USAID/OFDA Libya Program Map 3/21/2011

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LIBYA COMPLEX EMERGENCY 8° 12° Original Map Courtesy24° of the UN Cartographic Section 0 100 200 mi 16° 20° The boundaries and names used on this map do !0 not imply official endorsement or acceptance 0 100 200 300 km by the U.S. Government. !0 TUNISIA Mediterranean GREECE Sfax Qarqanah Sea 7 !0 • 2,168 people crossed into Tunisia on March 20th 34° • ~3,650 residing in 34° 7 Djerba transit camps in Tunisia !0 !0 • 3,514 people crossed !0 into Egypt on March 20th Ras Adjir Susah !0 !0 Az Zawiyah (Apollonia) • ~2,500 residing in Ben Gardane Az Zuwarah !0 transit camp in Salloum !0 4Al Tarabulus (Tripoli) !0 7 !0 Al Bayda 7 Darnah (Derna) 1 2 Al Khums Gulf Al Marj (Barce) 7 Borj Mechehed Al' Aziziyah Zlitan Dahibah 3 5 !0 of 6 !0Tubruq (Tobruk) Misratah Banghazi Gharyan Sidra !0 7AL MARAJ DARNAH Salloum Wasit Yafran Bani Tarhunah (Benghazi) !0 !0 Zintan Al Adam Nalut Walid BANGHAZI Sidi Omar NALUT Surt (Sidra) Ghadamis/ Sinawin MISRATAH 7 Ajdabiya Debdeb Brega Fort Saint Bin Jawwad !0 Dirj Al Qaryah !0 AL BUTNAN 30°Borj 7 SURT 7Marsa Al Burayqah 30° Ghadamis ash Sharqiyah Ras Lanuf Messouda Al Jaghbub El Wahat AL JABAL AL GHARBI A L G E R I Waddan Awjilah A total of 9,168 Hun Jalu Maradah people have crossed AL WAHAT into Algeria Zillah E G Y P T WADI ASH SHATI Al Fuqaha LIBYA Birak 7 AL JAFRAH Adiri SIBHA 7Sabha Awbari Tarat Tmassah WADI AL HAYAT GHAT 26° 26° Umm al Marzuq Aranib Al' Uwaynat Tazirbu Zighan 7 Ghat Waw al Kabir Al Qatrun AL MURZUQ Madrusah Tin Alkoum Al Wigh Al Kufrah Tahrami Rabyanah Al Jawf INFORMA AL KAFRAH IC TI PH O A N R U G N O I T E A total of 2,800 G U NIGER Toummo people have crossed S A A D ID F into Sudan /DCHA/O KEY A total of 6,077 22° Dirkou people have crossed Al Awaynat 22° Location of reported conflict* into Niger CHAD Ma'tan as Sarra Crossing Point/Transit Camp** Population Flows from Libya into Egypt and Tunisia Point of Departure*** 16,000 14,979 ! National Capital Î 14,000 14,000 12,825 To Egypt Major City 12,935 Data not reported 12,000 11,797 Other City To Tunisia 10,280 10,000 9,726 SUDAN 7 Airport 8,422 8,570 9,255 8,134 !0 Sea Port 8,000 7,307 6,800 5,993 5,774 KEY TO SHABIYAHS 6,000 Highway 6,277 4,818 5,231 3,620 3,843 3,517 3,400 3,514 1 AN NUQAT AL KHAMS Road 4,000 3,028 3,281 3,303 3,488 3,000 3,000 3,777 2,305 2 AZ ZAWIYAH 1,800 2,938 2,995 *SOURCE: Various Media Reports 3,000 2,594 2,700 2,386 2,632 2,957 18° 2,000 1,800 2,485 2,441 1,136 18° **SOURCE: OCHA, MapAction 650 2,168 3 AL JAFARAH 1,400 1,483 ***SOURCE: OCHA, UNHCR 1,080 854 1,110 - 4 TARABULUS Population Migration numbers from 22- 23- 24- 25- 26- 27- 28- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17- 18- 19- 20- OCHA and IOM as of 03/21/2011 Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar 5 AL MARQAB 6 AL JABAL AL AKHDAR 03/21/11 12°Data from IOM, OCHA, IMC, and UNHCR 16° 20° 24°.

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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation.
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Ministry of Education º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report - 2012 Assessment Report School Nationwide Libya LIBYA Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya © UNICEF Libya/2012-161Y4640/Giovanni Diffidenti LIBYA: Doaa Al-Hairish, a 12 year-old student in Sabha (bottom left corner), and her fellow students during a class in their school in Sabha. Doaa is one of the more shy girls in her class, and here all the others are raising their hands to answer the teacher’s question while she sits quiet and observes. The publication of this volume is made possible through a generous contribution from: the Russian Federation, Kingdom of Sweden, the European Union, Commonwealth of Australia, and the Republic of Poland. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the donors. © Libya Ministry of Education Parts of this publication can be reproduced or quoted without permission provided proper attribution and due credit is given to the Libya Ministry of Education. Design and Print: Beyond Art 4 Printing Printed in Jordan Table of Contents Preface 5 Map of schools investigated by the Nationwide School Assessment 6 Acronyms 7 Definitions 7 1. Executive Summary 8 1.1. Context 9 1.2. Nationwide School Assessment 9 1.3. Key findings 9 1.3.1. Overall findings 9 1.3.2. Basic school information 10 1.3.3.
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LIBYA’S BRIEF / 12 CONFLICT Nov 2019 A very short introduction SERIES by Wolfgang Pusztai Freelance security and policy analyst * INTRODUCTION Eight years after the revolution, Libya is in the mid- dle of a civil war. For more than four years, inter- national conflict resolution efforts have centred on the UN-sponsored Libya Political Agreement (LPA) process,1 unfortunately without achieving any break- through. In fact, the situation has even deteriorated Summary since the onset of Marshal Haftar’s attack on Tripoli on 4 April 2019.2 › Libya is a failed state in the middle of a civil war and increasingly poses a threat to the An unstable Libya has wide-ranging impacts: as a safe whole region. haven for terrorists, it endangers its north African neighbours, as well as the wider Sahara region. But ter- › The UN-facilitated stabilisation process was rorists originating from or trained in Libya are also a unsuccessful because it ignored key political threat to Europe, also through the radicalisation of the actors and conflict aspects on the ground. Libyan expatriate community (such as the Manchester › While partially responsible, international Arena bombing in 2017).3 Furthermore, it is one of the interference cannot be entirely blamed for most important transit countries for migrants on their this failure. way to Europe. Through its vast oil wealth, Libya is also of significant economic relevance for its neigh- › Stabilisation efforts should follow a decen- bours and several European countries. tralised process based on the country’s for- mer constitution. This Conflict Series Brief focuses on the driving factors › Wherever there is a basic level of stability, of conflict dynamics in Libya and on the shortcomings fostering local security (including the crea- of the LPA in addressing them.
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1 Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets
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1 Contents 0. Background .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Understanding conflict and the potential for peace in Libya ...................................... 4 2. Key challenges for international assistance .................................................................. 14 3. Principles for delivering assistance into Libya ................................................................ 15 4. Peacebuilding needs and recommended actions ..................................................... 17 2 0. Background On 2 August 2012, three months before the last shots were fired in Sirte formally ending the civil conflict against the Qaddafi regime, the National Transitional Council outlined a timetable for transition to a democratically governed society. The authors of the transition plan envisaged a rapid 18-month process that would see the creation of a national body to oversee elections, election of a temporary legislative body, appointment of a temporary government, drafting of a national constitution for public endorsement and, ultimately, a fresh set of national elections under the agreed constitution. The initial steps in the plan were relatively successful, as the elected General National Congress (GNC) began its work in July 2012 and appointed Libya’s first publicly mandated government in October 2012. The transition process did not, however, strengthen Libya’s state and society as hoped by its authors and supportive international actors, but instead uncovered and deepened a range of political and social conflicts. The result was a national political divide leading to the creation of two competing governments and legislatures in 2014, both of which claimed national public and legal legitimacy, an escalation in local armed violence across the country resulting at its peak in 500,000 IDPs (8% of the population) and over 1,500 deaths per year,1 and the onset of an economic crisis.
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The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya March 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya Mark Micallef March 2017 Cover image: © Robert Young Pelton © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgments This report was authored by Mark Micallef for the Global Initiative, edited by Tuesday Reitano and Laura Adal. Graphics and layout were prepared by Sharon Wilson at Emerge Creative. Editorial support was provided by Iris Oustinoff. Both the monitoring and the fieldwork supporting this document would not have been possible without a group of Libyan collaborators who we cannot name for their security, but to whom we would like to offer the most profound thanks. The author is also thankful for comments and feedback from MENA researcher Jalal Harchaoui. The research for this report was carried out in collaboration with Migrant Report and made possible with funding provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, and benefitted from synergies with projects undertaken by the Global Initiative in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the United Nations University, and the UK Department for International Development. About the Author Mark Micallef is an investigative journalist and researcher specialised on human smuggling and trafficking.
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Gazella leptoceros Tassili N’Ajjer : Erg Tihodaïne. Algeria. © François Lecouat Pierre Devillers, Roseline C. Beudels-Jamar, , René-Marie Lafontaine and Jean Devillers-Terschuren Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 71 Diagram of horns of Rhime (a) and Admi (b). Pease, 1896. The Antelopes of Eastern Algeria. Zoological Society. 72 Gazella leptoceros 1. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 1.1. Taxonomy. Gazella leptoceros belongs to the tribe Antilopini, sub-family Antilopinae, family Bovidae, which comprises about twenty species in genera Gazella , Antilope , Procapra , Antidorcas , Litocranius , and Ammodorcas (O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Genus Gazella comprises one extinct species, and from 10 to 15 surviving species, usually divided into three sub-genera, Nanger , Gazella, and Trachelocele (Corbet, 1978; O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Gazella leptoceros is either included in the sub-genus Gazella (Groves, 1969; O’Reagan, 1984), or considered as forming, along with the Asian gazelle Gazella subgutturosa , the sub-genus Trachelocele (Groves, 1988). The Gazella leptoceros. Sidi Toui National Parks. Tunisia. species comprises two sub-species, Gazella leptoceros leptoceros of © Renata Molcanova the Western Desert of Lower Egypt and northeastern Libya, and Gazella leptoceros loderi of the western and middle Sahara. These two forms seem geographically isolated from each other and ecologically distinct, so that they must, from a conservation biology point of view, be treated separately. 1.2. Nomenclature. 1.2.1. Scientific name. Gazella leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842) Gazella leptoceros leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842) Gazella leptoceros loderi (Thomas, 1894) 1.2.2. Synonyms. Antilope leptoceros, Leptoceros abuharab, Leptoceros cuvieri, Gazella loderi, Gazella subgutturosa loderi, Gazella dorcas, var.
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Table Des Matieres
CMS Technical Series Publication No. 4 Mesures de Conservation pour les Antilopes sahélo-sahariennes. Plan d'Action et Rapports sur le Statut des espèces. Convention sur les Espèces Migratrices i Séminaire sur la conservation et la restauration des antilopes sahélo-sahariennes Djerba, Tunisie 19-23 février 1998 Plan d’Action pour la conservation et la restauration des antilopes sahélo- sahariennes 1998 Préparé pour le Séminaire de Djerba, Tunisie 19-23 février 1998 par : R.C. Beudels – Jamar, P. Devillers et R.M. Lafontaine L’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sponsorisé par : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement République Fédérale d’Allemagne : ) Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung ) Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit Tunisie : Ministère de l’Agriculture France : Ministère de l’Environnement Belgique : ) Vlaams Ministerie van Leefmilieu ) Services du Premier Ministre – Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles ii TABLE DES MATIERES Liste des acronymes 1 Avant propos 3 Introduction 5 Déclaration de Djerba 7 Plan d’action Les antilopes 11 Ö Oryx dammah 12 Ö Addax nasomaculatus 18 Ö Gazella dama 22 Ö Gazella leptoceros 26 Ö Gazella cuvieri 30 Ö Gazella dorcas 34 Les états de l’aire de répartition 37 Ö Maroc 38 Ö Algérie 42 Ö Tunisie 46 Ö Libye 50 Ö Egypte 54 Ö Soudan 58 Ö Tchad 62 Ö Niger 66 Ö Mali 70 Ö Mauritanie 74 Ö Sénégal 78 Ö Burkina Faso 82 Ö Nigéria 86 Ö Ethiopie 90 Annexe: Rapports des groupes de travail I i LISTE DES ACRONYMES
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