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Lecture 1 ― INTRODUCTION INTO MICROBIOLOGY

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Lecture 1 ― INTRODUCTION INTO MICROBIOLOGY МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ГОМЕЛЬСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» Кафедра микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии А. И. КОЗЛОВА, Д. В. ТАПАЛЬСКИЙ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ, ВИРУСОЛОГИЯ И ИММУНОЛОГИЯ Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов 2 и 3 курсов факультета по подготовке специалистов для зарубежных стран медицинских вузов MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Teaching workbook for 2 and 3 year students of the Faculty on preparation of experts for foreign countries of medical higher educational institutions Гомель ГомГМУ 2015 УДК 579+578+612.017.1(072)=111 ББК 28.4+28.3+28.073(2Англ)я73 К 59 Рецензенты: доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической микробиологии Витебского государственного ордена Дружбы народов медицинского университета И. И. Генералов; кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры эпидемиологии и микробиологии Белорусской медицинской академии последипломного образования О. В. Тонко Козлова, А. И. К 59 Микробиология, вирусология и иммунология: учеб.-метод. пособие для студентов 2 и 3 курсов факультета по подготовке специалистов для зарубежных стран медицинских вузов = Microbiology, virology and immunology: teaching workbook for 2 and 3 year students of the Faculty on preparation of experts for foreign countries of medical higher educa- tional institutions / А. И. Козлова, Д. В. Тапальский. — Гомель: Гом- ГМУ, 2015. — 240 с. ISBN 978-985-506-698-0 В учебно-методическом пособии представлены тезисы лекций по микробиоло- гии, вирусологии и иммунологии, рассмотрены вопросы морфологии, физиологии и генетики микроорганизмов, приведены сведения об общих механизмах функциони- рования системы иммунитета и современных иммунологических методах диагности- ки инфекционных и неинфекционных заболеваний. Приведены сведения об этиоло- гии, патогенезе, микробиологической диагностике и профилактике основных бакте- риальных и вирусных инфекционных заболеваний человека. Может быть использовано для закрепления материала, изученного в курсе микро- биологии, вирусологии, иммунологии. Предназначено для студентов 2 и 3 курсов факультета по подготовке специалистов для зарубежных стран медицинских вузов. Утверждено и рекомендовано к изданию научно-методическим советом учре- ждения образования «Гомельский государственный медицинский университет» 29 декабря 2014 г., протокол № 8. УДК 579+578+612.017.1(072)=111 ББК 28.4+28.3+28.073(2Англ)я73 ISBN 978-985-506-698-0 © Учреждение образования «Гомельский государственный медицинский университет», 2015 2 CONTENTS Lecture 1. Microbiology. Morphology of the bacterial cell. Physiology of prokaryotes. Cultivation of bacteria .......................................... 4 Lecture 2. Bacteriophages. Genetics and ecology of microorganisms ............. 14 Lecture 3. Antimicrobial actions. Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. The foundations of the theory about infection .................................................. 22 Lecture 4. Immunology. Immunity. Natural or nonspecific resistance ......... 32 Lecture 5. Immune system of human body. Immunological methods of diagnosis of infectious diseases .................................................................... 40 Lecture 6. Antigens. Immune response. Cell-mediated immune response (CMI) ............................................................ 49 Lecture 7. Immunoglobulins. Antibody-mediated immune response (AMI) .......... 55 Lecture 8. Allergy. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of the infectious diseases ................................................................................... 60 Lecture 9. Clinical immunology. Tolerance. Transplacental and antitumoral immunity. Autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiencies ........... 68 Lecture 10. Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci .................................... 73 Lecture 11. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods ............. 84 Lecture 12. Enterobacteria ............................................................................. 93 Lecture 13. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive rods and actinomycetes ............................................................................................. 105 Lecture 14. Causative agents of high-risk infections of the bacterial etiology. Obligately anaerobic bacteria ............................................................................ 115 Lecture 15. Spiral bacteria. Rickettsia. Chlamydia. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma ............................................................................ 136 Lecture 16. General virology ............................................................................ 155 Lecture 17. Viruses are causative agents of acute respiratory viral infections ................................................................................................... 164 Lecture 18. Viruses are causative agents of acute intestinal viral infections. Hepatotropic viruses ............................................................... 176 Lecture 19. Ecological group of arboviruses and viruses with natural foci ......... 195 Lecture 20. Retroviruses. DNA-viruses ............................................................ 214 Lecture 21. Mycology. Pathogenic fungi ......................................................... 227 Lecture 22. Introduction into clinical microbiology ......................................... 235 3 Lecture 1. MICROBIOLOGY. MORPHOLOGY OF THE BACTERIAL CELL. PHYSIOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES. CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are organisms, invisible to the unaided eye (microscopic object = microbe). MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS OF THE RESEACH: 1. Bacterioscopical (microscopical) method. 2. Bacteriological method (cultivation). 3. Biological method. 4. Immunological method (includes express-diagnostics, serotyping, sero- diagnostics or serological method, skin testing or allergological method and me- thods of estimation of the immune status). 5. Molecular-genetic method. OBJECTS OF THE MICROBIOLOGY: 1. Eukaryotes (fungi, some algae and protozoa). 2. Prokaryotes (blue-green algae and bacteria). 3. Viruses, prions and viroides. OBJECTS OF THE MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY: 1. Bacteria (→ bacterial infections). 2. Viruses (→ viral infections). 3. Fungi (→ mycosis). 4. Protozoa (→ invasions). MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA In the previous edition of Bergy classification (1993) all bacteria were di- vided into 4 divisions: Gracilicutes (Gram-negative bacteria with thin cell wall), Firmicutes (Gram-positive bacteria with thick cell wall), Mendosicutes (arche- bacteria with a defect cell wall), and Tenericutes (cell wall-less bacteria). Ac- cording to the new edition (2001) all bacteria have been reclassified on the base of degree of the genetic relationship (16S component of ribosomal RNA). There are 3 domains among all the cellular forms of microbes: ―Bacteria‖ (eubacte- ria), ―Archaea‖ (archebacteria) and ―Eukarya‖ (eukaryotes). The domain ―Bacteria‖ includes 23 types of bacteria. The majority of bac- teria are combined into type (phylum) Proteobacteria which is further classified into alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta- and epsilonproteobacteria. They generally in- clude Gram-negative bacteria. Phylum Firmicutes and Actinobacteria include Gram-positive bacteria. Taxons are used in bacteriology: 1. Domain (―Bacteria‖). 2. Phylum (type). 3. Class. 4 4. Order (name is ended with –ales). 5. Family (name is ended with –ceae). 6. Genus. 7. Species (basic taxon in microbiology). 8. Intraspecific variants or types (biovar/biotype, serovar/serotype, phago- var/phagotype). Strain (isolate) is a microbial culture, isolated from the certain source (soil, water, and human) and characterized differing from others within the species. Pure culture is a culture of the same microbes grown on the solid nutrient medium. Serotype is an intraspecific variant of the bacterial species characterized by the certain set of antigens. Phagotype is an intraspecific variant of the bacterial species characterized by certain sensitivity to bacteriophages. NOMENCLATURE OF BACTERIA: Binomial system is used. The first word in the name is the genus, with the first letter always capitalized. The second word is the species name, generally beginning from the small letter. For example, Escherichia coli → E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus → S.aureus. METHODS OF MICROSCOPY: 1. Electron microscopy 2. Light microscopy: Basic light microscopy; Immersion microscopy (most frequently use in bacteriology); Principle of immersion microscopy: immersion oil is placed between the glass slide and objective lens eliminates losses of light rays getting in the objective lens. Dark-field microscopy; Phase-contrast microscopy; Fluorescent (luminescent) microscopy. METHODS OF STAINING: 1. Simple staining (staining by methylene blue or by aqueous fuchsine); 2. Differential (complex) staining: Gram staining (revealing of the cell wall structure); Ziehl-Neelsen staining (revealing of the spores or Acid Fast Bacteria/AFB); Neisser staining (revealing of the volutin granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae); Burry-Hines staining (revealing of the capsules); Zdrоdovsky staining (revealing of Rickettsia); Romanovsky-Giеmsa staining (revealing of Spirochetes and the blood parasites). MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BACTERIA: 1. Shape and size of the bacteria. 2. Arrangement of the bacterial cells in a smear. 5 3. Structural components (organoids): Obligate (basic): nucleoid, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes, ribosomes. Facultative: plasmids,
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