DOCSLIB.ORG

The Human Rights of Women in the Hong Kong Special Administration Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Human Rights of Women in the Hong Kong Special Administration Region William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice Volume 19 (2012-2013) Issue 2 William & Mary Journal of Women and Article 3 the Law February 2013 The Human Rights of Women in the Hong Kong Special Administration Region Puja Kapai Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Law and Gender Commons Repository Citation Puja Kapai, The Human Rights of Women in the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, 19 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 255 (2013), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol19/iss2/3 Copyright c 2013 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION PUJA KAPAI* ABSTRACT Although Hong Kong is a party to the Convention for the Elimi- nation of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and has enacted legislation to safeguard women’s rights, the existing framework of protection is inadequate in critical respects and fails to achieve substantive equal protection for women. This paper ex- amines existing law and policy governing women’s rights and identi- fies the underlying causes for its continued failings. It identifies some of the key gaps that render women continually vulnerable to discriminatory treatment. This paper concludes by outlining rec- ommendations for achieving the goals of substantive and transfor- mative equality for women. INTRODUCTION I. FROM COLONY TO SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION: A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW II. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS: HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTIONS AND THE GUARANTEES OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION III. THE DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS ON THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND THE GUARANTEES OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION A. Sex Discrimination Ordinance B. Family Status Discrimination Ordinance C. Race Discrimination Ordinance D. Machinery for the Implementation of Anti-Discrimination Laws in Hong Kong 1. The Equal Opportunities Commission 2. The Courts of the HKSAR IV. OTHER PROVISIONS PROTECTING THE INTERESTS OF WOMEN V. PUTTING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK INTO CONTEXT CONCLUSION * Associate Professor, Deputy Director, Centre for Comparative and Public Law and Director, Summer Social Justice Programme, Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong. The author would like to thank Claire Hussin for her research assistance and Anne Cheung, Staci Ford, and Swati Jhaveri for their unwavering encouragement, faith and support. 255 256 WILLIAM & MARY JOURNAL OF WOMEN AND THE LAW [Vol. 19:255 INTRODUCTION Hong Kong represents a unique society in that it is full of con- tradictions. It characterizes both modernity and the conservatism of a bygone era. Whilst the former colony has put into place consti- tutional protections and legislative provisions to guarantee the equal protection of women’s rights, the current state of the law and juris- prudence has left the situation of women precarious and wanting. Part I provides a very brief historical overview of Hong Kong’s transition from a colony to a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. Part II outlines relevant legislative pro- visions that protect the human rights of women in Hong Kong,1 un- derscoring Hong Kong’s international obligations to enact such laws and their constitutional entrenchment under the Hong Kong Basic Law.2 Part III charts the enactment of relevant anti-discrimination statutes in Hong Kong. It sets out the institutional framework put into place to protect against violations of women’s rights to equality and non-discrimination. In the process, it discusses related jurispru- dence emanating from the Hong Kong courts.3 Part IV discusses other legislation that impacts the rights of women.4 In evaluating the effectiveness of this framework, this paper argues that it falls short of international standards in numerous re- spects and undermines the rights of women.5 Evidentiary burdens, coupled with impediments in access to justice, renders the institu- tional protections available less than satisfactory. This results in the withdrawal or non-pursuit of claims by women.6 As the examples discussed will show, apart from the procedural obstacles to achiev- ing effective enforcement, the courts, whilst progressive in terms of ascertaining the perpetration of discrimination from a substantive understanding of equality, are unduly deferential to the executive and legislative branches, in particular when claims have implica- tions on economic or social rights and policies.7 The courts’ reluc- tance to exercise their powers of strict scrutiny where the fundamental right to equality is concerned exacerbates the plight of women and particularly hurts segments of the female population who already suffer from discrimination on multiple grounds.8 These examples 1. See discussion infra Parts I–II. 2. See discussion infra Part II. 3. See discussion infra Part III. 4. See discussion infra Part IV. 5. See discussion infra Part III. 6. See discussion infra Part III. 7. See discussion infra Part III.D.2. 8. See discussion infra Part III.D.2. 2013] THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN HONG KONG 257 also reveal the underdeveloped nature of arguments relating to equality and intersectional discrimination which are rarely put be- fore the courts. Hence, the jurisprudence on these concepts which are key to addressing invidious and deep-rooted discrimination, trails be- hind international jurisprudence. These examples include: access to the right abode for Filipina domestic helpers in Hong Kong; the right to health and obstetric services at equal costs for mainland mothers delivering babies in Hong Kong hospitals; and the rights of trans- sexual women to marry a partner of their choosing. The paper con- cludes with recommendations on how the protection of women’s rights can be enhanced.9 It is imperative for the government to institution- alize gender mainstreaming with a view to enabling effective plan- ning in policy and legal developments to advance the interests of women and protect them against direct and indirect forms of dis- crimination and other violations of their fundamental human rights. Such reform should be urgently prioritized in light of the actual and hidden costs of inadequate protection of the rights of more than half the population of Hong Kong.10 I. FROM COLONY TO SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION: A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Hong Kong’s status as a British colony since the mid-1800s resulted in the application of English common law in Hong Kong, subject to the need for modifications in light of local circumstances, until June 30, 1997.11 Hong Kong also had its own legislature within the first few years of British rule.12 Together, through the applica- tion of local legislation, the principles of common law as developed in England (subject to the modification for local circumstances test), and any English statutes that were applicable by the Queen’s Order in Council, this body of rules constituted the laws that would govern Hong Kong in its ninety-nine years as a British colony.13 9. See discussion infra Part V. 10. According to the latest available statistics on the population of Hong Kong, as of the middle of 2012, 3,818,100 out of a total population of 7,136,300 people were female. This amounts to 53.5 %. Population—Overview, CENSUS & STATISTICS DEP’T: HKSAR, http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so20.jsp (last visited Jan. 18, 2013). 11. Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, China-U.K., para. 4, Dec. 19, 1984, available at http://www.cmab.gov.hk /en/issues/jd2.htm [hereinafter Joint Declaration]. 12. History of the Legislature, LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF THE HKSAR OF CHINA, http:// www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/intro/hist_lc.htm (last visited Jan. 18, 2013). 13. XIANGGANG JIBEN FA art. 84 (H.K.); see Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917 to 1995, app. I (1996), art. IX, available at http://www.law.hku.hk/conlawhk/sourcebook/10062.html. 258 WILLIAM & MARY JOURNAL OF WOMEN AND THE LAW [Vol. 19:255 The Sino-British Joint Declaration (the Joint Declaration)14 set the terms for the resumption of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong.15 The treaty provided that Hong Kong was to be constituted a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China (China).16 Under this arrangement, although under Chinese sover- eignty, the Hong Kong SAR was to be granted a high degree of auton- omy, and, more importantly, the laws and economic systems previously in force were to be retained, save where their continuation would be inconsistent with Chinese sovereignty, in which case, they were to be adapted where possible or otherwise repealed.17 Furthermore, Hong Kong would be governed in accordance with its mini-constitution, the Basic Law of Hong Kong (HKBL), which was promulgated in 1990 and came into effect on July 1, 1997, upon the establishment of the Hong Kong SAR.18 In furtherance of the objectives underlined in the Joint Declaration, the HKBL facilitates the continued application of “laws previously in force,”19 guarantees judicial independence,20 and enables the SAR to enact its own laws, policies, and to develop related jurisprudence in most areas of governance.21 The significance of this arrangement was that it facilitated the smooth transfer of sovereignty to China whilst preserving the social, political, legal, and economic order that had prevailed in the colony for over one hundred years.22 This provided much needed confidence in the future of Hong Kong’s continued stability as a region under the sovereignty of China.23 In the lead-up to the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong experienced a growth in its constitutional consciousness.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Emergence of Singlehood in the 20Th and Early 21St Century: Hong
    Joanna Chi-Hsin Kang’s Paper Topic: “The Emergence of Singlehood in the 20 th and early 21 st century: Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan” Introduction In East Asia, Confucian philosophy is the dominant value system, especially its prominent doctrine of filial piety. Filial piety is a requirement of life, and being filial is an essential approach to acquire public recognition as an individual with integrity. The most unfilial and unforgivable behavior is being unmarried or sonless. 1 However, there are more and more Asian women who are immersed in this social milieu yet are choosing to embrace their singlehood. The liberation of Asian women is one of the momentous outcomes of Western modernization. This is also a trans-cultural trend that spans nations, societies, and ideologies. What reasons impel Asian women to choose a generally acknowledged difficult lifestyle? Why would they rather be stigmatized as a social outsider than have a reputation of virtue as a member of a collectivist society? This article will analyze the factors that impact these Asian women’s decision-making processes and the forces which lead them into an unconventional lifestyle in East Asian society: singlehood. These arguments will be embodied and compared through specific case analyses from women in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. Single Women in East Asia: Regional Comparisons Hong Kong I. Background information The group of single women in Hong Kong has demonstrated that numbers do talk. According to the 2003 Population Census Report from the Census and Statistics Department of the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong has a population of 6.8 million; the number of never-married women between the ages of 18 to 60 is over 653,400.
    [Show full text]
  • The Portrayal of Female Officials in Hong Kong Newspapers
    Constructing perfect women: the portrayal of female officials in Hong Kong newspapers Francis L.F. Lee CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG, HONG KONG On 28 February 2000, the Hong Kong government announced its newest round of reshuffling and promotion of top-level officials. The next day, Apple Daily, one of the most popular Chinese newspapers in Hong Kong, headlined their full front-page coverage: ‘Eight Beauties Obtain Power in Newest Top Official Reshuffling: One-third Females in Leadership, Rarely Seen Internationally’.1 On 17 April, the Daily cited a report by regional magazine Asiaweek which claimed that ‘Hong Kong’s number of female top officials [is the] highest in the world’. The article states that: ‘Though Hong Kong does not have policies privileging women, opportunities for women are not worse than those for men.’ Using the prominence of female officials as evidence for gender equality is common in public discourse in Hong Kong. To give another instance, Sophie Leung, Chair of the government’s Commission for Women’s Affairs, said in an interview that women in Hong Kong have space for development, and she was quoted: ‘You see, Hong Kong female officials are so powerful!’ (Ming Pao, 5 February 2001). This article attempts to examine news discourses about female officials in Hong Kong. Undoubtedly, the discourses are complicated and not completely coherent. Just from the examples mentioned, one could see that the media embrace the relatively high ratio of female officials as a sign of social progress. But one may also question the validity of treating the ratio of female officials as representative of the situation of gender (in)equality in the society.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women's Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h13x81f Author Kang, Kai Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women‘s Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Kai Kang March 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Marguerite Waller, Chairperson Dr. Lan Duong Dr. Tamara Ho Copyright by Kai Kang 2015 The Dissertation of Kai Kang is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude is to my chair, Dr. Marguerite Waller who gave me freedom to explore my interested areas. Her advice and feedback helped me overcome many difficulties during the writing process. I am grateful to Dr. Lan Duong, who not only offered me much valuable feedback to my dissertation but also shared her job hunting experience with me. I would like to thank Dr Tamara Ho for her useful comments on my work. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Mustafa Bal, the editor-in-chief of The Human, for having permitted me to use certain passages of my previously published article ―Inside/Outside the Nation-State: Screening Women and History in Song of the Exile and Woman, Demon, Human,‖ in my dissertation. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women‘s Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s by Kai Kang Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Comparative Literature University of California, Riverside, March 2015 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality Research In/On 21St Century China
    This is a repository copy of Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality research in/on 21st century China. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127758/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Jackson, Stephanie Forsythe orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0712, Ho, Petula Sik Ying, Cao, Siyang et al. (1 more author) (2018) Sex with Chinese Characteristics : Sexuality research in/on 21st century China. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH. pp. 486-521. ISSN 0022-4499 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1437593 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ PDF proof only--The Journal of Sex Research SEX WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS: SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN/ON 21ST CENTURY CHINA Journal: The Journal of Sex Research Manuscript ID 17-247.R2 Manuscript Type: Original Article Sexual minorities, Women‘s sexuality, Desire, Extramarital Sex, Special Keywords: Populations/Gay, les,ian, ,isexual Page 1 of 118 PDF proof only--The Journal of Sex Research 1 2 3 SEX WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS: 4 5 6 ST SEXUALITY RESEARCH IN/ON 21 CENTURY CHINA 7 8 9 10 Abstract 11 12 13 This article examines the changing contours of Chinese sexuality studies by locating 14 15 recent research in historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Females As Victims in Hong Kong Crime Films (2003-2015)
    REPRESENTATION OF FEMALES AS VICTIMS IN HONG KONG CRIME FILMS (2003-2015) Perspectives from One Nite in Mongkok, Protégé and The Stool Pigeon TINGTING HU (胡婷婷) MA. Media, Loughborough University, UK, 2011 BA. Arts, Shanghai Theatre Academy, China, 2010 This thesis is submitted for the degree of Master of Research Department of Media, Music, Communication and Cultural Studies Faculty of Arts Macquarie University, Sydney December 25, 2015 MRES Thesis 2015 Tingting HU (ID: 43765858) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iii CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP/ORIGINALITY .................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 FEMINISM AND HONG KONG CRIME FILMS ................................. 7 Feminism and Film Studies .................................................................................................. 7 The Western Context ......................................................................................................... 7 The Chinese Context ....................................................................................................... 11 Crime Films and Violence Against Women ....................................................................... 15 Crime Films ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Asian Connections
    Conference on Inter-Asian Connections Detail of migration map of Asia: courtesy UNHCR Conference Proceedings February 21-23, 2008 Dubai, United Arab Emirates Co-Organized by the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and the Dubai School of Government (DSG) Funded by the Ford Foundation Sponsored by DSG, Zayed University, the University of Dubai, the National Bank of Dubai, and Dubai Properties INTRODUCTION This international conference brought together over one hundred fifty leading scholars from renowned universities to explore an exciting new frontier of “Inter-Asian” research. The conference was organized around eleven concurrent workshops featuring innovative research from the social sciences and related disciplines on themes of particular relevance across Asia. Workshop themes, directors, and participants were selected by an SSRC committee in a highly competitive process: the conference organizers received 105 applications for workshop directors and 582 applications for workshop participants. In addition to the eleven workshops, the conference also showcased the work of the South Asia Regional Fellowship Program (SARFP), bringing together fellows who had been awarded collaborative grants to work on inter-country projects in the South Asia region. The structure and schedule of the conference were designed to enable intensive working group interactions on a specific research theme, as well as broader interactions on topics of mutual interest and concern to all participants. Accordingly, a public keynote panel and plenaries addressing different aspects of Inter-Asian research were open to all participants as well as the general public. The concluding day of the conference brought all the workshops together in a public presentation and exchange of research agendas that emerged over the course of the deliberations in Dubai.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Change in Hong Kong Eliza W.Y
    1 Introduction: Gender and Change in Hong Kong Eliza W.Y. Lee The Research Question This book examines gender and change in Hong Kong from the 1980s to the 1990s, which was a critical historical juncture of significant economic, political, and social changes brought about by both exogenous and endog- enous factors. Specifically, it examines, through various perspectives, the interaction of three important forces, namely globalization, postcolonialism, and Chinese patriarchy, and their relationship with women’s changing iden- tities and agencies. Underlying these changes is the historical context of colonial modernity shaped by the integration of the colonial state,1 the capitalist economy, and Hong Kong society. At the heart of the study is the presupposition that these processes were infused with women’s agencies and oppression, and provided at once obstacles and opportunities for wom- en’s liberation. The chapters in this book attempt to shed light on the issues by examin- ing legal changes, political participation, the situation of working-class and professional women, sexuality, religion, and international migration. This introductory chapter will discuss the key historical contexts and concepts, and give an overview of the themes of the various chapters. The Colonial State, the Capitalist Economy, and the Chinese Society: Colonial Modernity and Its Gender Consequences The Colonial State Recent researchers (Ngo 1999a) have refuted the old assumption that the colonial state in Hong Kong merely practised noninterventionism in social and economic affairs.2 Instead, what they found was a complex situation of selective intervention and nonintervention by the colonial state, often ac- cording to the strategic need to maintain effective domination.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflecting on the Feasibility of Women's Participation in Liturgical
    Obsculta Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 9 7-9-2021 We Come from the Same Body: Reflecting on the easibilityF of Women's Participation in Liturgical Services from the Perspective of Susan A. Ross’s Feminist Theology, and Reflecting on the Practice of Relevant Theories in the Diocese of Hong Kong Wong Kwan Yau College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/obsculta Part of the Ethics in Religion Commons, Liturgy and Worship Commons, and the Missions and World Christianity Commons ISSN: 2472-2596 (print) ISSN: 2472-260X (online) Recommended Citation Yau, Wong Kwan. 2021. We Come from the Same Body: Reflecting on the easibilityF of Women's Participation in Liturgical Services from the Perspective of Susan A. Ross’s Feminist Theology, and Reflecting on the Practice of Relevant Theories in the Diocese of Hong Kong. Obsculta 14, (1) : 84-115. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/obsculta/vol14/iss1/9. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Obsculta by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. experiences of these women still get the attention of others, whether they are We Come from the feminists or not. ABSTRACT: In this paper, I discuss Same Body Hong Kongers have always been very keen on trends, and many celebrities the relationship between Reflecting on the Feasibility of and female artists participated in this event. When everyone responded feminism and women’s Women’s Participation in Liturgical 2 liturgical service in the enthusiastically, a Women’s rights advocate Denise Wan See Ho posted an church from three aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • Brides, Maids, and Prostitutes: Reflections on the Study of 1 ‘Trafficked’ Women
    Brides, maids, and prostitutes: reflections on the study of 1 ‘trafficked’ women Nicole Constable, University of Pittsburgh Introduction Over the past several years, some feminist scholars of migration have begun to argue that it makes sense to talk about the migration of ‘prostitutes,’ ‘maids,’ and ‘mail order brides’ as if they were all part of the same larger phenomenon (Maher 2003; Ehrenreich & Hochschild 2004). I agree that it is sometimes useful to consider these three types of gendered migration together, but my own starting point and my argument in this essay takes a different focus and point of departure.2 Instead of arguing that the three separate literatures on what I prefer to call domestic workers, sex workers, and correspondence brides are too separate and would benefit from being combined, I am concerned with the potential for unwarranted blurs—or fuzzy shadow lines—between the three categories. I am troubled by the ways in which different types of gendered migration are sometimes blurred together and treated too much as though they are one and the same, in academic, popular, and activist literatures. Some academic literature and much activist literature that deals with multiple forms of women’s migration prematurely assumes that they are part 1 This essay was first prepared for The International Migration of ‘Traditional Women’: Migrant Sex Workers, Domestic Workers, and Mail-Order Brides in the Pacific Rim, a conference at the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, U.C. San Diego, October 23-26, 2003. I am grateful to Kristen Hill Maher and the participants. A revised version was presented at the Eighth Women in Asia Conference, at the University of Technology, Sydney, September 26-28, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • In Hong Kong: Hookups Or Dates Or...?
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Hookups Youth sexuality and social change Schuurmans, J.J. Publication date 2017 Document Version Other version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Schuurmans, J. J. (2017). Hookups: Youth sexuality and social change. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 7 the ‘game’ in hong kong: hookups or dates or...? In recent decades, Hong Kong has experienced large changes in gender and intimate relations. The question explored within this project is whether this resulted in a decoupling of sex and committed relationships among youth. In the previous chapter, we looked at the dating culture of a college campus in Hong Kong. Students were familiar with the hookup script, but only a few had ever enacted it.
    [Show full text]
  • Education and the Transition to First Marriage in Hong Kong
    DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 37, ARTICLE 18, PAGES 567,598 PUBLISHED 30 AUGUST 2017 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol37/18/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.18 Research Article Marriage in an immigrant society: Education and the transition to first marriage in Hong Kong Muzhi Zhou Xiaogang Wu Guangye He © 2017 Muzhi Zhou, Xiaogang Wu & Guangye He. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium for noncommercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/de/ Contents 1 Introduction 568 2 Gender roles and the economic foundations of union formation 569 3 Immigration and the marriage market in Hong Kong 571 4 Education and marriage in Hong Kong 572 5 Data and variables 575 5.1 Data 575 5.2 Methods and dependent variables 576 5.3 Independent variables 576 5.4 Descriptive statistics 577 6 Results of multivariate analyses 581 7 Discussion and conclusion 587 8 Acknowledgments 589 References 590 Appendix 596 Demographic Research: Volume 37, Article 18 Research Article Marriage in an immigrant society: Education and the transition to first marriage in Hong Kong Muzhi Zhou1 Xiaogang Wu2 Guangye He3 Abstract BACKGROUND The prevalence of marriages between locals and immigrants is likely to alter the relationship between education and marriage. However, there has been little empirical research on the implications of a large immigration population for the relationship between education and marriage. Hong Kong provides an ideal setting to investigate this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in the Hong Kong Media
    Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 5 Preface ............................................................................................................................... 13 Glossary/Acronyms ........................................................................................................... 15 List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19 1.2 Study Objectives ..................................................................................................... 19 1.3 Scope of Study ........................................................................................................ 19 1.4 Organization of the Report ...................................................................................... 20 1.5 Research Team......................................................................................................... 20 1.5.1 Core Members of the Team .............................................................................. 20 1.5.2 Organization Structure of Research Team ........................................................ 20 Chapter 2 Literature Review .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]