Grasses and Their Varieties in Indian Literature

Full-length paper Asian Agri-History Vol. 17, No. 4, 2013 (325–334) 325

Grasses and their Varieties in Indian Literature

KG Sheshadri

Plot No. 30, “Lakshmy Nivas”, Railway Colony, RMV Extension, Lottegollahalli, Bangalore 560094, Karnataka, India (email: [email protected].)

Abstract Grasses have been widely distributed all over the planet. They have been in use for various purposes since time immemorial and held sacred by our ancestors. Although grass is a general term there are several species that are still not recognized by the common man. Even astounding is that the efﬁ cacy and special uses of grasses unknown to us are discussed widely in ancient Indian texts. The present article tries to bring out the different grasses mentioned in these texts. It would be good to study, identify, and research the uses of these grasses as given in these texts.

Grasses occupy wide tracts of land in the purposes. Grass was used to construct an world. They occur in all types of soil and altar (Vedi), to make seat, used as amulets or under all climatic conditions. The grass charms, for religious ceremonies and so on. family exceeds all other plant classes in Ancient sages have identifi ed several types its economic value and service to man and of grasses. The Rigveda (RV) identifi es animals. Recognition of various types of several types of grasses giving their grass and their uses have come down from qualities and uses (Arya and Joshi, 2005). immemorial times of humanity. The grass Some of them are: family (Gramineae) comprises of more than • Darbha (Imperata cylindrica): It has two 10000 species of different grasses classifi ed varieties – Kharadarbha (Desmostachya broadly under two series – Panicaceae and bipinnata) and Mridudarbha (Eragrostis Poaceae (Dabadghao and Shankaranarayan, ciliaris) (RV 1.191.3). The Atharvaveda 1973). Grasses are great survivors, toughest, (AV) cites that its effi cacy is to calm anger able to withstand being burnt, frozen, (AV 6.43); it is rich in roots, has 1000 drowned, parched, grazed, or trampled leaves and 100 stalks (AV 19.32.1). It is upon, and regenerate fast. The values identifi ed with Soma as king of plants of grasses have been revered by ancient (AV 8.7.20). Botanically it has been found civilizations all over the world. that it is the hardiest grass whose roots penetrate deep up to 5 feet. Grasses in the Vedas • Kusha (Desmostachya bipinnata): It is From Vedic times, grass has been upheld to termed as kushara (RV 1.191.3) and is be most sacred that it was used for various generally equated with Kharadarbha. 326 Grasses in Indian literature

• Durva (doorva; Cynodon dactylon): It Brahmana (AB), Taittiriya Samhita (TS), grows on damp ground and is a species Maitrayani Samhita (MS), and Kathaka of bent grass (RV 10.16.13, 10.134.5). Samhita (KS). They are: • Ulapa: It is referred in RV 10.142.3 and • Sugandhitejana (fragrant grass): AB AV 7.66.1. (1.28.28), SB (13.5.2.17), TS (6.2.8.4) • Kasha (Saccharum spontaneum): It is • Veerana (Andropogon muricatus; syn. used for mats (RV 10.100.10). Vetiveria zyzaniodes): SB (13.8.1.15) • Sara (Saccharum sara): It is referred • Balvaja (Eleusine indica): SB in RV 1.191.3 and AV 4.7.4. It is a reed (14.1.3.11), TS (2.2.8.2), KS (10.10), generally used for making arrow shafts. MS (2.2.5) • Shashpa (young sprouting grass): It is • Gavedhuka (Coix barbata or Coix referred in Yajurveda Samhita (YV) lacryma-jobi): SB (14.1.2.19) (19.13.81). • Munja (Saccharum sara): TB (3.8.1.1.), • Balvaja (Eleusine indica): Baskets are SB (6.6.1.23), TS (5.1.9.5) made out of it (RV 8.55.3). It is also • Isheeka (reed grass): SB (4.3.4.16), TB referred in AV 14.2.22. (3.8.4.3) • Sairya: It is mentioned in RV 1.191.3. • Barhis (sacrificial grass): SB It is a species of grass infested by (1.9.2.29) insects. • Ashvavala (Saccharum spontaneum): • Sada: It is referred in RV 9.15.6 and YV SB (3.4.1.17) 25.1. It is a special species. • Shumbala (straw): Harisvamin’s There are some other species of grass commentary of SB (12.5.2.3) identifi ed and glorifi ed by other Vedic texts like the Brahmanas and Samhitas. Most of these are found in Taittiriya Brahmana Grasses in the epics and (TB), Shatapatha Brahmana (SB), Aitareya Puranas Sage Valmiki in his Ramayana mentions grass in several contexts used as seat for sacred From Vedic times, grass has been purposes (1.3.2) and as a charmed missile upheld to be most sacred that it was (5.38.29). He also mentions kusha grass used used for various purposes. Grass was for rituals (3.15.5) and for thatching cottages used to construct an altar (Vedi), to at Panchavati along with kasha and shara make seat, used as amulets or charms, (3.15.22). Tulasidasa in his Ramayana states for religious ceremonies and so on. that Devi Sita speaks to Ravana after holding Ancient sages have identifi ed several a straw as a screen in between. types of grasses. Trinadhari ota rahata vaidehi| Asian Agri-History Vol. 17, No. 4, 2013 327

Many varieties of grass and their uses are grasses are progeny of Valli, daughter extoled in several Puranas. An additional of Ira (69.338-341). feature in Puranas is that the effi cacious values of various grasses are mentioned. Grasses in post-Vedic literature Some of these are: Several kavyas in the Vedas, epics, and Puranas have immense references to • Damanaka (Phragmites karka): Skandha the species of grasses. Kalidasa in his Purana (II.2.38.13) mentions this grass Ritusamhara (I.25, VI.25, III.1) refers to the sprung from a place where a demon various grasses darbha, doorva, niladoorva, of the same name was killed by Lord kasha, kusha, and shara. Mudrarakshasa Vishnu. quotes the kasha grass. • Darbha (Imperata cylindrica): The The Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthana, 38) Skandha Purana (VI.221.46) mentions refers to several grasses like darbha, that they are a must for Shraddha (ritual doorva, kasha, kusha, and shara. Some of manes). The Garuda Purana (II.19.19) additional grasses mentioned by Sushruta also mentions that the Trinity dwell in the in Sushruta Samhita are: blades of darbha. Agni Purana (266.12) states that darbha should be used in • initiation and other rituals. Dhyamaka (Andropogon lamgier): Used in treating vayu and kapha doshas • Doorva: The Vamana Purana (18.9) (38.12). mentions two varieties of this grass • – white and dark based on shades of Gundra (Typha angustifolia; syn. T. green. The Garuda Purana (I.131.1-2) elephantina): Known as elephant grass extols the virtues of worshiping this and used in treating urinary diseases grass in Shukla Paksha of Bhadrapada (37.3). as Doorvashtami. This is also upheld by • Musta (Cyperus rotundus): Known as Bhavishya Purana. nutgrass (10.3, 38.13, 38.26). • Kusha (Desmostachya bipinnata) • Usheera and nalada (Andropogon and kasha (Saccharum spontaneum): muricatus; syn. Vetiveria zizaniodes): Brahma Purana (219.41) says that these Known as Cuscus grass (38.12). grasses have been ‘born’ from body hairs of Lord Vishnu for protection of The Ashvavaidyaka of Jayadatta dated Shraddha (ritual of manes). to 15th century AD states that a vicious horse is to be fumigated with the fragrant • Balvaja (Eleusine indica): Vayu Purana grass khus (Andropogon muricatus; syn. (75.51-52) states that this species is not Vetiveria zizaniodes). Likewise an entire liked by cattle. list of grasses to be given to elephants is • Varana, lava, and lavavarsha: Species enlisted in the Yavasadhyaya of Palakapya’s of grass quoted in Vayu Purana (75.51- Hastyayurveda (IV.24ff). The text identifi es 52); it is also mentioned that these several types of grasses eaten by elephants 328 Grasses in Indian literature some of which grow in the wild. An attempt trinapallavikapi cha| arjunashcopalam is made below to identify these grasses with caiva dandashookapramodakah|| available data. trinaparnamritashchaiva tatha kakaparooshaka| etani madhuranyahurvipake tu manishinah|| Verses 24–27a pittashleshmaanilartebhyo vaaranebhya Trinavastha maharaja vijantavya pradeeyate| vicakshanaihi | surabhi kuruvindaa va pramoda shvetapatrika|| mridushunti The grasses namely girikakshi (may be kareeram cha tatha vanarapucchika|| girinimba according to Vaidya Nighantu or sauvastika vicitika tathalohitapatrika| Balamushika according to Amarakosha), rasadani giritrinam tatha parnaguha vamshapatri (Coccinum fenestretum), rasa| etanimadhuranyahurvipake nrityakandi (Coriandrum sativum), icchagu katukani cha|| vatakopeeni bhuyishtam (may be icchuka meaning matulunga vriksha shleshmapittaharani cha| according to Shabdachintamani), gankapatri (Triticum sativum), trinapallavika (Striga The grasses surabhi (fragrant grass – Boswellia asiatica), arjuna (Terminalia arjuna), upalam serrata), kuruvindam (Vigna mungo), (sharkaravaaluka according to Medinikosha or pramoda (Lennea grandis), shvetapatrika dadrughnavriksha), dandashooka (Bambusa (Pistica stratiotes), mridushunti (dry ginger arundinacea), pramodaka (Lennea grandis), – Zingiber offi cinale), kareeram (Capparis triparna, amrita (Cynodon dactylon), and aphylla), vanarapucchika (Heteropogon kakaparushaka (Clianthus puniceus alba) contortus or Perotis latifolia), sauvastika are sweet and remove disorders of pitta and (may be Sauveerika meaning a variety shleshma in elephants. of kshudrabadaribhedah – Madanapala Nighantu V.6; or vastuki meaning Verses 30b–35a shvetacillishakah according to Rajanighantu V.7), vichitika, lohitapatrika (Leptochloa Ardrapatri marubakam filiformis or shalincashaka), rasadani joornamarthavibhanjikam|| sthalajam (Boswellia serrata or rasanirgundi according raktadandam cha kumpalaamschaiva to Vaidya Nighantu; else prasadhani known patrikam|kangurvarakalonikakarenu- as kankatika in Amarakosha), giritrina (hill supacheetrinam|| suparnavarivellam cha grass), parnaguha (grass of caves), and rasa kasham kushatrinam tatha|| ulukhalam (Boswellia serrata) are sweet and bitter on pratirasam tatha pucchakameva ca|| drying. They remove vata, shleshma, and purusham varasomam cha tathaiva pitta disorders. charupatrikam|| sutam cha bilvajashcaiva cikkini raktakundakam|| rookshani madhuranyahurvipake katukani cha| Verses 27b–30a vatakopeeni bhuyishtam shleshmapittaharani Girikakshi vamshaptri nrityakandi cha|| etajjangalamuddishtam tathaiva cha|| icchagu gankapatri ca trinajaatamasamshayam|| Asian Agri-History Vol. 17, No. 4, 2013 329

Grasses such as ardrapatri (Zingiber Verses 35b–39 officinale), marubakam (Marjorana Anupajam pravakshyami hortenis), joornam (Sorghum vulgare), rasadoshaavipakata|| shyamakam vibhanjika and those that are sthalaja joornapadam cha shilpikam karabhitrinam| grasses such as raktadanda, kumpala tilaparni manjarika mahamridulika (may be kushmanda – Benincasa tatha|| mahashyamakamevatha hispida), patrika (Borassus fl abellifer), tathaiva shakatatrinam|| prashantika kangu (Panicum miliaeceum or kaigu manjarika ikshuparni nalastatha|| grain according to Amarakosha), shlakshnakarapara caiva tatha varaka (Panicum miliaceum), lonika parushapatrika|| peethakaaralagudakam [Portulaca oleraceae or Patrashaaka kalaayam shatapatrika|| mritaveerakapatri variety according to Bhavaprakasha (Poorva Bhaga)], karenu (probably a cha tatha meshavishanika|| guccham poisonous plant known generally as trinam shlakshnaguccham tatha karnikaphalam; a special plant in Sushruta chaivekshuchaalika|| Samhita Cik.30.5), supacheetrina, suparna Now narrating the grasses that grow (Wattakaka volubilis or nagakesaravriksha in Anupa tract (low-lying regions according to Paryayamuktavali), vaarivella abounding in water and marshy plants (vaarivalli meaning Kaaravalli according like canes, bamboos and so on) such to Madanapala Nighantu; kaarivella as shyamakam (Panicum frutescens), meaning kathillakavriksha according to Hemacandra), kasha (Saccharam joornapadam (Sorghum vulgare), shilpika spontaneum), kusha (Desmostachya (known as kareya shimpige in Kannada) bipinnata), ulukhala (Commiphora wightii), kaarabhitrina (Peucedanum graveolens), pratirasa, pucchaka (langoolam according tilaparni (Cleome gynandra or shriveshtam to Amarakosha; or may be badarivriksha according to Rajanighantu), manjarika according to Paryayamuktavali or (Ocimum basilicum), mahamridulika mashaparni according to Vaidya Nighantu), (Indigo paurifolia or Aloe barbadensis), purusha (Calcophyllum inophyllum), mahashyaamaka (Ichnocarpus varasomam (probably Solanam nigrum frutescens), shakatatrina (Anogeissus and Pterocarpus santalinus), charupatrika latifolia or dhavavriksha according to (Prumes puddum), sutam (Salvinia Ratnamala), prashantika, manjarika cucullata), bilvaja (Aegle marmelos), (Ocimum basilicum), ikshuparni (leaves cikkiini (Centipeda orbicularis), and of sugarcane), nala (reed – Phragmites raktakundaka (red variety of Iscoemum pilosum or Croccus sativus or Nerium indicum) are dry, sweet, and remove The Ashvavaidyaka of Jayadatta dated disorders of vata, shleshma, and pitta in to 15th century AD states that a vicious elephants. They are mostly found growing horse is to be fumigated with the in Jangala regions where there is little fragrant grass khus. water and grass while heat is more). 330 Grasses in Indian literature roxburghiii), grasses which are smooth, Vaimanika Shastra (Josyer, 1973), he quotes parushaapatrika (Grewia asiatica), pitha an ancient text Ashana Kalpa under Sutra (Boswellia seratta), kaarala (probably 12 stating: Hyoscyamus niger), gudaka (molasses rich medicine according to Paribhasha Doorvashtakam munjashtakam Pradeepa), Kalaya (a variety of rice kushashatkam tathaiva hi| or gandadoorva according to Vaidya (For food) there exists six kinds of durva Nighantu), shatapatrika (Rosa centifolia), grass, six kinds of hemp, and six kinds of mritaveerakapatri (Cannabis sativa), kusha grass. meshavishanika (Cassia auriculata or Daemia extensa), guccha (Samadera indica Strangely the Vaimanika Shastra also or Ruta graveolens), Shlakshnaguccha mentions various uses of grass in making (soft variety of the guccha grass), and equipment for aeroplanes. Some of them ikshuchaalika (Asteracantha longifolia). are: The text also highlights the effi cacies of • Munja and darbha grass used in grass. Grass quenches thirst, is satisfying, preparation of artificial cloth nourishes the mind, strengthens grahani Pataprasarana yantra as quoted in an (place of Agni), helps in equalizing ancient text Kriyasara. imbalance of the three doshas as well as of • Kusha grass, about 38 parts, used in blood, and nourishes the organs of sense. making a special artifi cial crystal called It states that in the rainy season one should shabdaphenamani. feed elephants with the Sthalaja variety of grasses, in cold season those of Jangala and • Kuruvinda – Used in preparation of Sthalaja varieties, in autumn one should a special mud glass Sunda quoted by feed them with grasses of marshy regions, Parthiva Pakakalpa. in spring with grass and bitter kashayas, • A special grass jambalika used to make in summer with molasses and ginger with an anti-lightning glass and for a crystal grass. rucikamani. Another Tamil work, attributed to Gorakhar, • A special grass trinaiga used in making disciple of Machindrar (Matsyendranatha) cold proof glass stated by Darpana mentions a fl uorescent grass Jyotiphul that Prakarana. turn’s cow milk red when immersed in it • (Venkatarajan, 1960). Acid made from grass trinottpannadravaka used in electric yantra (instrument) of Sundara Some special uses of grasses vimana. Some strange uses of special grasses are The Amshubodhini (Sharma, 1931) also found in Sage Bharadwaja’s texts Vaimanika quotes that a salt was extracted from white Shastra and Amshubodhini Shastra. In the variety of doorva grass. Asian Agri-History Vol. 17, No. 4, 2013 331

Shvetadoorvakamalapushpaksharaa In Tamil literature some special annual shtakamatahparam|| grasses such as kuruthupullu (Chloris barbata; feather fi nger grass), nassiampullu Quoting, another text Yantrasarvasva, Sage (Panicum antidotale; blue panic grass), Bharadwaja also describes construction of an kuduraival pullu (Perotis indica; Indian equipment (Indrani yantra) out of grasses. comet grass), amaripullu (Setaria Under this section it refers to various classes verticillata; bristly foxtail grass) and some of grass, thus indicating that there was an perennial grasses like iravanpullu (Spinifex elaborate identifi cation and classifi cation littoreus) are mentioned. process of grasses. It states that the 3rd, 9th, 11th, 22nd, 30th, and 42nd classes of grass are Other Ayurvedic lexicons and texts known as Pishangamunja, Pingalamunja, recognize annual grasses such as venupatrika Rajjumunja and so on. However the nature (Oplismenus burmannii; wavy leaf basket of these grasses is unknown. grass), canikatrina, vrittagundatrina, panyandhaatrina, karpooratrina (Cymbopogon fl exuosus), jambeeratrina Grasses in pre-modern literature (Cymbopogon citratus), markatahastrina and culture (Dactyloctenium aegyptatium) and perennial Several varieties of grasses have also been grasses like niladoorva (Cynodon dactylon), recorded in the various folk literature, travel chorapushpi (Chrysopogon aciculatus), diaries, and memoirs of different European and garmotika (Coix gigantica; acquatic travelers who visited India. Of these some Job’s tears). special types of grasses have been discussed below. Van Rheede’s “Hortus Malabaricus” Conclusions (Manilal, 2003) mentions about camapullu From the above discussion it is clear that the (Leptochloa malabarica) that is eaten during identifi cation and study of grasses was known times of scarcity or famine. The Kondh tribe from ancient times. Although grass may seem of Orissa use the grass jaragade (Coix to be insignificant compared to the large lacryma-jobi) as sacred food and China trees, fruit and fl owering species, it remains grass (cheena; Panicum miliaceum) as a wonderful biological study involving the food in marriage (Pal, 1986). The Hos and process of identifi cation, its medicinal and Birhors have legends as to origin of sabai other uses and its signifi cance in religious grass (Ischeamum angustifolium) while customs. Some of the grasses mentioned in the Baiga tribe has legends of spear grass ancient literature still remain unidentifi ed (Andropogon contortus) and thatching because of lack of these names in well grass. The “Memoirs on History, Folklore known Nighantu and lexicons. Especially the and Distribution of the races of North grasses mentioned in the texts of Palakapya’s Western Provinces of India” records several Hastyayurveda and the uses of grass in Sage species of grass known by vernacular names Bharadwaja’s texts do deserve much attention (Henry, 1869) (Table 1). as they portray the rich scientifi c knowledge 332 Grasses in Indian literature

Table 1. Grasses in North Western Provinces of India. Vernacular name Uses and qualities English name Bekas Fodder for horned cattle; injurious to horses Unidentifi ed Bhada Kind of grass in poor soil Unidentifi ed Bisakhapara Grass used in medicine Trianthema pentandra Banacari High jungle grass Unidentifi ed Ciracitta Grass resembling young bajra (Pennisetum Setaria verticillata glaucum); one does not feel hungry for 21 days after eating it Gandara Thatching grass Andropogon muricatus Gadichata Grass growing with darbha, three times larger Unidentifi ed Gandhela Sweet smelling grass Andropogon muricatus Ganela Long species of thatching grass Avena fatua Gargava Checks growth of rice fi elds; buffaloes fond of it Unidentifi ed Jhojhuru Known as wild indigo; eaten by camels Unidentifi ed Jharuva Nutritious grass for cattle to improve milk quality Panicum crusgalli Jaraga Fodder especially for horses Andropogon annulatus Janeva Fragrant grass cultivated with kharif crops Andropogon ischaemum Gojha Thorny grass used as medicine Unidentifi ed Ganteela Knotty grass Eleusine fl agellifera Saravala Head bearing grass Heteropogon contortus Palava Large straw Andropogon pertusus Girjee Grass that grows one yard high Andropogon foveolatus known to our ancient seers. Further research prevalent in India. Knowing this one must on various grasses in other ancient literature appreciate and try to conserve these rich such as the vast poetical and Ayurvedic texts species of the home land before they are long in various regional languages may give us a lost to future generations. wonderful database of the grass knowledge

Especially the grasses mentioned in the Grass quenches thirst, is satisfying, texts of Palakapya’s Hastyayurveda nourishes the mind, strengthens and the uses of grass in Sage grahani (place of Agni), helps in Bharadwaja’s texts do deserve much equalizing imbalance of the three attention as they portray the rich doshas as well as of blood, and scientiﬁ c knowledge known to our nourishes the organs of sense. ancient seers. Asian Agri-History Vol. 17, No. 4, 2013 333

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