Spiral and Atypical Bacteria, and Legionella. Answer Questions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Lecture 7: Spiral and atypical bacteria, and Legionella. Answer questions: 1. Name flexible and nonflexible spiral bacteria. 2. What is axial filament (endoflagella)? What are difference in the structure of flexible and nonflexible spiral bacteria? 3. Name virulence factors of flexible spiral bacteria 4. Name Leptospira species pathogenic to humans 5. What is the reservoir of Leptospira? How these bacteria are transmitted to humans? 6. Name diseases produced by Leptospira interrogans 7. Name Borrelia species associated with endemic and epidemic relapsing fever. Indicate their reservoirs and ways of transmission to humans 8. Name Borrelia species causing borreliosis (Lyme disease). What is their reservoir and how they are transmitted to humans? 9. What are vectors transmitting diseases caused by Borrelia species to humans? 10. Name most common clinical symptoms of borreliosis: dermatological, rheumatic, cardiac and neurological 11. Name pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Treponema 12. What are bejel, yaws and pinta? 13. What is etiologic agent of syphilis? How it is transmitted to humans? What is the reservoir of the disease? 14. Name stages of syphilis and indicate how long they last? 15. Describe main clinical symptoms of each stage of syphilis 16. Why syphilis is considered devastating disease? 17. What are the main clinical syndroms of congenital syphilis? 18. What is the reservoir of Helicobacter pylori? What are virulence factors of the pathogen? How the pathogen is transmitted to humans? 19. Explain patomechanism of H. pylori infection 20. What are virulence factors of H. pylori? 21. Name diseases caused by H. pylori 22. Name Campylobacter species pathogenic to humans. What is the reservoir of these bacteria? How they are transmitted to humans? 23. Name virulence factors of Campylobacter species 24. Name diseases caused by Campylobacter species 25. Name Vibrio species pathogenic to humans. What is their reservoir and how they are transmitted to humans? 26. Which Vibrio cholerae serotypes cause cholera? 27. Name virulence factors of V. cholerae 28. Explain cholera patomechanism in the context of virulence factors 29. Name reservoir, ways of transmission, virulence factors and diseases caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus and V. vulnificus 30. Name Legionella species pathogenic to humans. What is the reservoir of the pathogen and routes of transmission? 31. Name diseases caused by Legionella 32. Explain patomechanism of Legionella infection and why these bacteria are pathogenic? 33. Name species of Chlamydia pathogenic to humans 34. Describe life cycle of Chlamydia – name developmental forms of Chlamydia 35. Name serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis and diseases they produce in humans 36. Name diseases in men, women and infants caused by Chlamydia 37. Name reservoirs, ways of transmission and virulence factors of Chlamydia species pathogenic to humans (C. trachomatis, C. psittacii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae) 38. What does it mean ornithosis? Give an example 39. Name species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma pathogenic to humans and diseases they cause 40. Characterize mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas – what are their characteristic features? What virulence factors they produce? 41. Explain pathogenesis of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas infection 42. How diseases caused by atypical bacteria i.e. Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma and Legionella are diagnosed? What patient’s samples should be obtained and send to the laboratory? 43. How infection caused by atypical bacteria can be treated? Name groups of antimicrobials active against these bacteria. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Puzzle of Coccoid Forms of Helicobacter Pylori: Beyond Basic Science
antibiotics Review The Puzzle of Coccoid Forms of Helicobacter pylori: Beyond Basic Science 1, , 1,2, 1 1 3 Enzo Ierardi * y , Giuseppe Losurdo y , Alessia Mileti , Rosa Paolillo , Floriana Giorgio , Mariabeatrice Principi 1 and Alfredo Di Leo 1 1 Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (R.P.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (A.D.L.) 2 Ph.D. Course in Organs and Tissues Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy 3 THD S.p.A., 42015 Correggio (RE), Italy; fl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-08-05-593-452; Fax: +39-08-0559-3088 G.L. and E.I. contributed equally and are co-first Authors. y Academic Editor: Nicholas Dixon Received: 20 April 2020; Accepted: 29 May 2020; Published: 31 May 2020 Abstract: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) may enter a non-replicative, non-culturable, low metabolically active state, the so-called coccoid form, to survive in extreme environmental conditions. Since coccoid forms are not susceptible to antibiotics, they could represent a cause of therapy failure even in the absence of antibiotic resistance, i.e., relapse within one year. Furthermore, coccoid forms may colonize and infect the gastric mucosa in animal models and induce specific antibodies in animals and humans. Their detection is hard, since they are not culturable. Techniques, such as electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, flow cytometry and metagenomics, are promising even if current evidence is limited.
[Show full text]
The Molecular Phylogeny and Ecology of Spiral Bacteria from the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract
The Molecular Phylogeny and Ecology of Spiral Bacteria from the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract Bronwyn Ruth Robertson A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Microbiology and Immunology The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia May, 1998 'Brief rejfection on test-tu.ies 'Ta~ a piece offire, a piece ofwater, a piece of ra66it or a piece of tree, or any piece ofa liuman 6eing, ~ it, slia~ it, stopper it up, k.._eep it wann, in tlie tfarl<:.i in tlie Bglit, refrigerate/, fet it stantf stifffor a wliife - yourselves far from stiff- 6ut that's tlie realjo~. Jtjter a wliife you wok.._- ~ntf it's growing, a fittfe ocean, a fittle vofcano, a fittfe tree, a fittfe lieart, a fittfe 6rain, so fittfe you don't liear it lamenting as it wants to get out, 6ut that's tlie reafjo~, not liearing it. 'Ift.engo ·antf record it, a[[ tfaslies or a[[ crosses, some witli ~famation-mar/&, a[[ nouglits antf a[[figures, some witli ~famation-marf&, antf that's tlie reafjo~, in effect a test-tu6e is a device for changing nouglits into ~famation mar/&. 'Iliat's tlie reafJo~ wliicli mak.._es you forget for a wliile tliat reaffy you yourself are In tlie test-tu6e Mirosfav !Jfo{u6 Poems 'Before arufJtfter Acknowledgements I extend my grateful thanks to the following people for their assistance and encouragement during my PhD studies. Professor Adrian Lee for giving me the opportunity to carry out my PhD in his laboratory, for his supervision and for his enthusiasm for the "other helicobacters".
[Show full text]
Are the View of Helicobacter Pylori Colonized in the Oral Cavity an Illusion?
OPEN Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2017) 49, e397; doi:10.1038/emm.2017.225 Official journal of the Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology www.nature.com/emm REVIEW Are the view of Helicobacter pylori colonized in the oral cavity an illusion? JKC Yee Urea breath test (UBT), as a leading preferred non-invasive diagnostic technology, but may not be able to detect oral H. pylori. With negative results of UBT, the patient may have an oral infection. On the basis of the fact of success, eradication rate may increase by 21% in the 95% Cl range after the elimination of oral H. pylori, the author believes oral H. pylori does exist and the oral cavity is the second colonized site aside its primary site of the stomach. H. pylori migrated out of Africa along with its human host circa 60 000 years ago; they are not lives in stomach only. In this review article, evidence established in recent years studies with use more appropriate technology had been listed and discussed. The author considers the oral cavity is a black hole for H. pylori infection that significant effective on gastroenterology and another medical field. The role of the oral cavity as the source of H. pylori infection is so controvert in past years. It seems like a human being having a second-time face to discover H. pylori in the history. Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2017) 49, e397; doi:10.1038/emm.2017.225; published online 24 November 2017 INTRODUCTION because the majority of physicians and scientists in this field do Most scientists in this field proposed there are no living not consider oral H.
[Show full text]
Lecture 4 Bacteria and Their Structure Introduction of Bacteria Shapes Of
Lecture 4 Bacteria and their Structure Introduction of bacteria Bacteria are single celled prokaryotic unicellular microorganisms, usually a few micrometers in length that normally exist together in millions. The cell wall of bacteria usually contains peptidoglycan and multiplies by binary fission. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Instead their control Centre containing the genetic information is contained in a single loop of DNA. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid. The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium some advantage over other bacteria. For example it may contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic. Shapes of bacteria Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter and 2-8 um in length. The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (vibrio twisted), however pleomorphic bacteria can assume several shapes. Characteristic Groups These bacteria can give themselves higher Level structural organizations such as Cocci Cocci may be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side. Cocci may remain attached after cell division. These group characteristics are often used to help identify certain cocci. 1) Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing are called diplococci. 2) Cocci that remain in chains after dividing are called streptococci. 3) Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are called tetrads. 4) Cocci that divide in three planes and remain in groups cube like groups of eight are called sarcinae. 5) Cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters or sheets are called staphylococci.
[Show full text]
Bacterial Morphology: Why Have Different Shapes? Kevin D Young
Bacterial morphology: why have different shapes? Kevin D Young The fact that bacteria have different shapes is not surprising; and qualitative way. More depth, more examples, after all, we teach the concept early and often and use it in and a bit more quantitative treatment can be found in identification and classification. However, why bacteria should a recent review and the references therein [1]. Portions have a particular shape is a question that receives much less of this topic have also been discussed by Beveridge [2], attention. The answer is that morphology is just another way Dusenbery [3], Koch [4], and Mitchell [5]. microorganisms cope with their environment, another tool for gaining a competitive advantage. Recent work has established Shape has selective value that bacterial morphology has an evolutionary history and has The first issue to get settled is that the shape of a highlighted the survival value of different shapes for accessing bacterium has biological relevance. One argument favor- nutrients, moving from one place to another, and escaping ing this assertion is that even though bacteria have a wide predators. Shape may be so important in some of these variety of shapes, any one genus typically exhibits a endeavors that an organism may change its morphology to fit limited subset of morphologies, hinting that, with a uni- the circumstances. In short, if a bacterium needs to eat, divide verse of shapes to choose from, individual bacteria adopt or survive, or if it needs to attach, move or differentiate, then it only those that are adaptive. Another clue is that some can benefit from adopting an appropriate shape.
[Show full text]
Lecture 1 ― INTRODUCTION INTO MICROBIOLOGY
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ГОМЕЛЬСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» Кафедра микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии А. И. КОЗЛОВА, Д. В. ТАПАЛЬСКИЙ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ, ВИРУСОЛОГИЯ И ИММУНОЛОГИЯ Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов 2 и 3 курсов факультета по подготовке специалистов для зарубежных стран медицинских вузов MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Teaching workbook for 2 and 3 year students of the Faculty on preparation of experts for foreign countries of medical higher educational institutions Гомель ГомГМУ 2015 УДК 579+578+612.017.1(072)=111 ББК 28.4+28.3+28.073(2Англ)я73 К 59 Рецензенты: доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой клинической микробиологии Витебского государственного ордена Дружбы народов медицинского университета И. И. Генералов; кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры эпидемиологии и микробиологии Белорусской медицинской академии последипломного образования О. В. Тонко Козлова, А. И. К 59 Микробиология, вирусология и иммунология: учеб.-метод. пособие для студентов 2 и 3 курсов факультета по подготовке специалистов для зарубежных стран медицинских вузов = Microbiology, virology and immunology: teaching workbook for 2 and 3 year students of the Faculty on preparation of experts for foreign countries of medical higher educa- tional institutions / А. И. Козлова, Д. В. Тапальский. — Гомель: Гом- ГМУ, 2015. — 240 с. ISBN 978-985-506-698-0 В учебно-методическом пособии представлены тезисы лекций по микробиоло- гии, вирусологии и иммунологии, рассмотрены вопросы морфологии, физиологии и генетики микроорганизмов, приведены сведения об общих механизмах функциони- рования системы иммунитета и современных иммунологических методах диагности- ки инфекционных и неинфекционных заболеваний. Приведены сведения об этиоло- гии, патогенезе, микробиологической диагностике и профилактике основных бакте- риальных и вирусных инфекционных заболеваний человека. Может быть использовано для закрепления материала, изученного в курсе микро- биологии, вирусологии, иммунологии.
[Show full text]
Helicobacter Pylori
Gut, 1991,32,137-140 137 Gastritis due to spiral shaped bacteria other than Helicobacterpylori: clinical, histological, and Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.32.2.137 on 1 February 1991. Downloaded from ultrastructural findings K L Heilmann, F Borchard Abstract toxylin and eosin solution. Besides studying the An intensive histological search for biopsy specimens for morphological changes Helicobacter pylon in gastric biopsy under low and high power magnification, all specimens has led to the detection of other slides were screened by one observer (KLH) spiral shaped bacteria in the human gastric under oil for the presence of bacterial organisms. mucosa. The clinical and morphological find- By this method it is possible to identify H pylon' ings of 39 cases (0.25% of all gastric biopsies without special stains.8 After identification of performed in the observation period) are spiral shaped bacteria in the specimens, they reported for 34 patients (87.2%) complaining of were stained with Gram, Giemsa, Steiner, and upper abdominal discomfort. Five patients Whartin-Starry silver stains. Tissue for electron (12.8%) had chronic gastritis and 34 (87.2%) microscopy was fixed in buffered glutaraldehyde chronic active gastritis. The organisms were and postfixed in 0s04. Semi-thin sections were seen by light microscopy deep in the gastric screened for spiral shaped bacteria and selected foveolae and intracellularly. The scanning and ultrathin sections further analysed in a Zeiss-EM transmission electron microscopic findings 109 electron microscope. For scanning electron show bacteria which invade and damage microscopy, formalin fixed biopsy specimens gastric mucosal cells. These organisms are were postfixed in a similar way, dried with the similar to the spiral shaped bacteria found in critical point method, and coated with gold.
[Show full text]
Bacterial Size, Shape and Arrangement & Cell Structure And
Lecture 13, 14 and 15: bacterial size, shape and arrangement & Cell structure and components of bacteria and Functional anatomy and reproduction in bacteria Bacterial size, shape and arrangement Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms, which lack chlorophyll pigments. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.Due to the presence of a rigid cell wall, bacteria maintain a definite shape, though they vary as shape, size and structure. When viewed under light microscope, most bacteria appear in variations of three major shapes: the rod (bacillus), the sphere (coccus) and the spiral type (vibrio). In fact, structure of bacteria has two aspects, arrangement and shape. So far as the arrangement is concerned, it may Paired (diplo), Grape-like clusters (staphylo) or Chains (strepto). In shape they may principally be Rods (bacilli), Spheres (cocci), and Spirals (spirillum). Size of Bacterial Cell The average diameter of spherical bacteria is 0.5- 2.0 µm. For rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria, length is 1-10 µm and diameter is 0.25-1 .0 µm. E. coli , a bacillus of about average size is 1.1 to 1.5 µm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 µm long. Spirochaetes occasionally reach 500 µm in length and the cyanobacterium Accepted wisdom is that bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes. But certain cyanobacteria are quite large; Oscillatoria cells are 7 micrometers diameter. The bacterium, Epulosiscium fishelsoni , can be seen with the naked eye (600 mm long by 80 mm in diameter). One group of bacteria, called the Mycoplasmas, have individuals with size much smaller than these dimensions.
[Show full text]
90646 Fmxx Weeks3e-Rev3.Qxd
90646_CH01_0001_rev3.qxd 12/3/10 1:34 PM Page 5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The MicrobialNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION World: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Surprising and Stunning 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Looking Ahead Perhaps you’ve heard the saying “there are more stars in the heavens than We share our world with thousands of species of plants and animals that we can see and thou- all the grains of sand on © Jones &sands Bartlett of species Learning, of microbes LLC that we cannot see. This© microbial Jones world& Bartlett is both Learning, surprising and LLCEarth.” The same may be stunning—surprising because it contains such a wealth of different forms of life, and stunning said of microbes and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONgrains of soil. Without because we scarcely understand how those life forms affect our own world. This chapter begins microbes to, for example, our trek into the microbial world with some insights into an invisible realm. take nitrogen from the air On completing this chapter, you should be able to .
[Show full text]
Clinical and Microbiological Aspects of Periodontal Disease in Horses in South-East Queensland, Australia
Clinical and microbiological aspects of periodontal disease in horses in South-East Queensland, Australia Teerapol Tum Chinkangsadarn Doctor of Veterinary Medicine A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Veterinary Science II Abstract The study of periodontal disease as part of equine dentistry is one of the overlooked fields of study, which truly needs more study and research to clearly understand the nature of the disease, the most appropriate diagnostic technique and prevention or treatment to provide for a good quality of life for horses. The abattoir survey of the oral cavity and dentition of 400 horses from South- East Queensland, Australia, showed that the most common dental abnormality was sharp enamel points (55.3% prevalence). Several types of dental abnormalities were strongly associated with age. The highest frequency of dental abnormalities (97.5%) were observed in senior horses (11-15 years old) and this included periodontal disease that increased to almost fifty percent in senior horses. The findings also confirmed that all horses, not just young horses, should have regular complete dental examinations as early as possible which should limit the development of more severe dental pathologies later in life. The equine oral microbiome found in dental plaque can cause oral disease which involves the some of the endogenous oral microbiota becoming opportunistic pathogens. The conventional method of oral microbiology based on culture dependent techniques usually overestimates the significance of species that are easily grown and overlooks microbial community diversity. Recently, the culture independent techniques using the next generation sequencing (NGS) method can determine the whole bacterial microbiota.
[Show full text]
Spiral Bacteria in the Human Stomach: the Gastric Helicobacters Andre Dubois, M.D., Ph.D
Synopses Spiral Bacteria in the Human Stomach: The Gastric Helicobacters Andre Dubois, M.D., Ph.D. Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA During the past decade, Helicobacter pylori has become recognized as one of the most common human pathogens, colonizing the gastric mucosa of almost all persons exposed to poor hygienic conditions from childhood. It also is often found, albeit with a lower frequency, in groups of high socioeconomic status. H. pylori causes chronic active gastritis and is a major factor in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcers and, to a lesser extent, gastric ulcers. In addition, the presence of this bacterium is now recognized as a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. Nevertheless, most infections appear without clinical consequences. In this second decade of intensive research, it is important to understand why H. pylori is sometimes a dangerous pathogen, and to determine how it can be eradicated in those at highest risk for severe disease. At the end of the 19th century, several types of Furthermore, in June 1994, the International spirochetes and spirilla were observed for the first Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group time in the stomach of animals (1,2). Beginning at stated , “H. pylori plays a causal role in the chain of the turn of the 20th century, similar spiral bacteria events leading to cancer,” referring to adenocarci- were found in gastrectomy specimens from patients noma and lymphoma of the stomach as well as to the with gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease (3,4).
[Show full text]
Virulence Factors of Oral Anaerobic Spirochetes
VIRULENCE FACTORS OF ORAL ANAEROBIC SPIROCHETES David Scott Department of Microbiology and Immuoology McGiH University, Montreal JuneJ996 A Thesis Submitted to the Facuity of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy O David Scott, 1996 National Library Bibliothbque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AW OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheniise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract vii Resumé ir Acknowledgements xi Claim of contribution to knowledge xii List of Figures xiv List of Tables xvii CHAPTER 1. Literature review and introduction 1. Taxonomy of Spirochetes II. General Characteristics of Spirochetes 5 (i) Mucoid Layer 5 (ii) Outer Membrane Sheath 6 (iii) Axial Fibrils 8 (iv) Peptidoglycan layer 13 (v) Cell Membrane 13 (vi) Cytoplasrn, Nucleoid and Extrachromosornal elements 14 III.
[Show full text]