking directly to oneʼs • á | it → third person nonhuman independent son, no pronoun is needed and the kinship term (3N.i) changes to «yítkʼ» or «yéetkʼ» with the diminutive • ash | this gal/guy → third person proximal «-kʼ» suffix independent (3prx.i) • á | that other gal/guy → third person obviate –yéeyi (adjective) past; former; ex- | postnominal independent (3obv.i) adjective: appears immediately after the noun it • ḵáa | someone → fourth person human modifies | (JC) independent (4h.i) yú (determiner) ⑴ way over there; over yonder; • át | something → fourth person nonhuman time: long time from now (past or present) | independent (4n.i) far from the speaker ⒜ | right now or recently • aa | one, some → partitive independent • common suffix combinations are listed below. (part.i) take note of the ways that suffixes affect tone and • chúsh | -self → reflexive independent (rflx.i) vowel length • wóosh, wóoch | each other, together → • yóodáx̱ / yóotx̱ [yú+-dáx̱] | from there (over reciprocal independent (recip.i) yonder) –yee.ádi (relational noun) receptacle for – • yóode [yú+-dé] | from there (over yonder) | “–ʼs thing below” | yee-át-i → below.thing. • yóonáx̱ [yú+-náx̱] | through there (over [relational] • (KE) yonder) • yóot [yú+-t] | arriving there (over yonder); at (compound noun) mattress; bedding | “thing yee.át that place there (over yonder) below” | yee-át → below.thing • (KE) • yóodu [yú+-t+-wu] | there (over yonder); yées– (adjective) new; young | prenomial adjective: located at that place there (over yonder) appears immediately before the noun that it • yóoxʼ [yú+-xʼ] | residing there (over yonder); at affects | (JC) that place there (over yonder) yées ḵáa (compound noun) man: young man | the • yóox̱ [yú+-x̱] | moving along there (over basic stages of growth for a male in Tlingit are yonder); repeatedly there (over yonder) «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), «yadakʼwátskʼu» (boy), yúxchʼ (noun) otter: sea otter | (KE) • variants: «yadákʼw» (adolescent male) «yées ḵáa» (young (Y), yáxwchʼ • man), «yanwáat» (adult, elder), «ḵáa sháan» (verbal noun) curiosity | “curious (old man) | yées + ḵáa → new/young + man yoo at koojeek about something”; “wondering about something” yées ḵu.oo (compound noun) young adults; young | yoo + at + ka-ÿu-∅-√jee-k → along + people | “new people” | yées + ḵu.oo → new/ something-(4n.O) + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√think- young + people-(settled) • (KE) so/wonder/curious.[repetitive] • (KE) yées shaawát (compound noun) woman: young yoo aan ka.á (verbal noun) earthquake | yoo + aan woman | the basic stages of growth for a + ka-∅-√.á ³ → to/fro + land-(inhabited) + hsf. female in Tlingit are «tʼukanéiyi» (baby), cl-(–d,∅,–i).√grow/pour-forth • (KE) «shaatkʼiyátskʼu» (girl), «sháatkʼ» (adolescent

234 Tlingit to English y yoo katan lítaa (compound noun) knife: curved yooḵ (noun) cormorant | (KE) carving knife | “bent one that slides (knife)” | yoo yoowa.át (compound noun) apron | “abdoment + ka-∅-√tan + lít-aa → along + hsf.cl-(–d,∅,– thing” | yoowá-át → abdomen.thing-(4n.i) • i).√bend + √slide.one(s)-(part.i) • (KE) (SN) (compound noun) • variants: yoo kuwahangi yeik –yoowá (body part) abdomen: –ʼs abdomen; belly: yoo koonaḵk (plural) • | classification: singular surface of –ʼs belly; body: front of –ʼs body | dance: sway dance | “swaying spirit” | dancing (KE) to spirit songs, done by women, and characterized by the swinging of yarn bundles attached –yoowú (body part) stomach: –ʼs stomach; gizzard: to headbands and hanging in front of the ears | –ʼs gizzard (of bird) (RN, CJ) • yoo + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√han-k-i + yeik → to/ fro + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stand + spirit yoo koonaḵk (compound noun) • variants: yoo kuwahangi yeik (singular) • | classification: plural dance: sway dance | “swaying spirits” | dancing to spirit songs, done by women, and charac-terized by the swinging of yarn bundles attached to headbands and hanging in front of the ears | (RN, CJ) • yoo + ka-ÿu-ÿa-√náḵ-k → to/ fro + hsf.pfv.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√stand-(plural) yoo tutánk (verbal noun) consciousness; thought process; thinking | classification: singular subject | yoo + tu-∅-√tán-k → along + inside.cl- (–d,∅,–i).√communicate-(singular).[repetitive] • (KE) yoo x̱ʼala.átk (verbal noun) conversation; dialog; talk; discourse | classification: plural subject | singular form: yoo x̱ʼatánk | yoo + x̱ʼa-la-√.át-k → along + mouth.cl-(–d,l,–i).√communicate- (plural).[repetitive] • (KE) yoo x̱ʼatánk (verbal noun) speech; talk; language; word; phrase; sentence; discourse | classification: plural subject | singular form: yoo x̱ʼala.átk | yoo + x̱ʼa-∅-√tán-k → along + mouth.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√communicate-(singular). [repetitive] • (KE) yoo x̱ʼayakdudlisheek (verbal noun) response given during a public speech | “someone sings out to the mouth (of their opposite)” | made in public, especially at ḵu.éexʼ, to show agreement and support for the opposite clan • often made with love and intense emotion | yoo + x̱ʼa-ya- ka-du-dli-√shee-k → along + mouth.vsf.hsf. someone-(4h.S).cl-(+d,l,+i).√sing.[repetitive] • (NR) yooka.óotʼ button | “sucker (as in from octopus)” | yoo-ka-∅-√.óotʼ → along.hsf.cl-(–d,∅,–i).√suction- (adhere by) • (KE) • variants: ḵaayuka.óotʼi, ḵaayaka.óotʼi, yaka.óotʼ •

235

English to Tlingit

English to Tlingit a a adolescent –kʼátskʼu; –kʼwátskʼu adolescent: girl shaatk’ásk’u; shaatkʼiyátskʼu; a while ago dziyáak shaatkʼiyétskʼu (C) Áakʼw: People of the Áakʼw Area Áakʼw adult yanwáat Ḵwáan adversary: –ʼs adversary –yaanaayí abalone gunx̱aa advise ⑴ √jaa ⒜ O-shu-ka-S-∅-√jaa ʰ √tlʼeet O-S-l-tlʼeet abandon ⑴ ⒜ advocate: court appointed special advocate abdomen: –ʼs abdomen ⑴ –x̱ʼóolʼ || ⑵ –yoowá at yátxʼi daa yoo at kooneik ḵáa || ⑶ –x̱ʼulʼdaa adze ⑴ (verb) √x̱ootʼ ² ⒜ (verbal noun) x̱útʼaa –daa || –daat about – ⑴ ⑵ adze: stone adze sʼoow x̱útʼaa -gaa about the time of ̱ affect N + ee⁓ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ –shakée || –kináak above – ⑴ ⑵ affected by N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ at + S-l-√gaas ˟ abstain ̱ afraid √x̱eitlʼ; √x̱eetlʼ gaa N + tóo-gaa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ acceptable ⑴ ̱ ⒜ ̱ African-American tʼoochʼ ḵáa ḵaaḵx̱daagané; ḵaaḵx̱daaganée (T) accident after – –ít ḵaaḵwx̱dagán; accidentally (wrong) dziyáagin ḵaaḵwx̱daagán after a while after it (that time) aadáx̱; aax̱ accomplish O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ after the appointed time gaaw ítxʼ accomplishment at wujaaḵw after: going after -g̱aa according to –ʼs words, instructions –x̱ʼayáx̱ after: going after – –eeg̱áa according to the way – does it –jiyáx̱ afterlife dag̱anḵú; dax̱anḵú accumulate yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² aftermath: –ʼs aftermath –eetí accustomed to ⑴ √daa ² ⒜ N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² afternoon yakyee; yagiyee; yagee (T) acknowledge ⑴ (yéi) + ya-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ || ⑵ (n + éede) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ against – ⑴ –gé || ⑵ –jiyagéix̱ acquainted O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ age: –ʼs age katáagu acquire O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ aged food √sʼeex across diyáa aged (of food) –kasʼeex act √geet ² agree (yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ act against at + géit⁓ + S-d+s-√geet ² aground kux actions: –ʻs actions –ḵunóogu ahead of – –shuká actions: –ʼs actions –daa.it nagóowu Ahtna Athabaskan iḵkaa actual ḵúnáx̱– air (exhaled) óox –óoxu actually ⑴ ḵachoo || ⑵ ḵúnáx̱ air from blowhole add to N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ air: spray of air (exhaled by a sea mammal) óox addict: is addicted to – –tsʼéix̱i woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa || tlʼagáa airplane ⑴ ⑵ adequate ̱ kaawayík yaagú –jeegáa adequate for – ̱ airport woosh kát kawdliyeejí aa daakahídi √sʼeexʼw adhere alarm: fire alarm x̱ʼaan daa.éexʼi

239 a English to Tlingit

Alaska Anáaski; Anásgi father) –daakanóoxʼu Alaska cotton sháchk kax̱’wáal’i ancestors of – –shuká alcohol náaw Ancestors: Our Ancestors ⑴ Haa Shagóon || ⑵ Haa Shuká alcoholic ⑴ náaw éesh || ⑵ náaw sʼaatí ancestry: –ʼs ancestry –shagóon alcoholic beverage ⑴ kasiyaayi héen || ⑵ kóoshdaa lóoxʼu || ⑶ náaw anchor shayéinaa alder: alnus alder, beach alder, mountain Anchorage Áankich keishísh alder ancient ⑴ chʼáagu– || ⑵ tlagu–; tlaguwu– alder: red alder shéix̱ʼw Ancient Ones Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi; Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi Aleut ⑴ Ana.óot || ⑵ Giyaḵw || ⑶ Gutéix̱ʼ Yán algae found on rocks x̱aatlʼ and ḵa algae: ocean algae káasʼ and then aag̱áa algae: red algae káasʼ anemic ⑴ √tseen ⒜ tlél + O-l-√tseen ˟ | for O to be anemic; for O to be weak alight N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ angel kooḵénaa; kooḵánaa (T) all ldakát anger xʼáan all gone! hóochʼ; hóochkʼ anger: snapping eyes in anger wáḵtʼásʼ all the time ⑴ tlákw || ⑵ chʼa tlákw Angoon Aangóon almost ⑴ tlél unalé; tlél nalé || ⑵ tlelé; tlelí || ⑶ tleinlé; tleinlí Angoon: People Around the Charred Wood Xudzidaa Ḵwáan along -náx̱

anax̱ Angoon: People of the Brown Bear Fort along it Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan along with – –kíknáx̱ angrily xʼáandéin alongside – ⑴ –tʼaḵká || ⑵ –kík animal daḵka.ádi aloof from – –wanáa animal in the woods at gutu.ádi already de; dei animal that lives in the sea hintak.ádi although ⑴ ḵu.aa; ḵwa || ⑵ chʼa aan animal that walks on land at gutu.ádi aluminum ⑴ géxtlʼ || ⑵ lʼeix ankle: outer side of –ʼs foot up to the Alutiiq ⑴ Giyaḵw || ⑵ Gutéix̱ʼ anklebone –shutóox̱ʼ always ⑴ tlákw || ⑵ chʼa tlákw || ⑶ nooch; nuch; annoy O-S-sh-√keen neech; nich annoyed by a sound √gaaxʼ ² amaze O-ya-S-l-√jeich ANS sash (worn over shoulder) koogéinaa amazed O-ya-∅-√jeich answer ⑴ √ei ⒜ a-S-d+∅-√.ei American Waashdan Ḵwáan answer: answering – –x̱ʼakooká American Indian Tʼaawyáatʼ ant wanatóox; wanatíx among – –x̱oo antenna: –ʼs antenna (of radio) –gúgu amuse self ⑴ √ookʼ ⒜ ḵu-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ anticipate it O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ ANB sash (worn over shoulder) koogéinaa anticipation: in anticipation of – –yayís ancestor: –ʼs ancestor (term of respect, antler: –ʼs antlers –sheidí usually referring to –ʼs motherʼs motherʼs

240 English to Tlingit a anus: –ʼs anus –tuḵ.woolí, –tuḵx̱ʼé; –tuḵx̱ʼé, –tuḵ. armpit hair: –ʼs armpit hair –éenee x̱aawú, – woolí éenyee x̱aawú, –éeni x̱aawú (C) anxiety tuxʼandaxeech armpit: –ʼs armpit –éenee, –éenyee, –éeni (C) anxious O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ armspan waat any amount chʼa wáa kugei sá army x̱áa any (certain) one chʼa daaḵw.aa sá around – –daa any old way (carelessly) chʼa koogéiyi around – (bypassing, avoiding) –shuwadaa anybody ⑴ chʼa aadóo sá, chʼa aa sá || ⑵ chʼa around a point -t aadóo sá around outside of – –daaká anyone ⑴ chʼa aadóo sá, chʼa aa sá || ⑵ chʼa –shadaa aadóo sá around the head of – chʼa gootʼá sá, chʼa gootʼé sá (C) || around the top of – (object with rounded anyplace ⑴ ⑵ –shadaa chʼa gooxʼ sá top) arrive N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ anything chʼa daa sá arriving at the same place or time as – –kagé anywhere ⑴ chʼa gootʼá sá, chʼa gootʼé sá (C) || ⑵ chʼa gooxʼ sá arriving there át apart from – –wanáa arrow chooneit apostrophe tsʼéekʼw; tsʼéexʼw arrow and bow tʼúgwaa appear before N + waḵsheeyee-xʼ + yéi + O-∅- arrow: blunt arrow for stunning gútl √tee ʰ ¹ arrow: sharp arrow for killing tláaḵ applaud ka-S-l-√tʼaach⁓ arrowhead at x̱ʼéidi apple xʼáaxʼ arthritis daa.ittunéekw apple juice xʼáaxʼ kahéeni artifact of – –ji.eetí a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ | appoint ⑴ artist ḵaa jín kajág̱u classification: plural subject || ⑵ a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√goot ¹ | classification: singular subject as if óosh –yáx̱ appropriate: for – to be appropriate –yáx̱ as much as – een, tin, tín, teen, téen, -n; -n; tin, tín, apron ⑴ keit || ⑵ yoowa.át as soon as teen, téen, een, -n ; teen, téen, een, tin, tín, -n apron (smaller, worn above the hips) ⑴ kélʼtʼ kʼúlʼdaa.át || ⑵ kʼidaa.at; kʼideit ash √deixʼ O-ka-∅-√déixʼ/ ˟ apron worn by shaman (while making ashamed ⑴ ⒜ medicine, or worn while fighting) keit ashes kélʼtʼ gan eetí area across (especially of body of water) ask ⑴ O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ || ⑵ √woosʼ; √waasʼ || ⑶ diyáanax̱.á (yóo) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ area: the (beach) area below – (a mountain, ask for ⑴ √x̱oox̱ || ⑵ O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ –seiyí hill, etc.) assault ⑴ ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || ⑵ O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ aristocrat aanyádi, aanyédi (C) assault violently √jaaḵw ¹ aan yátxʼi sáani, aan yátxʼu sáani aristocrats assemble ⑴ woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || armor made of tough hide or wooden rods ⑵ woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ ⑴ sankeit || ⑵ kasan.át assess N + daa + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² armor: body armor ⑴ yinaaháat || ⑵ niyaháat astonish O-ya-S-l-√jeich

241 a – b English to Tlingit astonished ⑴ O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl || ⑵ O-ya-∅- auklet ⑴ kéel || ⑵ chʼeet || ⑶ –kéel √jeich aunt: –ʼs maternal aunt –tláakʼw ḵut astray: going astray aunt: –ʼs paternal aunt –aat –x̱án at (a personʼs) house aurora borealis gisʼóoḵ -t at a point automobile át wududziḵúx̱u át -xʼ ⁓ -∅ at (at rest or residing) avalanche dleit ḵaadí –x̱ʼax̱án at hand (for – to eat or drink) avoiding – –shuwadaa –x̱án at house of – (a person) awake √x̱eiḵ chʼa kʼikát, chʼa kʼát, chʼa kʼeekát (At,T) at least away from – –náḵ tsaatguyéigaa, tsaatguwéigaa at (long) last ̱ ̱ away from peopleʼs view ¹ –yatʼéináx̱ wáa nanée sáwé at some point away from peopleʼs view ² ḵaa yatʼéináx̱ –x̱ʼusyee at the foot of – away from the waterʼs edge daaḵ –kagé at the same place or time as – awful O-ka-(u)-l-√jée ˟ ² -xʼ ⁓ -∅ at the scene of awful looking √jee ² -xʼ ⁓ -∅ at the time of awl sʼúwaa -t at: arriving at axe shanax̱wáayi, shunax̱wáayi, shunx̱wáa (C) -x̱ at: in prolonged contact at axe: stone axe tayees, yees -wu ⁓ -u at: is/are at axe: stone battle axe kéitʼu at: located at it áwu; áxʼ at: moving about at -t b at: moving around at -x̱ babiche dzaas at: moving around at it áx̱ baby tʼukanéiyi at: repeatedly arriving at áx̱; -x̱ atkʼátskʼu⁓yát(kʼ) + O-S-∅-√. áxʼ baby: have baby at: residing at it oo ˟ Athabaskan (Indian) G̱unanaa babysitter atyátxʼi latíni Atlin Áa Tlein back (away from the open) daḵká Áa Tlein Atlin: People of the Atlin Area daḵká Ḵwáan back (away from the waterʼs edge) back end of – (a boat) –kʼóolʼ attack ⑴ ji-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || ⑵ O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ back from open daaḵ attack in fleet √x̱aa ³ back from the crest of –shuyee, shuwee attack in pod √x̱aa ³ back inland from – –tʼáak attacking force of warriors or soldiers x̱áa back (inside) daḵká attempt ⑴ √aaḵw ¹ ⒜ ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ back of his her head at the base –shaláx̱’ attic hít shantú back then chʼáakw, chʼákw attracting attention O-ka-l-√g̱éi back: at –ʼs back –dzúk attractive ⑴ O-ya-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² | to have an attractive face || ⑵ O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² | for back: on –ʼs back (a fish) –litká something to be attractive back: –ʼs back –díx̱ʼ Auke Lake Áakʼw back: –ʼs back (of fish) –leet

242 English to Tlingit b back: the back of – (a house) –kʼiyee bark: inside surface of bark –yayeidí back: where – canʼt see –yatʼéik bark: piece of cedar bark used for collecting backbone of – (a hill, ridge, or point) –litká eulachon oil kootánaa backed up √yeeḵ ⁴ bark: –ʼs bark –daayí backpack yáanaa bark: –ʼs sappy inner bark (of a tree) –láx̱ʼi backwards ḵux̱ dakʼóolʼeen; ḵux̱ dakʼóolʼin bark: slab of bark x̱óow bacon gishoo taayí barnacle sʼook bad tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi barrel káast badly (behavior) l ushkʼedéin base of – –gú badness l ushkʼé base of – (a standing object) –kʼí bag gwéil base of – (a tree or other plant) –kʼeeyí baggage at la.át base: near the base of – –kʼiyee bail out √koox baseball koochʼéitʼaa át kanduḵʼíshji bailer kakúxaa basket ḵákw bailer: wooden bailer sheen basket of woven red cedar bark néilʼ bait: good for bait yalináaḵwchʼán basket used to collect berries by knocking kadádzaa yeit; kadaadzáa shax̱’wáas’ (T) them off the bush bald head yeit shax̱’wáas’ (T) bald spot basket with a rattle in the lid tudaxákw, baleen xén yáay x̱ʼaxéni tuḵdaadaxákw balloon kadu.uxx̱u át basket: berrying basket kaltálk bamboo kaneilx̱ʼú basket: birch bark basket at daayí ḵákw banister a daax̱ yaa dulsheech át basket: flat open basket woven from wide bank of (body of water) –wán strips of bark (for carrying fish, etc.) táal bank teller dáanaa la.aadí basket: long, flat loosely woven basket for pressing out herring oil kaat bannock eix̱ kát sakwnéin, eex̱ kát sakwnéin (Y,A,T); eex̱ kát sakwnein, eix̱ kát sakwnein basket: round basket made of split red cedar tsʼanéi baptizer héenx̱ ḵuyala.aadí branches basket: unfinished basket x̱ʼakaskéin áagadi barbecue ⑴ √tseek ⒜ O-S-l-√tseek | for S to barbecue O bass: black bass lit.isdúk barbecue stick tséek bastard neechkayádi barbecue: sticks woven through the fish bathe √shooch lengthwise after it has been filleted for bathroom: go to the bathroom ⑴ gánde + barbecuing tlʼéekʼat S-∅-√.aat ¹ | classification: plural || ⑵ gánde + barbs: –ʼs barbs (of spear) –x̱aaní S-∅-√goot | classification: singular barefoot kaltéelḵ bay g̱eiy; g̱eey (T,Y,K) bark (verb) √shaa ¹ bay: head of bay –tá bark: dry woody outer bark loon bay: head of the bay g̱eey tá bark: flaky surface of the outer bark of bay: small bay ⑴ ḵú || ⑵ nax̱ conifers, especially hemlock sʼagwáat be at N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹

243 b English to Tlingit be (for the weather to be a certain way) (yéi) because of it ách + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ become (member of a group) N-x̱ + O-s-√tee be (member of a group) N-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ ʰ ¹ be near N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ become silent ⑴ √kʼaatlʼ ⒜ sh + S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ be sure not to tsé become startled √dleikw be sure to xʼwán bed káa x̱exʼwx̱ yeit be with N + een-x̱ + O-s-√tee ʰ ¹ bed of the path, trail, road dei yík be: to be ⑴ √tee ¹ ⒜ (yéi) + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ | for O to bedclothes tanaa.ádi be (that way) bedding yee.át éeḵ éiḵ || neech beach ⑴ ⑵ bedroom: (in) her/his bedroom –eetí ká suḵkáadzi beach asparagus bee gandaasʼaají –eegayáa beach below – ̱ beehive gandaasʼaají kúdi éeḵ éiḵ beach: down on the beach beer géewaa √ḵaa ² bead beetle kʼulʼkaskéxkw kawóot bead(s) beetle: type of beetle shax̱dáḵw; shux̱dáḵw beads: light bluish-gray trade bead(s) sʼeiḵ –shukát kawóot before – before –ʼs eyes –waḵshiyee beads: strung up beads kawóot ka.íshx̱i beginning g̱unéi beans gwéens beginning (to) g̱unéi bear in mind N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ beginning: in the beginning shóogunáx̱ bear root tsáats behave √nook ³; √neekw ³ bear: black bear sʼeek behind – –tʼéik, –tʼéi bear: brown bear with solid ribs sʼuḵkasdúk behind – (a house) –kʼiyee bear: glacier bear sʼiknóon, sítʼ tuxóodzi behind – (when looking from the sea) –tʼáak bear: grizzly bear, brown bear xóots behind –ʼs back –yatʼéik bear: polar bear hintaak xóodzi, dleit xóots (T) behind something √tʼei ² bearberry: alpine bearberry tínx behind: right behind – –dzúk beard: –ʼs beard –yadaadzaayí belabored or suffering from – (a burden, beard: –ʼs beard (a fish) –ḵʼanoox̱u hardship) –jiyeet ¹ √gwaal O-S-∅-√gwaal | for S to beat O beat ⑴ ⒜ átkʼ aheen (esp. drum) belief ² believe ⑴ √heen ¹ ⒜ n + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ¹ ˟ beat O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ | for S to defeat, beat O believe in n + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ¹ ˟ beat up ⑴ √jaaḵw ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√jáaḵw ¹ believer átkʼ aheení beat up old thing a jáḵwti bell ⑴ gaaw || ⑵ g̱ayéisʼ gaaw beat with stick-like object √x̱eech ² belly: –ʼs belly –x̱ʼóolʼ beaver ⑴ sʼigeidí || ⑵ sʼikyeidí belly: –ʼs paunch –x̱ʼóolʼ beaver den sʼigeidí x̱aayí belly: side of –ʼs belly –ḵaatl because -ch belly: surface of –ʼs belly –yoowá because of – –tuwáadáx̱

244 English to Tlingit b bellybutton: –ʼs bellybutton –kool berry: snowberry dleit tléig̱u below – ⑴ –tayee || ⑵ –yee berry: snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) sʼigeeḵáawu tléigu belt séek ̱ ̱ xákwlʼi belted √seek ² berry: soapberries berry: swamp currants kaneiltsʼákw bend ⑴ √taan ⁷ || ⑵ O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl | for S to bend O (a limb) berry: thimbleberry chʼeex̱ʼ; chʼeix̱ʼ bend over yínde + sh + ka-S-l-√.aat ¹ berry: watermelon berry tléiḵw kahínti sʼigeeḵáawu tléigu beneath – –tayee ̱ ̱ bent √taan ⁷ berrying basket hung around the neck, resting on the chest seig̱atáanaa bentwood box láḵt beside – ⑴ –tuwán || ⑵ –tʼaaḵ || ⑶ –tʼaḵká || laḵdíxʼ bentwood box full of food ⑷ –tʼiká tléiḵw berries besides – –kíknáx̱ berries: dish made with berries and salmon between – –x̱ʼáak eggs kanéegwálʼ between –ʼs legs g̱atsx̱ʼáak berries: half-dried, compressed berries katʼákx̱i between the covers of – –g̱ei –gei berries: mashed berries kag̱útlx̱i between the folds of – ̱ –gei berries: nagoon berries neigóon between the walls of – ̱ √heexw berries: steamed berries kanálx̱i bewitch –yáanáx̱ berries: steamed berries put up in soft beyond – grease kaḵáshx̱i bib sakeit berries: swamp berries sháchgi tléig̱u bib: dance bib sakeit berry tléiḵw bicycle a kát sh kadultsex̱t át berry bush tléiḵw wásʼi big ⑴ (adjective) –tlein || ⑵ (verb) √gei ¹ ⒜ (yéi) + ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ | for a thing to be (so) big || tléiḵw kahéeni ⒝ berry juice (yéi) + ka-u-d+∅-√gei ¹ ʰ | for (plural) things berry: alpine blueberry tsʼéekáx̱kʼw to be (so) big || ⒞ ka-∅-√gei ¹ | for a singular, berry: black currants kaneiltsʼákw; kanaltsʼákw usually spherical object to be big (T); kaneiltsʼíkw (At); kaneiltsʼook (T) big around in girth √tlaa ² berry: blueberry kanatʼá Big Dipper Yax̱té berry: bog cranberry ḵʼeishkaháagu (big) enough for – to have or use –jeeg̱áa berry: bunchberry ḵʼeikaxétlʼk big (plural) –tlénxʼ berry: cloudberry néx̱ʼw bighorn sheep tawéi tawéi, dleit tawéi berry: foolʼs huckleberry (Menziesia bight ⑴ ḵú || ⑵ kunag̱eiy sʼigeeḵáawu tléigu ferruginea) ̱ ̱ bile: –ʼs bile –teiyí kahéeni (A), –teiyí tukehéeni berry: green, unripe berry kax̱ʼátʼ (C), –teiyí berry: high bush cranberry kaxwéix̱ billiards koochʼéitʼaa át kadultáḵji berry: low-bush cranberry ḵʼeishkaháagu bind ⑴ √aax̱w || ⑵ √sʼeet berry: saskatoonberry gaawáḵ bingo alḵáa; at ilḵáa berry: serviceberry gaawáḵ binoculars sʼíksh

245 b English to Tlingit bird tsʼatsʼée bloodline inside fish, along the backbone x̱áat kʼáax̱ʼi bird: a type of bird (marbled godwit?) lu.áadaa bloodshot flesh dleey dáat bird: green bird (sparrow or finch) asxʼaan bloodshot meat dleey dáat sháachʼi bloodsucker yéesh bird: grey singing bird (sparrow or finch) ḵʼeikaxwéin tlagu tsʼatsʼéeyee blossom ⑴ √xeex ³ | classification: wind ⒜ ∅-√xeex tsʼítskw blow bird: small songbird | for the wind to blow || ⒝ N-t⁓ + ∅-√xeex | for bison xaas a strong wind to blow at N bite ⑴ N-dé + ya-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ || ⑵ N-t⁓ + ya- blowfish tlʼéitlʼ d+∅-√geech ¹ || √taaxʼ || √yeeḵ ³ ̱ ⑶ ⑷ blown around √sʼees ¹ √aaxʼw ² O-s-√.áaxʼw ² ˟ bitter ⑴ ⒜ blown by wind √sʼees ¹ ishḵeen black cod blubber taay tʼoochʼ black (color) blue (color): sky blue xáatsʼ tʼoochʼ ḵáa black man or person blue: dark blue (color) x̱ʼéishxʼw tsʼáḵl black paint blueberry naanyaa kanatʼaayí tsʼáḵl black with dirt, filth, stain blueberry: alpine blueberry tsʼéekáx̱kʼw kadushxit tʼaa yá blackboard blueberry: swamp blueberry láx̱ʼ loowú gayéisʼ layeix̱í; giyéisʼ layeix̱í; blacksmith ⑴ ̱ ̱ bluejay x̱ʼéishxʼw g̱iyéisʼ leyeix̱í (C) || ⑵ g̱ayéisʼ tʼéix̱ʼi blunt ya-d+∅-√g̱éel bladder rack tayeidí board tʼáa bladder: –ʼs bladder –kalóoxʼshani boat yaakw blanket xʼóow boat: cabin or pilot house on boat yaakw blanket sewn from scraps of hide at xáshdi x̱ukahídi xʼóow boat: deck of a boat yaakw x̱uká blanket woven from twisted rabbit furs g̱ax̱laan boat: gas-powered boat sʼeenáa yaakw leineit shál yaakw blanket: cotton blanket ⑴ kastʼáatʼ xʼóow || ⑵ boat: gill net boat kastʼáatʼ boat: in the canoe/boat yaakw yík blanket: Hudson Bay blanket Ginjichwáan boat: low-bowed boat lʼáaḵw xʼóowu; Kinguchwáan xʼóowu boat: seine boat asg̱eiwú blanket: wool blanket lʼée boat: skiff yakwyádi bleed shí + N + lóot⁓ + ∅-√daa ¹ boat: small boat yakwyádi blindfold waḵkadóoxʼ boat: tugboat dax̱áchxʼi blindly ux̱ kei body: around –ʼs body –daa blizzard dleit g̱éedi body: dead body naawú –niyaa || –x̱ʼanaa || –niyaa, blocking – ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ –yoowá –yinaa body: front of –ʼs body –daa || –daa.it blocking –ʼs view –waḵká body: –ʼs body ⑴ ⑵ –náa blonde hair lʼáax̱ʼ body: –ʼs upper body ¹ √ook ¹ | to boil in water || √taa ³ | blood shé boil ⑴ ⑵

246 English to Tlingit b

especially meat or berries bow (ribbon) chʼéen ² boil xʼees | infection on the skin bow (ribbon tied into a bow) lag̱wán boiled food téix̱ katéix̱ bow: close quarter bow and arrow ⑴ sheexw || sheexw, sheixw bone sʼaaḵ ⑵ –xéesʼi bones: –ʼs bare bones –xáak, –xáagu bow: curved part of a bow (of boat) x̱ʼayeit boney lisʼaag̱í bowl: large bowl –lukatíxʼi book datóow xʼúxʼ; xʼúxʼ bowstay: –ʼs bowstay bookstore xʼúxʼ daakahídi box: food box with a compartment in the middle wooshx̱ dagaa boot(s) xʼwán box: large box for storing grease, oil daneit boots: knee boots x̱ʼatux̱.ayéeg̱i boy yadakʼwátskʼu booze ⑴ kasiyaayi héen || ⑵ kóoshdaa lóoxʼu || ⑶ náaw boyfriend: –ʼs boyfriend ⑴ –yadákʼu || ⑵ – ḵáawu bored √teesh boys kʼisáani boredom teesh; tuteesh; toowú teesh bracelet kées born ⑴ O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ || ⑵ ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ braided tuwalagéil borrow ⑴ √heesʼ ⒜ O-S-∅-√héesʼ || ⒝ O-ka-S-∅- √héesʼ | classification: round or sperical object braid(s) shaséet boss ḵaa sʼaatí brailer bag kaxwénaa boss: –ʼs boss -sʼaatí brain: –ʼs brain –tlag̱eiyí both chʼu déix̱ branch with needles on it (especially of hemlock) haaw bother ⑴ √keen ⒜ O-S-sh-√keen branch with needles on it (especially of bottle ín xʼeesháa; tʼoochʼineit hinyeit spruce) cháash bottom edge of – (a coat, dress, shirt) –kóon branch: old, dead branch tlʼáxchʼ bottom of – (a cavity) –táak branch: –ʼs secondary branch –tʼáni bottom: (around) the bottom of – –tuḵdaa branch: thin branches sʼú bottom: bottom of – (a cavity, container) –tá branch: tips of –ʼs branches (of tree, bush) –xʼaan bottom: inside surface of bottom of – (a –taká branch: top of –ʼs branches (of tree, bush) container, vessel) –xʼaan bottom: –ʼs bottom –tóoḵ brass iḵnáachʼ bough with needles on it (especially of brat ánkʼw; énkw (C) hemlock) haaw bread sakwnéin bough with needles on it (especially of sakwnéin kax̱ʼeiltí spruce) cháash bread crumbs sakwnéin éewu boulder: rock: large boulder lying under the bread: loaf of bread water hintu.eejí break ⑴ √kʼoots | classification: rope-like objects O-S-l-√kʼoots bow sáḵs ⒜ at + géit⁓ + S-d+s-√geet ² bow and arrow tʼúgwaa break law sakwnéin wuduwawáalʼ bow in hair shachʼéen breaking bread breaks easily liwáalʼshán

247 b English to Tlingit breast: –ʼs breast -lʼaa brush: small broomlike brush xítʼaa breastplate ⑴ yinaaháat || ⑵ niyaháat bubble: small bubbles (in water) x̱ʼasúnjaa breath daséikw, x̱ʼaséikw; x̱ʼaséikw, daséikw óox bubbles: large bubbles (esp. from whale) kúḵdlaa breed √x̱eet ¹; √x̱eit | classification: animals kúḵjaa breeze blowing dust kasʼéesjaa bubbles: liquid bubbles xʼeesháa breeze causing ripples on water or snow bucket drift kasʼéesjaa buckshot at tux̱ʼwánsʼi brick sʼé kachóox buffalo xaas bright √g̱ei bug: bedbug tóoxʼ bring tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl building hít bring it here haandé building: –ʼs building –daakahídi British Ginjichwáan; Ginjoochwáan; bullet at katé Kinguchwáan bullet: empty shell (after being fired) óonaa broad √woox̱ʼ x̱ʼadádzi broil ⑴ √tseek ⒜ O-S-l-√tseek | for S to broil O bullhead éetkatlóox̱u; wéix̱ʼ broke (no money) kaldáanaaḵ bullhead: little bullhead (found under té tayee tlóox̱u broom xítʼaa xʼítʼaa beach rocks) tlóox̱ broth téix̱ bullhead: mud bullhead O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ broth: soup broth tax̱héeni bum gootl brother: a femaleʼs brother –éekʼ bump shakatlʼéen brother: –ʼs clan brother –xwáayi bunch √aax̱w (verb) O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w || brother: –ʼs clan brother or sister –tʼaag̱í bundle ⑴ ⒜ ⒝ (noun) daa.aax̱w brother: –ʼs husbandʼs clan brother –ḵáawu bundle: something bundled up to take along brother: –ʼs older brother (a maleʼs older g̱alnáatʼadi brother) –húnx̱w buoy katsees brother: –ʼs younger brother (a maleʼs buoy: fixed buoy eech kakwéiyi younger brother) –kéekʼ buoy: floating buoy eech kwéiyi brothers: –ʼs brothers –woosh kikʼi yan burl of a tree gúnlʼ brothers: –ʼs clan brothers or sisters –tʼaaḵxʼí yán burn ⑴ √gaan ¹ ⒜ N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ || ⑵ √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ; √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ | classification: skin or flesh brown sʼagwáat burn up kei + O-S-s-√gaan ¹ bruise ⑴ (noun) kayéisʼ || ⑵ (verb) O-S-l-√choon ¹ burnt matter xóoshtʼ bruised ⑴ O-d-choon ¹ || ⑵ O-∅+d-√choon ¹ || ⑶ √yeisʼ bush wásʼ at gutú ¹ kalḵaaḵú; galgaaḵú; galgaaḵu brush ⑴ cháash | brush; bushes || ⑵ at gutú | bush: the bush ⑴ ̱ ̱ ̱ brush; forest || ⑶ kooxéedaa | paint brush || ⑵ yanshuká brush ² (verb) √xeetʼ busy N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ brush house cháash hít butt end of – (tree or other plant) –goowú –gú brush: dead brush that has fallen ⑴ g̱éechadi butt of – || ⑵ g̱éejadi butt: around the butt of – –tuḵdaa

248 English to Tlingit b – c butt: –ʼs butt –tóoḵ camp √x̱ei; √x̱ee butt: –ʼs butt crack –tux̱ʼaxʼaayí camp: old campsite sʼeenáa gáasʼi butterfly ⑴ ḵaa daakeidí tlaax̱í || ⑵ ḵaa daa lʼeix̱í camp: out in camp yanshuká | monarch butterfly || tleilú; leilú ⑶ campsite yanshuká butthole: –ʼs butthole –tuḵx̱ʼé, –tuḵ.woolí can ⑴ gúxʼaa || ⑵ cháashgaa –xʼaash buttocks: cheek of –ʼs buttocks can hung around the neck, resting on the buttocks: crack of –ʼs buttocks –tux̱ʼaxʼaayí chest seig̱atáanaa buttocks: –ʼs buttocks –tóoḵ –g̱áts can: tin can g̱ayéisʼ gúxʼaa button ḵaayaka.óotʼi; ḵaayuka.óotʼi; yooka.óotʼ; Canada goose tʼaawáḵ yaka.óotʼ Canadian Ginjichwáan; Ginjoochwáan; button up aanáx̱ + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ Kinguchwáan buy ⑴ √oo ³ | buy it ⒜ O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ canary sʼáasʼ by – –x̱án cancer tlʼooḵ by – (at hand, for – to work with) –jix̱án candle toow sʼeenáa by means of een, tin, tín, teen, téen, -n; tin, tín, candlefish saak teen, téen, een, -n ; teen, téen, een, tin, tín, -n cane wootsaag̱áa; wutsaag̱áa by virtue of – –tuwáadáx̱ cannery x̱áat daakahídi bypassing – –shuwadaa cannibals ḵusax̱aḵwáan canoe made from cottonwood dúḵ c canoe song yakwkasheeyée cabin of boat yaakw x̱ukahídi canoe under construction dáax̱ cable g̱ayéisʼ tíxʼ canoe: dugout canoe designed to go through seet cadge ⑴ √choox̱ ⒜ O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ shallow waters cairn té xóow canoe: flat-bottom canoe yakwyádi calcium from clam shells káts canoe: small canoe with high carved prow yáxwchʼi yaakw calendar dís woox̱éiyi canoes: group of canoes on the water x̱áa calf: calf of –ʼs leg –saayee canvas xwaasdáa call tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl canyon x̱ʼaak call on √x̱oox̱ canyon: box canyon séet call out ⑴ √eexʼ ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ || ⑵ √saa ² cape teiḵ calloused √keil ² capsize áa + yax̱ + ∅-√gwáatl calm ⑴ (verb) √gaa ¹ || ⑵ (verb) √yeilʼ ⒜ (verbal noun) kayéilʼ captain kakʼdakwéiy sʼaatí; kakʼkakwéiy sʼaatí (At); kakʼkwéiy sʼaatí (TC) Calm down! chʼa keetáanáx̱! captain of a canoe/boat yaakw yasatáni calm: be calm N + toowú + tleiyéi + yéi + O-∅- √tee ʰ ¹ captive g̱alsháatadi; g̱alsháatedi (C) calyx: –ʼs calyx –shakasʼídi car át wududziḵúx̱u át cambium sáxʼ carapace nóoxʼ camera aankadushxit át Carcross: People of Carcross Taagish Ḵwáan

249 c English to Tlingit cards: play cards √ḵaa ³ cast eyes √g̱ein; √g̱een care about N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ cast (to help set a broken bone) at dultʼéexʼ care for √taaḵ ² cast-iron skillet té kas’úgwaa yeit (T) carefully ⑴ kʼidéin || ⑵ dleewkát cat dóosh carelessly chʼa koogéiyi cat: man-eating cat haadaadóoshi caribou watsíx catch ⑴ O-S-d+s-√g̱áat ² || ⑵ √shaat caribou leaf watsixtlaanáagu catching up with – –kík carpenter at layeix̱ sʼaatí caterpillar tlʼúkʼx̱, tlʼúkʼ carrot sʼín “catʼs cradle” tleilkʼú carry ⑴ √aat ² | classification: baggage and caucasian person or people ⑴ dleit ḵáa || ⑵ personal items ⒜ {∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² gusʼkʼiḵwáan; gusʼkʼiyee ḵwáan || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² || ⑵ √aat ³ | ⑴ katóok || ⑵ tatóok classification: small round or hooplike objects cave ⒜ {∅ motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ || ⒝ cedar: Alaska cedar x̱áay {na motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ || ⑶ cedar: red cedar laax̱ √aax̱ ² | classification: textile-like object ⒜ x̱áay {∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-.aax̱ ² || ⒝ {na preverb} cedar: yellow cedar + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² || ⑷ √een ¹ | classification: ceiling: –ʼs ceiling kax̱yee container with contents ⒜ {∅ preverb} + celebrate ⑴ O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa || ⑵ O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ O-S-s-√.een || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een

|| ⑸ √jeil ² | classification: in loads; all of one celery: dried yaana.eit (wild celery) stalks kóox̱ʼ type of thing ⒜ {∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² || ⑹ √nei cell phone ⑴ g̱altú a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át || ¹ | classification: plural & varying objects || ⑺ ⑵ g̱altú kaxéesʼ √nook ⁵ | classification: live creature || √taa ⑻ kóoḵ ¹ | classification: dead creature or sleeping baby cellar || ⑼ √taan ¹ | classification: empty container chain ⑴ wóoshnáx̱ x̱ʼakakéix̱ʼi || ⑵ x̱ʼakakéix̱ʼi or hollow object || ⑽ √taan ³ | classification: chainsaw sh daxash washéen stick-like object || ⑾ √tee ² | classification: káayagijeit general, compact object; abstract ⒜ √tee ² | chair ̱ classification: round or spherical object || ⒝ chalk wéinaa √tee ² | classification: complex object with kadushxit tʼaa yá internal parts chalkboard change mind N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ carry in mouth √yeeḵ ³ channel séet carry on back √yaa ² chaos xʼóolʼ cart tsʼíktsʼík charcoal tʼoochʼ cartilage at the end of its bones –sʼaḵshutúḵlʼi charge (n + éede) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ cartilage between its bones –sʼaḵx̱ʼáak túḵlʼi (noun) héix̱waa || √héix̱waa || –túḵlʼi charm ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ cartilage: –ʼs cartilage O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ √chʼaakʼw O-ka-S-∅-√chʼáakʼw carve ⑴ ⒜ charred matter xóoshtʼ carve design √chʼaakʼw chase ⑴ √keilʼ ² | classification: plural ⒜ {∅ carver at kachʼáakʼu preverb} + O-l-√kéilʼ ² cascade √xʼaas | classification: liquid chastising yadujeeyí casket ḵaa daakeidí cheat √yeil

250 English to Tlingit c check it out! é! chin: –ʼs chin –téey checkers aldaawáa china nóoxʼ cheek: inside of –ʼs cheek –washtú Chinese Cháanwaan cheek: (outside of) –ʼs cheek –washká chip √x̱ootʼ ² cheek: –ʼs cheek –wásh chisel téeyaa, tíyaa cheese: indian cheese kashísʼi chisel: rounded carving chisel kachʼákʼwaa cheese: stink cheese kashísʼi chiton shaaw cheesecloth kag̱ádaa chiton: lady slipper x̱ʼwaash cherish ⑴ √tseen ⒜ O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ chocolate lily root kóox cherries chéiwís choir at shéexʼi, et shéexʼi (C) chest pain wuwtunéekw choke N + séi-t⁓ + ∅-√kei ² chest: flat upper surface of –ʼs chest –xeitká choose ⑴ a + tóo + daak + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ | –woowká classification: plural subject || ⑵ a + tóo + daak chest: (on) –ʼs chest + O-S-s-√goot ¹ | classification: singular subject chest: –ʼs chest –wóow chop ⑴ √sʼoow || ⑵ √x̱ootʼ ² chest: solar plexus –xeit chopper kasʼúwaa chew √taaxʼ chopping block sʼúwaa chickadee ḵaatoowú Chugach ⑴ Giyaḵw || ⑵ Gutéix̱ʼ chicken káaxʼ chum salmon téel’ chief aanḵáawu ḵaa sháade háni; ḵaa sháade héni (C) church x̱ʼagáaxʼ daakahídi x̱ʼaxékʼwaa chief: clan chief naa sháade háni cigar √hein O-S-∅-√héin ˟ chiefs ḵaa sháade náḵxʼi claim ⑴ ⒜ ḵaa at oohéini child: first born child –shuxʼaa yádi claim: that which is claimed x̱éetʼ child: –ʼs child –yádi clam: giant clam tlʼildaaskeit child: –ʼs daughter –sée clam: littleneck clams ḵʼalkátsk child: –ʼs son –yéet clam: razor clam dzéexʼw child: –ʼs unborn child –kayádi clams: baby clams naa childlike –yádi clan children adátxʼi, atyátxʼi, atyétxʼi (T), adétxʼi (T), clan member: oldest member of a clan edétxʼi (C) (male or female) ḵaa shukaadé ḵáa children: –ʼs children –yátxʼi clan members –tʼaaḵxʼi yán childrenʼs tale tlaagú clan mother naa tláa Chilkat blanket naaxein Clan: Beaver (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) ⑴ G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan || ⑵ Jeeshḵweidí Chilkat: People of the Chilkat Area Jilḵáat Ḵwáan Clan: Beaver (Raven/Crow Moiety) ⑴ Deisheetaan || ⑵ Ḵakʼweidí Chilkoot: People of the Chilkoot Area Lḵóot Ḵwáan Clan: Black Legged Kittiwake (Raven/Crow Moiety) ⑴ Tʼaḵdeintaan || ⑵ Tax̱ʼhíttaan chill O-S-s-√.áatʼ

O-d+s-√.áatʼ Clan: Brown Bear (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) chilled ⑴ Teiḵweidí || ⑵ Aanshookahíttaan || ⑶

251 c English to Tlingit

Gaawhíttaan || ⑷ Laax̱aayík Teiḵweidí || Clan: Rhinoceros Auklet (Eagle/Wolf ⑸ Kaagwaantaan || ⑹ Ḵóokhíttaan || ⑺ Moiety) Wasʼineidí G̱ayesʼhíttaan || Chookaneidí || Xinhíttaan ⑻ ⑼ || X̱ʼaxʼaahíttaan || Katakw.ádi Clan: Shark (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) ⑽ ⑾ Wooshkeetaan Clan: Coho (Raven/Crow Moiety) ⑴ Lʼuknax̱. ⑴ ádi || ⑵ Xʼatʼka.aayí Clan: Sockeye (Raven/Crow Moiety) Lukaax̱.ádi || ⑵ Noowshaka.aayí Clan: Devilʼs Thumb Mountain (Raven/ Taalḵweidí Clan: Star, Puffin (Raven/Crow Moiety) Crow Moiety) Kooyu.eidí Clan: Dog Salmon (Raven/Crow Moiety) Lʼeeneidí Suḵteeneidí || Yax̱tehíttaan Clan: Strong Man, Woodworm (Raven/Crow ⑴ ⑵ Taakw.aaneidí || ⑶ Aanx̱ʼaakhíttaan || ⑷ Teelʼhittaan || ⑸ Moiety) Teeyeeneidí Clan: Thunderbird (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) ⑴ Dag̱istinaa || ⑵ Shangukeidí || ⑶ Shankweidí Clan: (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) ⑴ X̱ʼookʼeidí || ⑵ X̱eil Ḵwáan || ⑶ Lʼux̱ʼeidí || ⑷ Lḵuweidi Clan: Wolf (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) ⑴ Kaagwaantaan || G̱alyáx̱ Kaagwaantaan || Clan: Flicker (Eagle/Wolf Moiety) Naasteidí ⑵ ⑶ Jeeshḵweidí || ⑷ Yanyeidí || ⑸ Sʼeetʼḵweidí || ⑹ Clan: Frog (Raven/Crow Moiety) Ishkeetaan Ḵaax̱ʼúseedeetaan || ⑺ Tsaatʼineidí ⑴ Kiks.ádi || ⑵ Teeyhíttaan Clan: Wolf, Killer Whale (Eagle/Wolf clan: head of a clan house hít sʼaatí Moiety) Sʼiknax̱.ádi Clan: Killer Whale (Eagle/Wolf clap ⑴ ka-S-l-√tʼaach⁓ | for S to applaud; for S to Moiety) Daḵlʼaweidí ⑴ Naanya.aayí || ⑵ clap || ⑵ N + jintáak + S-d+∅-√tʼaach⁓ | for S to Kayáashkiditaan || ⑶ Tsaagweidí || ⑷ Nees.ádi clap oneʼs hands clan: member of opposite clan clapping: sound of clapping túxjaa; tíxwjaa commissioned to conduct a ḵu.éexʼ naa (A) káani claw: –ʼs claw –x̱aagú Kʼooxineidí Clan: Mink (Raven/Crow Moiety) clay sʼé Clan: Mt. St. Elias, Moon, North Star, Humpy clay shaped with hands a kachóox (Raven/Crow Moiety) Kwáashkʼiḵwáan, Kʼinéix̱ Ḵwáan clear day ḵuxaak Clan: (Neix̱.ádi Moiety) Neix̱.ádi clear up √daaḵ ¹ Clan: Raven (Raven/Crow Moiety) cleaver ⑴ dleey kasʼúwaa (At,T) || ⑵ dleey kasʼúwaa (At,T), dleey kesʼúwaa (C) Kooḵhittaan ⑴ Deikée G̱aanax̱.ádi || ⑵ Ḵooskʼeidí || ⑶ Shg̱aadaayihin.aayí clerk dahooní Clan: Raven, Beaver (Raven/Crow Moiety) cliff g̱ílʼ Tuḵyeidí clock gaaw Clan: Raven, Fresh Water Sockeye (Raven/ close ⑴ √aat ⁶ | classification: plural, hinged Crow Moiety) ⑴ Ḵaach.ádi || ⑵ Skanax̱.ádi objects || ⑵ √g̱eech ² | classification: book Clan: Raven, Frog, Woodworm (Raven/Crow close eyes ⑴ √lʼoox; lʼéexw (K) ⒜ (N waaḵ) + ka- G̱aanax̱teidí Moiety) d+∅-√lʼoox || ⒝ ka-S-d+∅-√lʼoox

Clan: Raven, Starfish (Raven/Crow Moiety) close up completely √g̱waatʼ ² G̱aanax̱.ádi cloth sʼísaa Clan: (Raven/Crow Moiety) ⑴ Tooḵa.ádi || ⑵ kagádaa Naachʼuneidí || ⑶ Kaasx̱ʼagweidí || ⑷ Taneidí cloth: loose-woven cloth ̱ || ⑸ Ḵʼalchaneidí || ⑹ Ḵuyeiḵʼádi || ⑺ Stax̱.ádi cloth: machine-printed cloth kawdudlidalʼi || ⑻ Watineidí sʼísaa

252 English to Tlingit c clothes naa.át come to senses √aa ² clothes brush naa.át kaxítʼaa comet xoodzí clothespin ⑴ óosʼi katág̱aa || ⑵ óosʼi katáxʼaa comfort ḵaa toowú latʼaa clothing naa.át comical lishoog̱u cloud ⑴ góosʼ || ⑵ ḵugóosʼ comical (of speech) x̱ʼalishoog̱u cloud cover góosʼ coming to see – (usually a person) –keekán cloudy √goosʼ command ⑴ √aaḵw ² ⒜ át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² ¹ club (noun) xʼúsʼ commander át ḵukawu.aag̱ú ² club (verb) √x̱eech ² commandment at kuna.áaḵw; at kuna.áag̱u clutch ⑴ √g̱ook ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook commend √sheix̱ʼ; √sheex̱ʼ clutter sʼeex communicate ⑴ √taan ⁵ | classification: tʼoochʼ té singular | plural form √aat ⁵ || ⑵ √aat ⁵ | coal classification: plural | singular form: √taan ⁵ coat ⑴ kinaak.át || ⑵ kinaa.át communion ⑴ sakwnéin wuduwawáalʼ || ⑵ ḵaa coat: overcoat ⑴ kinaak.át || ⑵ kinaa.át x̱ʼéi wdudlilúk coax tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl comparison at wulyáaḵw coax to self ⑴ √dootl ² ⒜ tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l- complete yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek √dootl components: –ʼs components –shagóon cobbler téel layeix̱í compose song √shee ⁴ cockle yalooleit comprehend ⑴ √gei ² ⒜ N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu- cod: gray cod sʼáax̱ʼ s-√géi ² || ⑵ O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-.aax̱ ¹ cod: ling cod x̱ʼáaxʼw sʼáax̱ʼ compressed food, esp. berries or seaweed cod: tomcod chudéi katʼákx̱i kashóokʼ tlageiyí coffee ⑴ yatʼaayi héen || ⑵ káaxwei computer ̱ coffin ḵaa daakeidí comrade: –ʼs comrade –tʼaag̱í coin dáanaa comrades: –ʼs comrades –tʼaaḵxʼí yán √seen cold ⑴ √aatʼ ⒜ O-S-s-√.áatʼ || ⒝ s-√.áatʼ || ⒞ conceal O-sa-∅-.áatʼ || ⒟ O-ya-d+s-√.áatʼ || ⒠ O-d+s-√. conceited sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi áatʼ concentrate on √xeech cold sore x̱ʼatlʼooḵ concerned about N + tóon + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ cold water si.áatʼi héen concerning – ⑴ –daa || ⑵ –daat cold (weather) ⑴ ḵusa.áatʼ || ⑵ ḵu-s-√.áatʼ confess ⑴ (yéi) + ya-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ || ⑵ (n + éede) + cold: chest cold ḵusa.áatʼ néekw O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ color √seiḵʼw confidence in self sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-heen ¹ ˟ color: –ʼs color –kaséiḵʼu conflict kaxéelʼ gawdáan yádi colt congregate ⑴ woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || comb xéidu ḵaa shaksayéigu ⑵ woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ come around N-t⁓ + O-ya-d+∅-√haa ² connifer cone sʼóosʼani come to N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ conscious N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ come to an end √xʼaaḵw ¹ consciousness yoo tutánk

253 c English to Tlingit consider ⑴ √aa ² || ⑵ – + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√. correct: for – to be correct –yáx̱ aat ⁵ || N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ ⑶ cotton kastʼáatʼ O-ka-l-√géi conspicuous ̱ cottongrass sháchk kax̱’wáal’i tlákw || chʼa tlákw constantly ⑴ ⑵ cottonwood dúḵ constipate ⑴ √deekʼ ⒜ O-S-s-√déekʼ cough ⑴ √kooḵ ² ⒜ a-S-d+s-√kooḵ ² constipated O-d+s-√déekʼ counsel ⑴ √jaa ⒜ O-shu-ka-S-∅-√jaa ʰ daakeit container count √toow; √teew container for traveling provisions wóow yélaa daakeit counterfit country tlʼátk container to put under – –yeit courage toowú latseen contrary to what was thought ḵachoo cove ⑴ ḵú || ⑵ kunag̱eiy; kuneg̱eey contribute ⑴ N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ || ⑵ ka-S- d+∅-√g̱éexʼ cove: in a cove noow g̱ei conversation yoo x̱ʼala.átk cover √taan ² converse yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat ⁵ cover over – (a large opening or something without an opening) –kaháadi cook ⑴ √ee ⒜ O-S-s-√.ee || ⒝ at S-s-√.ee || ⑵ √x̱ʼaalʼ | cook by blanching cover: –ʼs cover (of pot, etc.) –yana.áatʼani (T), –yanáatʼayi (T), –yana.áatʼi (T), –naax̱ʼáatʼeni yan⁓ + ∅-√.ee cooked (C), a náatʼeni (C), –yanaa.áatʼáni, –yana. cooker: slow cooker a kát sh is.éex̱ át áaktʼáni cool O-S-s-√.áatʼ covering ka.át cool it! chʼa keetáanáx̱! covering – –náa copper eeḵ covering – (a container or something with Copper River Athabaskan iḵkaa an opening) –yanáa copper shield tináa covering his her head –shanáa –kaháadi copy ⑴ O-ka-S-∅+d-√kaa ² | for S to copy O || ⑵ covering: –ʼs covering O-x̱ʼa-S-∅+d-√kaa ² | for S to copy the speech cow wasóos; xaas of O cow parsnip yaana.eit copy: –ʼs copy –kayaa coward ḵʼatx̱áan coral ⑴ hintaak xʼóosi; hintakxʼóosi || ⑵ hintakxʼúxi crab: dungeness crab sʼáaw éetkasʼáaw; xʼéix̱ coral: petrified coral yéil kawóodi crab: king crab xʼéix̱ cord (of wood) at kaayí crab: spider crab crabapple xʼáaxʼ lingít xʼáaxʼi cork ⑴ (verb) √deexʼ ⒜ O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ || ⑵ (noun) –x̱ʼadéexʼi crack √aaxʼw ¹ cormorant yooḵ crack (in wood) ḵáasʼ corner gukshú; gukshí (At) cracklings of rendered fat dákwtasi; dákwx̱utasi corner: in the corner of – ⑴ –gukshatú; – gukshitú (At) || ⑵ –shutú cradleboard tʼook corpse naawú cramp √shookʼ; √sheekʼw correct ayáx̱ cramps ⑴ kashóokʼ || ⑵ kashéekʼw

254 English to Tlingit c – d cranberry: bog cranberry dáxw crumbs of food left or scattered where – ate –x̱ʼa.eetí cranberry: lowbush cranberry dáxw dóol crumbs of food scattered where – ate –x̱ʼa. crane: sandhill crane eetí crave: craves – –tsʼéix̱i crumpled-up √dootl ¹ crawl ⑴ √g̱waatʼ ¹ | crawl on hands and knees cry ⑴ √g̱aax̱ ⒜ S-∅-√g̱aax̱ | for (singluar) S to cry, ⒜ {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ || ⒝ {na weep || ⒝ O-ka-S-s-√g̱aax̱ | for S to make O cry, preverb} + S-d+∅-√g̱wáatʼ ¹ || ⑵ √tlooxʼ | crawl on hands and toes cause O to cry || ⑵ g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ cry for O-S-d+s-√g̱áax̱ ˟ crazy ⑴ (adjective) sh kahaadí– || ⑵ (verb) √oos ² || ⑶ tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ² cry out ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ crazy: go crazy sh + ka-S-d+l-√shoo ʰ crying g̱aax̱ cream: cold cream yaneisʼí (T) crying: loud crying kasg̱aax̱ cream: face cream yaneisʼí (T) cup ⑴ gúxʼaa || ⑵ cháashgaa Creator Aanḵáawu; Dikee Aanḵáawu; Dikee curiosity yoo at koojeek Aanḵáawu; Aanḵáawu Dikée Aanḵáawu, ⑴ curious O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ Aanḵáawu, Dikáanḵáawu || ⑵ Aanḵáawu curl up in a ball (of person or animal) creature: sea creature hintak.ádi √gwaatl creek ⑴ héen || ⑵ naadaayi héen || ⑶ ayaheeyáa kanaadaayi héen curlew curly: –ʼs curly hair –shakakóoch’i creek: small creek héenákʼw currant: black currant x̱aaheiwú crest: on the crest –litká currants kadooheix̱.aa Crest: Our Clan Crest Haa Shuká current (of water) ⑴ haat || ⑵ héen kanadaayí crimson red léix̱ʼw cursor (on computer) at chʼéx̱ʼdi crochet √nei ³ cut ⑴ (noun) ḵʼéiḵʼw || ⑵ (verb) √xaash crochet hook ⑴ aan kaduskʼíx̱ʼti át; aan duskʼíx̱ʼti át || ⑵ kakʼéx̱ʼaa cute O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi crocheting kasné cute! óoskʼ!, óoskʼi!, óoshkʼ! crockpot a kát sh is.éex̱ át cutwater: –ʼs cutwater (of a boat) –xéesʼi crook of –ʼs arm –jig̱ei crooked √teix̱ʼ; √teex̱ʼ d crookedly katéx̱ʼdéin daddy long legs táax’aa x̱’uskudayáat’ cross kanéist dagger gwálaa crosspiece: crosspiece of a boat or snowshoe dagger: double-ended dagger shak’áts’ ⑴ yax̱akʼáaw || ⑵ yax̱akʼáaw, –yax̱akʼáawu Dallʼs sheep tawéi tawéi, dleit tawéi crosswise tlʼaadéin dam: beaver dam ḵéet, siḵéet; ḵéedu; siḵéet, crotch: –ʼs crotch g̱atsx̱ʼáak ḵéet crow tsʼaxweil dance alʼeix̱ sʼáasʼ crowbar kítʼaa dance headdress with carved frontlet, crowd N-t⁓ + O-ya-d+∅-√haa ² ermine skins, and sea lion whiskers shakee.át crowd or large group of people aantḵeení dance leggings x̱ʼuskeit

255 d English to Tlingit dance paddle adulʼeix̱ ax̱áa deer: young deer yagootl dance: a dance lʼeix̱ defeat ⑴ √dlaaḵ || ⑵ O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ dance: sway dance ⑴ yoo kuwahangi yeik defecate ⑴ √lʼéelʼ ⒜ a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ (singular) || yoo koonaḵk (plural) ⑵ defecate oneself sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ dandruff shakéil’ kéilʼ defecate: go defecate ⑴ gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ | dangerous kulix̱éitlʼshan (plural) || ⑵ gánde + S-∅-√goot | (singular) dark ⑴ –yéisʼ || ⑵ √g̱eet ² ⒜ ḵu-ka-d+sh-√g̱éet ² defend ⑴ √gaaw ⒜ N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ darkness kag̱ít delay ⑴ √gaa ¹ ⒜ N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ daughter: –ʼs daughter –sée delayed ⑴ N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ || ⑵ √seek ¹ dawn ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ delcare (n + éede) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ day yakyee, yagiyee, yagee (T) delicate matter kalitsʼígwaa day: a few days ago tliyaatgé delicious x̱ʼalinóokcháni day: Friday keijín yakyee den; its den (of animal, underground) – ḵoowú day: Monday tléixʼ yakyee at ashoowatán day: the next day a siyeiḵ denote something táxʼx̱i, tʼáxʼx̱i day: the other day tliyaatgé dentalia shells táxʼx̱i, tʼáxʼx̱i day: Thursday daaxʼoon yakyee dentalium ḵaa oox̱ layeix̱í || ḵaa oox̱ yéi day: Tuesday déix̱ yakyee dentist ⑴ ⑵ daanéiyi || ⑶ ḵaa oox̱ daa yoo ahéix̱ day: Wednesday násʼk yakyee descendent of – –eetí ḵáa daybreak ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ Descendents: Our Descendents Haa Shuká daylight ḵei-∅-√.aa ³ descent: –ʼs line of descent –yinaanáx̱ death naná desert O-S-l-tlʼeet debt nahéesʼadi desire N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ decay √tlʼooḵ ¹ detained N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ deceive √yeil Devil Diyée Aanḵáawu decide about it yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² dew x̱áax̱ʼ decided (yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ dew on the ground ⑴ katáx̱ || ⑵ ḵukatáx̱ deck of a boat yaakw x̱uká dialog yoo x̱ʼala.átk declare (yéi) + ya-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ diaper tuḵdaa.át deep ⑴ √dlaan ⒜ ∅-√dlaan diarrhea sʼéex̱ʼ deer g̱uwakaan; ḵuwakaan diarrhea : watery diarrhea sʼéix̱ʼ deer cabbage kʼuwaaní diarrhea: to have diarrhea kát goot deer sprouting horns shak’únts’ dice: play dice √ḵaa ³ deer with full-grown antlers shalas’áaw, shals’áaw die off ⑴ {∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ || ⑵ {na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ deer: deer with single spikes for antlers Dikee Aanḵáawu; Aanḵáawu Dikée shataag̱áa Diety Aanḵáawu, Aanḵáawu, Dikáanḵáawu deer: male deer with antlers that have Diety: God, Lord, Creator Dikee Aanḵáawu grown and split into two forks shakalḵísht

256 English to Tlingit d

Aanḵáawu; Haa Aanḵáawu discipline yadujeeyí different chʼa g̱óot discolored √yeisʼ different directions woosh dakádin discourse ⑴ yoo x̱ʼala.átk || ⑵ yoo x̱ʼatánk different ones woosh g̱unayáade aa disease néekw different: going in different directions chʼa dish ⑴ sʼíxʼ || ⑵ x̱ʼayeit || ⑶ kélaa; kílaa góot yéide ̱ dish: grease dish eex̱ sʼíxʼi gunayáade; gunayéide; differently ⑴ ̱ ̱ dishwasher sh da.úsʼgu át g̱uwanyáade (An); g̱unáade (C) || ⑵ woosh g̱unayáade || ⑶ chʼa g̱óot yéide dispose of ⑴ √tlʼeet ⒜ O-S-l-tlʼeet difficcult: with difficulty tʼéexʼdéin distribute √gaa ² difficult ⑴ √dzée ˟ ⒜ O-l-√dzée ˟ || ⑵ √tʼeexʼ distributed: in the area of -g̱aa dig a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ disturbed sh kahaadí– dig up kei + O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ ditch xéet digging tool kahénaa divorce O-S-l-tlʼeet dime gút dizziness daa yaa ḵug̱átch dimwitted tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ² dizzy ⑴ N + daa + yaa + ḵu-∅-√g̱áat ³ || ⑵ N + daa + yaa + ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ | for S to make N dizzy dipnet (for eulachon) deegáa do ⑴ √nook ³; √neekw ³ || ⑵ √nei ² || ⑶ √geet ² dipper ⑴ kaxwénaa || ⑵ hinyiklʼeix̱i do your best! háakw dipper (for dipping water) sheen x̱ʼayee dock: at the landing of a dock dzeit shuyee dipper (for water) hinyeit doctor ḵaa daa yaséix̱i dipper: water dipper héen gúxʼaa doesnʼt matter ḵushtuyáx̱ direct: give directions on what to say O-x̱ʼa- ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ dog keitl direction of – ⑴ –niyaa || ⑵ –niyaa, –yinaa dog salmon téel’ directions ⑴ at kuna.áaḵw; at kuna.áag̱u || ⑵ dog urine ketllóoxʼu ḵukajá dog: big dog sawáak directly yaadachóon– dog: guard dog sawáak directly ahead yaadachóon dogfish xʼátgu directly towards – –dachóon doings: –ʻs doings –ḵunóogu director át ḵukawu.aag̱ú doll sée dirt ⑴ chʼéix̱ʼw || ⑵ sʼeex || ⑶ lʼéx̱ʼkw dollar dáanaa dirtiness chʼéix̱ʼw dolly (hand truck) kajúxaa; koojúxaa; dirty ⑴ (verb) √chʼeix̱ʼw ¹ ⒜ O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ || ⒝ koojúxwaa (An) O-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw ¹ || ⒞ (adjective) lichʼéix̱ʼu dolphin ḵʼaan √yaa ¹ disappear donate ⑴ √g̱eexʼ ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ | for S to discharge (from a sore, wound) ḵéetʼ donate O (esp. money) || ⒝ ka-S-d+∅-√g̱éexʼ | for S to donate, contribute || ⒞ N-t⁓ + ka-S-d+∅- disciple: –ʼs disciple –ítx̱ nagoodí √g̱éexʼ | for S to donate, contribute, add to N –ítx̱ na.aadí, –ítx̱ disciples: –ʼs disciples ilí!, ihí!, li! na.aatxʼí, –ítx̱ ne.aatxʼí (C) donʼt! door x̱ʼaháat disciplinary lecture yadujeeyí

257 d English to Tlingit doormat g̱áach drill: hand drill used to start fires by friction x̱ʼaan káx̱ túlaa doorway x̱ʼawool at áatʼláni dose O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ drink: cold drink √xʼaas | classification: liquid doubled-up √dootl ¹ drip at a fast rate √tlʼooḵ ² dough shaped with hands a kachóox drip slowly kúḵjaa dove gusʼyé kindachooneidí drip: drip with bubbles kalóoxʼjaa || kalóox̱jaa down (feathers) x̱ʼwáalʼ drip: fast drip ⑴ ⑵ –shuyee, shuwee drip: fast drip (steady stream of water) down from the crest of kaxʼáasjaa downstream ixkée; éex drip: slow drip katlʼúḵjaa downstream: (toward) downstream íxde drizzle rain ⑴ √x̱eet ² ⒜ a-ka-s-√x̱eet ⑴ √xaatʼ ¹ | classification: heavy object or drag x̱ʼaxélʼk limp object such as dead animal || ⑵ √x̱ootʼ ¹ drooling √xeex ¹ dragonfly ḵaashashx̱áaw drop on drop together √soos ¹ drain off ⑴ √chaa ⒜ O-ka-S-l-√chaa drown √taax̱ʼw ¹ drain out ⑴ √koox ⒜ ka-l-√koox gaaw draped over – –náa drum (noun) at danáayi draw ¹ (noun) séet drunk ¹ (verb) O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ draw ² (verb) √xeet | draw on a surface with a drunk ² writing utensil drunkard at danáayi draw ³ (verb) √yeeḵ ¹; √yeiḵ ¹ | pull drunkenness kanashú draw a line √yeeḵ ²; √yeiḵ ² dry ⑴ –xook || ⑵ √xook || ⑶ O-sha-∅-√koox dress √oo ² Dry Bay: People of the Dry Bay Area G̱unax̱oo Ḵwáan dress (clothing) lʼaak ḵuxaak dress up sh + ka-S-d+sh-√g̱eiy ˟ dry weather awliwás dried –xook dryfish, hard gáaxw dried and hard g̱ákw duck at kaawaxúkw duck decoy (for hunting) kindachooneit at dried thing, esp. food kaladoodlí dried yaana.eit (wild celery) stalks kóox̱ʼ duck with white lines on head shalxwáts dried: sun dried g̱agaan kasʼúkwx̱u duck: bufflehead duck hintakxʼwásʼg̱i drift ⑴ {∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash || ⑵ {na preverb} + O-l-√haash duck: flathead duck sʼélasheesh hinyikgáaxu drift logs yanxoon duck: goldeneye duck sʼúsʼ drift on water √haash duck: harlequin duck kindachooneit drift out to sea daak + O-l-√haash duck: mallard duck ḵaax̱ driftlog, driftwood shaaḵ duck: merganser yaa.aanuné driftwood nalháashadi duck: oldsquaw duck lakʼeechʼwú driftwood: pile of driftwood yanxoon duck: scooter duck –tuwáadáx̱ drill túlaa due to – ¹ √geel drill bit túlxʼu dull ̱

258 English to Tlingit d – e

² dull ya-d+∅-√g̱éel edge: on the edge –wanáak dump √xaa edging of hides x̱ʼax̱éetl dump: garbage dump aadé kdulxesʼ yé eeeew! ée!, éeee! during: (sometime) during – (period of eel lóotʼ time) –yeen eerie O-ka-(u)-l-√jée ˟ ² dusk xi.áat; xei.át; xee.át eerie looking √jee ² dusky –yéisʼ egg (of bird) kʼwátʼ dust ⑴ chʼéix̱ʼw || ⑵ kadánjaa eggs of – (a fish) –kaháakw dust cloud kalsʼéesjaa eggs (of eels, etc.) x̱ʼíxʼ dwell at N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ eggs: dish made with berries and salmon dye ⑴ √seiḵʼw ⒜ (noun) kaséḵʼx̱u || ⑵ (noun) eggs kanéegwálʼ kayéisʼ eggs: dried salmon eggs ⑴ góoḵ || ⑵ a kagúḵxʼu e eggs: fermented fish eggs kaháakw kasʼeex eggs: scrambled eggs kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ each of them dag̱a-, dax̱-, daḵ- eggs: soaked fish eggs kaháakw ítʼx̱i each other [object] woosh, wooch eggs: stink cheese (indian cheese) kashísʼi each other [subject] woosh, wooch eggs: stink eggs kaháakw kasʼeex each otherʼs woosh, wooch egg-shaped –kʼwátʼ eagle: bald eagle chʼáakʼ eight nasʼgadooshú eagle: golden eagle gijook eight people nasʼgadooshóonáx̱ eagle: immature eagle chʼakʼyéisʼ elbow: –ʼs elbow –tʼéey eagleʼs beak (alienated) chʼáakʼ loowú elbow: tip of –ʼs elbow –tʼiyshú ear: –ʼs ear –gúk elder at wuskóowu yanwáat earlier dziyáak elderberry yéilʼ early summer taakw.eetí elderly –shaan earring: long yarn earrings dangling from the ears that sways during dancing guk electricity ⑴ kashóokʼ || ⑵ kashéekʼw tlʼínx̱w; guk tlʼéinx̱w elevation: on the elevated part of the point earring(s) ⑴ guk.át || ⑵ guk kajaash (of land) xʼaa luká earth tlʼátk eleven jinkaat ḵa tléixʼ earthquake ⑴ (noun) yoo aan ka.á || ⑵ (verb) yóo eleven (people) jinkaat ḵa tléináx̱ + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ email kashóokʼ yoo x̱ʼatánk –gukyikkʼóox̱ʼu earwax: –ʼs earwax embarassed O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ l uldzéedéin easily embarassment kadéixʼ √x̱aa ¹ eat embarrass sh + ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ ḵude kdagoot eclipse ember (that popped out of a fire) katʼáx̱ʼjaa –wán edge of – embrace: in –ʼs embrace –jig̱ei –yaax̱ edge: along the edge of embroider ⑴ √ḵaa ² ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² edge: (on or along) the edge –shutú

259 e English to Tlingit empty: empty container –xákwti saying or proverb yax̱ at g̱wakú empty: –ʼs empty shell (of house) –xákwti every ldakát enclosed within (the folds of) – –g̱ei every single person chʼa ldakát ḵáa encountering – –kagé every single place chʼa ldakát yé encouraged by – –tuwáadáx̱ every single thing chʼa ldakát át end ka-∅-√kéesʼ | for a month to end, pass everybody ⑴ chʼa ldakát ḵáa || ⑵ ldakát ḵáa end of – –shú everyone ldakát ḵáa end of it –shutú everything ldakát át end: around the end of – –shuwadaa everywhere ldakát yé end: at or near the end of it (a pointed evil ⑴ l ushkʼé || ⑵ tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi object, point of land) –lunáa ex- –yéeyi –yaanaayí enemy: –ʼs enemy examine ⑴ √aa ² ⒜ N + daa + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² engine washéen excessive ḵúdáx̱; ḵútx̱ engine cylinder connecting rod washéen excessively – –yáanáx̱ katág̱ayi excrement ⑴ gánde nagoodí || ⑵ lʼílʼ || ⑶ háatlʼ English: broken English ḵʼwátl wáalʼi at x̱ʼa. áx̱ch excrement: animal excrement kích káts enough ⑴ g̱aa || ⑵ tlʼag̱áa excrement: white bird excrement √xeech enough for – –tóog̱aa exert strength ⑴ O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ || ⑵ ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ entice ⑴ √dootl ² ⒜ tóo-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√dootl exist O-shu-S-s-√tee ʰ ¹ envelope xʼúxʼ daakaxʼúxʼu expect her/him/it O-shu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ equivalent: equivalent to – –x̱ooní expected: be expected √tseen x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ erase √xeelʼ ² expensive ⑴ ⒜ eraser kaxílʼaa experience (something a person has been through) a tóo yoo kawdzigít erect: it gives men erections ḵóo lidóolʼshán expert at – –góogu erection: –ʼs erection –dóolʼi expert: expert of – -sʼaatí ermine dáa expire √keesʼ error: in error ḵwáakt (daaḵ) explode √took ¹ Eskimo Tea sʼikshaldéen ⑴ √tsaaḵ | classification: singular | plural saak extend eulachon form: √tsoow || ⑵ √tsoow | classification: plural euroamerican person or people ⑴ dleit ḵáa || | singular form: √tsaaḵ || ⑶ √xaat ¹ ⑵ gusʼkʼiḵwáan; gusʼkʼiyee ḵwáan extinguish ⑴ √keesʼ ⒜ O-ya-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ european person or people ⑴ dleit ḵáa || ⑵ –waḵshiyee gusʼkʼiḵwáan; gusʼkʼiyee ḵwáan eye: before –ʼs eyes eye: crust in eye –waḵkadlóog̱u even chʼu, chʼoo eye: eye booger –waḵkadlóog̱u even if óosh eye: –ʼs eye –waaḵ even though chʼa aan eye: sleep in eye –waḵkadlóog̱u evening xáanaa eyebrow: –ʼs eyebrow ⑴ –sʼei || ⑵ –sʼee event that is so common it has become a eyeglasses waḵdáanaa

260 English to Tlingit e – f eyelash: –ʼs eyelash –wax̱ʼax̱éix̱ʼu fall together √soos ¹ eyes: glaring eyes waḵjéitl fall tree √g̱eech ² eyes: wide-open eyes waḵjéitl falling from sky daak false hellebore sʼíksh f family line: –ʼs family line of descent – yinaanáx̱ fable tlaagú famine laaxw fabric: printed fabric kashxeet fancy ⑴ √g̱ei ⒜ O-ka-l-√g̱éi face: growth on the face yagúnlʼ fart: noiseless fart kóochʼ face: –ʼs face –yá fart: noisy fart g̱wáalʼ face: upper side of –ʼs face (from the fart: short, high pitched fart kóotlʼ cheekbones to the top of the head) – yatʼákw farther over tliyaa tláakw || √sátk˟ facing – ⑴ –niyaa || ⑵ –niyaa, –yinaa || ⑶ – fast ⑴ ⑵ dayéen fasten √xaat ¹ facing away from – –dakán fat taay woosh dakán facing away from each other fat (of animal) ⑴ −téitlʼ || ⑵ √taa ² facing opposite directions woosh dakádin fat: get fat √neitl facing: (out) facing – –yaká fat: gets fat easily linéitlchʼán facsimile: –ʼs facsimile –kayaa fat: hard fat toow fact áa fate: –ʼs fate –daakashú fair skinned √woo ³ fate: terrible fate jinaháa fair-complexioned √woo ³ father: –ʼs father –éesh faith átkʼ aheen father-in-law: –sʼ father-in-law –wóo fake –uwaa fatherless child neechkayádi fall ⑴ √geet ¹ | classification: animate ⒜ N-dé + fathom waat O-d+s-√geet ¹ | for O (live creature) to fall into N xweitl || ⒝ N-t⁓ + O-d+s-√geet ¹ | for O (live creature) fatigue to fall into, against N || ⒞ daak + O-d+s-√geet ¹ fear akoolx̱éitlʼ | for O to fall (esp. off of something) || N-náx̱ ⒟ fearful √x̱eitlʼ; √x̱eetlʼ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ | for O (live creature) to fall ḵu.éexʼ down N || ⑵ √xeex ¹ | classification: singular || feast ⑶ √xʼaas | cascade | classification: liquid || ⑷ feast following a seclusion ceremony du x̱ʼé yan⁓ + O-ya-∅-√gáasʼ | fall on face x̱ánt atx̱aayí ḵu.éexʼ fall apart √g̱aat ¹ feast: at a feast (in front of people) ḵaankageetxʼ; ḵaankak.eetxʼ (T); ḵaankʼegeexʼ fall asleep ⑴ yan⁓ + O-ya-∅-√gáasʼ || ⑵ táach + O-S-∅-√jaaḵ | classification: singular object || (C) ⑶ táach + yax̱ + O-ya-S-l-√jaaḵ | classification: feather tʼaaw plural objects feather: down feathers x̱ʼwáalʼ fall (large stick-like object) √gaasʼ feel √nook ²; √neekw ² fall (of precipiration) √taan ⁶ feel like doing (yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ fall scattered √g̱aat ¹ feel that way (yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹

261 f English to Tlingit feel: –ʼs sense of feel –daanóogu filthy lichʼéix̱ʼu feeling: –ʼs feelings –sh tundanóogu fin: dorsal fin –leedí feelings tundatáan; tundataan fin: posterior dorsal fin –kwéiyi feelings: –ʼs feelings –toowú fin: –ʼs anal fin (of fish) –katʼaawú feet: sole of –ʼs feet –x̱ʼustáak fin: –ʼs anterior dorsal fin hump (of salmon) –litkagoodlí felicity toowú kʼé lʼée ḵʼáatlʼ fin: –ʼs anterior dorsal fin (of fish) – felt dix̱ʼkatʼaawú female sheech–; shich– fin: –ʼs dorsal fin (of fish) –litkatʼaawú female: girl shaatk’ásk’u, shaatkʼiyátskʼu, shaatkʼiyétskʼu (C) fin: –ʼs pectoral fin –xʼáagi –tʼaawú female: girls, young women shaax’wsáani fin: –ʼs pectoral fin (of fish) tsaatguyéigaa, tsaatguwéigaa || de female: woman shaawát finally ⑴ ̱ ̱ ⑵ x̱waa || ⑶ yeedát tsá female: young woman (not married) shaatkʼ finch: goldfinch sʼáasʼ fence ḵʼanáax̱án finch: green bird (sparrow or finch) asxʼaan ferment √sʼeex sháachʼi fermented (of food) –kasʼeex finch: grey singing bird (sparrow or finch) fern: shield fern sʼaach tlagu tsʼatsʼéeyee ferries (ships) yakwtlénxʼ find √tʼei ¹; √tʼee ferry (ship) yakwtlein fine ⑴ √kʼei ⒜ O-∅-√kʼéi || ⒝ N + toowú + ∅-√kʼéi | for N to be glad, happy, feel fine fertilizer dákwtasi; dákwx̱utasi finger: between –ʼs fingers –tlʼeḵx̱ʼáak fetus: –ʼs fetus –kayádi finger: –ʼs finger –tlʼeeḵ fever tʼaay néekw (A,T) finger: –ʼs fingertip –tlʼeḵshá fiddlehead fern (with edible rhizome) kʼwálx̱ finger: –ʼs first finger –chʼéex̱ʼi field táay finger: –ʼs middle finger –tlʼeḵtlein xʼóotʼaa fifty cents dáanaa shoowú finger: –ʼs ring finger –laayig̱águ –x̱aakw fight ⑴ √gaaw ⒜ (verb) (n een) + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ || fingernail: –ʼs fingernail ⒝ (noun) ḵulagaaw fingernail: –ʼs fingernail markings –x̱aakw fight for N + káx̱ + ḵu-S-l-√gaaw ˟ eetí figure out √daa ² finish yan⁓ + O-sha-S-l-√heek leiyís file ⑴ (verb) √xʼaat ⒜ (verbal noun) xʼádaa fir x̱ʼaan gan fill ⑴ √chaak ⒜ O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak || ⑵ √heek fire | classification: solids or abstracts ⒜ O-sha-S- fire drill: hand drill used to start fires by l-√heek | for S to fill O (with solids or abstracts) friction x̱ʼaan káx̱ túlaa || ⑶ √ook ² | classification: liquid || ⑷ √tlʼeetʼ | classification: liquid fire scar (from a campfire) gan eetí fill gradually √yeeḵ ⁴ fire: around the fire gandaa filled O-sha-∅-√heek fire: build fire ⑴ √aak ² ⒜ shóo-t⁓ + a-S-d+∅-√. aak ² filter ⑴ √chaa ⒜ O-ka-S-l-√chaa fire: by the fire x̱ʼaan gook gangook filth tlʼeex

262 English to Tlingit f fire: facing the fire x̱ʼaan gook gangook fish: dried necktie style tsʼakʼáawásh fire: in the fire ganaltáak fish: dryfish at x̱ʼéeshi, at duwax̱ʼéeshi firecracker(s) aansaganeit fish: fire-roasted fish wáasadi firefly a tuḵ akoogaanjí fish: jarred fish ⑴ ín xʼeesháa tóonáx̱ wududzi. x̱ʼaan gook gangook eeyi x̱áat || ⑵ ín xʼeesháa tóo x̱ʼúx̱u || ⑶ ítʼch fireside tóo x̱áat firestone dáadzi fish: –ʼs dried, thinly cut (fish) flesh –x̱ʼéeshi fireweed lóol fish: small round white fish óon firewood gán fish: soaked dried fish téeyi firewood: dry inner part of firewood gantuxoogú fish: strung up fish x̱áat x̱ʼaka.éesh x̱áat yádi firewood: wet firewood gán tlʼáakʼ fish: tiny fish fisher (troller) astʼeix̱í first ⑴ sʼé || ⑵ shóogu– fisher: seine fisher asg̱eiwú first: (at) first ⑴ shóogunáx̱ || ⑵ shuxʼáanáx̱, shuxʼwáanáx̱ fishing hole ísh fish ¹ (noun) x̱áat fishing rod shax̱út’aa ² fish (verb) a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ | for S to fish with net, fissure in rock té ḵáas’ seine fitting √jaaḵw ² fish air-dried in cold weather and allowed to five keijín freeze chíl xook five people keijínínáx̱ fish cleaned & hung to dry kadúkli flab leil fish head: fermented fish head kʼínkʼ flab: –ʼs flab –leilí fish head: stink heads kʼínkʼ flabbergasted O-ḵʼa-d+∅-√gwáatl fish heads cooked on ground around fire –daaleilí gangukg̱áx̱i flabby: –ʼs flabby skin/hide aan kwéiyi kánaa fish heads cooked on the ground by the fire flag gangook tʼóosʼi flagpole aan kwéiyi tugáasʼi fish hook tʼeix̱áa, tʼeix̱ flame ganyalʼóotʼ fish migration át yana.á flank: –ʼs flank –ḵaatl fish partially dried & smoked, ready to eat flank: –ʼs flank (between the ribs and the right away kadúkli hip) –ḵatlyá fish pitchfork x̱áat g̱íjaa flashlight kadulg̱óok sʼeenáa; kadulg̱úkx̱ sʼeenáa fish roasted whole, strung up by its tail over flat: thin and flat –ḵʼáatlʼ gíḵs; the fire and twirled periodically ̱ flavor: –ʼs flavor –dunóogu g̱íḵsaa (T); g̱íḵsi (At, T) flea tíx fish slime x̱éelʼ flea: sandflea kookʼénaa tóoxʼ fish with hook √tʼeix̱ flee (N + náḵ) + a-ya-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ fish with net √g̱eiwú flesh dleey fish: baby fish x̱áat yádi flesh: raw flesh of – (a fish) –tóoch fish: dead fish odor kéech flesh: raw or rare flesh –shísʼḵ fish: dried fish strips tsʼakʼáawásh flesh: –ʼs flesh –daadleeyí

263 f English to Tlingit flesh: –−ʼs flesh –dleey follow ⑴ N + ítx̱ + yaa + S-∅-√goot ¹ || ⑵ O-ka- S-s-√kei ¹ flesh: –ʼs flesh (of fish) –x̱ʼúx̱u –shaadí follow: following –ʼs train of speech – fleshy leaves (of plant) x̱ʼakooká flexible √xwaach follower: –ʼs follower –ítx̱ nagoodí flicker: northern flicker kóon followers: –ʼs followers –ítx̱ na.aadí, –ítx̱ flint ín na.aatxʼí, –ítx̱ ne.aatxʼí (C) flippers: –ʼs flippers (of fish) –daa ax̱áayi following – –ít flippers: –ʼs tail flippers –geen following it aag̱áa float ⑴ {∅ preverb} + O-l-√haash || ⑵ {na fontanel: –ʼs fontanel –gaan preverb} + O-l-√haash food atx̱á float on water √haash food container x̱ʼayeit float out to sea daak + O-l-√haash food scraps ḵaa x̱ʼa.eetí ⑴ (noun) aan galaḵú, aan galḵú || ⑵ ḵéesʼ || flood wóow ⑶ (verb) √daa ¹ ⒜ N-náx̱ + ya-∅-√daa ¹ food (sent or taken along) floor tʼáa ká food taken home from a feast or dinner to which one was invited éenwu, éenu (TC) flounder dzánti éenwu wankashxéet flounder: starry flounder food: cold food at áatʼláni sakwnéin kaxook flour food: cooked food at éewu sakwnéin katéix̱i flour gravy food: fried food káx̱gántʼi √daa ¹ ka-∅-√daa ¹ || N-t⁓ + ka-∅- flow ⑴ ⒜ ⒝ food: pressed food (often partially dried) daa | flow to N katʼátʼx̱i N-náx̱ + ya-∅-√daa ¹ flow through food: roasted food káx̱gántʼi ka-∅-√.aa ³ flow, pour forth (of water) food: –ʼs left-over food scraps –x̱ʼa.eetí ḵʼeikaxwéin flower food: steamed food ⑴ a dákx̱u || ⑵ xwéix̱ √ḵeen ¹ | classification: singular subject fly ⑴ ⒜ foolish tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ² {na motion} + S-d+∅-√ḵeen ¹ || ⒝ {∅ motion} l yaa ḵooshgé + S-d+∅-√ḵeen || ⒞ {ga motion} + S-d+∅- foolishness √ḵeen ¹ || ⑵ √yeech | classification: plural foot (measurement) ḵaa x̱ʼoos subject foot of – (a standing object) –kʼí fly: bluebottle fly xéen foot of: at the foot of a slope –shuyee, shuwee fly: housefly xéen foot: at the foot of – –kʼiyee flywheel ⑴ kajúxaa || ⑵ koojúxaa foot: –ʼs big toe –x̱ʼusgoosh foam x̱eel foot: –ʼs foot –x̱ʼoos foam (on waves) teet x̱’achálx̱i foot: –ʼs heel –x̱ʼeitákw focus of hopes or thoughts tután foot: –s midfoot –iḵ fog ḵugwáasʼ foot: –ʼs toe –x̱ʼustlʼeiḵ, –x̱ʼustlʼeeḵ fog (rising from a body of standing water) –iḵká xʼúkjaa foot: top of –ʼs foot footprint: –ʼs footprint –x̱ʼus.eetí foggy ⑴ √gwaasʼ ⒜ ḵu-d+∅-√gwáasʼ for –sákw fold up O-ka-S-l-√gwaatl

264 English to Tlingit f – g for – –yís freezer a tóo at dultʼixʼx̱i át for – (often a day, week, a dish, event) –kayís fresh (of fish) –tooch for – to eat or drink –x̱ʼeis freshwater grass x̱aatlʼ for – (to have or benefit from) ⑴ –jeeyís || Friday keijín yakyee –jís ⑵ fried kasʼúkx̱u chʼa neechx̱ || chʼa gégaa for nothing ⑴ ⑵ ̱ ̱ fried – –kasʼúkx̱u daat yís sá for what (benefit) friend: –ʼs friend (same clan or moiety) – for what (purpose) daat g̱aa sá x̱ooní for: going for – –eeg̱áa frog xíxchʼ for: to the end of – –yís from -dáx̱; -tx̱; -x̱ forbidden ⑴ √g̱aas ⒜ l-√g̱aas ˟ from it aadáx̱; aax̱ forehead: –ʼs forehead –káakʼ from shadow into open gági foreigner g̱unayaḵwáan from the woods onto the beach, shore éeg̱i foreskin: –ʼs foreskin –lawyadaadookxʼú sáani front of – –shuká forest aasgutú front: out in front of – –yaká forever ⑴ chʼu tleix̱ || ⑵ tlagu–; tlaguwu– frost √xwaan kaxwaan forget ⑴ √xʼaaḵw ¹ || ⑵ yaa + O-ḵu-S-l-√g̱áat ³ frosty ḵu-ka-(?)-d+l-√xwáan * fork ách at dusx̱a át aan at dusx̱a át frozen √tʼeexʼ fork: gardening fork káatʼ frustrating ⑴ √dzée ˟ ⒜ O-l-√dzée ˟ form for shaping kanágaa fry bread eix̱ kát sakwnéin, eex̱ kát sakwnéin (Y,A,T); eex̱ kát sakwnein, eix̱ kát sakwnein form: wooden form for shaping or stretching moccasins téel tukanágaa fry (until crisp) √sʼook former –yéeyi full ⑴ √heek | classification: solids or abstracts ⒜ O-sha-∅-√heek fort noow fun √goo ¹ fort: in a fort noow g̱ei fungus: bracket fungus g̱áatl fortress noow fungus: bracket fungus; conks; tree fungus foundation post hít tayeegáasʼi aasdaag̱áadli four daaxʼoon fungus: yellow tree fungus tlʼáatlʼ four people ⑴ daaxʼoonínáx̱ || ⑵ daaxʼoonínáx̱ funny lishoog̱u four times daaxʼoondahéen funny (of speech) x̱ʼalishoog̱u fox: black fox x̱altʼoochʼ naag̱asʼéi fur: –ʼs fur –x̱aawú fox: red fox naag̱asʼei furrow ⑴ (noun) xéet || ⑵ (verb) √xeet fox: white fox x̱aldleit future –sákw fracture √aaxʼw ¹ fuzz: –ʼs fuzz –x̱aawú fragrant √tsʼaa frame for stretching skin tʼéesh g frame (of house, boat, etc) at daa.ideidí √choox̱ at + u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ gaff ⑴ √kʼeix̱ʼ; √kʼeex̱ʼ ⒜ O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ || ⒝ freeload ⑴ ⒜ O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ | for S to gaff O in the head

265 g English to Tlingit gain √dlaaḵ girlfriend: –ʼs young woman (girlfriend) – shaatkʼí gall bladder: –ʼs gall bladder –teiyí shaax’wsáani gallon ḵʼateil girls √aat ² | classification: baggage and gamble √ḵaa ³ give ⑴ personal items ⒜ {∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² gambling alḵáa; at ilḵáa || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² || ⑵ √aat ³ | game of chance alḵáa; at ilḵáa classification: small round or hooplike objects {∅ motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ || ⒜ ⒝ games played using string in the hands {na motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ || aldaawáa ⑶ √aax̱ ² | classification: textile-like objects ⒜ gangrene tlʼooḵ {∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-.aax̱ ² || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² || √een ¹ | classification: garbage tlʼeex ⑷ container with contents ⒜ {∅ preverb} + aadé kdulxesʼ yé garbage dump O-S-s-√.een || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een ¹ garden (noun) táay give heed N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ ² garden (verb) a-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ give orders áa + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ gardener táay kahéix̱i give up √naaḵ ² garment naa.át give up (esp. drinking) O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ ¹ gather together woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ giving to – –yís ² gather together woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√. gizzard: –ʼs gizzard (of bird) –yoowú aat ¹ glacier sítʼ gather up O-ya-S-s-√haa ¹ glacier bear sítʼ tuxóodzi, sʼiknóon; sʼiknóon, sítʼ geneology of – –shuká tuxóodzi tula.aan generosity of heart glad ⑴ N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ || ⑵ N + toowú + gentle ⑴ √aan ² ⒜ O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² ∅-√kʼéi gentle: do it gently! chʼa aanínáx̱, chʼa aanídáx̱ gland: –ʼs gland daa.itwéisʼi get O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ glass (the substance) ítʼch get out of way ⑴ N + jikaadáx̱ + ya-u-S-∅-√.aat ¹ glorification kashéex̱ʼ | classification: plural || ⑵ N + jikaadáx̱ + ya-u- glorify √sheix̱ʼ; √sheex̱ʼ S-∅-√goot ¹ | classification: singular glory kashéix̱ʼ get rid of O-S-l-tlʼeet glue aan kadusʼíxʼw át get up ⑴ √nook ⁴ || ⑵ √ḵee ² ⒜ sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² go ⑴ {∅ preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ || ⑵ {na preverb} + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ getting ready for – –yayís go away mad √teen ³ ghost sʼig̱eeḵáawu go back (plural, by walking) ⑴ √aat ¹ | (noun) ḵustín át; ḵudziteeyi át || giant ⑴ ⑵ classification: plural ⒜ a-ya-u-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ (adjective) ḵustín– go back (singular, by walking) a-ya-u-S-d+∅- giddiness kanashú √goot ¹ x̱ʼalatseení ka.óow ádi gift go (by walking, plural) ⑴ √aat ¹ | for (plural) gill: –ʼs gill (of fish) –xʼéixʼu S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | classification: plural ⒜ {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√. girl shaatkʼátskʼu; shaatkʼwátskʼu; shaatkʼiyátskʼu aat ¹ || ⒝ {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || ⒞ {na girlfriend: –ʼs lady (girlfriend) –shaawádi preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ || ⒟ {ga preverb} + S-∅- √.aat⁓ ¹ || ⒠ {g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√.aat⁓ ¹

266 English to Tlingit g go (by walking, singular) ⑴ √goot ¹ ⒜ {∅ grandchild: –ʼs grandchild –dachx̱án preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ || ⒝ {∅ preverb} + ⑴ –léelkʼw || S-d+∅-√goot ¹ grandparent: –ʼs grandparent ⑵ –áali ka-l-√koox go dry granite x̱éel, x̱éel té ya-ka-l-√kéesʼ go out grass chookán, chookén (C), chookwán (T) {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√. go (plural, by walking) ⑴ grass: beach grass lax̱ʼyeit aat ¹ || ⑵ {na preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ || ⑶ {ga né preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ || ⑷ {g̱a preverb} + S-∅- grass: hairy grass √.aat ¹ grass: wide grass sooḵ go (singular, by walking) ⑴ {ga preverb} + grateful sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ S-∅-√goot ¹ || ⑵ {g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ gravel lʼéiw {na go (singular, by walking or generally) xákw preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ gravel bar gravel beach xákw go to the bathroom ⑴ gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ | (plural) || ⑵ gánde + S-∅-√goot | (singular) gravel: fine gravel lʼéiw yátxʼi goat: mountain goat jánwu; jínwu (Y); jénu (C) gray lawúx̱ God Aanḵáawu; Dikee Aanḵáawu; Dikee gray currant shaax̱ Aanḵáawu; Aanḵáawu Dikée Aanḵáawu, ⑴ grayish lʼáax̱ʼ Aanḵáawu, Dikáanḵáawu || ⑵ Aanḵáawu grayling tʼási going to see – (usually a person) –keekán grease eix̱, eex̱ (T,Y,S); eex̱ (T,Y,S), eix̱ Gold Creek (in Juneau) Dzántikʼi Héeni grease unfit for consumption dákwtasi; gold: flecked with gold or rust katlʼáakʼ dákwx̱utasi katlʼáakʼ gold-rust grease: is easily greased linéisʼchʼán √kʼei O-∅-√kʼéi || ḵu-∅-√kʼei | for good ⑴ ⒜ ⒝ greatly gedéin; gidéin the weather to be good || ⒞ (adjective) aakʼé– grebe: horned grebe cháax̱ good grief! hadláa! grebe: red-necked grebe cháax̱ good looking √aan ² green sʼoow good thoughts toowú kʼé green (wood) –shísʼḵ good-looking ⑴ O-ya-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² | to have sʼéix̱wani a good-looking face || ⑵ O-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² | for green: light yellowish-green something to be good-looking greenstone sʼoow goodness kʼé grief: remove grief chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + goose tongue suḵtéitlʼ S-d+∅-√hook gopher: arctic ground squirrel tsálk grind √g̱eelʼ gorge x̱ʼaak grindstone g̱ílʼaa gossip neek grip: –ʼs grip –jintú –sʼaḵshutúḵlʼi gossiper ⑴ niksʼaatí; neek sʼaatí || ⑵ neek gristle at the end of its bones shatlʼéḵxʼu gristle between its bones –sʼaḵx̱ʼáak túḵlʼi grab √shaat gristle: –ʼs gristle –túḵlʼi grandchild! chx̱ánkʼ groan kasg̱aax̱ grandchild: my wonderful grandchild! ax̱ grocery hoon daakahídi dachx̱ánkʼé ground meat ⑴ dleey kaxákwlʼi (T) || ⑵ dleey

267 g – h English to Tlingit

kaxákwlʼi (T), dleey kexákwlʼi (C) hair: gray hair –shashaaní groundhog (locally) sʼaax̱ hair: lock of –ʼs hair –xʼéesʼi grouse: blue grouse núkt hair: –ʼs curly hair –shakakóoch’i grow ⑴ √aa ³ | classification: plant ⒜ O-ka-S-s-√. hair: –ʼs hair –x̱aawú aa ³ || ka-∅-√.aa ³ || ka-s-√.aa ³ || ⒝ ⒞ ⑵ –shax̱aawú √waat ¹ | classification: living creature hair: –ʼs hair (on head) hair: –ʼs matted hair –xʼéesʼi grow it (plant) O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ hair: –sʼ pubic hair –xux̱aawú grow (of plant) ⑴ ka-∅-√.aa ³ || ⑵ ka-s-√.aa ³ hair: –ʼs tangled hair –xʼéesʼi growl (of stomach) √toox̱ʼ ² hair: tangled lock of –ʼs hair –xʼéesʼi growth kawáat hairy √x̱aaw growth on the face yagúnlʼ half dollar dáanaa shoowú growth on the trunk of a tree gúnlʼ half of – –shoowú grub tlʼúkʼx̱, tlʼúkʼ

(verb) yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil || (noun) at half of – (something cut or broken in half) guard ⑴ ⑵ kígi káx̱ adéli || ⑶ wáachwaan

adátxʼi daat yawustaagi ḵáa half-dried food, esp. berries or seaweed guardian at liedem ̱ katʼákx̱i kéidladi gull halfway up – (the inside of a vessel or gully séet container) –katʼóot gum kʼóox̱ʼ halibut cháatl gumboots shaaw halibut fisher cháatl astʼeix̱í óonaa gun hamburger ⑴ dleey kaxákwlʼi (T) || ⑵ dleey gun: cleaning rod for gun óonaa tukatság̱aa kaxákwlʼi (T), dleey kexákwlʼi (C) gunpowder at tugáni hammer ⑴ (noun) táḵl || ⑵ (verb) √tʼeix̱ʼ; √tʼeex̱ʼ lʼoowú táḵl guts: –ʼs guts ⑴ –yik.ádi || ⑵ –naasí hammer: wooden hammer hammock g̱eig̱áchʼ h hand her/him/it over O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ hand it here haandé habit: in habit of √taan ⁸ hand it over haahí habits: –ʻs habits –ḵunóogu hand over √naaḵ ² had enough of √sʼees ² hand truck ⑴ kajúxaa || ⑵ koojúxaa Haida Deikeenaa hand: back of –ʼs hand –jikóol hail ⑴ kadásʼ || ⑵ a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ | for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm) hand: center of the palm of –ʼs hand – jintakyádi Haines Deishú hand: edge of –ʼs hand –jiwán hair pendant ḵaa shaksayíḵsʼi hand: palm of –ʼs hand –jintáak hair pin shax̱’ée x’wál’ hand: –ʼs hand –jín hair ribbon shach’éen handcuffs jikag̱ayéisʼ hair tie ⑴ chʼéen || ⑵ shachʼéen handiwork ḵaa ji.eetí hair: bangs –kakʼx̱aawú handiwork of – –ji.eetí hair: braid(s) shaséet

268 English to Tlingit h handkerchief lug̱wéinaa head: –ʼs back of head –lakʼéechʼ handle of – (a stick-like object) –sákwti; – head: –ʼs head –shá sáxwdi; –síxwdi (At, T); –súxdi (T); –súxti (T, C) headdress with carved frontlet, ermine handmade crafts ḵaa ji.eetí skins, and sea lion whiskers shakee.át handshake ḵaa jín lidléigoo headscarf shadaa.át sadaa.át hang √tee ³ heal √neix̱ hank shakatlʼéen hear ⑴ √aax̱ ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ || ⒝ O-S-∅-.áx̱ch ¹ happen √xeex ⁴ ˟ || ⒞ O-sa-S-∅-√.aax̱ ¹ || ⒟ O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-.aax̱ ¹ happiness toowú kʼé sagú hearing ⑴ ḵu.áx̱ch || ⑵ ḵaa ḵu.áx̱ji ḵu.áx̱ji happy ⑴ √goo ¹ ⒜ N + toowú + s-√góo ¹ || ⑵ N + hearing aid toowú + ∅-√kʼéi heart: –ʼs heart –téix̱’ harbor déili heat ⑴ (noun) kasáyjaa || ⑵ (verb) √tʼaa ¹ ⒜ ya-∅- √tʼaa ʰ | for something to be hot; for something hard (abstract) ⑴ √dzée ˟ ⒜ O-l-√dzée ˟ to be heated hard (substance) –tʼéexʼ heat of the sun g̱agaan tʼáx̱ʼi hard tack g̱áatl heating pad ⑴ kashóokʼ gwéil || ⑵ kashéekʼw hardened √tʼeexʼ gwéil √geiḵ harmful heavy: something compact and very heavy harpoon for spearing salmon dlagwáa éechʼ hat sʼáaxw heel: –ʼs heel –x̱ʼeitákw hat: ceremonial woven root hat with a stack Heinyaa: People of Heinyaa (Middle of of basket-like cylinders on top shadakóox̱ʼ Prince of Wales Island) Heinyaa Ḵwáan hat: felt hat with curled brim sʼáaxw x̱ʼakatóol held back √seek ¹ hat: visor hat worn by Sugpiaq & Unangan help ⑴ (verb) √shee ³ || ⑵ (noun) nadashée people of Southcentral & Southwestern helper nadashée Alaska ḵʼalux̱útʼaa sʼáaxw helping – work or do something –ji.een hat: woven root hat x̱aat sʼáaxw helpless tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ hatchet shanax̱wáayi yádi, shúnx̱aa yádi (C) hem of – (a garment) –kóon hate ⑴ √kʼaan ⒜ O-S-sh-√kʼaan hem of clothes x̱ʼax̱éetl have a turn N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ hem: –ʼs hem –x̱ʼax̱éedli woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅- have in common lingít kʼúntsʼi √héin ˟ hemlock: water hemlock dúḵlʼ, túḵlʼ; túḵlʼ, ¹ (noun) kijook; gijook hemlock: young hemlock hawk dúḵlʼ ² (verb) O-S-l-√hoon | for S to go selling, hawk kayaaní peddle, hawk O herbiage herbs kayaaní hawk: kind of hawk shaayáal here hé he hú her/him [object] ∅- ⁓ a- head of – (a spear) –kádi her/him: (to) her/him du ee- ⁓ u- head: back of his her head at the base – shaláx̱’ her/hiss du head: over his her head –shanáa heron láx̱ʼ

269 h English to Tlingit herring yaaw hole wool herring eggs g̱áaxʼw hole dug in the ground (for food storage) kóoḵ herring: young herring sháachʼ ísh hers/his du hole in stream, river, creek √wool; √waal he/she [subject] ∅- hole: have a hole O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ hesitate √gaa ¹ holler at ha.é! hide √seen holy cow! L Ulitoogu Ḵaa hide of – –doogú Holy Spirit (Christian) Yakg̱wahéiyagu hide: –ʼs wrinkled/flabby hide –daaleilí home neil hide: smoked hide ux̱ akasʼíḵx̱i homebrew x̱ookdahéen high class people aan yátxʼi sáani, aan yátxʼu sáani homeward neil yaadachóon– high class person aanyádi, aanyédi (C) honestly honey gandaasʼaají háatlʼi high-priced ⑴ √tseen ⒜ x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ –já. hill: low flat hill noow honey: –ʼs honey sh yáa awudanéixʼi hill: small hill gooch honorable people sh yáa awudanéiyi him/her [object] ∅- ⁓ a- honorable person –gwéinli him/her: (to) him/her du ee- ⁓ u- hoof: –ʼs hoof √kʼeix̱ʼ; √kʼeex̱ʼ O-S-∅-√kʼéex̱ʼ || –g̱ádzi hook ⑴ ⒜ ⒝ hindquarters: –ʼs hindquarters O-sha-S-∅-√kʼéix̱ʼ | for S to hook O in the head hip: ʼs hip –ḵaatl hook for halibut kích ya.eit hip: –ʼs hip ḵáash hook: gaff hook kʼíx̱ʼaa hips: the flesh around –ʼs hips –kʼí hook: grappling hook kʼíx̱ʼaa history of – –shuká hook: halibut hook náxw History: Our History Haa Shuká hooked N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ history: –ʼs history –shagóon hooligan saak ⑴ √gwaal | for S to hit O in the face (with fist) hit saak eix̱í ⒜ O-ya-S-∅-√gwaal || ⑵ √xeex ¹ | fall on and hooligan grease hit hooligan oil saak eix̱í hither haa(n) Hoonah ⑴ Gaaw Tʼaḵ Aan || ⑵ Xunaa; Xunniyaa hives geets hope tután hoarse voice ⑴ N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ; N hope for √shee ¹ + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ | for Nʼs voice to be hopefully gu.aal hoarse, scratchy || ⑵ N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ; N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ | for S to make N have horizon ⑴ goosʼ shú || ⑵ gusʼshú hoarse, scratchy voice horizontal: –ʼs horizontal surface –ká hockey gúxʼaa át kanduḵʼíshji horn: automatic horn (in car, boat, etc) sh da.uxsʼi át hold ⑴ √shaat || ⑵ O-ka-S-∅-√g̱ook | for S to clutch, hold tightly onto O horn: –ʼs horn –sheidí hold more √yék˟ hornet gandaasʼaají hold water in mouth √koo ² horse xaas gawdáan

270 English to Tlingit h – i horsefly xeitl táaxʼaa humpy cháasʼ horsetail taan x̱’adaadzaayí hung up N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ hose: water hose héen kasʼíx̱ʼaa hunger yaan hot ⑴ √tʼaa ¹ ⒜ ∅-√tʼaa ʰ | for something to be hungry ⑴ N + ée-t⁓ + yaan + ∅-√haa ³ | for N to warm; for something to be hot || ⒝ ya-∅-√tʼaa be hungry || ⑵ N + ée-⁓ + yaan + O-S-s-√haa ³ | ʰ | for something to be hot; for something to be for S to make N hungry heated hunt alʼóon gishoo naasí hot dog hunt octopus √taan ¹⁰ tʼaay hot springs hunt: –ʼs kill (from a successful hunt) – hot water yatʼaayi héen jáag̱adi house hít hunter alʼóoni at natéeyi house cache chál hunting asxʼeit House Dedication Ceremony hit wóoshdei hurry adawóotl; √wootl yadukícht hurry: to be in a hurry sh + yáa + S-d+∅-√wootl house of prayer x̱ʼagáaxʼ daakahídi hurt ⑴ (noun) néekw || ⑵ (verb) √néekw ¹ || ⑶ house skirting hít daaháayi O-∅+d-√choon ¹ || ⑷ O-S-l-√choon ¹ house timbers hít da.ideidí hurt: get hurt ⑴ √tseits ⒜ at + ka-S-∅-√tseits house: pilot house yaakw x̱ukahídi hurt: get hurt feelings at + ka-S-∅-√tseits house: smokehouse for drying tobacco husband: –ʼs husband ⑴ –x̱úx̱ || ⑵ –ḵáawu leaves shóosʼi hídi hut cháash hít housefly neil yee táaxʼayi hyperactive √oos ² housepost √gaasʼ how wáa sá i how about that! tlagóo i [subject] x̱a- how many xʼoon sá ice tʼéexʼ how much xʼoon sá ice: chunk of ice that slid off a glacier into however ⑴ ḵwa; ḵu.aa || ⑵ chʼa aan water hinshaya.á however many chʼa wáa kugei sá iceberg xáatl however (thoughtlessly) chʼa koogéiyi if only óosh howl (plural subject) g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ ill will: with ill will néekwdéin huckleberry naanyaa kanatʼaayí illegal ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ huckleberry: red huckleberry tleikatánk illness néekw Hudson Bay Tea sʼikshaldéen image: –ʼs image –yahaayí hug N + séit⁓ + ka-S-d+∅-√dootl ¹ imitate √tee ⁵ human being lingít imitation yélaa humanity lingitʼaaní tuḵwáani immature –yéisʼ dagatgiyáa || dagatgiyáa, hummingbird ⑴ ⑵ chʼa yóokʼ, chʼa yákʼw, chʼa yáakʼw digitgiyáa immediately important thing that has happened wutiyeit hump gootl important: thereʼs something important in

271 i English to Tlingit

it átx̱ sateeyí át ⑶ at + ka-S-∅-√tseits imprint √daalʼ injury √tseits imprint: –ʼs imprint –eetí inland daḵká improper ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ inland from shore daaḵ improve O-S-l-√kʼéi Inland People (Na-Dene) G̱unanaa in – (a body of water) –yík in-law: –ʼs in-law –káani in – (a shallow concave landform or object, inner being: –ʼs inner being –toowú open to the above) –yík inquire √woosʼ; √waasʼ in – (oft. shallow container) –ká insane sh kahaadí– in (a tree or forest) –yík insect: crawling insect kanas.aadí in accordance with – –yáx̱ inside neil in addition to – –kíknáx̱ inside – (a building) –yee in fact ḵachoo inside – (oft. closed container) –tú in place of – –eetí inside of – (clothing, bedding) –tʼeinyaa in –ʼs way ⑴ –niyaa || ⑵ –x̱ʼanaa || ⑶ –niyaa, inside –ʼs clothes –doonyaa –yinaa inspect ⑴ √aa ² ⒜ N + daa + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² || ⑵ in –ʼs way (so that –ʼs canʼt see) –waḵká √teesʼ yaakw yík in the canoe/boat instruct ⑴ √aaḵw ² ⒜ át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² in the corner of – –gukshatú | give her/him instructions || ⒝ át + O-ji-ka- u-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² | give orders, instructions (esp. -de in the manner of concerning work) || ⑵ √jaa ⒜ O-shu-ka-S-∅- in the midst of – –x̱oo √jaa ʰ || ⑶ √ḵaa ¹ ⒜ áa + O-ji-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ in the old days chʼáakw, chʼákw instructions: according to –ʼs instructions –x̱ʼayáx̱ in vain ⑴ chʼa neechx̱ || ⑵ chʼa g̱ég̱aa tu.ooxsʼ yeit in: (submerged) in – (a body of water) –táak instrument: wind instrument √aatlʼ ya-ka-u-∅-√.áatlʼ inappropriate: culturally inappropriate insufficient ⑴ ⒜ l-√g̱aas ˟ insult sh + tugéit + O-ya-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ incapable of action O-d+∅-√.éik intelligent yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ² incise √chʼaakʼw intention tután including the time of -náx̱ intention: –ʼs intention –toowú independently dlóotldáx̱ intercepting – –kagé Indian potato tsáats interesting to watch ḵulitéesʼshan inebriation kanashú interior daḵká inflammation xʼees internet kashóokʼ g̱eiwú information neek interpreter ḵaa ḵu.áx̱ji inheritance: –ʼs inheritance –néixʼi interrupt √keen initial shóogu– intestines: –ʼs intestines –naasí injure ⑴ √choon ¹ ⒜ O-S-l-√choon ¹ || ⑵ sh + tóo into building neil + a-sha-S-d+l-√háa ³ ˟ | for S to injure oneself into shallow water kux O-d-choon ¹ || O-∅+d-√choon ¹ || injured ⑴ ⑵ intoxicated O-ka-∅-√shoo ʰ

272 English to Tlingit i – k

Inuit x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ, x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ jaw: –ʼs lower jaw –x̱ʼásʼ Inupiaq x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ, x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ jay: Stellarʼs jay, bluejay x̱ʼéishxʼw investigate √tlaakw jello dáat invisible √haa ³ jelly dáat invite ⑴ √eexʼ ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ jellyfish taakw aanási, taakw aaninaasí, taakw aanísi, taak aaneisí ipod at shí ḵóok yéi jiné iron g̱ayéisʼ; iḵyéisʼ job tléiḵw kahéeni iron (for ironing) kax̱ʼílʼaa joice: berry juice –daa.it x̱ʼáak iron pyrite dáadzi joints: –ʼs joints hít tayeegáasʼi is it that there? ák.wé joist: floor joist sagú is it that way over there? ákyú joy √goo ¹ is it this here? ák.hé joyful N + daa + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² is it this right here? ákyá judge N + daa + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² island xʼáatʼ judge, assess it ín xʼeesháa; tʼoochʼineit ḵʼateil island: flat-topped island with steep sides jug noow juggling yakwteiyí island: low flat island noow juice at kahéeni island: nucleus of emerging river island juice: blueberry juice kanatʼá kahéeni shaltláax̱ jump ⑴ √kʼein ⒜ {∅ preverb} + S-d+sh-√kʼéin isthmus: –ʼs isthmus –góon | for (singular) S to jump || ⒝ {na preverb} + –nóochʼi S-d+sh-√kʼéin | for (singular) S to jump || ⒞ isthmus: –ʼs isthmus (of fish) {∅ preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√kʼéin | for (plural) it áa á O to jump || ⒟ {na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅- it: (to) it a ee- ⁓ aan √kʼéin | for (plural) O to jump || ⑵ √taan ⁹ | classification: fish itch ⑴ (verb) √xweitl ² ⒜ (verbal noun) kaxweitl jump hyperactively √heik its a Juneau Dzántikʼi Héeni itʼs not that way tlél wáa sá just ⑴ chʼa || ⑵ chʼas íx̱tʼ assistant íx̱tʼ x̱án ḵáawu j k Kake Ḵéex̱ʼ jacket kinaa.át; kinaak.át Kake: People of the Kake Area Ḵéex̱ʼ Ḵwáan jackpine sháchk ka.aasí Kaliakh River: People of the Kaliakh River Jacobs berries ḵʼeikaxétlʼk Area G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan jade sʼoow Kamchatka lily root kóox jail áa ḵuyadujee yé g̱ayéisʼ hít; g̱iyéisʼ hít keep eye on ⑴ ⒜ N + kát⁓ + ya-u-S-∅-√daa ² || jailer katíx̱ʼaa sʼaatí ⒝ N + káa + yan⁓ + ya-u-S-∅-√daa ² dáat jam keeping – away ⑴ –niyaa || ⑵ –x̱ʼanaa || ⑶ – jaw: –ʼs jawbone –x̱ʼasʼtusʼaag̱í niyaa, –yinaa jaw: –ʼs jaws –x̱ʼasʼtusʼaag̱í keeping away from – –wanáa

273 k English to Tlingit kelp ball ḵájaa knee: edge of the knee –kiyshá kelp island ḵájaa knee: –ʼs knee –keey kelp: bull kelp geesh knee: underside of –ʼs knee –saayee kelp: giant kelp sú kneecap: –ʼs kneecap –keey shakanóoxʼu; yáxwchʼi daaw –kiyshakanóoxʼu; –keey shakanóoxʼu; – kelp: long ribbon kelp kiyshakunóoxʼu (At); –kiyshekenóoxʼu (C) kelp: ribbon kelp daaw knife lítaa kelp: ribbon kelp on which herring have knife with fold-in blade x̱ʼéi shadagutx̱i lítaa spawned daaw knife: curved carving knife yoo katan lítaa kerchief (around neck) sadaatʼaay knife: curved knife for scraping hides wéiksh kerchief covering the head shadaa.át sadaa.át galtulítaa; ḵatltulítaa || ux̱ganhéen knife: pocket knife ⑴ ̱ ⑵ kerosene sh x̱ʼéi shadagutx̱ lítaa; sh x̱ʼéi shudagutx̱ lítaa Ketchikan Kichx̱áan knife: straight knife (for carving) tʼaa key katíx̱ʼaa shuxáshaa keyhole katíx̱ʼaa eetí knife: womanʼs knife for scraping hides keymaster katíx̱ʼaa sʼaatí wéiksh √nei ³ kick ⑴ √tseix̱; √tseex̱ ⒜ O-S-∅-√tseix̱ knit kidney: –ʼs kidney –kaháakw knitting kasné √gwaal kill ⑴ √jaaḵ | classification: singular ⒜ O-S-∅- knock √jaaḵ || ⑵ √een ² | classification: plural knock it off! déi áwé! Killisnoo Kanasnoow knock over √g̱eech ² kills: –ʼs kills (from hunting) –jáag̱adi knocking kʼúxjaa kind ⑴ √aan ² ⒜ O-tu-l-√.aan ˟ ² knoll gooch kind: do it with kindess! chʼa aanínáx̱, chʼa knot kadóoxʼ aanídáx̱ knot hole (in tree) sheey woolí kindess tula.aan knot: limb knot ⑴ sheey || ⑵ sheey tukagoodlí kindling ⑴ gán kaḵásʼti || ⑵ gán yátxʼi know ⑴ √koo ¹ ⒜ O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ king aanḵáawu know how ⑴ √gook ¹ ⒜ O-S-sh-√góok ˟ kingfisher tlax̱aneisʼ knowledgeable person at wuskóowu kinnikinnick tínx Kuiu Island: People of the Kuiu Island Area kinsman: –ʼs kinsman –een aa Kooyu Ḵwáan kiss ⑴ √aa ² ⒜ N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + ya-S-d+s-√.aa ² ḵu.éexʼ – member of opposite clan kiss: a kiss ḵaa x̱ʼéit yawoos.á commissioned to conduct a ḵu.éexʼ naa káani kitchen utensil atx̱á jishagóon ḵu.éexʼ: distribute at ḵu.eexʼ √gaa ² kitten dóosh yádi

ḵʼéiḵʼw ḵu.éexʼ: opening ceremonies of a ḵu.éexʼ ⑴ kittiwake: black legged kittiwake Gaaw Wutaan || ⑵ G̱áax̱ || ⑶ G̱áax̱ Kát Anáḵ || Klawock Lawáak ⑷ Wudanaaḵ || ⑸ kei gax̱dunáaḵ kleptomaniac yatáakw Klukwan Tlákw Aan knead √choox

274 English to Tlingit l l late gaaw ítxʼ later on dziyáagin sʼikshaldéen Labrador Tea laughable lishoog̱u x̱ʼeintʼáaxʼaa labret laughable (of speech) x̱ʼalishoog̱u ḵʼanoox̱ eetí labret hole laughter at shooḵ lace xaadáa launch (boat) ⑴ √tsaaḵ | classification: lack N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ singular | plural form: √tsoow || ⑵ √tsoow | classification: plural | singular form: √tsaaḵ lacking – ⑴ –g̱oot || ⑵ –eetéenáx̱ óosʼi ladle ⑴ xwénaa || ⑵ kaxwénaa || ⑶ héen gúxʼaa laundry a káa ḵududziteeyi yoo x̱ʼatánk ladle: handmade ladle tseeneidi shál law √taa ¹ lady slipper x̱ʼwaash lay down a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ lady slipper (giant chiton) koow lay egg √kʼwáatʼ lair; its lair (of animal, underground) – lay eggs ḵoowú lazy ⑴ √kaa ¹ ⒜ a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ lake áa lead kʼóox̱ʼ lake: little lake áakʼw lead (plural objects, especially by walking) √aat ¹ | classification: plural yaa + lake: small lake made by beaver dam sʼigeidí ⑴ ⒜ áayi O-shu-S-∅-√.aat ¹ lamb wanadóo yádi lead (singular object, especially by walking) yaa + O-shu-S-∅-√goot ¹ lame ⑴ √ḵaach ² ⒜ O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² leader ḵaa sháade háni; ḵaa sháade héni (C) lament S-∅-√g̱aax̱ leader of a clan naa tláa lamp sʼeenáa leader of a clan house hít sʼaatí lance tág̱aa leader: clan leader naa sháade háni lancet tág̱aa leader: war leader xʼáan kanáayi; xʼáan Land Otter Person Kooshdaaḵáa koonáayi land ¹ (noun) ⑴ tlʼátk | soil or earth || ⑵ aan | leaders ḵaa sháade náḵxʼi inhabited or owned land leadline (of net) kʼóox̱ʼ tíxʼi land ² (verb) ⑴ √ḵaaḵ ⒜ S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ leaf, leaves kayaaní landward: on the landward side of – kalóoxʼjaa || kalóox̱jaa (something on the water) –tʼáak leak ⑴ ⑵ katlʼúḵjaa language yoo x̱ʼatánk leak with slow dripping lean O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ lap: –ʼs lap –g̱ushká yínde + sh + ka-S-l-√.aat ¹ large –tlein lean down √gaan ² large (plural) –tlénxʼ lean on N-t⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ large rock or boulder lying on the ocean leap on floor eech learn O-S-s-√koo ʰ ¹ large-leaved avens aankanáagu learn facts √koo ¹ larva tlʼúkʼx̱, tlʼúkʼ learn how ⑴ √gook ¹ ⒜ O-S-sh-√góok ˟ latch kítʼjaa learner yaa at naskwéini

275 l English to Tlingit leave ⑴ √tlʼeet ⒜ O-S-l-tlʼeet || ⑵ {∅ preverb} life jacket g̱áatl séek + O-ka-d+∅-√kʼéetʼ || ⑶ {na preverb} + O-ka- ⑴ (verb) √gaan ¹ ⒜ ka-d+∅-√gáan ¹ || ⒝ d+∅-√kʼéetʼ light N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ || ⒞ (noun) kagán || ⑵ leave alone yan⁓ + O-S-l-√tsʼéin sʼeenáa leave them there N-xʼ + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ light: electric light áx̱ sh kalgan sʼeenáa leave, desert her/him/it O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ lightning xeitl lʼúkx̱u leaving – behind –náḵ like doing √taan ⁸ lee: the lee of – –seiyí like ¹ ⑴ N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ | for N to want, yéesh like, desire S || ⑵ N + x̱ʼé + ∅-√kʼéi | for N to like leech the taste of something leftovers ḵaa x̱ʼa.eetí like ² ⑴ –yáx̱ || ⑵ N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ | for O leg: (inside of) –ʼs lower leg –saayee to be like N –x̱ʼoos leg: –ʼs leg like: itʼs like that ⑴ a yáx̱ || ⑵ N + yáx̱ + O-∅- legend tlaagú √tee ʰ ¹ leggings iḵkeit like: one like – –x̱ooní leggings for climbing x̱ʼuskeit like: something sort of like – –kayaa leggings for dancing x̱ʼuskeit like: to be well-liked N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ leggings: woven dance leggings iḵkeit lily-of-the-valley kʼuwaaní lend N-t⁓ + O-S-∅-√héesʼ limb sheey √ḵaach ² O-l-√ḵáchk ˟ ² || {na leopard ⑴ haadaadóoshi || ⑵ haadaag̱ooji limp ⑴ ⒜ ⒝ preverb} + S-l-√ḵaach ² let go √naaḵ ² limpet yéil sʼáaxu, yéil tsʼáaxu let go of, release her/him/it O-ji-S-∅-√naaḵ lineage: –ʼs lineage –shagóon let in ⑴ neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ | classification: plural object || ⑵ neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ | Lingonberry dáxw classification: singular object liniment ⑴ néisʼ || ⑵ kóoshdaa náagu letter xʼúxʼ lining of – –tʼeinyaa level: it is level xasʼká yáx̱ yatee lining: –ʼs lining –tʼeinyaakawoowú (A) library datóow xʼúxʼ daakahídi; xʼúxʼ daakahídi lint sʼeex lice wéisʼ lion haadaag̱ooji lichen that hangs from trees sʼéix̱wani lion: mountain lion haadaadóoshi lid (to jar) –x̱ʼadéexʼi lip plug x̱ʼeintʼáaxʼaa lid: –ʼs lid (of pot, etc.) –yana.áatʼani (T), – lips: –ʼs lips –x̱ʼadaa yanáatʼayi (T), –yana.áatʼi (T), –naax̱ʼáatʼeni (C), a náatʼeni (C), –yanaa.áatʼáni, –yana.áaktʼáni lipstick x̱ʼakaséḵʼwaa kasiyaayi héen || kóoshdaa lóoxʼu || lie √yeil liquor ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ náaw ⑴ √aat ⁴ | classification: plural human lie down x̱ookdahéen ⒜ yan⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√.aat ⁴ liquor: homebrew ⑴ √aax̱ ¹ ⒜ N-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ || ⒝ N + ⑴ √aat ⁴ | classification: plural human listen lie there x̱ʼéide + ḵu-S-d+s-√.aax̱ ¹ ⒜ N-t + l-√.át ⁴ || ⑵ √aat ³ | classification: small round or hooplike objects ⒜ N-t + ka-l-√.át ³ || listen for N-g̱aa+ ḵu-S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ || N-t + ∅-√.áx̱ ² ⑶ ⑷ listen to N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ life daséikw, x̱ʼaséikw; x̱ʼaséikw, daséikw ḵustí

276 English to Tlingit l – m little –yádi lots of aatlein– (little) old person shaanák’w loud √gaaw Lituya Bay Ltu.áa loudly lagaawdéin live ⑴ O-ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ | for O to be alive || ⑵ ḵu- loud-voiced O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ | for S to live louse wéisʼ live at ⑴ N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ || ⑵ √oo ¹ ⒜ at sax̱án ḵu-S-∅-√.oo ʰ ¹ love (of everything) love (of people) ḵusax̱án live by N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ love (of things) at sax̱án liver: –ʼs liver –tlʼóog̱u lover: –ʼs lover (in an affair outside of lizard tseenx̱ʼé marriage or a relationship) –kanalchóolani load O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ low tide (point at which the tide will begin loan √heesʼ coming in) eeḵ lukaḵéesʼi log (fallen tree) x̱áaw lower √yaa ³ loneliness teesh; tuteesh; toowú teesh lower 48 states (locally: down south) ixkée lonesome ⑴ √teesh || ⑵ tlél + O-tu-sh-√góo ¹ luck: bad luck jinaháa long ⑴ (verb) √yaatʼ ⒜ (verbal adjective) kuwáatʼ luggage at la.át long ago chʼáakw, chʼákw lullaby dléigu; dléikwaa shéeyi; xáanaa tʼukanéiyi long knife gwálaa shéeyi look around N-t + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein lumber kaxʼásʼti éedaa look at ⑴ √g̱ein; √g̱een ⒜ N-t⁓ + a-S-d+l-√g̱ein luminescence (on rotten wood) look for √teesʼ lump gootl look like (in shape) √xaat ² lump in the flesh kawáat look what you did! dooóo, duóo, dóooo lunch √woo ² lookout yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil lunch basket wóow daakeit looks like –uwaa lunch container wóow daakeit wóow loon: arctic loon ⑴ yeekag̱áax̱i || ⑵ hinkag̱áax̱i lunch (sent or taken along) (T) lungs: –ʼs lungs –keigú loon: common loon kag̱eet lupine kantáḵw loon: red-throated loon ⑴ hinkag̱áax̱i (T) || ⑵ lying down sh + S-d+l-√.át ⁴ yeekag̱áax̱i; yeekeg̱áax̱i (C) lying there N-t + O-ka-S-l-√.át ³ | to have small Lord Aanḵáawu; Dikee Aanḵáawu; Dikee round or hooplike objects lying there Aanḵáawu; Aanḵáawu ⑴ Dikée Aanḵáawu, gaaḵ Aanḵáawu, Dikáanḵáawu || ⑵ Aanḵáawu lynx ̱ lose ⑴ ḵut + O-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ || ⑵ ḵut + O-ka-S-∅- √g̱éexʼ | classification: spherical or round object m lost ḵut + O-d+s-√geet ¹ machete gwálaa lost: getting lost ḵut mackerel dákdesaxʼaak lotion néisʼ made of: what – is (to be) made of –shagóon lots ⑴ (verb) O-sha-ya-d+∅-√haa ² ʰ || ⑵ (adverb) magazine xʼúxʼ tlʼag̱áa

277 m English to Tlingit maggot woon marrow: –ʼs bone marrow –sʼaḵtu.eex̱í; – sʼaḵtu.eix̱í magic ⑴ (noun) héix̱waa || ⑵ √héix̱waa || ⑶ O-S- ∅-√héix̱waa ˟ marry √shaa ² magpie tsʼeeg̱éeni marten kʼóox mail xʼúxʼ mash ⑴ √g̱ootl ⒜ O-ka-S-∅√-g̱ootl make √yeix̱ mask for dancing lʼax̱keit make cloth √nei ³ mask: Halloween mask yélaa make faces ⑴ √kaa ² ⒜ O-ya-S-∅+d-√kaa ² massage √choox make peace O-S-l-√kʼéi mast: –ʼs mast (of a boat) –ka.aasí make self do something | át + sh + ji-ka- master a skill √gook ¹ S-d+∅-√.aaḵw ² master of ceremonies for a ḵu.éexʼ naa káani √kaa ² make signals master: –ʼs master -sʼaatí O-S-l-√kʼéi make up mat g̱áach make up mind N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√.aat ⁵ match ⑴ ux̱ganḵáasʼ || ⑵ ux̱ganlʼoowú ḵʼeildaháakʼu make-believe matches: one that matches – –x̱ooní ḵaa– male mate √x̱eet ¹; √x̱eit | classification: animals lʼoowú táḵl mallet mate: –ʼs mate –x̱án.aa ḵáa shaan man: old man mate: –ʼs moiety mate –een aa –ḵáawu man: –ʼs man materials: –ʼs materials –shagóon yées ḵáa man: young man mates (of people or animal) woosh dasháay –x̱ʼásʼ mandible: –ʼs mandible math wooch yáx̱ yaa datóowch mane: –ʼs mane (esp. the hair on the neck matter: doesnʼt matter ḵushtuyáx̱ hump of a moose) –x̱íji, –x̱ích mattress yee.át man-eaters ḵusax̱aḵwáan may you xʼwán many ⑴ √gei ¹ | for a solid mass or abstracts to be sé plentiful, be lots, many ⒜ ∅-√gei ¹ || ⒝ (yéi) + maybe ka-u-∅-√gei ¹ ʰ | for things to be (so) many || ⑵ maybe (doubtful) gwál √haa ² ⒜ O-sha-ya-d+∅-√haa ² ʰ mayonnaise ⑴ kawdudlixágu kʼwátʼ ḵa eix̱ || ⑵ maple: dwarf maple x̱ʼaalx̱ʼéi dleit eix̱í || ⑶ dleit ḵaa eix̱í marble (stone) néex̱ʼ; néix̱ʼ mayor aan sʼaatí marble (toy) kootʼáaxʼaa me x̱át marijuana kasiyéiyi g̱ánch me [object] x̱at mark ⑴ kwéiy || ⑵ √daalʼ me: (to) me ⑴ ax̱ ee- ⁓ x̱aan || ⑵ x̱aat mark with a line √yeeḵ ²; √yeiḵ ² meal atx̱á marker ⑴ kooxéedaa || ⑵ kwéiy mean something at ashoowatán marmot: hoary marmot sʼaax̱ measure of – –kaayí married couple woosh dasháay measure with outstretched limbs √waat ² marrow: bone marrow –sʼakhtu.ix̱i, –sʼakhtu. measurement kaay; káay ex̱i (C), –sʼaaḵshi; –sʼaaḵshi, –sʼakhtu.ix̱i, – –kaayí sʼakhtu.ex̱i (C) measurement for –

278 English to Tlingit m measuring device kaay; káay meteor keewáa ḵaa dzúnaa measuring stick kaay; káay meteorite keewáa ḵaa dzúneiyi measuring up: something not measuring up mica katlʼáakʼ to – –kayaa midday sitgawsáan meat dleey middle of – –dagiygé, –dagikyé, –dagiyigé meat chopper ⑴ dleey kasʼúwaa (At,T) || ⑵ midgies tlél dutéeni táaxʼaa dleey kasʼúwaa (At,T), dleey kesʼúwaa (C) midnight taat sitgawsáani meat grinder dleey kaxágwaa, dleey kexágwaa (C) migrate ⑴ √gaasʼ ⒜ N-dé + O-l-√gáasʼ || ⒝ P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ meat patty dleey katʼálʼti (T) migrate (of fish) ⑴ √aa ⁴ ⒜ {na motion meat: edible part of shellfish –g̱eiyí preverb} + ya-∅-√.aa ⁴ medicate O-S-d+∅-√náakw ˟ migration: fish migration át yana.á náakw || náakw N tóode (na?)- medicine ⑴ ⑵ mild (of weather) ⑴ √tseen ⒜ tlél + O-l-√tseen S-d+l-√tsaaḵ || ⑶ náakw + N + tóo-de + S-d+l- ˟ | for O to be mild (of weather) √tsaaḵ mile kaay; káay medicine person íx̱tʼ milk: cowʼs milk wasóos lʼaayí, wasóos lʼaa medicine: cough medicine asḵuḵgu náakw tux̱áni, wínk; wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni, wasóos lʼaayí, medicine: tuberculosis medicine sh xénx̱i wínk; wínk, wasóos lʼaa tux̱áni, wasóos lʼaayí náakw Milky Way Lḵʼayáakʼw X̱ʼus.eetí medicine: use medicine ⑴ √naakw || ⑵ O-S- milt: –ʼs milt (of fish) –tlʼéili d+∅-√náakw ˟ mimic √tee ⁵ meditate ⑴ √aan ¹ ⒜ a-S-∅-√.aan ˀ ¹ || ⑵ N + toowú + tleiyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ mind: –ʼs mind –toowú ⑴ nukshiyáan || ⑵ lukshiyáan meet ⑴ woosh + kaanáx̱ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || ⑵ mink woosh + x̱oo-t⁓ + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ mirror tóonáx̱ ḵaadutéen meeting – –kagé mishap: unfortunate mishap ḵaaḵx̱daagané; ḵaaḵx̱daaganée (T) membrane lé (T); xʼúxʼ dzoonáa memorial ceremony for a shaman íx̱tʼi daa missile yoo kooneik missing –ʼs mark –wanáak memorial pile of rocks té xóow mist (rising from a body of standing water) xʼúkjaa men ḵáaxʼw ḵaaḵx̱daagané; men: young men kʼisáani mistake: unfortunate mistake ḵaaḵx̱daaganée (T) menstrual discharge gáan mistakenly ḵwáakt (daaḵ) mentally unbalanced sh kahaadí– mix with water √heen ³ merchant hoon sʼaatí moan kasg̱aax̱ merely tsʼas moccasin lining at tux̱ʼwánsʼi mess ⑴ (noun) tlʼeex || ⑵ (verb, compound noun) téel iḵkeidí √xeelʼ ¹ ⒜ (verbal noun) kooxéelʼaa moccasin top iḵkeit messed up thing kooxéelʼaa moccasin: top of moccasin messenger kooḵénaa; kooḵánaa (T) moccasin: wooden form for shaping or stretching moccasins téel tukanágaa metaphor xʼaakaanáx̱ yoo x̱ʼatánk

279 m English to Tlingit moccasins ⑴ at xáshdi téel || ⑵ keish téel motor: outboard motor yaakw yík washéen model for it –kaayí mound ⑴ gootl || ⑵ gooch modly √tlaax̱ mountain shaa moiety naa mountain ash ⑴ kalchaneit || ⑵ kalchaneit tléigu mold tlaax̱ ̱ tawéi tawéi, dleit tawéi Monday tléixʼ yakyee mountain sheep shaanáx̱ money dáanaa mountain valley money: counterfit money dáanaa yélaa mountain: area on the beach below a mountain shaa seiyí monkey aandaat kanahík, aandaat kanahígi (T), aandaat kanaheek (At), aandaat keneheek (C) mountain: on top of the mountain shaa shakée monster: sea monster G̱unakadeit mountain: shelter of a mountain shaa seiyí monstrous ḵustín– mountainside shaa yadaa month dís mountaintop shaa shakée mooch ⑴ √choox̱ ⒜ at + u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ || ⒝ O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ mourn S-∅-√g̱aax̱ gax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ moon ⑴ (noun) dís || ⑵ (verb) a-d+l-√dées | for mourn: cry in mourning ̱ the moon to shine mourning kasg̱aax̱ moon: new moon ya-d+s-√ḵeen ² mouse kutsʼeen moonbeam dís x̱ʼusyee mouse: deer mouse kag̱áak; kag̱ák moonfish tlʼéitlʼ mousture on the ground ⑴ katáx̱ || ⑵ ḵukatáx̱ moonlight: in the moonlight dís x̱ʼus.eetí moutain: around the mountain shaa yadaa moonshine x̱ookdahéen mouth of – (a body of water) –wát moose dzískʼw mouth: area around –ʼs mouth –x̱ʼadaa mop ⑴ √g̱oo ⒜ O-S-l-√g̱oo mouth: inside of –ʼs mouth –laká more than – –yáanáx̱ mouth: –ʼs mouth –x̱ʼé more than – (a number) –wanáa move ⑴ √xeet | classification: stick-like object || morning tsʼootaat ⑵ √kooḵ ¹ | move in boiling mass || ⑶ √xeex ³ | classification: celestial body mortar for grinding kaxágwaa yeit move hands over √jeil ¹ mortar for pounding katʼéx̱ʼaa yeit move imperceptably √haa ³ mosquito táax’aa move in N-t⁓ + O-ya-d+∅-√haa ² mosquito eater ḵaax̱ʼus xʼáan; táax’aa x̱’uskudayáat’ move in hyperactive manner √heik √haa ³ moss sʼíxʼg̱aa move invisibly mossberry xéelʼi move (large stick-like object) √gaasʼ √haa ¹ moth ⑴ atx̱a át, naa.át ax̱a át || ⑵ tleilú; leilú move many small parts mother: –ʼs mother –tláa move parts in a mass √kʼeetʼ mother-in-law: –ʼs mother-in-law –chaan move quickly √geet ¹ motor washéen move residence ⑴ √daaḵ ² || ⑵ N-dé + O-l- √gáasʼ || ⑶ P-t⁓ + O-l-√gáasʼ motor: boat motor yaakw yík washéen

280 English to Tlingit m – n move through space ⑴ √x̱een || ⑵ √x̱ein nail: –ʼs nail (of finger or toe) –x̱aakw move uncertainly √yaa ¹ naked kaldaag̱ákw movie ḵuyawdahaayí name ⑴ (noun) saa || ⑵ (verb) √saa ² moving around there át name: –ʼs name –saayí much aatlein– namesake: –ʼs ancient namesake – tlaguḵwansaayí, –tleguḵwansaayí (C) mucus: dried mucus dlóoḵ –saayí mud ḵutlʼkw namesake: –ʼs namesake x̱ʼagwéinaa mudflats taashuká, taashuyee (A,C) napkin ̱ √saa ¹ mudshark xʼátgu narrow nation naa murderer ⑴ ḵu.eení || ⑵ jaḵtawteetʼí Native American Tʼaawyáatʼ murrelet ⑴ chʼeet || ⑵ –kéel √haasʼ muscle: –ʼs muscle –dleey nauseated –kool muscle: –ʼs muscles (of shell creature) – navel: –ʼs navel tsʼéekʼu; –tsʼíkʼwti near – –x̱án muscle: –sʼ shoulderblade muscles –óoxʼu near – (at hand, for – to work with) –jix̱án kadleeyí; –óoxʼ kadleeyí; –óoxʼu kedleeyí (C) neck cord worn for dance kaséiḵʼw at tsʼíkʼwti muscles of a shell creature neck wrap sadaatʼaay wásh mush neck: back of neck –lidíx̱ʼ sʼigeeḵáawu mushroom: puffball mushroom ̱ ⑴ –sá || ⑵ –sé léix̱ʼu neck: base of neck neck: lower neck ⑴ –sá || ⑵ –sé music at shí neck: –ʼs nape of neck –lakʼéechʼ music box at shí ḵóok neck: upper neck –lidíx̱ʼ music device at shí ḵóok necklace ⑴ saka.át || ⑵ seit muskox xaas need N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ muskrat tsín needle táax’ál’ mussel yaak needle: conifer needle (spruce, pine) g̱ítg̱aa mussel (large mussel on stormy coast, used

for scraping) yéesʼ needle: fine needle for stringing beads kawóot ka.íshaa mussel: red mussel sʼig̱eeḵáawu yaagí needle: leather needle lukatʼíshaa mustache: –ʼs mustache –x̱ʼadaadzaayí needle: three-cornered needle for sewing ax̱ my skin or leather katʼíshaa ax̱ adée my precious! needlefish tooḵ ax̱ dachx̱ánkʼé my wonderful grandchild! neighbor kʼidaaká aa tlaagú myth neighbors kʼidaaḵwáani nephew: –ʼs maternal nephew –kéilkʼ n nephew: –ʼs paternal nephew –káalkʼw nail shayéen, tuháayi; tuháayi, shayéen √xʼoo nerves: wracked nerves tuxʼandaxeech ¹ nail: –ʼs fingernail or toenail markings – nest √kʼwáatʼ x̱aakw eetí ² nest a-d+l-√kʼwáatʼ

281 n – o English to Tlingit nest (of a bird or animal) kút noise of – –kayéik nestled against – –guntú noise of – (something whose identity is –yayík net g̱eiwú unknown) √gaaw O-sa-l-√gaaw ˟ net used for round whitefish ⑴ óon g̱eiwú || noisy ⑴ ⒜ ⑵ óon yayeeg̱eiwú noisy √oos ² net: brail net kaxwénaa nonetheless chʼa aan net: fish net g̱eiwú noon sitgawsáan net: gill net kadeiyak g̱éiwu north naakée net: seine net g̱eiwú northern lights gisʼóoḵ netting kag̱ádaa northern lights: red northern lights shí nettle tʼóokʼ awliyéx̱ new yées _ nose ring lunás new moon √ḵeen ² nose: cartlidge of –ʼs nose lututúḵlʼi news neek nose: inside –ʼs nose –lutú newspaper neek xʼúxʼ, neek xʼúxʼu; xʼúxʼ nose: lobe of –ʼs nostril –lugóochʼ newt tseenx̱ʼé nose: –ʼs nostril –lutú next door to – –kʼidaaká nose: side of –ʼs nose –lútʼaaḵ tlél dutéeni táaxʼaa next to – ⑴ –tuwán || ⑵ –tʼaḵká no-see-ums next to –ʼs skin –doonyaa not tléil; tlél; hél; lél; téil; tíl; l niece: –ʼs maternal niece –kéilkʼ nothing tlél daa sá niece: –ʼs paternal niece –káalkʼw now ⑴ déi || ⑵ yeedát night taat now: (by) now de, dei night watchman taat aayí adéli now: merely now yeedát tsá night: during the night taat yeen nowhere tlél gooxʼ sá night: in the middle of the night taat yeen (NR, KE) ⑴ tleilú || ⑵ leilú night: last night nisdaat numb √xʼwásḵ˟ night: one night tleitaat number of times -dahéen √haa ² nightmare taayí daa yaa ḵug̱áat numerous nine gooshúḵ nine people gooshúg̱unáx̱ o no tléikʼ, tláykʼ oak gusʼkʼiḵwáan lʼoowú no feeling √xʼwásḵ˟ oatmeal wásh no good tlél + O-sh-√kʼéi oats nawéin no more! hóochʼ; hóochkʼ obedient N + x̱ʼéi-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ no time to lose! háakw obesity neitl tlél aa sá; tlél aadóo sá nobody obey ⑴ N + x̱ʼéi-t⁓ + S-s-√.aax̱ ¹ || ⑵ N + x̱ʼéi-g̱aa nod off yan⁓ + O-ya-∅-√gáasʼ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ noise lagaaw oblivion kaawayík

282 English to Tlingit o oblivion: into oblivion ḵude on oneʼs own dlóotldáx̱ observe while seated ⑴ √aan ¹ ⒜ a-S-∅-√.aan ˀ on the edge of – (as a trail) –wanká ¹ | observe weather (while sitting quietly) on the other side (especially of body of obtain ⑴ √dlaaḵ ⒜ O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ water) diyáanax̱.á obvious tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ on the side of – (as a trail) –wanká occasionally ⑴ wáang̱aneens || ⑵ wáa yateeyi on the strength of – –tuwáadáx̱ yéixʼ on top of – –ká occiput: –ʼs occiput –lakʼéechʼ once tleidahéen occupied N + daat + át + ḵu-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ once in a while ⑴ chʼa kʼikát, chʼa kʼát, chʼa occur √xeex ⁴ kʼeekát (At,T) || ⑵ wáang̱aneens || ⑶ wáa ocean éilʼ; éilʼ héen, éilʼ héeni yateeyi yéixʼ octopus náaḵw one tléixʼ tlékʼgaa octopus bag náaḵw tlʼeig̱i gwéil one at a time ̱ odor: dead fish odor kéech one by one tlékʼg̱aa tleiyeekaadé odor: have strong odor ⑴ √chán ˟ ⒜ O-l-√chán one direction ˟ one hundred tléixʼ hándit odor: –ʼs body odor –téx̱i; –tíx̱i one kind tleiyeekaadé odor: strong odor ⑴ téx̱; tíx̱ || ⑵ chán one night tleitaat off in space kaawayík one [object] aa- off of fire daaḵ one of aa off somewhere kaawayík one of – (a pair) –yaayí offend sh + tugéit + O-ya-S-d+s-√ḵaa ¹ one (person) tléináx̱ oh my! é! one (person) at a time tlékʼg̱aanáx̱ oh no! ag̱anáa one time tleidahéen oil eix̱, eex̱ (T,Y,S); eex̱ (T,Y,S), eix̱; tʼoochʼ eex̱í, one type tleiyeekaadé tʼoochʼ eix̱í one way tleiyeekaadé oil (for coating skin or rubbing into skin) aa ee- néisʼ one: (to) one one, one of [object] aa oil: coal oil ux̱ganhéen oneʼs aa okay: itʼs okay tlél wáa sá only chʼas old ⑴ (adjective) chʼáagu– | of long ago || ⑵ (adjective) –shaan | elderly || ⑶ (verb) √shaan | only then tsaatguyéig̱aa, tsaatguwéig̱aa old; old age oops! tláʼ!, tlám!, tláp! √shaan old age open ⑴ √aat ⁶ | classification: plural, hinged old beat up thing a jáḵwti objects || ⑵ √g̱eech ² | classification: book old manʼs beard sʼéix̱wani open (cover) √taan ² oldest member of a clan (male or female) opening: –ʼs opening –x̱ʼé ḵaa shukaadé ḵáa opercula tax̱ʼutéeyi on N-t⁓ + a-ka-∅-√gaan ¹ operculum tax̱ʼutéeyi on – –ká opinion: in –ʼs opinion –tuwáxʼ

283 o – p English to Tlingit opportunity for – –ya.áak out to the open deikée opposing – –gé outdoors gáan opposite directions woosh dakádin outlet: have an outlet √wool; √waal opposite of – –yaká outside gáan or ḵachoo outsider g̱unayaḵwáan orange juice áanjís kahéeni outskirts: (on) the outskirts of – (town) – tʼiká orange: dark orange (color) shéix̱ʼw hinyiklʼeix̱i orange: light orange (color) shéx̱ʼwtáaxʼi ouzel: water ouzel oranges áanjís over – (a container or something with an opening) –yanáa orca kéet over yonder yú order ⑴ √aaḵw ² ⒜ át + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² | give –shakée her/him orders || ⒝ át + O-ji-ka-u-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² over: (elevated) over – | give orders, instructions (esp. concerning work) overflow ⑴ √ook ² | classification: liquid || ⑵ || ⑵ √woo ¹ √tlʼeetʼ | classification: liquid order: something to be sent, something overnight √x̱ei; √x̱ee wéixʼadi ordered overpowered N + ka-yáanáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ chʼa yéi ordinary overturn áa + yax̱ + ∅-√gwáatl gíx̱ʼjaa ḵóok organ (instrument) ̱ owl with ear tufts tsískʼw, mesdzi (C), wesdzi organs: –ʼs internal organs –yik.ádi (C), óondách (T) dzískʼw origin: –ʼs origin –shagóon owl without ear tufts ⑴ kʼákw || ⑵ aasgutug̱ayḵí || ⑶ aasgutuyikhéix̱waa || ⑷ originally ⑴ shóogunáx̱ || ⑵ shuxʼáanáx̱, shuxʼwáanáx̱ kóoshdaa yéig̱i tlénxʼ shx̱ʼaneit Orionʼs Belt (constellation) Wooch Keekt Yal. owl: a type of owl at Yaakw owl: great horned owl ⑴ tsískʼw, óondách (T), wesdzi (C), mesdzi (C) || dzískʼw orphan kuhaankée; kuhaantí ⑵ x̱éex̱ other chʼa g̱óot owl: small owl √hein O-S-∅-√héin ˟ other side diyáa own ⑴ ⒜ xaas otter: land otter, river otter kóoshdaa ox lugán otter: sea otter yáxwchʼ, yúxchʼ (Y) oystercatcher ouch! hú! our haa p out away from – –tʼiká pack ⑴ O-ka-S-∅-√cháak || ⑵ O-sha-ka-S-∅- √cháak out into open (from shadows) gági √yaa ² out into the open daak pack on back yáanaa out of -dáx̱; -tx̱; -x̱ pack sack (verb) √x̱aa ² (verbal noun) ax̱áa out of control ux̱ kei paddle ⑴ ⒜ out of the water onto the beach, shore dáag̱i paddle: small paddles used for a game kax̱átʼaa out past – –tʼiká paddling song yakwkasheeyée out to sea ⑴ daak || ⑵ deikée pail xʼeesháa

284 English to Tlingit p painfully néekwdéin pastel tlʼáakʼ paint ⑴ neegwálʼ || ⑵ néegwálʼ pat ⑴ √choox || ⑵ O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ paint: face paint léix̱ʼw pat affectionately √dleigu pair woosh yaayí pat: loving pat (like a grandparent would pajamas tanaa.ádi give to a child) dléigu palate: –ʼs palate kʼiḵlʼán patch téey pale tlʼáakʼ path dei pan x̱ʼayeit path: foot path ḵaa x̱ʼoos deiyí pan used to collect berries by knocking path: on the path dei yík them off the bush kadádzaa yeit; kadaadzáa path: side of the path dei yaax̱ yeit patina formed on weathered copper eeḵ pan: frying pan ⑴ kasʼúgwaa yeit; kasʼígwaa yeit háatlʼi (At) || kax̱gáani yeit ⑵ patio x̱ʼawool kayáashi tuḵʼatáal; tugatáal pants ̱ pattern for – –kaayí pants: short pants, capri pants yéi kwdiyáatlʼi katʼátʼx̱i tuḵʼatáal patty: pressed patty of food pause N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ paper xʼúxʼ paw: –ʼs paw –jín paper towel x̱ʼag̱wéinaa payment: something claimed as payment paper: toilet paper tux̱ʼachʼítʼaa xʼúxʼ sʼáayadi tʼook papoose carrier peace kayéilʼ –kooká paralleling peaceful √yeilʼ paralysis l uwaxwachgi néekw peacemaker ⑴ g̱uwakaan || ⑵ ḵuwakaan paralyzed by shock ⑴ √eik; √aak ⁵ ⒜ O-d+∅-√. gwéechís éik peaches peavy ⑴ dlágwaa || ⑵ kítʼaa part of – –shoowú peck √gook ² particular sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi pedal √tseix̱; √tseex̱ partner: –ʼs life partner –x̱án.aa peddle O-S-l-√hoon partner: –ʼs partner –yaḵáawu pee ⑴ √lóoxʼ ⒜ a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ parts: –ʼs parts –shagóon pee oneself sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ partway up – (the inside of a vessel or gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ | (plural) || container) –katʼóot pee: go pee ⑴ ⑵ gánde + S-∅-√goot | (singular) party ḵu.éexʼ peel √sʼeilʼ party: life of the party naa shuklag̱eeyí peg ⑴ (verb) √xʼoo ⒜ (verbal noun) kaxʼwéisʼ || ⒝ pass ka-∅-√kéesʼ | for a month to end, pass (verbal noun) kaxʼóo pass (of time) √keesʼ pelvis: –ʼs pelvis ḵáash pass through night √x̱ei; √x̱ee pen kooxéedaa pass: for a day to pass √x̱ei; √x̱ee pencil kooxéedaa –góon passage across – penguin ⑴ hintaak yaa ndaḵín gáaxw || ⑵ past –yéeyi gwíngwin

285 p English to Tlingit penis: –ʼs penis ⑴ –láaw || ⑵ –lʼíli Ḵwáan penniless kaldáanaaḵ “People on the Ocean Side of Baranof Sheetʼká Ḵwáan “People Across the Water” Heinyaa Ḵwáan Island” naa “People Among the Athabascans” G̱unax̱oo people: band of people Ḵwáan people: the people of the world lingitʼaaní tuḵwáani “People Around the Charred Wood” Xutsnoowú Ḵwáan, Xudzidaa Ḵwáan pepper tux̱ʼwánsʼi náakw si.áaxʼu át “People Beside Prince of Wales Island” peppermint kóoshdaa náagu Taantʼá Ḵwáan perceive √teen ² Heinyaa “People Facing This Direction” kaawayík Ḵwáan perdition √jaaḵw ² Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan, perfect “People In the Glacier” ¹ Laax̱aayík Ḵwáan perform rites ⑴ √héix̱waa ⒜ O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ ² “People of Atlin” Áa Tlein Ḵwáan perform rites O-S-∅-√héix̱waa ˟ People of Long Ago Tlagu Ḵwáanxʼi, Tlagu perhaps ⑴ shákdéi || ⑵ gí || ⑶ sé Ḵwáanxʼi Yán period (menstrual) gáan “People of Tagish & Carcross” Taagish Ḵwáan person in charge kakʼdakwéiy sʼaatí “People of Teslin” Deisleen Ḵwáan person nobody wants neechkaḵáawu “People of the Biting Itself River” Shtaxʼhéen person of wealth aanḵáawu Ḵwáan person who acts crazy or possesssed “People of the Brown Bear Fort” Xutsnoowú lookanáa Ḵwáan, Xudzidaa Ḵwáan person who considers herself/himself better

“People of the Dungeness Crab Area” than others ḵaa kanax̱ḵáa Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan person who cries easily ánkʼw; énkw (C) “People of the Fish Cache” Jilḵáat Ḵwáan person with wide-open eyes waḵjéitl “People of the Greenstone Area” Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan person without a clan neechkaḵáawu “People of the Kaliakh River” G̱alyáx̱ Ḵwáan person without Tlingit birth parents, especially the mother neechkateiyí “People of the King Salmon Cove” Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan person: blind person l ḵooshtéeni “People of the Lake That Puked” Lḵóot person: deaf person l ḵool.áx̱ji Ḵwáan person: mute person l yoo ḵʼeishtángi “People of the Lee from the North Wind” person: quiet person kʼáatlʼ Xunaa Ḵáawu person: rich person jididáanaa ḵáa “People of the Little Lake” Áakʼw Ḵwáan person: rich person; person of wealth; chief;

“People of the Mouth of Body of Salt Water” king aanḵáawu Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan, Laax̱aayík Ḵwáan personal flotation device g̱áatl séek People of the Shxʼát Area Shxʼát Ḵwáan perspiration kasáyjaa “People of the Southern Area” Saanyaa Ḵwáan pestle kaxágwaa “People of the Stomach” Kooyu Ḵwáan pet O-S-l-√dléigu ˟ “People of the Taḵjikʼ Aan” Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan Petersburg Séet Ká “People of the the Mouth of the Dawn” Ḵéex̱ʼ

286 English to Tlingit p petrel g̱anook pipe: tobacco pipe sʼeiḵdaakeit; sʼiḵdaakeit petroleum tʼoochʼ eex̱í, tʼoochʼ eix̱í pit kóoḵ petticoat doonyaax̱lʼaak pit lined with skunk cabbage used for food áatʼl phlegm g̱eitlʼ storage phloem: –ʼs phloem –káx̱i pitch kʼóox̱ʼ phone ⑴ kaxéesʼ || ⑵ a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul.átgi át pitch scab (where bark has been removed) téil phonograph at shí ḵóok pitcher ḵʼateil phosphorescence (sparks of light in ocean téil water) éedaa pitchwood –kadíx̱ʼi photo: –ʼs photo –yahaayí pith of – (a tree) eesháan photograph ḵaa yahaayí pitiful yé phrase yoo x̱ʼatánk place –ya.áak piano g̱íx̱ʼjaa ḵóok place for – –eetí pick kéitʼu place where – was áa pick berries ḵu-S-∅-√kʼéetʼ place: that place yaadachóon– pick up O-ya-S-s-√haa ¹ plainly √aaḵw ² (verb) O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² || pickaxe kéitʼu plan ⑴ ⒜ ⒝ yan⁓ + O-ka-S-∅-√.aaḵw ² || ⒞ (noun) at kuna. picky sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi áaḵw; at kuna.áag̱u picnic √woo ² plane for scraping wood aankayéx̱aa; tʼáa kayéx̱aa pierce ⑴ √g̱eech ¹ ⒜ N-t⁓ + ya-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ || ⒝ N-dé + ya-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ || ⒞ N-t⁓ + ya-d+l- plank maker (by adzing) kadax̱óotʼi √g̱eech ¹ planks put on a boat (for buoyancy and gishoo pig stability) hoodí x̱ʼeisʼawáa; yaa ḵudzigéiyi tsʼatsʼée gusʼyé pigeon planner át ḵukawu.aag̱ú kindachooneidí plant (verb) O-ka-S-∅-√haa ¹ pile ⑴ √chaak ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√cháak || ⒝ O-ka-S-l- √cháak | classification: stick-like objects plant: green plant that grows on trees sháachʼ piled thickly ⑴ √dlaan ⒜ ∅-√dlaan plant: timothy grass (used for basket hít tayeegáasʼi piling decoration) sháak shayeit pillow planting stick katsóowaa gáatl pilot bread ̱ plants kayaaní tlʼígaa pincers: –its pincers ̱ plastic xén pinch (with finger) tsʼéekʼw; tsʼéexʼw plate ⑴ sʼíxʼ || ⑵ sʼíxʼ ḵʼáatlʼ at tsʼíkʼwti pincher platform kayáash sʼóosʼani pine cone platform cache chál pine tar kʼóox̱ʼ platter ⑴ kélaa || ⑵ kílaa lóol pink: dark pink platter: large platter táal x̱ʼaxékʼwaa pipe play active games √yát tunax̱hinnadaa pipe (for carrying water) play (instrument) O-S-l-√.aax̱ ¹

287 p English to Tlingit play quietly ⑴ √ookʼ ⒜ ḵu-S-d+s-√.ookʼ ˟ through for drying in smokehouse sʼóosʼ playground ash kadulyát yé poles used to push aside ice (from a boat) xáatl kaltságaa plaything ḵus.ookʼ ̱ wáachwaan || ḵaa jila.aadí plea x̱ʼagáaxʼ police officer ⑴ ⑵ polio l uwaxwachgi néekw pleasant ⑴ g̱aa || ⑵ √aan ² O-ya-ka-s-√.aan ˟ ² polish ⑴ √g̱eelʼ ⒜ O-ka-S-sh-√g̱éelʼ || ⑵ N + pleasant-faced daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ pleased N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi pollen ⑴ kayaaní kadánjaa || ⑵ kadánjaa pleasing N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ pollywog dúsh pleasing to – –tóog̱aa poncho teiḵ pleasing to –ʼs palate –x̱ʼéig̱aa pool (billiards) koochʼéitʼaa át kadultáḵji pleats kahóotlʼ poop ⑴ gánde nagoodí || ⑵ háatlʼ || ⑶ lʼílʼ || ⑷ plenty ⑴ ∅-√gei ¹ || ⑵ O-sha-ya-d+∅-√haa ² ʰ √lʼéelʼ ⒜ a-S-∅-√lʼéelʼ pliable –létlʼk poop oneself sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lʼéelʼ kakatáxʼaa || at katáxʼaa pliers ⑴ ⑵ poop: go poop ⑴ gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ | plow √xeet classification: plural || ⑵ gánde + S-∅-√goot | classification: singular plug ⑴ (verb) O-S-s-√déekʼ || ⑵ (noun) –x̱ʼadéexʼi poor baby! –yátxʼu ée plug up ⑴ √deexʼ ⒜ O-S-∅-déexʼ poor man ḵʼanashgidéi ḵáa plugged O-d+s-√déekʼ poor thing eesháan pneumonia kʼinashóo poor thing! eesháan! pocket ḵatltú; g̱altú; g̱atltú poorly eeshandéin pod (of killer whales) x̱áa porch ⑴ kayáash || ⑵ x̱ʼawool kayáashi point ⑴ √chʼeex̱ʼ ⒜ O-S-∅-√chʼéix̱ʼ | point at, point out || ⒝ N-t⁓ + S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ | point in the porcupine x̱alakʼáchʼ direction of N || ⒞ O-ya-S-∅-√chʼéex̱ʼ | point at porpoise cheech a person porridge wásh ⑴ sakwnéin katéix̱i || ⑵ katéix̱ point of – (a projectile) –dlóox̱ʼu (A) portage across – –góon point (of land) xʼaa possession ḵaa at oohéini point: over or along the point of it –lunáa possession: –ʼs possession –jee point: rock point tax’aayí possession: sacred clan-owned item at.óow ⑴ √taaḵ ¹ || ⑵ √tsaaḵ | classification: poke duwuweit singular | plural form: √tsoow || ⑶ √tsoow | possessions classification: plural | singular form: √tsaaḵ || possible: thatʼs possible gíwé, géwé, gíyú, gíyú √chʼeex̱ʼ | poke with finger ⑷ post office jindaháa xʼúxʼ daakahídi; xʼúxʼ poke hole √taaḵ ¹ daakahídi pole tag̱anís postpone O-shu-ka-S-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ pole (for boating, for pushing skin pot x̱ʼayeit tságaa toboggan) ̱ pot: cooking pot ⑴ ḵʼwátl || ⑵ átʼiweit pole made from sapling tag̱anís potato kʼúntsʼ; kʼwántsʼ pole: long smokehouse pole jikaḵáasʼ potlatch ḵu.éexʼ pole: thin pole(s) that fish are threaded

288 English to Tlingit p potlatch: at a potlatch (in front of people) priest wáadishgaa nakwnéit ḵaankageetxʼ; ḵaankak.eetxʼ (T); ḵaankʼegeexʼ sheey (C) primary branch prime (of animal) √taa ² pounce N-t⁓ + sh + S-d+l-√gáasʼ print O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ pound √tʼeix̱ʼ; √tʼeex̱ʼ privates: –ʼs (female) privates –góos pound (weight unit) at dáli probably kwshé pounder (for meat or grease) katʼéx̱ʼaa prod √taaḵ ¹ pounding: sound of pounding fists tíxwjaa (A) prominent O-ka-l-√g̱éi pour √xaa promise ⑴ at yawusḵá || ⑵ N + ee⁓ + O-ya-S-s- √ḵaa ¹ pour forth (of water) √aa ³ prongs: –ʼs prongs (of spearhead) –x̱aaní pout √oos ¹ property that has been claimed at uhéini powder snow (blown in the wind) dleit kadánjayi (T) prosperity lanáalx̱ √deil yan⁓ + a-S-∅-√deil powder: face powder ⑴ yawéinaa || ⑵ wéinaa protect ⑴ ⒜ powerful O-l-√tseen ˟ protecting – –x̱ʼanaa –niyaa || –niyaa, –yinaa praise ⑴ √sheix̱ʼ; √sheex̱ʼ ⒜ (noun) kashéix̱ʼ; protecting from – ⑴ ⑵ kashéex̱ʼ proud ⑴ N + toowú + ka-l-√g̱éi || ⑵ sh + tu-ka- S-d+l-√géi pray ⑴ √gaaxʼ ¹ ⒜ x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ || ⒝ sh + ̱ káa + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√gáaxʼ ¹ proverb ⑴ yax̱ at g̱wakú || ⑵ yax̱ at g̱akú prayer x̱ʼagáaxʼ provisions sent or taken along (on a trip, to preacher sh kalneegí work or school) wóow precious ⑴ √tseen ⒜ x̱ʼa-l-√tseen ˟ pry kítʼaa precipitate ⑴ √taan ⁶ || ⑵ a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ | for ptarmigan: willow ptarmigan x̱ʼeisʼawáa rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark public speaking ⑴ ḵaankageetxʼ yoo rainstorm) x̱ʼawditaaní || ⑵ at wulyú predict ⑴ √gaa ³ ⒜ O-shu-S-s-√gaa ³ public: in public (in front of people) pregnant: be pregnant atkʼátskʼu⁓yát(kʼ) + O-S- ḵaankageetxʼ; ḵaankak.eetxʼ (T); ḵaankʼegeexʼ ∅-√.oo ˟ (C) preoccupation tuxʼandaxeech puffin x̱ík preparation: (in preparation) for winter pull ⑴ √xaatʼ ¹ | classification: heavy object or táakw niyís limp object such as dead animal || ⑵ √x̱ootʼ ¹ || √yeeḵ ¹; √yeiḵ ¹ || √yeesh | classification: x̱ʼalatseení ka.óow ádi ⑶ ⑷ present fairly light object pretend √yeil pull tabs ⑴ dusʼélʼ xʼúxʼu || ⑵ sʼélʼ alḵáa xʼúxʼ pretending ḵʼeildaháakʼu pull tight √xaat ¹ pretty ⑴ O-sha-ka-l-√g̱éi || ⑵ O-∅-√kʼéi pulled under √yeeḵ ⁴ prick ⑴ √tsaaḵ | classification: singular | plural pumice ⑴ géxtlʼ || ⑵ géxkw; kéxkw form: √tsoow || ⑵ √tsoow | classification: plural | singular form: tsaaḵ || ⑶ √g̱eech ¹ ⒜ N-t⁓ + ya- punch O-ya-S-∅-√gwaal d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ || ⒝ N-dé + ya-d+∅-√g̱eech ¹ || ⒞ punish √jee ³ N-t⁓ + ya-d+l-√g̱eech ¹ punishment yadujeeyí pride toowú klag̱é

289 p – r English to Tlingit punkies tlél dutéeni táaxʼaa r pupil sgóonwaan gáx̱ puppet ḵusteeyí át kayaa rabbit ̱ x̱aanásʼ éinaa pure tlʼeitáḵw– rack for drying fish éinaa purple (color) kanatʼá kahéeni rack: fish drying rack at shí ḵóok purple: light purple lóol radio x̱aanásʼ pus ḵéetʼ raft ḵáasʼ push √chʼeex̱ʼ raft used on rivers a kagaadí push: move by pushing √gooḵ ² rafter hít kaságu put away √gaa ² rafters (large roof beams) railing a daax̱ yaa dulsheech át put in place ⑴ √oo ² ⒜ N-xʼ + yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ˟ | put them there rain ⑴ séew || ⑵ sóow || ⑶ a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ | for rain, hail, snow to fall (often hard, in dark √tee ⁴ put on rainstorm) put out O-ya-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ rain boots sʼélʼ xʼwán √taa ¹ | classification: singular || put to bed ⑴ ⑵ sʼélʼ kinaak.át √x̱eixʼw | classification: plural rain coat rain slicker sʼélʼ kinaak.át put to sleep ⑴ √soos ² | by whistling through teeth || ⑵ √taa ¹ | classification: singular || ⑶ rain squall ⑴ g̱éet || ⑵ √g̱eet ¹ √x̱eixʼw | classification: plural rainbow kichx̱.anagaat yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² put up raise ⑴ √waat ¹ || ⑵ kei + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaach | for S quake: earthquake yóo + aan + ka-∅-√.aa ³ to raise O (bread) quarrel ⑴ √ḵaan ⒜ N + een + S-d+∅-√ḵaan raise oneʼs hand (in voting, etc.) ⑴ kei + ji-S-l- √tsaaḵ | classification: singular || kei + ji-S-l- at x̱ʼawóosʼ || ḵaa x̱ʼawóosʼ || ⑵ question ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ √tsoow⁓ | classification: plural x̱ʼawóosʼ xídlaa xítlaa quick √sátk˟ rake: herring rake rancid √took ² quick-tempered ⑴ √dáskw ˟ ⒜ O-tu-ka-u-∅- √dáskw ˟ rapids eey quiet ⑴ sh + S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ || ⑵ tleiyéi + yéi + rash ⑴ kaxweitl || ⑵ geets || ⑶ x̱éesh O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ raspberry tléḵw yádi yan⁓ + O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin quieten rat kutsʼeen yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin quieten down ratfish g̱eey kanax̱ ḵutéesʼ kʼátlʼgeenáx̱ || kaagéináx̱ quietly ⑴ ⑵ rattle sheishóox̱ –x̱aawú quill: –ʼs quill(s) (of porcupine) Raven story Yéil ḵutlaagú, Yéil ḵutlaakw – quills on rear end of – (a porcupine) ravine x̱ʼaak kʼishataag̱aní raw (flesh) –shísʼḵ quilt ⑴ kastʼáatʼ xʼóow || ⑵ kastʼáatʼ razor aan yaduxasʼ át, aan yatxasʼ át quit (esp. drinking) O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√naaḵ reach around N-náx̱ + ya-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅ quit work ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ motion) √tee ⁵ quote reach for √jeil ¹ reach through N-náx̱ + ya-u-S-∅-√jeil ¹ (∅

290 English to Tlingit r

motion) reply ⑴ √ei ⒜ a-S-d+∅-√.ei read √toow; √teew reply: reply to – –x̱ʼakooká ready for – to drink –x̱ʼayee require N + eetée-náx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ ready for – to eat –x̱ʼayee resemble √yaa ⁵ ready for – to use –jiyee resemble (in shape) √xaat ² real ḵúnáx̱– resin kʼóox̱ʼ really xʼéig̱aa resolve toowú latseen rear: rear of – (a house) –kʼiyee respect ⑴ √nei ⁴ ⒜ yáa at wooné reason áa respectable: self-respecting people sh yáa awudanéixʼi receptacle for – –yee.ádi sh yáa receptacle to do something in –yeit respectable: self-respecting person awudanéiyi recklessness l yaa ḵooshgé response given during a public speech yoo reconsider N + daatx̱ + ḵux̱ + tu-S-d+l-√.aat ⁵ x̱ʼayakdudlisheek recovery g̱aneix̱ response: in response to – –x̱ʼakooká x̱ʼaan red (color) rest ⑴ √saa ³ || ⑵ √taa ¹ | classification: singular red rockfish léiḵʼw || ⑶ √x̱eixʼw | classification: plural red snapper léiḵʼw rest of it a déinde aa red: bright red (color) shéx̱ʼwtáaxʼi restaurant atx̱á daakahídi reef eech returning ḵux̱ reef above high tide level shaltláax̱ reverting ḵux̱ reef: underwater reef hintu.eejí rheumatism sʼaag̱itunéekw reflect light ⑴ √ítʼch ⒜ ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ rib: –ʼs rib –sʼóoḵ refrain from at + S-l-√g̱aas ˟ rib: slab of meat covering its ribcage – kageidí relation: –ʼs relation (same clan or moiety) –x̱ooní ribbon chʼéen relative: –ʼs relative ⑴ –tʼaag̱í || ⑵ –nashoowú ribbon: hair ribbon shach’éen shachʼéen relative: –ʼs relative (of same clan) –tʼaag̱í rice (white or brown) kóox relatives: –ʼs relatives (of same clan) ⑴ – rice: wild rice (chocolate lily root) kóox tʼaaḵxʼi yán || ⑵ –tʼaaḵxʼí yán rich person aanḵáawu; dáanaa sʼaatí; jididáanaa release √naaḵ ² ḵáa remain √oo ¹ riches lanáalx̱ remain at N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ rick: big rock used as a weight a kaxóowu remain by N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ riddle gáaxʼu remember N + tóo-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ ridge: on the ridge –litká remind N + káa + daak + O-sa-S-l-√haa ³ ridge: on the ridge of the point (of land) xʼaa luká reminding –kooká rifle óonaa remove grief chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + S-d+∅- √hook right away chʼa yóokʼ, chʼa yákʼw, chʼa yáakʼw render ⑴ √daakw ⒜ a-S-∅-√daakw right (hand) sheey

291 r English to Tlingit right here yá be inserted; the end is then bound) dleey kex̱ʼwénaa (C) rim of – (a hat) –kóon ¹ roasting: forked roasting stick (split so that ring ⑴ (verb) √gwaal ⒜ O-S-∅-√gwaal | for S to ring O (bell) || ⒝ sh + d+∅-√gwaal | for a the meat can be inserted; the end is then telephone or bell to ring bound) x̱ʼwéinaa ring ² (noun) tlʼiḵkakées robe xʼóow rip √sʼeilʼ robin shoox̱ʼ ¹ rip back O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ rock (noun) té ² ripe √tʼaa ² rock ⑴ (verb) N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl || ⑵ N-t + ka-ka-∅-√gwáatl | for a canoe, boat to rock, dusʼélʼ xʼúxʼu || sʼélʼ alḵáa xʼúxʼ rippies ⑴ ⑵ roll around at N √daa ¹ | for water to rise | classification: rise ⑴ rock crevice té ḵáas’ water ⒜ kei + ∅-√daa ¹ || ⒝ N-t⁓ + ka-∅-daa | rise to N || ⑵ √haan ¹ | for a person to rise, rock pile té xóow stand | classification: singular subject ⒜ S-d- rock point tax’aayí +∅-√haan ¹ || ⑶ √ḵaach ¹ | for dough to rise tayeidí ⒜ ka-d+∅-√ḵaach || ⑷ √ḵee ² | for a people rock weed to get up, rise | classification: plural subject ⒜ rock: a type of gray rock lʼeix sha-S-d+∅-√ḵee ² || √naaḵ ¹ | for people to ⑸ rock: large rock lying under the water hintu. stand, rise | classification: plural subject || ⑹ eejí √nook ⁴ | for a person to rise, get up, wake up | classification: singular subject || ⑺ √xeex ³ | rock: made of rock té– classification: celestial body ⒜ kei + ∅-√xeex | rock: slab of rock té x̱áaxʼ for the sun, moon to rise rock: wide flat stone (used for cooking) té river ⑴ héen || ⑵ naadaayi héen || ⑶ kanaadaayi ḵ’áatl’ héen rocks: memorial pile of rocks xóow river flats taashuká, taashuyee (A,C) rocks: pile of rocks xóow river: edge of river channel héen wantú rockslide ⑴ teḵaadí, taḵaadí || ⑵ té kakúḵxʼu river: head of river héen sháak roe of – (a fish) –kaháakw river: in the river ⑴ héen táak || ⑵ héen yík roll ⑴ √choox || ⑵ √gwaatl ⒜ O-ka-S-l-√gwáatl | river: mouth of a river héen wát for S to roll O (log, barrel, etc.) || ⒝ N-t⁓ + ka-∅- river: near the river héen x̱ʼashú √gwáatl | for a spherical object to roll to N || ⒞ N-t + O-ka-ka-S-l-√gwáatl || ⒟ N-t + ka-ka-∅- ⑴ héen x̱ʼaká || ⑵ river: on top of the river √gwáatl || ⑶ √joox; √jeexw ⒜ ka-∅-√joox héen x̱ʼaká, hinuká roof hit ká river: salmon/fish river x̱áat héeni roof: bark roofing material hít kaxʼúxʼu riverside héen x̱ʼayaax̱ roof: tarpaper hít kaxʼúxʼu road dei room eet ká road: on the road dei yík room: (in) her/his room –eetí ká road: side of the road dei yaax̱ room: –ʼs room –ya.áak roast: nice to roast liwáaschʼán root (especially spruce root) x̱aat roasting stick tséek roots used in basket decoration léetʼ roasting stick for meat dleey tséegi roots: thin roots sʼú roasting stick (split so that the meat can rope tíxʼ

292 English to Tlingit r – s rose: wild rose kʼinchéiyi run away √keilʼ ² | classification: plural rosehip(s) kʼinchéiyi tléig̱u run (of engine) √joox rot ⑴ √sʼeex || ⑵ √tlʼooḵ ¹ run (of fish) {na motion preverb} + ya-∅-√.aa ⁴ rotten ⑴ –kasʼeex || ⑵ √took ² rush adawóotl rotting sore tlʼooḵ Russia Anóoshi aaní rough (of navigable water) √taan ⁴ Russian Anóoshi rough (of weather) a-ya-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ rutabaga anahoo round –kʼwátʼ rouse ⑴ kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ || ⑵ √ḵee ² | s classification: plural subject || ⑶ √nook ⁴ | classification: singular subject sack gwéil row √x̱aa ² sadness toowú néekw rowboat aandaayaagú safety pin x̱ʼéexʼwálʼ rub N + daatx̱ + ḵu-ka-S-s-√haa ³ sail yaakw yiksʼísayi rub against √g̱eelʼ sailboat sʼísaa yaakw rubber boots sʼélʼ xʼwán sailcloth sʼísaa rubber gloves sʼélʼ tsáaxʼ sale: for sale hoon; hun rubbish tlʼeex sʼeex salesperson dahooní rubs easily (like applying lotion) linéisʼchʼán saliva: –ʼs saliva –x̱ʼahéeni rudder ⑴ tʼeegáa || ⑵ yadígaa salmon x̱áat ruffles (in clothing) kahóotlʼ salmon: chinook salmon tʼá rug g̱áach salmon: coho lʼook rumen: –ʼs rumen (of ruminant) –dáali salmon: coho salmon that has entered fresh x̱ʼáakw ruminant: ruminant with single spikes for water antlers shataag̱áa salmon: dead salmon (after spawning) nóosh rumor neek kaháakw neek sʼaatí || neek salmon: fermented salmon eggs rumormonger ⑴ ⑵ kasʼeex shatlʼéḵxʼu || ⑶ niksʼaatí salmon: half-dried smoked salmon náayadi rump: –ʼs rump ⑴ –g̱áts || ⑵ –kʼí ¹ salmon: humpback salmon cháasʼ run | for an living creature to run ⑴ √xeex ² | classification: singular | plural form: √gooḵ ² salmon: king salmon tʼá || ⑵ √gooḵ ¹ | classification: plural | singular salmon: pink salmon cháasʼ form √xeex ¹ ⒜ {∅ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ gaat || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ || ⒞ {ga salmon: red salmon ̱ preverb} + O-lu-∅-√gooḵ ¹ || ⑶ (N + náḵ) + salmon: silver salmon lʼook a-ya-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ salmon: sockeye salmon g̱aat run ² | classification: liquid | for a liquid to run, flow ka-∅-√daa ¹ || shí + N + lóot⁓ + salmon: sockeye salmon that has entered ⑴ ⑵ x̱ʼáakw ∅-√daa ¹ | nose to bleed, run (heen + N …) fresh water ³ salmon: spawned-out salmon with white run | for a motorized thing to run (engine, tape player, etc) ka-∅-√joox fungus, ready to die xein salmon: spring salmon tʼá

293 s English to Tlingit salmonberry wasʼxʼaan tléig̱u lumber tʼáa shuxásha salmonberry: young salmonberry bush saw: rip saw kaxʼásʼaa kʼeit shoots (edible) sawmill ⑴ sh kadaxáshdi hít || ⑵ kaxʼásʼti salt éilʼ daakahídi salt water éilʼ; éilʼ héen, éilʼ héeni say ⑴ √ḵaa ¹ ⒜ (yéi) + ya-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ | for S to say (a certain thing) || ⑵ (yóo) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ saltwater brine éilʼ kahéeni saying ⑴ yax̱ at g̱wakú || ⑵ yax̱ at g̱akú || ⑶ yaḵá salty ⑴ √eilʼ ⒜ l-√.éilʼ ˟ scab ḵéechʼ salvation g̱aneix̱ scald √x̱ʼeix̱ʼ; √x̱ʼeex̱ʼ | classification: skin or flesh Salvation Army Sáangwéishán scale: –ʼs scale (of fish) –jeig̱í same chʼu, chʼoo scales of – (a fish) –kajeig̱í same: the same chʼu shóogu scalp: –ʼs scalp –shadaadoogú sand lʼéiw scar teel; teil sand beach xákw scare O-S-l-√dléikw sand flies tlél dutéeni táaxʼaa scarecrow yéil koox̱étlʼaa sand point lʼéiw xʼaayí scarf sadaatʼaay sand: fine sand lʼéiw yátxʼi scarf: headscarf shadaa.át sadaa.át sandbar xákw scary! atskanée!; atsganée sandflea kookʼénaa scatter O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ sandpiper gusʼyadóoli scholar sgóonwaan sandpiper (shore bird) x̱ʼalʼdaayéeji sgóon; shgóon || at wooskú Saanyaa school ⑴ ⑵ Sanyaa: People of the Sanyaa Area daakahídi || áxʼ ḵaa ée at dultóow yé Ḵwáan ⑶ scissors ḵaashaxáshaa sap scraped from inner bark sáxʼ scoop kaxwénaa sap: –ʼs sap –káx̱i scooter duck waḵkalsʼoox̱ʼ gáaxw sapling tag̱anís –shísʼḵ scrape ⑴ √xaasʼ || ⑵ √xeetʼ sapwood: –ʼs sapwood –láx̱ʼi scraper xʼásʼaa sardine sháachʼ scraper for hemlock bark yeesʼ sash (worn over shoulder) koogéinaa scraper: bark scraper xʼítʼaa Satan Diyée Aanḵáawu scraper: skin scraper xwájaa satisfactory N + tóo-g̱aa + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹

sh + tóo-gaa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ scraper, as for scraping off bark from roots satisfied ̱ éenaa satisying –ʼs request or words –x̱ʼéig̱aa scrap(s) sʼeex sausage gishoo naasí scraps: –ʼs food scraps –x̱ʼa.eetí save √neix̱ scratch ⑴ √g̱aasʼ ¹ ⒜ O-S-l-√g̱áasʼ ¹ | for S to saw ⑴ (verb) √xaash ⒜ (noun) xáshaa scratch O to relieve itching; for S to scratch O with saw: bevel saw tʼáa shuxásha long scratches || ⒝ sh + S-d+l-√g̱áasʼ | for S to scratch oneself to relieve itching saw: double-handled saw for sawing lumber kaxʼásʼaa scratchy voice ⑴ N + satú + ka-∅-√kéesʼ; N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅-√kéesʼ | for Nʼs voice to be hoarse, saw: narrow saw used to cut corners off

294 English to Tlingit s

scratchy || ⑵ N + satú + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ; N + katʼákx̱i leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ | for S to make N have ḵʼáachʼ hoarse, scratchy voice seaweed: red seaweed seaweed: ribbon seaweed ḵʼáachʼ scream ka-S-d+∅-√g̱aax̱ seaweed: yellow seaweed tayeidí screen kag̱ádaa secret: in secret (where nobody can see) ⑴ ⑴ –niyaa || ⑵ –x̱ʼanaa || ⑶ screening from – –yatʼéináx̱ || ⑵ ḵaa yatʼéináx̱ –niyaa, –yinaa secretary ⑴ kashxeedí || ⑵ ḵaa x̱ʼéidáx̱ screw ⑴ (noun) kasʼéet || ⑵ √teix̱ʼ; √teex̱ʼ kashxeedí kasʼéet katíx̱ʼaa screwdriver secure yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w kashxeedí scribe sediment: –ʼs sediment –kalʼeiyí –leilí scrotum: –ʼs scrotum see √teen ² kaxílʼaa scrubber see how you are! dooóo, duóo, dóooo wéix̱ʼ sculpin see: where – can see (it) –waḵshiyee tayataayí sea anemone seeds: –ʼs seeds –xʼaakeidí sea anemone: small red sea anemone seeds: –ʼs seeds inside – (as inside a berry) tayashagoo –tukayátxʼi yéin sea cucumber seem: it would seem gí éet sea floor seesaw kookítsʼaa x̱eel sea foam seine a-S-d+s-√g̱eiwú ˟ taan sea lion seine boat asg̱eiwú at áatʼláni seafood: raw seafood seiner asg̱eiwú kéidladi seagull select gambling sticks √tʼook kootlʼéitʼaa seagull: small white seagull -self chúsh lawúx̱ seagull: young seagull -self [object] sh ⁓ ∅- seal intestine braided into a tube which is self: (all) by oneself dlóotldáx̱ stuffed with chunks of seal fat tsaa naasí géidi self-esteem, feeling good about oneself toowú klag̱é seal together √sʼeexʼw -selfʼs chúsh ⁓ sh- seal: common seal tsaa sell ⑴ √hoon ⒜ O-S-∅-√hoon seal: fur seal x̱ʼóon sell: to sell hoon; hun seal: hair seal tsaa seller hoon sʼaatí seal: harbor seal tsaa selling ⑴ (noun) hoon; hun || ⑵ (verb) O-S-l- seam ⑴ ḵéinaa || ⑵ ḵéichʼálʼ; ḵéechʼálʼ (T) √hoon search for √shee ¹ semen: –ʼs semen –tlʼéili seated (to have live creature seated there) send O-ka-(u)-S-∅-√ḵaa ¹ | for S to send O (esp. on N-t + O-S-s-√.aa ¹ a mission or errand, or to deliver a message) seaweed: black seaweed laaḵʼásk send for √woo ¹ seaweed: hairy seaweed on which herring sense of feel –daanóogu spawn né sense of smell ⑴ –isnéexʼi || ⑵ –ḵusnéexʼi seaweed: half-dried, compressed seaweed sensitive subject kalitsʼígwaa

295 s English to Tlingit sentence yoo x̱ʼatánk shark (porpoise-like) chichuyaa separate from – ⑴ –wanáak || ⑵ –wanáa shark: man-eating shark (legendary) shax̱dáḵw; shux̱dáḵw servant ḵaa daa yoo jikool.átgi √kʼátsʼ ˟; √kʼáchʼ ya-l-√kʼátsʼ ˟ serve √taaḵ ² sharp ⑴ ⒜ sharpen ⑴ √g̱eelʼ ⒜ O-ya-S-∅-√g̱éelʼ || ⑵ √xʼaat set ⑴ √xeex ³ | classification: celestial body ⒜ yínde + ∅-√xeex | for the sun, moon to set shave √xaasʼ set apart (a day) O-ḵei-S-s-√.aa ³ shawl teiḵ set fire N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ she hú set price (n + éede) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ s/he hú settle N-xʼ + S-d+s-√.aan ˀ ³ s/he [subject] ∅- settle (of sediment) √tlaa ¹ shed chál settlement aan sheep: domestic sheep wanadóo, nawadoo (T), nawadóo (S) seven dax̱adooshú tawéi tawéi, dleit tawéi seven people daxadooshóonáx̱ sheep: mountain sheep shell nóoxʼ sew ⑴ √ḵaa ² ⒜ O-S-∅-√ḵaa ² | for S to sew O || ⒝ S-d+∅-√ḵaa ² || ⒞ N-t⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√ḵaa ² | shell: calcium from clam shells káts for S to sew O on N shell: empty bivalve shell xáak O-ka-S-∅-√ḵaa ² sew beads shell: pounded shell powder káts daḵéisʼ sewing shellfish: “button”/muscle of shellfish – sewing tool box naasa.áa tsʼéekʼu; –tsʼíkʼwti sewing tool kit, box naasa.áa shellfish: edible part of shellfish –g̱eiyí sewing trunk naasa.áa shell-like chip nóoxʼ shade chéx̱ʼi; chíx̱ʼi (T); chéex̱ʼi (At); chéex̱ʼaa shell-like flake nóoxʼ (At); chéix̱ʼaa (C) shelter (from wind or weather) déili –yahaayí shadow: –ʼs shadow shelter of – (especially a tree) –jiseiyí chéx̱ʼi; shadow(s) cast by landforms, etc. noow g̱ei chíx̱ʼi (T); chéex̱ʼi (At); chéex̱ʼaa (At); chéix̱ʼaa shelter: in a shelter (C) shelter: shelter of a tree aas jiseiyí, aas seiyí (At) shaft of – (spear or other stick-like object) –sákwti shelter: the shelter of – –seiyí shake hands √dleigu shelter: under the shelter of – (a standing object or structure) –kʼiyee shaman íx̱tʼ shenanigans a géit yaa nasgít shame ⑴ (verb) √deixʼ ⒜ O-ka-∅-√déixʼ/ ˟ | feel shame || ⒝ O-ka-S-l-√déixʼ ˟ | put to shame || ⒞ shepherd wanadóo latíni (noun) kadéixʼ || ⑵ sh + ka-S-d+l-√háachʼ shielding – –x̱ʼanaa húsh! shame on you! shielding from – ⑴ –niyaa || ⑵ –niyaa, –yinaa shameful ⑴ √haachʼ ⒜ O-ka-l-√háachʼ shim x̱ʼéexʼw shape √xaat ² shin: –ʼs shin –xéesʼ woosh + teen + O-S-d+∅-√héin ˟ share shine ⑴ √gaan ¹ ⒜ a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ || ⒝ ka-d+∅- shark tóosʼ √gáan ¹ || ⒞ N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ || ⑵ a-d+l- √dées | for the moon to shine

296 English to Tlingit s shine (of moon) √dees shot: give a shot of medicine through a shingles tʼaa yátxʼi needle náakw N tóode (na?)-S-d+l-√tsaaḵ náakw + N + tóo-de + S-d+l-√tsaaḵ shining √g̱ei shoulder blade: –ʼs shoulder blade –óoxʼu ship: cruise ship yakwtlein shoulder: on the shoulder of – –wanká ship: ferry yakwtlein shoulder: –ʼs shoulder –x̱ikshá ship: large ship yakwtlein shoulderblade: area between –ʼs shgóonaa ship: sailing ship shoulderblades –óoxʼu x̱ʼáak shgóonaa ship: schooner shoulderblade: –sʼ shoulderblade muscles ships: cruise ships yakwtlénxʼ –óoxʼu kadleeyí; –óoxʼ kadleeyí; –óoxʼu kedleeyí (C) ships: ferries yakwtlénxʼ √eexʼ ¹ | shout out O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ ships: large ships yakwtlénxʼ shout ⑴ ⒜ | shout to || ⑵ | √hook ⒜ kei + O-S-∅-√hook goodásʼ; kʼoodásʼ shirt | shout at ḵu.éexʼ || ⒝ chush + tóodáx̱ + kei + shirt: button-up shirt kinaa kʼoodásʼ S-d+∅-√hook | shout to remove grief shirt: overshirt kinaa kʼoodásʼ shout to O-S-∅-√.éexʼ ˟ ¹ shirt: sleeveless shirt or top l.uljíni shovel ⑴ ḵutlʼídaa || ⑵ kookítʼaa shocked by electricity √sheekʼw; √shookʼ show O-shu-ka-S-∅-√jaa ʰ shocking háhákwshé show: television show ḵuyawdahaayí shoe polish téel daakeyéis’i (C); téel shrimp sʼéexʼát daanéegwálʼi (T) shut O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-√déexʼ shoe: wooden form for shaping or stretching shut mouth or opening √deexʼ moccasins téel tukanágaa shut up! sh eelkʼátlʼ! shoelace(s) téel x̱’adzaasí sick √néekw ¹ shoeless kaltéelḵ sickly néekwdéin shoemaker téel layeix̱í sickness néekw shoe(s) téel side of – (a house or building) –kageidí shoes: high heel shoes x̱ʼeitakw kudasáa téel side of – (an animal) –kageidí shoe-stretching block téel kanágaa side of –ʼs body between the ribs and the shoo away √kʼaan hip –ḵatlyá shoot O-ka-S-∅-√g̱éexʼ | for S to shoot O side: at –ʼs side –tʼaaḵ (basketball) side: one side of – (a symmetrical object) shoot bow and arrow √tʼook kígi shoot with gun √oon side: one side of –ʼs torso –kík shopkeeper dahooní side: side of – –wanáak shopping S-d+l-√hoon side: to one side tlékʼde shore below – –eeg̱ayáa side: (to the) side of – –wán shore: down on the shore éeḵ éiḵ sideways tlʼaadéin héen x̱ʼayaax̱ || tleiyán shoreline ⑴ ⑵ sift O-ka-S-l-√g̱áat ¹ short: too short guwáatlʼ; kuwáachʼ sign kwéiy shorts yéi kwdiyáatlʼi tuḵʼatáal

297 s English to Tlingit sign language √kaa ² sit (for singular subject to be seated) S-∅-√. aa ¹ N-t tu-x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√.aa ¹ signal with smoke √taax̱ʼw ² √ḵaaḵ S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ signify something at ashoowatán sit low ⑴ ⒜ S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ silence kʼáatlʼ sit quickly sit quietly ⑴ √aan ¹ ⒜ a-S-∅-√.aan ˀ ¹ silently ⑴ kʼátlʼgeenáx̱ || ⑵ kaagéináx̱ Sheetʼká silt: alluvial silt sʼé Sitka dáanaa Sitka: People of the Sitka Area Sheetʼká silver Ḵwáan silver (color) dáanaa situate comfortably √xʼaaḵw ² silver dollar dáanaa situated ⑴ √aa ¹ | classification: singular || ⑵ silversmith dáanaa katʼéex̱ʼi, dáanaa tʼéex̱ʼi √ḵee ¹ | classification: plural ⒜ S-∅-√ḵee ¹ similar –uwaa situated there (of a building) N-t l-√.áa ¹ N-t similar to N + yáx̱ + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ + l-√.áa ¹ tleidooshú simile ⑴ at ashoowatán || ⑵ at wulyáaḵw six sin l ushkʼé six (people) tleidooshóonáx̱ since (that time) -dáx̱; -tx̱; -x̱ Skagway Shg̱agwéi sinew tás skate (ocean creature related to the shark chʼéetgaa sinew: –ʼs sinew –tási and the ray) ̱ tʼéexʼ ká téel sing √shee ⁴ skates: ice skates shakatlʼéen singed matter xóoshtʼ skein –xáak, –xáagu singer at shéeyi skeleton: –ʼs skeleton tséek singers at shéexʼi, et shéexʼi (C) skewer tʼáa jáaji wootsaagayí singing at shí ski pole(s) ̱ skidoo tʼéexʼ ká yaakw sink ⑴ √taax̱ʼw ¹ || ⑵ √yeeḵ ⁴ kasʼúgwaa yeit; kasʼígwaa yeit (At) || –tʼaagí skillet ⑴ ⑵ sister: –ʼs clan brother or sister ̱ kax̱gáani yeit sister: –ʼs clan sister –sháawu skillet: cast-iron skillet té kas’úgwaa yeit (T) sister: –ʼs older sister (a femaleʼs older skin of – –doogú sister) –shátx̱ skin: discoloration of the skin kayéisʼ sister: –ʼs sister (a maleʼs sister) –dlaakʼ skin: –ʼs skin (surface) –chʼáatwu sister: –ʼs younger sister (a femaleʼs younger sister) –kéekʼ skin: –ʼs wrinkled/flabby skin –daaleilí sisters: –ʼs clan brothers or sisters –tʼaaḵxʼí skin: skin crunchy from roasting wáasadi ¹ yán skinny √g̱aax̱ʼ ² sisters: –ʼs sisters –woosh kikʼi yan skinny O-sh-√g̱áax̱ʼ sit ⑴ √aa ¹ | classification: singular || ⑵ √ḵee ¹ | skirt (clothing) ⑴ kʼúlʼdaa.át || ⑵ kʼidaa.at; classification: plural ⒜ S-∅-√ḵee ¹ | for (plural) kʼideit S to be seated || ⒝ (yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ | for ski(s) tʼáa jáaji (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting) || ⑶ √nook ¹ skull: pit at the base of –ʼs skull – lakʼéechʼkóog̱u sit down (yei) + S-∅-√ḵee ¹ | for (plural) S to sit, sit down (esp. act of sitting) skunk cabbage x̱ʼáalʼ

298 English to Tlingit s sky: blue sky xáatsʼ smaller –kʼátskʼu; –kʼwátskʼu sky: clear sky xáatsʼ smart yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ² sky: cloudy sky góosʼ smarts (with sharp pain or discomfort) litʼoojí slack (as in rope or line) dleitl smash √tʼeix̱ʼ; √tʼeex̱ʼ slap with open hand ⑴ √tʼaach ⒜ O-S-∅- √tʼaach | for S to slap O smell √neexʼ slaughter √een ² smell bad O-l-√chán ˟ slave goox̱ smell: bad smell, odor chán sled xátʼaa smell: sense of smell ⑴ –isnéexʼi || ⑵ – ḵusnéexʼi sled (for recreational sledding) ach kooshx̱ʼílʼaa yeit smoke ⑴ (noun) sʼeiḵ; sʼeeḵ || ⑵ (verb) √sʼeiḵ ²; √sʼeeḵ ² sledgehammer té shanax̱wáayi smoke from smoldering coals √x̱aan sleep ⑴ (noun) tá || ⑵ (verb) √taa ¹ | classification: singular || ⑶ √x̱eixʼw | classification: plural smoke signals taax̱ʼw sleight of hand yakwteiyí smoke spreaders ganigeidí slide (at a park) a káx̱ sh kawdujiléedi át smokehole ⑴ gaan || ⑵ gaan ká || ⑶ gaan woolí slide: gravel slide ḵáadí smokehole cover gaan x̱ʼaháadi slide: landslide ḵáadí smokehouse ⑴ at xʼaan hídi, et xʼaan hídi || ⑵ sʼeiḵ hídi (T), sʼeiḵ daakahídi, sʼeiḵ daakéedi (C) slime x̱éelʼ yaash ká slime (inside clamshell) átʼláni smokehouse shelf √sʼeiḵ ²; √sʼeeḵ ² sling (for thowing objects) júx̱ʼaa smoky √x̱aan slip ¹ (noun) (noun) doonyaax̱lʼaak smolder atx̱aaxʼí sáani slip ² (verb) (verb) √x̱ʼeelʼ snacks shaaḵ slipper (giant chiton) koow snag (driftwood in water) yanxoon slippers neilyeetéeli snag pile táax̱’ slippery √x̱ʼeelʼ snail tsʼésx̱ʼw sliver sheey kaḵáasʼi snail with shell lʼutʼtláaḵ || tlʼúkʼx̱, tlʼúkʼ slobber x̱ʼaxélʼk snake ⑴ ⑵ wáḵtʼásʼ slough éix̱ʼ snapping eyes in anger snare ⑴ √daasʼ ⒜ (verb) O-S-d+l-√dáasʼ || ⒝ slow ⑴ √chʼéeyáḵw ˟ ⒜ O-l-√chʼéeyáḵw ˟ || ⒝ O-x̱ʼa-l-chʼéeyáḵw ˟ | slow in eating or talking || (noun) dáasʼaa ⑵ √kaa ¹ ⒜ a-u-S-d+s-√kaa ¹ snare to catch small animals by the leg dzeenáa slowly kaldaag̱éináx̱ √taaw slug táax̱’ sneak sneeze: a sneeze tsʼixaa slush ⑴ kaklahéen || ⑵ kaneiḵ sniff √neexʼ small ⑴ (adjective) –yádi || ⑵ (verb) (yéi) + ka-u- d+s-√gei ¹ snipe: kind of snipe eeḵ lukaḵéesʼi gusʼyadóoli small covered box x̱ʼalʼdaakeit snob ḵaa kanax̱ḵáa small pox kwaan snooty sh + tu-ka-S-d+l-√g̱éi

299 s English to Tlingit snore ⑴ √keet ⒜ a-S-∅-√keet socks lʼée xʼwán snot lug̱éitlʼ soft √xwaach snow ⑴ dleit || ⑵ a-∅-√g̱éet ¹ ˟ | for rain, hail, soft lead kʼóox̱ʼ létlʼk snow to fall (often hard, in dark rainstorm) soft (of a solid mass) –létlʼk snow blower dleit xwéini ¹ soil (noun) ⑴ tlʼátk || ⑵ lʼéx̱ʼkw kalsʼéesjaa snow cloud soil ² (verb) O-S-l-√chʼéix̱ʼw dleit katlʼíxʼx̱i (A) snow crust sold easily dudli.óowchʼán tʼéexʼ ká yaakw snow machine sole of –ʼs feet –x̱ʼustáak tʼéexʼ ká yaakw snow mobile some [object] aa- dleit xwénaa snow scoop (made of wood) some of aa dleit xwénaa snow shovel some of them a x̱oo aa dleit géedi snow shower ̱ some: (to) some aa ee- dleit tséegi; dleit tutséegi snow stick someone ḵáa dleit kaltʼéexʼ snow: block of frozen snow someone [object] ḵaa ⁓ ḵu- dleit kakétsk snow: dry snow someone [subject] du- dleit yátxʼi, dleit yétxʼi (C) snow: fine snow someone [subject in a motion verb, appears snow: large, light snowflakes g̱uwakaan as an object pronoun] a- katísʼayi someone: (to) someone ḵaa ee- ⁓ ḵu ee- ⁓ snow: lump of snow that has fallen off the ḵoon branch of a tree dleit shakadzoo (At), dleit ḵaa shakedzoo (C) someoneʼs someʼs aa snow: melting snow kaneiḵ something át snow: on top of the snow dleit x̱ʼakée something [object] at snow: round lumps of snow dleit kʼwátʼxʼ something shaped by hands and clay-like or snow: wet snow kaklahéen dough-like a kachóox snowball ⑴ dleit kachúxwti (C), dleit kachíxwti something to put under – –yeit (A), dleit dzoonáa (T) || ⑵ dleit kachóox something: (to) something at ee- snowdrift kasʼísjaa somethingʼs at snowman dleit tin kawduwachooxú ḵáa wáanganeens || wáa yateeyi dleit ḵaadí sometimes ⑴ ̱ ⑵ snowslide yéixʼ snowstorm dleit g̱éedi son: –ʼs son –yéet so (…) haaw song ⑴ at shí || ⑵ shí soak ⑴ √eetʼ || ⑵ √keil ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-l-√keil ¹ song: paddling song, canoe song soak in cold water for strength √shooch yakwkasheeyée soak: it is nice to soak (in water) liyóox̱ʼshán song: –ʼs song –x̱ʼasheeyí soaked O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ songbird tsʼatsʼée soap úsʼaa songbird: small songbird tsʼítskw soapberry, soapberries xákwlʼi soon desgwách sober N + daa + a-∅-√daaḵ ¹ soot dúsʼ

300 English to Tlingit s sore that discharges pus ḵéetʼ speech ⑴ yoo x̱ʼatánk || ⑵ yaḵá soreness of the mouth (as of a baby speech: make speech x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ x̱áatlʼáḵw teething) speech: public speaking ⑴ ḵaankageetxʼ yoo sorrow toowú néekw x̱ʼawditaaní || ⑵ at wulyú so-so tlél wáa sá spending S-d+l-√hoon soul: –ʼs soul –toowú spew out √toox̱ʼ ¹ soul: –ʼs soul (of departed person) –yahaayí spicy O-s-√.áaxʼw ² ˟ sound of – –kayéik spider ⑴ kanas.aadí || ⑵ aasgutuyiksháa || ⑶ aasgutuyik.ádi sound of – (something whose identity is unknown) –yayík spin ⑴ √joox; √jeexw ⒜ ka-∅-√joox sound of running quickly tíxwjaa (A) spine: backbone –díx̱ʼtú sʼaaḵx’í sound off √aax̱ ¹ spine: bottom of –ʼs spine –kʼóolʼ soup tax̱héeni katéix̱ spirit: fighting spirit lékwaa sourdock tlʼaaḵʼwáchʼ spirit: –ʼs spirit ⑴ –yakg̱wahéiyagu; – yakg̱wahéiyag̱u || ⑵ –toowú soured kalisʼooxú spirit: the spirit(s) of – (a non-human south ixkée; éex animate or inanimate) –ḵwáani south: (toward) the south íxde spiritual violation lig̱aas kóoshdaa lóoxʼu || Cháanwaan soy sauce ⑴ ⑵ x̱ʼastóox̱ héeni spit spit out √toox̱ʼ ¹ space: –ʼs space –ya.áak spit water that was held in mouth √koo ² spark yíḵdlaa spit: roasting spit tséek sparkle ⑴ √ítʼch ⒜ ka-d+l-√ítʼch ˟ spit: –ʼs spit –x̱ʼahéeni sparrow: green bird (sparrow or finch) asxʼaan sháachʼi splash ⑴ √chʼeesh ⒜ ka-d+∅-√chʼeesh || ⒝ O-ka-S-l-√chʼeesh sparrow: grey singing bird (sparrow or finch) tlagu tsʼatsʼéeyee splinter ⑴ sheey kaḵáasʼi || ⑵ ḵáasʼ spawn √x̱eet ¹; √x̱eit | classification: fish split √g̱aat ¹ √sʼeex speak ⑴ x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ || ⑵ N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√. spoil aat ⁵ || ⑶ yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-.aat ⁵ sponge teet x̱’achálx̱i O-u-S-∅-√choox̱ ˟ speak: give directions on what to say O-x̱ʼa- sponge off of √choox̱ ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ spoon shál O-x̱ʼa- speak: give the opportunity to speak yétsʼ shál ka-(u)-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ spoon: black horn spoon spoon: handmade spoon tseeneidi shál spear áadaa; tág̱aa; tsaag̱álʼ √taaḵ ¹ sheen || táanaa spoon: large wooden spoon ⑴ ⑵ spear for catching octopus shéen spear for clubbing at shax̱ishdi dzáas spoon: mountain goat horn spoon leineit spear for hunting woosáani shál spear which binds rope around seal at sʼaan. spoon: sheep horn spoon leineit shál ax̱w dzáas spot: dark spot séiḵʼw spear: fish spear dlagwáa spots: have spots √chʼáachʼ

301 s English to Tlingit spotted ⑴ √chʼaachʼ ⒜ O-ka-d+∅-√chʼáachʼ || ⒝ stand: keep standing yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ ka-d+l-√chʼáchʼx̱ ˟ star: falling star ⑴ xoodzí || ⑵ yakasg̱áat –x̱án.aa spouse: –ʼs spouse stare √teesʼ –óoxu spray from blowhole stare: interesting to stare at kulitéesʼshán kadánjaa spray from waves starfish sʼáx √yaa ⁴ spread out star(s) ḵutx̱.ayanahá spring taakw.eetí start ⑴ g̱unéi + ka-∅-√joox | for an engine to start spring (of water) goon || ⑵ ka-∅-√joox springwater goonhéeni starting (to) g̱unéi sprinkle O-ka-S-l-√g̱átch ¹ ˟ startle O-S-l-√dléikw sprouts (of plant) –shaadí starvation laaxw spruce cone sʼóosʼani stay √x̱ei; √x̱ee spruce grouse, spruce hen káaxʼ stay at N-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ spruce: Sitka spruce shéiyi stay behind N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ spruce: young spruce dúḵlʼ, túḵlʼ; túḵlʼ, dúḵlʼ stay by N + x̱án-xʼ + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ square tʼéesh kaayí steal √taaw square (for marking boards) tʼáa shukaayí steal: it is tempting to steal dudlitáawchʼán squat ⑴ √ḵaaḵ ⒜ S-d+sh-√ḵaaḵ steam √taa ³ squeeze ⑴ √g̱ook || ⑵ √g̱ootl ⒜ O-ka-S-∅√- steam engine shtéen káa gootl ̱ steam (visible, in the air) xʼúkjaa √x̱ʼeexʼ squeeze through narrow space steambath x̱aay xwéix̱ dagasáa squid ̱ steamer xʼákwjaa tsálk squirrel: arctic ground squirrel Stellarʼs jay x̱ʼéishxʼw squirrel: red squirrel ⑴ kanalsʼáak || ⑵ kalsʼáak –kadíx̱ʼi (T) stem of – (a plant) stem: lower part of –ʼs trunk or stem (a tree stab ⑴ √gwaal ⒜ O-S-∅-√gwaal or other plant) –kʼeeyí stack ⑴ √chaak ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√cháak || ⒝ stench chán O-sha-ka-S-∅-√cháak || ⒞ O-ka-S-l-√cháak | classification: stick-like objects stenographer ḵaa x̱ʼéidáx̱ kashxeedí staff wootsaag̱áa; wutsaag̱áa steps: –ʼs steps –kalyáasʼi stagger ⑴ √eis ⒜ {na preverb} + O-ya-ka-l-√.eis ˟ stereo at shí ḵóok || ⒝ {ga preverb} + O-ya-ka-l-√.eis ˟ stern of – (a boat) –kʼóolʼ stamp (feet) √hook stern of a boat –géek stamp it (with foot) O-S-∅-√tseix̱ stern: curved part of a stern (of boat) –xéesʼi túxjaa stamping stick ⑴ sheey || ⑵ ḵáasʼ stamping: sound of stamping tíxwjaa (A) stick for prying kítʼaa stand ⑴ √haan ¹ ⒜ S-∅-√hán ¹ ˟ || ⑵ √naaḵ ¹ | stick gambling alḵáa; at ilḵáa classification: plural subject stick game nahéin stand firm yan⁓ + S-∅-√haan ¹ stick out ⑴ √tsaaḵ | classification: singular | S-d-+∅-√haan ¹ stand up plural form: √tsoow || ⑵ √tsoow | classification:

302 English to Tlingit s

plural | singular form: √tsaaḵ || ⑶ √xaat ¹ stone: black turnstone xʼatʼdaayéejayi stick to √sʼeexʼw stone: made of stone té– stick used to skewer a chunk of snow and stone: wide flat stone (used for cooking) té melt it over the fire dleit tséegi; dleit tutséegi ḵ’áatl’ stick: butt-wiping stick tux̱ʼachʼítʼaa stop ⑴ √tsʼein; √tsʼaan || ⑵ tleiyéi + yéi + O-∅- √tee ʰ ¹ stick: forked roasting stick (split so that the meat can be inserted; the end is then stop bothering yan⁓ + O-S-l-√tsʼéin bound) x̱ʼwéinaa stop crying sh + S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ stick: planting stick katsóowaa stop flowing √yeeḵ ⁴ stick: sharpened stick (for digging up clams, stop it! ilí!, ihí!, li! déi áwé! roots, etc.) káatʼ stop talking ⑴ yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ || ⑵ sh + stick: small drying stick (for a smokehouse) S-d+l-√kʼáatlʼ || ⑶ yan⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-d+∅-√tsʼéin || jikaḵáasʼ ⑷ yan⁓ + O-x̱ʼa-ka-S-l-√tsʼéin | for S to cause O to stop talking stickleback kʼaagán ji-S-d+∅-√naaḵ sticks woven through the fish lengthwise stop working after it has been filleted for barbecuing stop: cause to stop √tsʼein; √tsʼaan tlʼéekʼat stopper –x̱ʼadéexʼi sticky kalisʼéexʼu store hoon daakahídi stiff (as canvas, dry fish) g̱ákw store up yan⁓ + O-ka-S-l-√gaa ² Stikine: People of the Stikine Area storekeep hoon sʼaatí Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan storm (especially while at sea) kʼeiljáa; Stiking River Shtaxʼhéen kʼeeljáa still chʼu, chʼoo stormy weather a-ya-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ still: be still tleiyéi + yéi + O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ story shkalneek litʼoojí stings (like nettles or thorns) stout ⑴ (verb) √tlaa ² ⒜ (verbal adjective) kutlá stingy ⑴ √g̱eiḵ ² ⒜ O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ stove stoox; shtoox stink ⑴ √chán ˟ ⒜ O-l-√chán ˟ straight yaadachóon– stink currant shaax̱ straight ahead yaadachóon stinkweed watsixtlaanáagu straight towards – –dachóon a káxʼ yóok duwahéigi át stirrer strain ⑴ √chaa ⒜ O-ka-S-l-√chaa stirring stick a káxʼ yóok duwahéigi át strange kasiyéiyi– stolen goods táawadi strange: something strange at kasayé stomach: –ʼs main stomach (of ruminant) stranger g̱unayaḵwáan –dáali strap ⑴ √aaw ⒜ O-ya-S-s-√.áaw stomach: –ʼs stomach –yoowú strap for carrying or fastening to body stomp (feet) √hook ya.áaw stomping túxjaa straw (for drinking) a tóonáx̱ kadusʼíḵsʼ át stomping: sound of stomping tíxwjaa (A) strawberry: domestic strawberry shákw stone té strawberry: native strawberry lingít shákw tayees, yees; yees, tayees yees stone axe stream ⑴ héen || ⑵ naadaayi héen || ⑶

303 s English to Tlingit

kanaadaayi héen suffering: while suffering eeshandéin stream: head of stream héen sháak sufficient g̱aa stream: mouth of a stream héen wát sufficient for – –tóog̱aa stream: salmon/fish stream x̱áat héeni suggestion at kuna.áaḵw; at kuna.áag̱u stream: small stream héenákʼw Sugpiaq ⑴ Giyaḵw || ⑵ Gutéix̱ʼ street dei suited for √jaaḵw ² street: side of the street dei yaax̱ sulk √oos ¹ strength of mind or heart toowú latseen sulks easily li.óoshchʼán; li.óoshshán strenuously tʼeexʼdéin Sumdum: People of the Sʼawdáan Area Sʼawdáan Ḵwáan stretch limbs √waat ² ḵutaan stretcher kanágaa summer √x̱oox̱ stride: –ʼs stride –kalyáasʼi summon gagaan || a-d+∅-√gaan ¹ | for the sun to string tíxʼ yádi dzaas sun ⑴ ̱ ⑵ shine string figures tleilkʼú sun: heat of the sun g̱agaan tʼáx̱ʼi string for carrying or fastening to body ya.áaw sunbeam g̱agaan x̱ʼusyee gagaan waḵdáanaa string together ⑴ √eesh ⒜ O-ka-S-l-√.eesh sunglasses ̱ gagaan x̱ʼus.eetí striped ⑴ √g̱aasʼ ² ⒜ ka-d+l-√g̱áasʼ ² ˟ sunlight: in the sunlight ̱ at + S-l-√gaas ˟ strips: thin strips of – (fish) –x̱ʼéeshi superstitious ̱ O-ya-S-l-√jeich strong ⑴ √tseen ⒜ O-l-√tseen ˟; for O to be suprise strong, powerful sure: for sure dágáa, sdágáa stuck N-náx̱ + O-sh-√kʼéex̱ʼ surface: on the surface of – (water or ship) –x̱uká stuck in narrow space √x̱ʼeexʼ ḵaadaaxaashí stuck in throat √kei ² surgeon ⑴ √jeich ⒜ O-ya-S-l-√jeich student ⑴ yaa at naskwéini || ⑵ sgóonwaan surprise O-ya-∅-√jeich study √toow; √teew surprised √xaatʼ ² | stuff packed up for carrying at la.át suspended without visible support classification: celestial bodies stump: –ʼs stump –goowú swallow ¹ √nóotʼ stump: uprooted stump (with roots ² séew kooshdaneit protruding) xʼéedadi swallow sháchk stunted tree in swamp sháchk ka.aasí swamp sháchgi tléigu subsist ḵu-S-d+s-√tee ʰ ¹ swamp berries ̱ swamp cotton sháchk kax̱’wáal’i succeed ⑴ √dlaaḵ ⒜ O-ya-S-∅-√dlaaḵ sʼéx̱ suck out √sʼeiḵ ¹; √sʼeeḵ ¹ | usually through straw swamp hemlock or opening swamp spruce sháchk ka.aasí suckerfish tlʼéitlʼ swampy √yeeḵ ⁴ suckers: –ʼs suckers (of octopus) –óotʼi swan: whistling swan g̱úḵlʼ suddenly chʼa yóokʼ, chʼa yákʼw, chʼa yáakʼw sway N-t + O-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ suffer √shoo ² sweatbath x̱aay

304 English to Tlingit s – t sweater kakéin kʼóodásʼ + O-S-∅-√.aax̱ ² || ⑷ √een ¹ | classification: container with contents {∅ preverb} + sweatlodge x̱aay ⒜ O-S-s-√.een || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-s-√.een || sweet √núkts˟ ⑸ √jeil ² | classification: in loads; all of one type of thing {∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² || sweetheart: –ʼs sweetheart –tseiyí ⑴ –já. || ⑵ ⒜ ⒝ –kacháwli {na preverb} + O-ka-S-∅-√jeil ² sweet-smelling √tsʼaa take apart ⑴ √keilʼ ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ swell téet take off kaax̱ + kei + O-S-d+∅-√.aax̱ ² N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ swell up ⑴ √ḵaach ¹ ⒜ ka-d+∅-√ḵaach take oneʼs time swelling xʼees take plural objects (esp. baggage) ⑴ {∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² || ⑵ {na preverb} + swim ⑴ √goo ² | swim in school (especially sea O-S-l-√.aat ² mammals) || ⑵ √hoo ¹ | swim on surface of water ⒜ {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ || ⒝ N-t + take (small, round or hoop-like objects) ⑴ ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ || ⑶ √heen ² | swim (school √aat ³ ⒜ {∅ motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ of fish underwater) | classification: plural || ⑷ || ⒝ {na motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ {na preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach | for S to swim (of take up O-ya-S-s-√haa ¹ human, using strokes which slap the water) || ⑸ {na preverb} + O-ka-du-∅-√tʼaach | for (plural) Takhini hot springs (north of Whitehorsee, O (humans) to swim (using strokes which slap the Yukon Territory) Tax̱héeni water) || ⑹ {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√tʼaach | for S Taku: People of the Taku Area Tʼaaḵú Ḵwáan to swim (of human, using strokes which slap the yoo x̱ʼatánk || √aat ⁵ (verb) x̱ʼa-S-l-√. water) talk ⑴ ⑵ ⒜ aat ⁵ || ⒝ (noun) yoo x̱ʼala.átk || ⑶ yoo + x̱ʼa-S-l-. swing ⑴ √g̱eiḵ ¹ ⒜ (verb) N-t + O-S-l-√g̱eiḵ ¹ | for aat ⁵ S to swing O back and forth at N || N-t + O-l- ⒝ talk to N + ée-t⁓ + x̱ʼa-S-l-√.aat ⁵ √g̱eiḵ ¹ | for O to swing, sway back and forth at N toow || ⒞ (noun) g̱eig̱áchʼ tallow tan ux̱ akasʼíḵx̱i t tangle √xeelʼ ¹ tangled mess kooxéelʼaa table nadáakw tangled up thing kooxéelʼaa taboo ⑴ √g̱aas ⒜ (verb) l-√g̱aas ˟ || ⒝ (noun) tʼéesh lig̱aas tanning frame tadpole dúsh tanning: large rectangular tub for soaking skins while tanning them ḵʼaakanéi tag her/him O-S-∅-√tʼaach tape kalisʼéexʼu xʼúxʼ Tagish: People of Tagish Taagish Ḵwáan target kooxéedaa tail: –ʼs tail (of animal) –lʼeedí tarp xwaasdáa tail: –ʼs tail (of bird or fish) –koowú tarpaper hít kaxʼúxʼu tailbone: –ʼs tailbone –kʼóolʼ N + x̱ʼé + ∅-√kʼéi | for N to like the taste of √.aat ² | classification: baggage and taste take ⑴ something personal items ⒜ {∅ preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² || ⒝ {na preverb} + O-S-l-√.aat ² || ⑵ √.aat ³ | taste: has a taste for – –tsʼéix̱i classification: small round or hooplike objects taste: –ʼs taste –dunóogu ⒜ {∅ motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ || ⒝ –x̱ʼéigaa {na motion preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√.aat ³ || ⑶ tastes good to – ̱ √.aax̱ ² | classification: textile-like objects ⒜ tattle-tale woosh kínde kaduneegí {∅ preverb} + O-S-∅-.aax̱ ² || ⒝ {na preverb} tattoo ⑴ √ḵaa ² ⒜ O-ka-S-s-√ḵaa ²

305 t English to Tlingit tavern atx̱á daakahídi thatʼs all! hóochʼ; hóochkʼ tea ⑴ cháayoo || ⑵ dée (T) thatʼs enough! déi áwé! tea kettle (originally with long curved thatʼs how ayáx̱ spout) tʼaawáḵ xʼeesháa the following one a ít aa teach √toow; √teew the next one a ít aa tear √sʼeilʼ their has du ⁓ s du tear down ⑴ √keilʼ ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ them hás tears: –ʼs tears –waḵhéeni, –wax̱ʼahéeni; – them [object] has wax̱ʼahéeni, –waḵhéeni them: (to) them has du ee- ⁓ s du ee- telephone ⑴ kaxéesʼ || ⑵ a tóonáx̱ yoo x̱ʼadul. átgi át then tle, tlei chʼu tle, chʼu tlei tell ⑴ √ḵaa ¹ ⒜ (yéi) + O-daa-ya-S-∅-√ḵá ¹ ˟ || ⑵ then: just then (yóo) + O-ya-S-s-√ḵaa ¹ then: only then tsá tell legend √tlaakw there wé template for – –kaayí there: that place áa temple: –ʼs temple –yatʼákw they [subject] has tempt ⑴ √dlénx̱aa ˟ ⒜ O-ka-u-S-∅-dlénx̱aa ˟ thick ⑴ √kaak ⒜ (verb) s-√kaak ˟ || ⒝ (yéi) + ka- u-s-√kaak ˟ || (adjective) kusakaak ten jinkaat ⒞ x̱éelʼ geitlʼ ten (people) jinkaadináx̱ thick mucus ̱ táaw s’aatí yatáakw tendon (inside body) –téetʼ thief táaw tent xwaasdáa sʼísaa hít thievery –gádzi || –gáts tentacle: –ʼs tentacle (of octopus) –tlʼeeg̱í thigh: –ʼs thigh ⑴ ̱ ⑵ ̱ tlʼiḵnaa.át; tlʼaḵshanaa.át tern kichyát thimble ¹ √gaax̱ʼ terrible O-ka-(u)-l-√jée ˟ ² thin ̱ ² O-sh-√gáax̱ʼ terrible looking √jee ² thin ̱ át Teslin: People of the Teslin Area Deisleen thing Ḵwáan thing heading offshore, esp. wind dákde át test ⑴ O-ka-u-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ || ⑵ √dlénx̱aa ˟ ⒜ thing that is packed yáanadi O-ka-u-S-∅-dlénx̱aa ˟ thing: beat up old thing a jáḵwti –dáadzi || –kʼwátʼ testicles: –ʼs testicles ⑴ ⑵ thing: good thing at kʼé testicles: –ʼs testicles (of animal, esp. moose thing: important thing ⑴ éit || ⑵ átx̱ sateeyí át or caribou) –kʼúntsʼi; –kʼwíntsʼi (K) think ⑴ √taan ⁵ | classification: singular | plural gunalchéesh! thank you! form: √aat ⁵ || ⑵ √aat ⁵ | classification: plural | thankful sh + tóo-g̱aa + O-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ singular form: √taan ⁵ || ⑶ √jee ¹ ⒜ (yéi) + O-u- S-∅-√jee ʰ ¹ that other gal/guy á √aa ² || N + daa + yoo + tu-S-l-√. a think over ⑴ ⑵ that other gal/guy: (to) that other gal/guy aat ⁵ ee- ⁓ a- yoo tutánk that other galʼs/guyʼs a thinking – áwé thinking: to –ʼs way of thinking feeling that there is tuwáxʼ that way over there is áyú

306 English to Tlingit t thirsty ⑴ √koox || ⑵ O-sha-∅-√koox thunderbird xeitl thirty násʼk jinkaat Thursday daaxʼoon yakyee thirty one násʼk jinkaat ḵa tléixʼ thwart of a boat ⑴ yax̱akʼáaw || ⑵ yax̱akʼáaw, –yax̱akʼáawu this area haa(n) √xweitl ² this gal/guy [object] ash tickle héen kanadaayí this gal/guy: (to) this gal/guy ash ee- tidal action (noun) ḵéesʼ || haat || (verb) daaḵ + this galʼs/guyʼs ash tide ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ ∅-√daa ¹ | for the tide to rise, come in ⒜ kei + this guy/gal ash ∅-√daa ¹ this here is áhé tide flats léin this right here is áyá tide: boiling tide xʼóolʼ haa(n) this vicinity tide: slack tide ⑴ √gaa ¹ ⒜ du-∅-√gaa ʰ ¹ thonging: leather thonging dzaas tidelands taashuká, taashuyee (A,C) thorax: –ʼs thorax –xeitká tideline: high tide line ḵéesʼ shuwee –daakakʼátsʼi thorn: its thorn(s) tie in a knot ⑴ √dooxʼ ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√dóoxʼ tundatáan; tundataan thought tie together ⑴ √aax̱w ⒜ O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w || ⒝ thought process yoo tutánk O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√.aax̱w | tie stems together || ⒞ O-sʼaan-S-∅-√.aax̱w | tie hands together thought: i thought ḵashde √aax̱w yánde + O-S-∅-√.aax̱w | (esp. –toowú tie up ⑴ ⒜ thoughts: –ʼs thoughts a boat to shore) || ⒝ O-x̱ʼa-S-s-√.aax̱w | the thread tás mouth (esp. a sack) thread together √eesh tie up with string O-ya-S-s-√.áaw three násʼk tiger ⑴ haadaadóoshi || ⑵ haadaag̱ooji three at a time násʼgig̱áa timbered area aasgutú three by three násʼgig̱áa time gaaw three people nasʼgináx̱ time for N-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ three times nasʼgidahéen time for – –ya.áak throat leitóox̱ time: any time (in the future) ⑴ chʼa gwátgeen sá, chʼa gútgeen sá (Y) || ⑵ chʼa throat: tickle in throat ⑴ N + leitóox̱ + ka-∅- gútgeen sá (Y) √kéesʼ | for N to have a tickle in the throat || ⑵ N + leitóox̱ + O-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ | for S to make N have time: at that time ⑴ tle || ⑵ tle, tlei a tickle in the throat time: can be used to refer generally to past, through -náx̱ present, or future wé through it anax̱ time: for a long time chʼáakw, chʼákw throw ⑴ √g̱eexʼ | classification: singular object time: just at that time chʼu tle, chʼu tlei O-ka-S-∅-√géexʼ | for S to throw O (ball) || ⒜ ̱ ⒝ kei + O-ka-S-∅-√géexʼ | for S to throw O (esp. time: long time from now (past or present) ̱ yú ball) up in the air || ⑵ √x̱eech ¹ | classification: singular object || ⑶ √g̱eech ² | classification: time: one night tleitaat stick-like object time: right now or recently yá √tlʼeet O-S-l-tlʼeet throw away ⑴ ⒜ time: short time chʼa yéi yigoowáatlʼ –goosh thumb: –ʼs thumb time: (sometime) during – (period of time)

307 t English to Tlingit

–yeen Tongass: People of the Tongass (Taantʼá) time: that time áa Area Taantʼá Ḵwáan tin g̱ayéisʼ, iḵyéisʼ; iḵyéisʼ, g̱ayéisʼ g̱ayéisʼ tongs lʼátʼaa tiny! óoskʼ!, óoskʼi!, óoshkʼ! tongue: cut tongues for an íx̱tʼ at duxáshgu tiny clams (too small to eat) dzóoxʼ tongue: –ʼs tongue –lʼóotʼ tip of harpoon or spear at x̱ʼéidi tonsils: –ʼs tonsils –x̱ʼasʼguwéisʼi tip: –ʼs tip (of pointed object) –xʼaan too much ḵúdáx̱; ḵútx̱ tire of a sound √gaaxʼ ² too much of – –yáanáx̱ tire (of eating it) √chʼeix̱ʼw ² too strong (overly fermented) √took ² tired √xweitl ¹ tool for prying kítʼaa tired of √sʼees ² tool(s) jishagóon tissue lug̱wéinaa; xʼúxʼ lug̱wéinaa tooth: canine tooth/teeth –ux̱taag̱áni Tlákw Aan (placename) Klukwan | “Eternal toothbrush ḵaa oox̱ aan dul.óosʼk át Village” | tlákw + aan → always + land- top of – (something with a rounded top, as a (inhabited) • (TT, KE) mountain) –shakée Tlingit ⑴ lingít || ⑵ lingít– top (spinning toy) toolchʼán Tlingit Land Lingít Aaní torch kagánaa Tlingit Territory Lingít Aaní tormenting distress ḵoo sh kadáan á to -de totem pole kootéeyaa –sákw to be touch ⑴ √nook ²; √neekw ² || ⑵ √shee ² to one side tléikʼde tourist sh tuwáa kasyéiyi to the side of – –kíknáx̱ tow by boat √x̱aach toast ⑴ kasʼúkx̱u sakwnéin || ⑵ √sʼook toward -de kasʼúkx̱u toasted toward the direction of – ⑴ –niyaadé || ⑵ toasted – –kasʼúkx̱u –yinaadé tobacco g̱ánch toward the general area of – ⑴ –niyaadé || ⑵ –yinaadé tobacco (domestic) tuwaakú towards it aadé tobacco: (plug of) chewing tobacco katʼéexʼ towel g̱wéinaa toe: –ʼs big toe –x̱ʼusgoosh towel: body towel ḵaa daag̱wéinaa toe: –ʼs toe –x̱ʼustlʼeiḵ, –x̱ʼustlʼeeḵ towel: dish towel sʼíxʼ g̱wéinaa toenail: –ʼs toenail –x̱aakw towel: hand towel jig̱wéinaa toenail: toenail markings –x̱aakw eetí town aan together [object] woosh, wooch town crier at tʼaa.éexʼi together [subject] woosh, wooch aan kwás town: in a town, on the streets of a town toilet x̱ʼayee toilet paper tuḵg̱wéinaa townspeople aantḵeení toilet tissue tuḵg̱wéinaa toy ḵus.ookʼ tomorrow ⑴ seig̱án, seig̱ánin || ⑵ seig̱án track ⑴ √kei ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹

308 English to Tlingit t tracks: –ʼs tracks –x̱ʼus.eetí trim: –ʼs trim, trimming –x̱ʼax̱éedli trade: –ʼs trading partner –yaḵáawu trip over ⑴ N + kaanáx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ || ⑵ N-náx̱ + yei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ traditional lingít– –dáali traditional spiritual healer íx̱tʼ tripe: –ʼs tripe (of ruminant) shukalx̱aají trail ¹ (noun) dei troller ⑴ adawóotl || ⑵ √xeelʼ ¹ ⒜ (verbal noun) (verb) ⑴ √kei ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ trouble trail ² kaxéelʼ trail: on the trail ¹ dei yík troublemaker at luxʼaaḵáawu trail: on the trail ² dei yík troublesome kalixéelʼi trail: side of the trail dei yaax̱ trousers tuḵʼatáal; tug̱atáal trail, track √kei ¹ trout: cutthroat trout xʼéitaa train shtéen káa trout: Dolly Varden trout x̱ʼwáatʼ trample √tseix̱; √tseex̱ trout: lake trout daleiyí ⑴ (noun) g̱aatáa || ⑵ | √g̱aat ² ⒜ (verb) O-S- trap yaa d+s-√g̱áat ² trout: sea trout aashát trap: deadfall trap seen; sein trout: steelhead trout xʼéigaa trap: fish trap sháal true ̱ xʼéigaa trap: fish trap made of sharpened sticks truly ̱ náax̱ ag̱ataan trust ⑴ √heen ¹ ⒜ n + éekʼ + a-S-∅-√heen ¹ ˟ || ⒝ (noun) átkʼ aheen trap: small bird trap made with inverted container xeisáa trust self sh + tóokʼ + a-S-d+∅-heen ¹ ˟ trapper g̱aatáa yéi daanéiyi truth xʼéig̱aa át trash tlʼeex sʼeex try ⑴ √aaḵw ¹ ⒜ ka-S-∅-√aaḵw ˟ ¹ travel (generally) √teen ¹ try out ⑴ √aaḵw ¹ ⒜ O-ka-u-S-∅-√.aaḵw ˟ ¹ || ⑵ √dlénx̱aa ˟ ⒜ O-ka-u-S-∅-dlénx̱aa ˟ travel in fleet on water √goo ² Tsʼootsxán, aas || shéiyi Tsimshian: Coast Tsimshian tree ⑴ ⑵ Tsʼootsxén (C) Tree People Aas Ḵwáani tub: large rectangular tub for soaking skins tree pitch aasdaakʼóox̱ʼu while tanning them ḵʼaakanéi tree– sapling aas yádi tuberculosis wuwtunéekw tree spine g̱ákw Tuesday déix̱ yakyee tree: dead dry tree, still standing láax̱ tufted puffin lugán tree: dead tree(s) that has fallen ⑴ g̱éechadi tumor kawáat || ⑵ g̱éejadi tumor in a tree, with branches growing from lʼákwti tree: dry-fallen tree it aasdaaxʼéesʼi aas jiseiyí, aas seiyí tree: the shelter of a tree tunic ⑴ kʼoodásʼ || ⑵ goodásʼ (At) turkey lug̱éitlʼ tree: tumor in a tree, with branches growing N + ée-t⁓ + ḵu-∅-√haa ³ from it aasdaaxʼéesʼi turn (N + náḵ) + a-ya-S-d+∅-√haan ¹ tree: uprooted tree (with roots protruding) turn back xʼéedadi turn back (plural, by walking) ⑴ √aat ¹ | classification: plural a-ya-u-S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ tricks yakwteiyí ⒜

309 t – u English to Tlingit turn back (singular, by walking) a-ya-u-S- d+∅-√goot ¹ u turn (boat or car) kei + O-ya-S-l-√.aat ³ ulcer: mouth ulcer x̱áatlʼáḵw turn it on (hose) O-ka-S-s-√.aa ³ ulu wéiksh turn off O-ya-ka-S-l-√kéesʼ umbilical cord: –ʼs umbilical cord –taaní (TC), –taanwú, –táani turn on N-t⁓ + a-ka-S-l-√gaan ¹ kéi daḵinji sʼáaxw turning over áa yax̱ umbrella O-ka-(u)-l-√jée ˟ ² turning over end by end shóo yax̱ unattractive –sáni turnip anahoo; tlʼaadéin.aa uncle: –ʼs paternal uncle –doonyaa turnstone: black turnstone xʼatʼdaayéejayi under –ʼs clothes –x̱ʼusyee turtle kanóoxʼ, tanóoxʼ, tadanóox’; tanóoxʼ, under –ʼs feet tadanóox’, kanóoxʼ under the burden/weight of – –jiyeet Tuxecan: People of Tuxecan (Taḵjikʼ Aan) under the covers with – –guntú Taḵjikʼ Aan Ḵwáan underbrush at gutú óotʼaa tweezers underline a tayeex̱ nasyéḵ; a tayeex̱ nasyíḵ tleiḵáa twenty underneath – –tayee tleiḵáa ḵa tléixʼ twenty one undershirt doonyaax̱ kʼoodásʼ tleiḵáa ḵa tléináx̱ twenty one (people) understand ⑴ √gei ² ⒜ N + daa + yaa + ḵu-shu-s- twenty (people) tleiḵáanáx̱ √géi ² || ⑵ O-x̱ʼa-S-∅-.aax̱ ¹ twice dax̱dahéen undo ⑴ √kei ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ twilight xi.áat unhappy tlél + O-tu-sh-√góo ¹ twin: –ʼs twin –kikyádi unravel √kei ¹ twins: twins to each other wooch kikyátxʼi unripe √x̱ʼátʼ ˟ twist √teix̱ʼ; √teex̱ʼ unsuitable ¹ √geiḵ twist (to make limber) √choon ² unsuitable ² ka-u-d+∅-√géiḵ twisted √teix̱ʼ; √teex̱ʼ untangle ⑴ √kei ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-s-√kei ¹ twisted stalk tléiḵw kahínti untie ⑴ √keilʼ ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√kéilʼ ¹ twistedstalk (Streptopus species) untie: easy to untie kudikélʼkw sʼigeeḵáawu tléigu ̱ ̱ until -de déix̱, déex̱ (Y,A,T); déex̱ (Y,A,T), déix̱ two unwilling to give O-sh-√g̱eeḵ ˟ dáx̱gaa two by two ̱ unwise tlél + yaa + ḵu-S-d+sh-√géi ² dax̱yeekaadé two different kinds, types up kéi; kei dax̱yeekaadé two different ways, directions up in the woods ⑴ daaḵ || ⑵ daḵká dáx̱náx̱ two people upper arm: –ʼs upper arm –x̱eek dáx̱gaanáx̱ two people by two ̱ upside down kindaatóog̱in– dax̱dahéen two times upstairs hít shantú O-ka-S-l-√dáalʼ type upstream naakée kaldáalʼi typist upwards ⑴ kínde || ⑵ dikínde urchin: sea urchin néesʼ

310 English to Tlingit u – w urinate ⑴ √lóoxʼ ⒜ a-S-∅-√lóoxʼ vicinity –déin urinate oneself sh + daa + a-S-d+∅-√lóoxʼ village aan urinate: go urinate ⑴ gánde + S-∅-√.aat ¹ | village: make village ⑴ √aan ³ ⒜ N-xʼ + S-d+s-√. classification: plural || ⑵ gánde + S-∅-√goot | aan ˀ ³ classification: singular vines used in basket decoration léetʼ kwás urine container violate at + géit⁓ + S-d+s-√geet ² kwás urine from a container viscera; –yik.ádi –lóoxʼu urine: –ʼs urine visible tlél + ga-u-∅-√háa ³ ˟ urine: strong urine smell kax̱ʼees visit ⑴ √gaaḵ ⒜ O-S-∅-√gaaḵ Yax̱té Ursa Major vocable yaadachóon uháan us vodka Anóoshi héeni us [object] haa voice: –ʼs voice ⑴ –sá; –sé || ⑵ –satú haa ee- ⁓ haan us: (to) us void kaawayík √oo ² yéi + O-S-∅-√.oo ʰ || √yeix̱ use ⑴ ⒜ ⑵ vole kag̱áak used to N + x̱ʼéix̱ + ∅-√daa ² vomit ⑴ háasʼ ⒜ O-∅-√háasʼ -n using vomit: feel like vomiting √haasʼ ách using it vomit: urge to vomit háasʼ chʼa yéi usual vulva: –ʼs vulva –góos utensil: kitchen utensil atx̱á jishagóon w v wade ⑴ √hoo ¹ ⒜ {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√hoo ¹ || ⒝ vagina: –ʼs vagina –góos N-t + ji-S-d+∅-√hoo ¹ valley shaanáx̱ nax̱ wagon ⑴ kajúxaa || ⑵ koojúxaa valuable √tseen wail ⑴ kasg̱aax̱ || ⑵ √g̱aax̱ value ⑴ √tseen ⒜ O-x̱ʼa-S-l-√tseen ˟ | for S to wailing kasg̱aax̱ cherish, value O waist: –ʼs waist –kasan variety woosh g̱unayáade aa wait ⑴ N-x̱ + O-ka-∅-√gaa ¹ || ⑵ tleiyéi + yéi + vegetation kayaaní O-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ veil xaadáa wait! ilí sʼé!, ilí sʼá! vein –téetʼ waiting for -g̱aa Venus kʼóox dísi waiting for – –eeg̱áa ⑴ –yeeg̱áa || ⑵ –yeeg̱áa, –yigáa verdigris eeḵ háatlʼi ̱ –x̱ʼayee vertical: –ʼs vertical surface –yá waiting for – to drink waiting for – to eat –x̱ʼayee very ⑴ tlax̱ || ⑵ ḵúnáx̱ || ⑶ ḵúnáx̱– –x̱ʼayee very: the very chʼa waiting for – to finish speaking –x̱ʼayee vest l.uljíni waiting for – to speak –jiyee veteran: combat veteran xʼéig̱aa ḵáa waiting for – to use kei + O-S-s-√geet ¹ | for S to wake O up, via -náx̱ wake ⑴ rouse O from sleep || ⑵ kei + O-d+s-√geet ¹ | for

311 w English to Tlingit

O to wake up washer sh da.úsʼgu át wake: –ʼs wake (of a boat in water) –daateedí washes easily li.óosʼshán wakeful √x̱eiḵ washes easily: its surface washes easily kali. óosʼshán walk (plural) ⑴ √aat ¹ | for (plural) S to walk, go (by walking or as a general term) | classification: washing machine sh da.úsʼgu át plural {∅ preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹; {∅ preverb} ⒜ wasp gandaasʼaají + S-d+∅-√.aat ¹ || ⒝ {na preverb} + S-∅-√. aat ¹ || ⒞ {ga preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ || ⒟ {g̱a watch ⑴ ⒜ N + kát⁓ + ya-u-S-∅-√daa ² || ⒝ N + preverb} + S-∅-√.aat ¹ káa + yan⁓ + ya-u-S-∅-√daa ² || ⑵ yan⁓ + a-S- ∅-√deil walk (singular) √goot ¹ ⑴ {∅ preverb} + S-∅- √goot ¹ || ⑵ {∅ preverb} + S-d+∅-√goot ¹ || ⑶ watch: interesting to watch kulitéesʼshán {na preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ || ⑷ {ga preverb} + watchman wáachwaan at káx̱ adéli S-∅-√goot ¹ || ⑸ {g̱a preverb} + S-∅-√goot ¹ watchman: night watchman taat aayí adéli walking along N-x̱ + yaa + S-∅-√.aat ¹ katíx̱ʼaa sʼaatí walking stick wootsaag̱áa; wutsaag̱áa water héen walkway ḵaa x̱ʼoos deiyí water down √heen ³ wall tʼáa yá water: cascading water kaxʼáasjaa wall crest x̱ʼéen water: edge of body of water héen shú; hinshú wall screen x̱ʼéen (At) walrus kooléix̱ʼwaa water: going (down) into water héenx̱ waltz sʼáasʼ water: going into water héeni wander N-t + yaa + ḵu-S-d+l-√g̱áat ³ ˟ water: in the water ⑴ héen táak || ⑵ héen yík want ⑴ N + tuwáa + S-s-√góo ¹ || ⑵ √haa ⁴ ⒜ water: mother water (from birth, water (yéi) + O-sa-S-∅-√haa ⁴ breaking) tlahéeni want to do (yéi) + O-tu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ water: murky water lʼóox̱ ¹ war (noun) ⑴ adawóotl || ⑵ ḵulagaaw || ⑶ xʼáan water: near the water héen x̱ʼashú ² war (verb) √x̱aa ³ water: on top of the water ⑴ héen x̱ʼaká || ⑵ héen x̱uká, hinx̱uká war clothes (of moosehide) xʼáan yinaa.át lʼóox̱ war leader xʼáan kanáayi; xʼáan koonáayi water: silty water xʼáas war party x̱áa waterfall waterlogged O-ka-d+∅-√.éetʼ warm ⑴ √tʼaa ¹ ⒜ ∅-√tʼaa ʰ | for something to be warm; for something to be hot || ⒝ O-S-s-√tʼaa ʰ watermelon ⑴ katsistléiḵw || ⑵ kalihéeni | for S to warm O (water, etc.) watermelon berry tléiḵw kahínti ḵu-∅-√tʼaa ʰ warm (of weather) waterside éiḵ; éeḵ xʼéigaa ḵáa warrior ̱ wave téet tʼáax̱ʼw wart waves: foam (on waves) teet x̱’achálx̱i √oosʼ wash way yé kát yadu.usʼku át || jin.úsʼaa yeit wash basin ⑴ ⑵ way of living ḵustí √taan ⁴ wash over way over tliyaa a káa dul.usʼku át || kát dul. washboard ⑴ ⑵ way over there yú usʼku át we [subject] tu-

312 English to Tlingit w weak ⑴ √hélʼk ⒜ tlél + O-ka-u-∅-√hélʼk ˟ || ⑵ wet √tlʼáakʼ √keitsʼ ⒜ O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ || ⑶ √tseen ⒜ tlél + yáay O-l-√tseen ˟ | for O to be weak; for O to be anemic whale whale: killer whale kéet weakling dzagéiḵ whalebone yáay x̱ʼaxéni wealth ⑴ lanáalx̱ || ⑵ duwuweit what daa(t) sá weapon jix̱an.át whatever chʼa daa sá wear ⑴ √oo ² ⒜ yéi + O-S-∅-√.ooʰ || ⑵ √tee ⁴ (verb) ⑴ {na preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox || √daasʼ wheel wear through (with wire) ⑵ {∅ preverb} + O-ka-S-l-√joox wearing a belt √seek ² wheelbarrow ⑴ kajúxaa; koojúxaa (T,C); weary √xweitl ¹ koojúxwaa (An) || ⑵ tsʼíktsʼík || ⑶ koojúxaa weasel dáa when (in the future) gwatgéen, gutgéen (Y) weather ḵutí when (in the past) gwatk, gutk (Y) weather: for the weather to be (a certain whenever (in the future) chʼa gwátgeen sá; way) (yéi) + ḵu-∅-√tee ʰ ¹ chʼa gútgeen sá (Y) weave basket or mat ⑴ √aak ¹ ⒜ O-S-∅-√.aak ¹ where goo sá || ⒝ S-d+∅-√.aak ¹ where one expects – to be –kayaa √nei ³ weave yarns wherever ⑴ chʼa gootʼá sá, chʼa gootʼé sá (C) || ⑵ web (of spider) –g̱eiwú chʼa gooxʼ sá webbing g̱eiwú whetstone yayéinaa wedding ⑴ woosh gax̱dusháa || ⑵ shaawát x̱áni which one? wáa yateeyí aa sá? ḵu.éexʼ which one (of a set) daaḵw.aa sá wedge x̱ʼéexʼw whichever one chʼa daaḵw.aa sá Wednesday násʼk yakyee while: a short while chʼa yéi yigoowáatlʼ weep ⑴ S-∅-√g̱aax̱ | classification: singular whip x̱átʼaa subject || ⑵ g̱ax̱-S-s-√tee ¹ | classification: singular subject whirlpool xʼóolʼ haat kool –x̱’adaadzaayí; – weeping g̱aax̱ whiskers: –ʼs whiskers x̱ʼadaadzaayí; –yadaadzaayí weeping: loud weeping kasg̱aax̱ whiskers: –ʼs whiskers (a fish) –ḵʼanoox̱u weigh down √yeeḵ ⁴ whisper √tlaakw weighing: something weighing on oneʼs √eikw a-ka-u-S-∅-√.éikw ˟ mind tuxʼandaxeech whistle ⑴ ⒜ sʼaax̱ weight kudáal “whistler” dleit || chʼáalʼ || káts weight: a certain measure of weight at dáli white (color) ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ dleit ḵáa || –dáli white person or people ⑴ ⑵ weight: –ʼs weight (usually in pounds) gusʼkʼiḵwáan; gusʼkʼiyee ḵwáan neil⁓ + O-S-s-√.aat ¹ | classification: welcome ⑴ dleit kadushxit tʼaa yá plural object || ⑵ neil⁓ + O-S-s-√goot ¹ | whiteboard classification: singular object whitecaps x̱eel well ⑴ kʼidéin || ⑵ aakʼé– whitefish x̱áat yádi well (…) haaw who aadóo sá; aa sá west wind; wind blowing ashore yánde át whoa! shé!, shéi!

313 w English to Tlingit whoever chʼa aadóo sá; chʼa aa sá witchcraft: practice witchcraft √heexw why wáanáx̱ sá with ¹ -n wide √woox̱ʼ with ² een; tin; tín; teen; téen; -n widow (female) l sʼaatí shaawát with evil intention l ushkʼedéin wife: –ʼs lady (wife) –shaawádi with it ách; aan wife: –ʼs wife –shát with: just with it chʼa aan wild √oos ² wither (of leaves) √x̱ʼaalʼ wild celery yaana.eit without – ⑴ –g̱oot || ⑵ –eetéenáx̱ wild cucumber tléiḵw kahínti without money kaldáanaaḵ wild rhubarb tlʼaaḵʼwáchʼ without success ⑴ chʼa neechx̱ || ⑵ chʼa g̱ég̱aa wilderness ⑴ at gutú || ⑵ aasgutú || ⑶ wobbly ⑴ √keitsʼ ⒜ O-ka-d+∅-√kéitsʼ galgaaḵu; galgaaḵú; kalḵaaḵú || yanshuká ̱ ̱ ̱ ⑷ wolf g̱ooch at sagahaayí will ̱ wolf: man-eating wolf haadaag̱ooji √haa ⁴ willing wolf: sea wolf G̱unakadeit chʼáalʼ willow wolverine nooskw sáanáx̱ wind (blowing) from the south woman shaawát kasʼísjaa || kasʼéesjaa wind ripples ⑴ ⑵ woman who has reached begun menstration wind: chinook wind kʼeiljáa; kʼeeljáa cycles wéitadi wind: north wind xóon woman: old woman shaawát shaan wind: south wind kʼeiljáa; kʼeeljáa woman: young woman yées shaawát wind: west wind lʼag̱akáx̱ woman: young woman (not married) shaatkʼ windfall tree ⑴ g̱éechadi || ⑵ g̱éejadi women (plural) sháa windipe: –ʼs windpipe leikachóox̱ʼu wonder ḵateeyí ⑴ √jee ¹ ⒜ O-ka-S-∅-√jeek ˟ window x̱aawaag̱í wood gán window curtain x̱aawaag̱í kasʼísayi wood chip ⑴ lʼeiwú || ⑵ lʼoowú windy √teix̱ʼ; √teex̱ʼ wood chips ⑴ kayeix̱í, kayeix̱ || ⑵ kayeix̱tag̱ú windy: very windy weather a-ya-d+∅-√tee ʰ ¹ wood chips (from adzing) at kax̱útʼti wing: –ʼs wing –kích wood shavings ⑴ kayeix̱í, kayeix̱ || ⑵ kayeix̱tag̱ú winter táakw wood: burnt or charred wood xoodzí winter: (in preparation) for winter táakw wood: dead wood thatʼs wet on the outside niyís gán láx̱ʼi wipe ⑴ √g̱oo ⒜ O-S-l-√g̱oo wood: decayed dry wood g̱unanaa tetl wire kaxéesʼ wood: green wood of – –shísʼḵ wire: fence wire xaadáa wood: hard wood (from center of a tree) wise yaa + ḵu-S-d+s-√géi ² g̱ákw lʼoowú || lʼeiwú wish(es) at sag̱ahaayí wood: piece of wood ⑴ ⑵ witch nakwsʼaatí wood: punk wood g̱unanaa tetl witchcraft héexw wood: punky wood naaḵw wood: rotten wood naaḵw

314 English to Tlingit w – y wood: soft brown wood for tanning dye wrinkle ¹ √geen x̱ʼoon wrinkle ² O-ka-S-sh-√géen ḵáasʼ wood: split wood wrinkled: –ʼs wrinkled skin/hide –daaleilí gandaadagóogu woodpecker wrinkles: –ʼs wrinkles –leilí woods at gutú wrist guard ⑴ jig̱ei.át || ⑵ jika.át || ⑶ jig̱ei.ét (C) gantutlʼúkʼx̱u woodworm wrist: back of –ʼs wrist –jiká wool lʼée wrist: –ʼs wrist ⑴ –jigúnlʼi || ⑵ –jiklixʼéesʼ yoo x̱ʼatánk word wristwatch jikawáach words one lives by a káa ḵududziteeyi yoo √xeet x̱ʼatánk write writer kashxeedí words: according to –ʼs words –x̱ʼayáx̱ wrong (so as to foul up what – had done) – work yéi jiné jiyagéix̱ √nei ² work on wrongdoing at + géit⁓ + S-d+s-√geet ² yéi jinéiyi || ganaswáan worker ⑴ ⑵ wrongly ḵwáakt (daaḵ) –ji.een working with – wrongly by accident ḵaaḵwx̱dagán; world: the world lingitʼaaní ḵaaḵwx̱daagán worm tlʼúkʼx̱, tlʼúkʼ wormwood watsixtlaanáagu y worn down √shaash˟ Yakutat: People of the Yakutat Area worn out √shaash˟ Yaakwdáat Ḵwáan worrisome kalixéelʼi yarn kakéin wound ⑴ sʼéilʼ || ⑵ (noun) choon || ⑶ (verb) yarrow kag̱aklʼeedí √choon ¹ O-S-l-√choon ¹ ⒜ year táakw wound that discharges pus ḵéetʼ year: the other year tliyaatáakw wound: knife wound ⑴ ḵʼéiḵʼw || ⑵ lítaa eetí yell out √eexʼ ¹ wounded O-∅+d-√choon ¹ yellow cedar bark (for weaving) ⑴ teey woodí wow! é! || ⑵ teey hoodí (T) Wrangell Narrows Gánti Yaakw Séedi yellow (color) tlʼáatlʼ wrap ⑴ √aax̱w ⒜ O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w | wrap up yellow eye léiḵʼw wrap around √sʼeet yellow: bright yellow (color) ketllóoxʼu wrap up ⑴ O-daa-S-s-√.aax̱w || ⑵ O-kʼi-ka-S-s-√. yellow: dark yellow (color) chʼáakʼ loowú aax̱w | wrap up the stems yellow: greenish-yellow sʼéix̱wani wrappings (for a present or something yes aaa, aáa, áaa, aaá bundled and tied) at ka.áax̱u yes (emphatic agreement) aahá wren woolnáx̱ wooshḵáḵ yesterday tatgé wrench ⑴ kasʼéet daakégwaa; kasʼéet kakéigwaa tatgéiyi– || ⑵ kasʼéet kagwádlaa || ⑶ kasʼéet kag̱úkwaa yesterday: of yesterday wretchedness ḵoo sh kadáan á yet chʼa aan wring √teix̱ʼ; √teex̱ʼ yew sáḵs you wa.é

315 y – z English to Tlingit you all yeewháan you all [object] yee you all [subject] yi- you all: (to) you all yee ee- you allʼs yee you [object] i i- you old thing you wa.é tlein gwéijích you see x̱á, x̱áa you [subject] i i- you: (to) you i ee- young yées _ young adult yées wáat young adults yées ḵu.oo young man (not married) yadákʼw young people yées ḵu.oo young women shaax’wsáani younger one kíkʼi aa your i yuck! ée!, éeee! yum! éitsʼkʼ! Yupik x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ, x̱ʼadaasʼaaḵ z zombie sʼig̱eeḵáawu

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