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RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY, LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 03 [v. 06] 2013 GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY ggi313.inddi313.indd 1 226.08.20136.08.2013 99:22:09:22:09 EDITORIAL BOARD EDITORSINCHIEF: Kasimov Nikolay S. Kotlyakov Vladimir M. Vandermotten Christian Lomonosov Moscow State Russian Academy of Sciences Université Libre de Bruxelles University, Faculty of Geography Institute of Geography Belgique 03|2013 Russia Russia 2 GES Tikunov Vladimir S. (Secretary-General) O’Loughlin John Lomonosov Moscow State University, University of Colorado at Boulder, Faculty of Geography, Russia Institute of Behavioral Sciences, USA Babaev Agadzhan G. Malkhazova Svetlana M. Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of deserts, Turkmenistan Faculty of Geography, Russia Baklanov Petr Ya. Mamedov Ramiz Russian Academy of Sciences, Baku State University, Pacific Institute of Geography, Russia Faculty of Geography, Azerbaijan Baume Otfried, Mironenko Nikolay S. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institut fur Geographie, Germany Faculty of Geography, Russia Chalkley Brian Nefedova Tatyana G. University of Plymouth, UK Russian Academy of Sciences, Dmitriev Vasily V. Institute of Geography, Russia St-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Palacio-Prieto Jose Geography and Geoecology, Russia National Autonomous University of Mexico, Dobrolubov Sergey A. Institute of Geography, Mexico Lomonosov Moscow State University, Palagiano Cosimo Faculty of Geography, Russia Universita degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, D’yakonov Kirill N. Instituto di Geografia, Italy Lomonosov Moscow State University, Radovanovic Milan Faculty of Geography, Russia Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Gritsay Olga V. Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbia Russian Academy of Sciences, Richling Andrzej Institute of Geography, Russia University Warsaw, Faculty of Geography Gunin Petr D. and Regional Studies, Poland Russian Academy of Sciences, Rudenko Leonid G. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russia National Ukrainian Academy Guo Hua Tong of Sciences, Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Ukraine Hayder Adnane Solomina Olga N. Association of Tunisian Geographers, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tunisia Institute of Geography, Russia Himiyama Yukio Tishkov Arkady A. Hokkaido University of Education, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Japan Institute of Geography, Russia Kolosov Vladimir A. Thorez Pierre Russian Academy of Sciences, Université du Havre – UFR “Lettres Institute of Geography, Russia et Sciences Humaines” France Konečný Milan Vargas Rodrigo Barriga Masaryk University, Military Geographic Institute, Chile Faculty of Science, Czech Republic Viktorov Alexey S. Kroonenberg Salomon, Russian Academy of Sciences, Delft University of Technology Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Russia Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Zilitinkevich Sergey S. The Netherlands Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland ggi313.inddi313.indd 2 226.08.20136.08.2013 99:22:09:22:09 CONTENTS GEOGRAPHY Vyacheslav N. Konishchev THE NATURE OF CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF THE ICE COMPLEX, EAST SIBERIA . 4 03|2013 Stanislav Ogorodov, Vasiliy Arkhipov, Osip Kokin, Aleksey Marchenko, Paul Overduin, Donald Forbes 3 GES ICE EFFECT ON COAST AND SEABED IN BAYDARATSKAYA BAY, KARA SEA . 21 Yurij K.Vasil’chuk, Alla C.Vasil’chuk, Högne Jungner, Nadine A.Budantseva, Julia N.Chizhova RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF HOLOCENE PALSA OF BOL’SHEZEMEL’SKAYA TUNDRA IN RUSSIAN NORTH . 38 Irina D. Streletskaya, Еvgeny А. Gusev, Alexander A. Vasiliev, Gleb E. Oblogov, Anatoly N. Molodkov PLEISTOCENEHOLOCENE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL RECORDS FROM PERMAFROST SEQUENCES AT THE KARA SEA COAST NW SIBERIA, RUSSIA . 60 ENVIRONMENT Diandong Ren, Lance M. Leslie, Mervyn J. Lynch, Qinghua Ye QUANTIFYING REGIONAL SEA LEVEL RISE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET . 77 Elena Golubeva, Annika Hofgaard , Ksenia Silenchuk THE MORPHOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF THE LARIX GMELLINII RECRUITMENT AT THE NORTHERN LIMIT OF ITS RANGE IN THE FORESTTUNDRA ECOTONE . 86 SUSTAINABILITY Alexander N. Pilyasov INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF THE ARCTIC REGIONS . 94 Alexey A. Medvedkov THE KETS ETHNOS AND ITS “FEEDING LANDSCAPE”: EСOLOGICALGEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIOECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS UNDER GLOBALIZATION AND CHANGING CLIMATE . 108 NEWS & REVIEWS Arkady A. Tishkov, Rachold Volker THE ARCTIC HUB REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES THE ARCTIC SCIENCE SUMMIT WEEK, ASSW 2013 . 119 ggi313.inddi313.indd 3 226.08.20136.08.2013 99:22:09:22:09 Vyacheslav N. Konishchev Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography; Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia; e-mail: [email protected] THE NATURE OF CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF THE ICE COMPLEX, EAST SIBERIA GEOGRAPHY ABSTRACT. The features of cyclic structure cyclic or rhythmic structure of the IC. 4 in the Karga-Sartan Ice Complex (IC) deposits A.I. Popov [1955, p.21] wrote: “The general in Northern Yakutia have been studied for pattern in the structure of all... the ice and the coastal lowlands. We have analyzed organic-mineral complex, appears quite cycles of different genesis (cryolithological, clearly and reflects certain cyclicity and structural, lithological, and soil-vegetation) interdependence of its formation (underlined and duration. Climate fluctuation was the by V.K.). major factor of cyclic structure in the IC deposits. Cyclic structure in the IC deposits In other words, the most general conclusion develops in certain facial-genetic conditions has been made: transit, i.e., traced characterized by cryogenic weathering and consistently throughout the IC deposits, subsequent re-deposition of eroded soils in ice wedges and separating them blocks river valleys and alas depressions. of frozen organic mineral deposits with segregation ice and ice-cement, both these KEY WORDS: Ice Complex, cycliсity, content, IC elements, accumulated not in continuous mineralogy, weathering, soil, origin conditions, but intermittently, irregularly, i.e., cyclically; “...a typical unistratal section of a INTRODUCTION block between two veins always ends with peat” [Popov, 1955, p. 20]. Over large areas of the plains and foothills of Eastern Siberia, are widespread deposits of Besides, the cyclic accumulation of the the Ice Complex (IC) – a unique formation organic-mineral component of the IC and of of ice-rich permafrost with polygonal-vein ice veins is interdependent: “...Deposition of structure. sediments lags behind the upward growth of ice veins. For continuous growth of veins, The IC of the Karga-Sartan period (50–40 to deposition has to be continuously “catching- 11–12 thousand years ago) is particularly up” with the veins” [Popov, 1955, p. 21]. well-developed; it forms the surface of the so- called yedoma. The latter consist of isolated A.I. Popov considered sediment deposition massifs and remnant hills separated by the leading factor in the formation of the extensive erosion, thermokarst depressions, polygonal-vein system of the IC “... ice and river valleys. accumulation is an indirect consequence of sediment deposition within the polygons; In the early 1950s, the Institute of Permafrost ...deposition, in the literal sense, defines the of the USSR Academy of Science undertook entire mode of ice accumulation, conditions a comprehensive study of these deposits in of formation, and thickness (vertical) of different regions of East Siberia, although interstitial ice” [Popov, 1955, pp. 22–23]. quite a large volume of information had already existed in the XIXth and even the Practically at the same time, Ye.M. Katasonov XVIIIth centuries. One of the first results of [1954] in his Ph.D. thesis gave a detailed these studies was a conclusion on regular description of deposits, cropping out in the ggi313.inddi313.indd 4 226.08.20136.08.2013 99:22:09:22:09 well-known outcrop Moose Khai (left bank of Ye.V. Shantser [1951] on the basic laws of the River Yana in its lower reaches). the formation of thick alluvial formations provided the theoretical basis of the IC facial- One of the main conclusions of this study genetic analysis. was the detailed explanation of rhythmic, or cyclic, structure of the IC thickness, exposed THE ORIGIN OF THE IC DEPOSITS: in outcrop Moose-Khai. Ye.M. Katasonov CONSTRATAL-ALLUVIAL OR CLIMATIC? wrote: “The structure of the valley deposits (in the opinion of Ye.M. Katasonov, V.K.) The conclusion of the works of A.I. Popov of Moose-Khai outcrop has two specific [1953], Ye.A. Katasonov [1954], and GEOGRAPHY features: significant thickness (25–30 m) and, Yu.A. Lavrushina [1963] was that the the most interestingly, the rhythmic nature.” IC deposits are predominantly alluvial 5 formations22 formed by the constratal type “In the deposits, there are regular cycles and in predominantly negative tectonic (underlined by V.K.) formed by two or three movements. In the concepts of these lithological loose rocks (facies)” [Katasonov, authors, the cryogenic features of the IC, 2009, p.79]1.1 i.e., thick transit ice veins, segregation ice, deformation of layers, etc., represent some At the base of each cycle, there is dark important features of the general process gray greenish ice-rich loam. Up the profile, of sediments accumulation. Therefore, it transitions to dark-brown peaty loess the concept of cyclic structure of the IC loam, which is gleyic in some places and sediments means the alternation of different has a lighter color.
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