Lecture 7: Spiral and atypical bacteria, and Legionella.

Answer questions:

1. Name flexible and nonflexible spiral bacteria. 2. What is axial filament (endoflagella)? What are difference in the structure of flexible and nonflexible spiral bacteria? 3. Name virulence factors of flexible spiral bacteria 4. Name Leptospira species pathogenic to humans 5. What is the reservoir of Leptospira? How these bacteria are transmitted to humans? 6. Name diseases produced by Leptospira interrogans 7. Name Borrelia species associated with endemic and epidemic relapsing fever. Indicate their reservoirs and ways of transmission to humans 8. Name Borrelia species causing borreliosis (Lyme disease). What is their reservoir and how they are transmitted to humans? 9. What are vectors transmitting diseases caused by Borrelia species to humans? 10. Name most common clinical symptoms of borreliosis: dermatological, rheumatic, cardiac and neurological 11. Name pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Treponema 12. What are bejel, yaws and pinta? 13. What is etiologic agent of syphilis? How it is transmitted to humans? What is the reservoir of the disease? 14. Name stages of syphilis and indicate how long they last? 15. Describe main clinical symptoms of each stage of syphilis 16. Why syphilis is considered devastating disease? 17. What are the main clinical syndroms of congenital syphilis? 18. What is the reservoir of Helicobacter pylori? What are virulence factors of the pathogen? How the pathogen is transmitted to humans? 19. Explain patomechanism of H. pylori infection 20. What are virulence factors of H. pylori? 21. Name diseases caused by H. pylori 22. Name Campylobacter species pathogenic to humans. What is the reservoir of these bacteria? How they are transmitted to humans? 23. Name virulence factors of Campylobacter species 24. Name diseases caused by Campylobacter species 25. Name Vibrio species pathogenic to humans. What is their reservoir and how they are transmitted to humans? 26. Which Vibrio cholerae serotypes cause cholera? 27. Name virulence factors of V. cholerae 28. Explain cholera patomechanism in the context of virulence factors 29. Name reservoir, ways of transmission, virulence factors and diseases caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus and V. vulnificus 30. Name Legionella species pathogenic to humans. What is the reservoir of the pathogen and routes of transmission? 31. Name diseases caused by Legionella 32. Explain patomechanism of Legionella infection and why these bacteria are pathogenic? 33. Name species of Chlamydia pathogenic to humans 34. Describe life cycle of Chlamydia – name developmental forms of Chlamydia 35. Name serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis and diseases they produce in humans 36. Name diseases in men, women and infants caused by Chlamydia 37. Name reservoirs, ways of transmission and virulence factors of Chlamydia species pathogenic to humans (C. trachomatis, C. psittacii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae) 38. What does it mean ornithosis? Give an example 39. Name species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma pathogenic to humans and diseases they cause 40. Characterize mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas – what are their characteristic features? What virulence factors they produce? 41. Explain pathogenesis of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas infection 42. How diseases caused by atypical bacteria i.e. Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma and Legionella are diagnosed? What patient’s samples should be obtained and send to the laboratory? 43. How infection caused by atypical bacteria can be treated? Name groups of antimicrobials active against these bacteria.