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Ghana): Afroamerikanische Emigration in Der Postemanzipationsphase

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Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte (Hg.) H.-H. Nolte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven ZWG Die ZWG hat sich zum Forum einer neuen, umfassenden Herausgegeben Jahrgang 15 15I1 von Hans-Heinrich Nolte Betrachtung von Geschichte, Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften Heft 1 Für den Verein (Frühjahr 2014) entwickelt. Wichtige Beiträge aus der englischen, russischen, für Geschichte des Weltsystems französischen, spanischen und chinesischen Diskussion sind für deutschsprachige Leser übersetzt worden. Es finden sich aber auch Forschungen und Beiträge aus der deutschen Debatte und gelegentlich die Publikation von Quellen. www.peterlang.com Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte (Hg.) H.-H. Nolte Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven ZWG Die ZWG hat sich zum Forum einer neuen, umfassenden Herausgegeben Jahrgang 15 15I1 von Hans-Heinrich Nolte Betrachtung von Geschichte, Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften Heft 1 Für den Verein (Frühjahr 2014) entwickelt. Wichtige Beiträge aus der englischen, russischen, für Geschichte des Weltsystems französischen, spanischen und chinesischen Diskussion sind für deutschsprachige Leser übersetzt worden. Es finden sich aber auch Forschungen und Beiträge aus der deutschen Debatte und gelegentlich die Publikation von Quellen. www.peterlang.com ZWG ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR WELTGESCHICHTE Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte Herausgeberkreis Manfred Asendorf, Hamburg / Manuela Boatcă, Berlin / Christian Cwik, Wien / Beate Eschment, Berlin / Claus Füllberg-Stolberg, Hannover / Bernd Hausberger, Mexiko / Peter Kehne, Hannover / Andrea Komlosy, Wien / Hans-Heinrich Nolte, Barsinghausen / Ralf Roth, Frankfurt / Helmut Stubbe da Luz, Hamburg / Asli Vatansever, Istanbul Geschäftsführend: Hans-Heinrich Nolte Redaktion Dariusz Adamczyk, Warschau / Michael Bertram, Schellerten / Jens Binner, Buchenwald / Christian Lekon, Lefke / Eva-Maria Stolberg, Bochum Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Maurice Aymard, Aleksandr Boroznjak, Helmut Bley, Luigi Cajani, Gita Dharampal-Frick, Hartmut Elsenhans, Jürgen Elvert, Stig Förster, Carsten Goehrke, Uwe Halbach, Carl-Hans Hauptmeyer, Klaus Kremb, Gesine Krüger, Rudolf Wolfgang Müller, Christiane Nolte, Pavel Poljan, Joachim Radkau, Dominic Sachsenmaier, Adelheid von Saldern, Karl-Heinz Schneider, Gerd Stricker, Beate Wagner-Hasel Manuskripte bitte an den Geschäftsführenden Herausgeber Prof. Dr. Hans-Heinrich Nolte, Bullerbachstr. 12, 30890 Barsinghausen Reviews und Rezensionen bitte an: Prof. Dr. Manuela Boatcă FU Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut Sociology of Global Inequalities Rüdesheimer Str. 54-56 14197 Berlin Manuskripte bitte als Disketten (rtf) sowie in zwei Ausdrucken; Manuskripte, die nicht als E-Datei vorgelegt werden, können leider nicht bearbeitet werden. Manuskripte sollen die Länge von 20 Seiten DIN A4, 14pt einzeilig in Times Roman beschrieben nicht überschreiten. Für unverlangt eingereichte Manuskripte wird keine Gewähr übernommen. Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte (ZWG) Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven 15. Jg. 2014, Heft 1 Schwerpunkt Das Ende der Sklaverei in der Karibik und in Afrika Herausgegeben von Claus und Katja Füllberg-Stolberg Für den Verein für Geschichte des Weltsystems Zu Qualitätssicherung und Peer Notes on the quality assurance and Review der vorliegenden Publikation peer review of this publication Die Qualität der in dieser Zeitschrift Prior to publication, the quality of erscheinenden Arbeiten wird vor der the work published in this journal is Publikation durch externe, von der double blind reviewed by external Herausgeberschaft benannte referees appointed by the Gutachter im Double Blind Verfahren editorship. The referee is not geprüft. Dabei ist der Autor der aware of the author’s name Arbeit den Gutachtern während der when performing the review; Prüfung namentlich nicht bekannt; the referees’ names are not die Gutachter bleiben anonym. disclosed. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagabbildung: Die Schiffahrtslinien der Welt um 1890 (Übersichtskarte des Weltverkehrs aus Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Leipzig u. Wien 1885-1892) ISSN 2199-8086 E-ISBN 978-3-653-04479-9 (E-Book) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-04479-9 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2014 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Peter Lang Edition ist ein Imprint der Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. www.peterlang.com Inhalt Ulrike Schmieder Eine Archäologie „subalternen“ Sprechens: Afrokaribische Frauen und Männer reden über ihre persönlichen und gesellschaftlichen Ziele ................... 9 Katja Füllberg-Stolberg Von Fairfield (Jamaika) nach Akropong (Ghana): Afroamerikanische Emigration in der Postemanzipationsphase. ......................................................... 37 Jan Hüsgen Zwischen Anpassung und Widerstand. Nationalhelfer in der Mission der Brüdergemeine zur Zeit der Sklavenemanzipation ....................................... 65 Claus Füllberg-Stolberg Christliche Mission und die Doppelemanzipation von indigener Bevölkerung und Sklaven in Südafrika (1828-1838) ............................................ 93 Christian Cwik Sklaverei, Sklavenhandel und Abolition auf Curaçao ........................................ 117 Dina Gusejnova Der Prophet als Parfum. Das Spenglersche am europäischen und amerikanischen Modernismus ............................................................................... 141 Reiner Ruppmann Das europäische Autobahnnetz: Weiterhin Hoffnungsträger oder primär Funktionsraum für die Transit-Ökonomie? (Teil 2) ............................. 163 Manuela Boatcă / Sérgio Costa Über Körper und Grenzen: ein Interview mit Ella Shohat ............................. 181 Rezensionen .............................................................................................................. 193 Autorinnen und Autoren der ZWG 15.1 ............................................................ 203 10.3726/84543_37 Katja Füllberg-Stolberg Von Fairfield (Jamaika) nach Akropong (Ghana): Afroamerikanische Emigration in der Postemanzipations- phase Nach dem Ende des transatlantischen Sklavenhandels (1807) und der Ab- schaffung der Sklaverei in den britischen Kolonien in der Karibik (1838) rich- tete sich der Fokus der Abolitionisten1 auf Afrika und der innerafrikanischen Sklaverei wurde der Kampf angesagt. Die Bekehrung der „Heiden“ und der Feldzug gegen die Sklaverei verlagerte sich von den Plantagen der Amerikas an die Küsten Afrikas, an die Kontaktzonen zwischen europäischen und afri- kanischen Sklavenhändlern in der Umgebung der europäischen Forts und ehemaligen Sklavendepots. Unter den Abolitionisten wuchs die Erkenntnis, dass eine erfolgreiche Durchsetzung des Verbots der Sklaverei und damit ein Ende des Sklavenhan- dels nur möglich waren, wenn den Afrikanern eine lukrative wirtschaftliche Alternative als Ersatz für den Menschenhandel geboten wurde. Hierzu sollten der Anbau und die Vermarktung von agrarischen Exportprodukten, in erster Linie Palmöl, intensiviert werden.2 1 In Großbritannien, der wichtigsten Sklavenhandelsmacht formierte sich Ende des 17. Jahrhundert der Widerstand. Die Befürworter der Abschaffung des transatlantischen Sklavenhandels, die als Abolitionisten bezeichnet werden, gründeten 1787 die Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in London. Zu ihnen zählten u.a. William Wil- berforce, Mitglied des britischen Parlaments, Thomas Clarkson, Pastor der anglikani- schen Kirche und Granville Sharp, Musiker und Rechtsanwalt. Siehe ADAM HOCH- SCHILD: Sprengt die Ketten. Der entscheidende Kampf um die Abschaffung der Sklaverei, Stuttgart 2007. Zur Debatte um die Gründe für die Abolition siehe Claus FÜLLBERG-STOLBERG, Katja FÜLLBERG-STOLBERG: The British Abolition of the Slave Trade and of Slavery, in: Hard Times 85, 2009, S. 2-7. 2 Palmöl spielte beim Übergang vom nun als illegitim betrachteten Sklavenhandel zum sogenannten legitimen Produktenhandel (legitimate commerce) eine herausragende Rolle. Allerdings erforderte der Ausbau der Palmölproduktion zusätzliche Arbeits- kräfte, bei denen es sich in der ersten Phase großenteils um Sklaven handelte. Vgl. u.a. Robin Law (Hg.): From Slave Trade to ‚Legitimate‘ Commerce. The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa, Cambridge 1995 und Trevor R. GETZ: Slavery and Reform in West Africa. Toward Emancipation in Nineteenth- Century Senegal and the Gold Coast, Athens, GA u. Oxford 2004. 38 Katja Füllberg-Stolberg Thomas Fowell Buxton3 setzte sich in seiner einflussreichen Abhandlung The African Slave Trade and its Remedy für eine neue Afrikapolitik ein, die auf Zivilisation, Christentum und Handel basieren sollte.4 Buxton sah die christli- che Missionierung und „Zivilisierung“ der als rückständig eingestuften afrika- nischen Bevölkerung als wichtige Voraussetzung für die Durchsetzung der Abolition in Afrika. Buxton war überzeugt, Menschen afrikanischer Herkunft seien für
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