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A Quarter of a Century After the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Outcomes and Prospects for the Mitigation of Consequences

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A Quarter of a Century After the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Outcomes and Prospects for the Mitigation of Consequences Department for Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus A Quarter of a Century after the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Outcomes and Prospects for the Mitigation of Consequences National Report of the Republic of Belarus Minsk 2011 УДК 614.876.084(476)(047.1) ББК 31.4(4 Беи) 4–52 A Quarter of a Century after the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Outcomes and Prospects for the Mitigation of Consequences. National Report of the Republic of Belarus. Minsk: Department for Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. 82 p. National Report of the Republic of Belarus “A Quarter of a Century after the Chernobyl Catastrophe: Outcomes and Prospects for the Mitigation of Consequences” was produced to present unbiased information on the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe for the republic, the efforts of the government in mitigation of these consequences, achieved results and outstanding problems. The information in the report shows both the immensity of the effects of the Chernobyl catastrophe and the complexity of the situation that the Republic of Belarus faces in decision making and choosing specific action to cope with them. The Report is based on the findings of scientific research and practical works commissioned by the Department for Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus as part of State Programmes on Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP, Union State Programmes of Joint Action to Mitigate the Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe, other programmes and projects, including international. The translation has been prepared within the project «Enhancing Human Security in the Chernobyl Affected Areas of Belarus” which is implemented by joint efforts of the UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus. ISBN 978-985-6765-69-1 ©Department for Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus, 2011 ©RRUE Institute of Radiology, 2011 PREFACE On April 26, 2011 it is twenty five years after the Chernobyl catastrophe. The events of that fatal day split the fates of millions of people into BEFORE and AFTER. How do the people affected by the catastrophe live today? How does the young generation perceive the Chernobyl tragedy? How should one assess the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in the context of providing the mankind with energy and conservation of the environment and climate change? How should we preserve the natural and spiritual riches of the affected territories and pass them over to the next generations? Answers to all these questions play a prominent role for the self-awareness of the Belarusian nation. Twenty-five years have passed. A quarter of a century is a significant milestone in the history of a country. Belarus has acquired the involuntary experience of living and working in the conditions of a long-term radioactive contamination of vast areas. Today we have the well-established schools of thought in the area of radiology and radiation medicine; advanced production of radiometric equipment; well-elaborated systems of legislation, health and social protection, radiation control, agriculture and forestry management on contaminated territories. Belarus is making a qualitative transition from the country most severely affected by Chernobyl to the state, which has accumulated an invaluable research, practical and managerial experience. The summarized experience of our country in overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe can serve the entire mankind. Today the Republic of Belarus has confidently passed onto the stage of sustainable development of the affected regions. “We must revive, renew this land so that it is nice to live here for you and your children”, these words were said by the President of the Republic of Belarus A. Lukashenko when visiting Bragin District in Gomel Oblast in 2009. In talking to the local people Alexander Lukashenko expressed his confidence that it was not for nothing that the funds were invested into these regions. ©Department for Mitigation of the Consequences Department for Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP of the Ministry of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP of the for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus, 2011 Ministry for Emergency Situations ©RRUE Institute of Radiology, 2011 of the Republic of Belarus 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 6 1. EFFECTS OF THE CHERNOBYL CATASTROPHE...........................................................8 1.1 Radioactive Contamination................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Assessment of Radiation Exposure ....................................................................................11 1.3 Medical Aspects of the Chernobyl Disaster Effects..........................................................12 1.4 Evacuation and Resettlement of the Inhabitants .............................................................14 1.5 Economic Damage.............................................................................................................. 17 2. DEVELOPMENT OF APPROACHES TO THE MITIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE CHERNOBYL CATASTROPHE .......................................................................................19 2.1 Scientific Basis for the Mitigation of the Effects of the Chernobyl Catastrophe......... 19 2.2 «Chernobyl» Legislation. Transformation of the System of Social Protection of the People Affected by the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP..................................................24 2.3 Programme Specific Approach to Overcoming the Effects of the Catastrophe............25 2.4 State Management of the Mitigation of the Consequences of the Catastrophe................................................................................................................................ 32 3. RESULTS OF THE ACTIVITIES ON OVERCOMING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHERNOBYL CATASTROPHE....................................................................................... 33 3.1 Organization of the System of Social Protection of People Affected by the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP.................................................................................................................33 3.2 Medical Provision of the Affected Population, Health Status............................................. 35 3.3 Development of the System of Recuperation and Sanatorium-Resort Treatment of the Affected People .....................................................................................................................38 3.4 Organisation of Radioactive Contamination Monitoring ............................................. 40 3.5 Protective Measures in Agricultural Production..............................................................46 3.6 Measures in Forestry.............................................................................................................53 3.7 Radiation Control System................................................................................................... 55 3.8 Maintaining Exclusion Zones Polessie State Radiation and Environmental Reserve .........................................................................................................................................57 3.9 Creating Conditions for the Recovery and Development of the Affected Regions: Construction, Infrastructure Development, Provision of Gas Supply......................................... 63 3.10 Radioecological Education, Training of Specialists, Informing the Population and the Public .................................................................................................................................... 66 4 4. LONG-TERM PROBLEMS OF THE MITIGATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CHERNOBYL CATASTROPHE: SOLUTIONS AND STRATEGIES ........................ 70 4.1 Forecast as to contamination of territories with long-lived radionuclides................. 70 4.2 Long-term land use strategy for territories with high levels of contamination ................70 4.3 Environmental Radiation Monitoring................................................................................71 4.4 Health Surveillance of the Affected Population: Periodic Medical Examinations, Development of Specialized Registries.................................................................................... 72 4.5 Social and Psychological Aspects of the Chernobyl Catastrophe.................................. 73 4.6 Preservation and Transmission of the Memory on the Catastrophe ............................74 4.7 The Strategy for the Development of the Affected Regions. Objectives for the Period up to 2020.................................................................................................................................... 77 AFTERWORD................................................................................................................................79 AUTHORS AND REVIEWERS.................................................................................................. 80 SOURCES
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