Werther Jules Massenet
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Georges Thill « Aux Bords Lointains Dont Nul Mortel N’Approche… »
1 Je crois entendre encore… Georges Thill « Aux bords lointains dont nul mortel n’approche… » J’ai intitulé la causerie d’aujourd’hui : « Aux bords lointains dont nul mortel n’approche », d’abord parce qu’il s’agit d’un hommage au ténor Georges Thill et que ces quelques mots disent les sommets interprétatifs dont je voudrais vous donner aujourd’hui un modeste écho. Echo qui, comme notre déclaration d’amour à Victoria de Los Angeles, il y a deux semaines, va, je l’espère, nous faire rêver mais aussi, je le crains, sonner le glas lugubre d’un certain art du chant, d’une école française de chant dont la gloire, universelle au tournant du XXème siècle, n’est plus à présent qu’un souvenir évanescent. Certes le vaillant Roberto Alagna, Benjamin Berheim et une théorie de magnifiques cantatrices, actrices autant que chanteuses, tous aguerris à des techniques jadis négligées, me font mentir. Mais Georges Thill, dans les témoignages sonores qu’il nous a laissés, dénonce la pénurie de grandes pointures – soprano dramatique et ténor héroïque – qui rendent si problématique toute programmation wagnérienne. « Aux bords lointains dont nul mortel n’approche… », c’est aussi pour moi un souvenir d’enfance. Je ne suis pas si vieux que je n’ai toujours connu le microsillon, désormais baptisé vinyle, quand nous disions 33 tours ou 30 cm, parce qu’il existait aussi des 25 cm. Mais, comme dans les familles rien ne se perd, il n’était pas rare de tomber, dans les années soixante, sur des piles de « vieux » 78 tours, lourds et raides. -
The Career of Fernand Faniard
Carrière artistique du Ténor FERNAND FANIARD (9.12.1894 Saint-Josse-ten-Noode - 3.08.1955 Paris) ********** 1. THÉÂTRE BELGIQUE & GRAND DUCHÉ DE LUXEMBOURG BRUXELLES : OPÉRA ROYAL DE LA MONNAIE [1921-1925 : Baryton, sous son nom véritable : SMEETS] Manon [première apparition affichée dans un rôle] 1er & 5 août 1920 Louise (Le Peintre) 2 août 1920 Faust (Valentin) 7 août 1920 Carmen (Morales) 7 août 1920. La fille de Madame Angot (Buteux) 13 avril 1921, avec Mmes. Emma Luart (Clairette), Terka-Lyon (Melle. Lange), Daryse (Amarante), Mercky (Javotte, Hersille), Prick (Thérèse, Mme. Herbelin), Deschesne (Babet), Maréchal (Cydalèse), Blondeau. MM. Razavet (Ange Pitou), Arnaud (Pomponnet), Boyer (Larivaudière), Raidich (Louchard), Dognies (Trénitz), Dalman (Cadet, un officier), Coutelier (Guillaume), Deckers (un cabaretier), Prevers (un incroyable). La fille de Roland (Hardré) 7 octobre 1921 Boris Godounov (création) (Tcherniakovsky), 12 décembre 1921 Antar (création) (un berger) 10 novembre 1922 La victoire (création) (L'envoi) 28 mars 1923 Les contes d'Hoffmann (Andreas & Cochenille) La vida breve (création) (un chanteur) 12 avril 1923 Francesca da Rimini (création) (un archer) 9 novembre 1923 Thomas d'Agnelet (création) (Red Beard, le Lieutenant du Roy) 14 février 1924 Il barbiere di Siviglia (Fiorillo) Der Freischütz (Kilian) La Habanera (Le troisième ami) Les huguenots (Retz) Le joli Gilles (Gilles) La Juive (Ruggiero) Les maîtres chanteurs (Vogelsang) Pénélope (Ctessipe) Cendrillon (Le superintendant) [1925-1926 : Ténor] Gianni Schicchi (Simone) Monna Vanna (Torello) Le roi d'Ys (Jahel) [20.04.1940] GRANDE MATINÉE DE GALA (au profit de la Caisse de secours et d'entr'aide du personnel du Théâtre Royal). Samson et Dalila (2ème acte) (Samson) avec : Mina BOLOTINE (Dalila), Mr. -
Constructing the Archive: an Annotated Catalogue of the Deon Van Der Walt
(De)constructing the archive: An annotated catalogue of the Deon van der Walt Collection in the NMMU Library Frederick Jacobus Buys January 2014 Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Music (Performing Arts) at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Supervisor: Prof Zelda Potgieter TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION i ABSTRACT ii OPSOMMING iii KEY WORDS iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO THIS STUDY 1 1. Aim of the research 1 2. Context & Rationale 2 3. Outlay of Chapters 4 CHAPTER 2 - (DE)CONSTRUCTING THE ARCHIVE: A BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW 5 CHAPTER 3 - DEON VAN DER WALT: A LIFE CUT SHORT 9 CHAPTER 4 - THE DEON VAN DER WALT COLLECTION: AN ANNOTATED CATALOGUE 12 CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18 1. The current state of the Deon van der Walt Collection 18 2. Suggestions and recommendations for the future of the Deon van der Walt Collection 21 SOURCES 24 APPENDIX A PERFORMANCE AND RECORDING LIST 29 APPEDIX B ANNOTED CATALOGUE OF THE DEON VAN DER WALT COLLECTION 41 APPENDIX C NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSTITY LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES (NMMU LIS) - CIRCULATION OF THE DEON VAN DER WALT (DVW) COLLECTION (DONATION) 280 APPENDIX D PAPER DELIVERED BY ZELDA POTGIETER AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE DEON VAN DER WALT COLLECTION, SOUTH CAMPUS LIBRARY, NMMU, ON 20 SEPTEMBER 2007 282 i DECLARATION I, Frederick Jacobus Buys (student no. 211267325), hereby declare that this treatise, in partial fulfilment for the degree M.Mus (Performing Arts), is my own work and that it has not previously been submitted for assessment or completion of any postgraduate qualification to another University or for another qualification. -
L'opéra De Paris—Une Histoire Sonore
L’Opéra de Paris—Une Histoire Sonore (1900-60) so many of the men, especially the Excerpts from operas by Auber, Berlioz, Borodin, Bourgault-Ducoudray, Büsser, leading tenors—not just Léon Escalaïs, Canteloube, Chabrier, Cherubini, d’Indy, d’Ollone, Donizetti, Dukas, Dupont, Paul Franz and Thill, but also singers Duvernoy, Enesco, Fauré, Février, Georges, Gluck, Gounod, Hahn, Halévy, Honegger, familiar only to collectors, among them Hue, Ibert, Lalo, Leroux, Magnard, Massenet, Meyerbeer, Milhaud, Mozart, Agustarello Affre, Léon Beyle, Fontaine, Paladilhe, Poulenc, Puccini, Rabaud, Rameau, Reyer, Rimsky-Korsakov, Rossini, and Emile Marcelin. Baritones, Rousseau, Roussel, Saint-Saëns, Sauguet, Strauss, Thomas, Tomasi, Verdi, Wagner, beginning with such legends as Maurice Wolf-Ferrari. With various artists. Malibran CDRG 215 (ten CDs) Renaud, Jean Lassalle and Jean-François Delmas, continue strongly over years This set offers limitless pleasure to Gigli and Mario Del Monaco, all true to before a final burst of talent in the 1950s anyone interested in historically form—and three other singers heard here with the group I’ll refer to henceforth as important French singing. More than 100 in exceptionally authentic, meaningfully the ‘Five Bs’: Bacquier, René Bianco, singers are heard in repertoire produced inflected French: Marjorie Lawrence Ernest Blanc, Jean Borthayre and Roger at the Opéra de Paris during the first six (sublime in Brünnhilde’s plaint to Bourdin. Another baritone, recorded in decades of the 20th century. Many of the Wotan), Eidé Norena (an enchanting 1947, provides the single most performances are live, some actually Gilda, technically immaculate) and remarkable display of vocal opulence in recorded at the Palais Garnier. -
The Trains Which Left) C (Lyric by Vangelis Goufas [Vah-GAY-Liss GOO-Fahss] Set to Music by Stavros Xarhakos [STAHV-Russ Ksar-HAH-Kuss]
Ta trena pou figan C Ta tréna pou figan C tah TRAY-nah poo FEE-gahn C (The Trains Which Left) C (lyric by Vangelis Goufas [vah-GAY-liss GOO-fahss] set to music by Stavros Xarhakos [STAHV-russ ksar-HAH-kuss]) Tabachnik C Michel Tabachnik C mih-HELL tah-BAHCH-nyick Tabakov C Mikhail Tabakov C mee-kahEEL tah-bah-KAWF Tabard inn C At the Tabard Inn C (At the) TA-burd (Inn) C (overture by George Dyson [JAW-urj D¦-sunn]) Tabarro C Il tabarro C eel tah-BAR-ro C (The Cloak) C (an opera, with music by Giacomo Puccini [JAH-ko-mo poo-CHEE-nee]; libretto by Giuseppe Adami [joo-ZAYP-pay ah-DAH- mee] after Didier Gold [dee-deeay gawld]) Taberna C In taberna C inn tuh-BAYR-nuh C (In the tavern) C (a group of poems from the 13th-century manuscript Carmina Burana [kar-MEE-nah boo-RAH-nah] set to music by Carl Orff [KARL AWRF]) Tabernera del puerto C La tabernera del puerto C lah tah-vehr-NAY-rah dell pooEHR-toh C (an opera, with music by Pablo Sorozábal [PAH-vlo so-ro-THAH-vahl]; libretto by Romero [ro- MAY-ro] and Fernández Shaw [fehr-NAHN-dehth SHAW]) Tableaux de statistiques C tah-blo duh stah-teess-teek C (Statistical tables) C (an excerpt from the suite Souvenirs de l’exposition [sôô-v’neer duh luckss-paw-zee-seeaw6] — Remembrances of the Exposition — by Federico Mompou [feh-theh-REE-ko mawm-POOO]) Tabor C TAY-bur Tabourin C tah-bôô-reh6 C (small drum) Tabourot C Jehan Tabourot C zhehah6 tah-bôô-ro Tabuteau C Marcel Tabuteau C mar-sell tah-bü-toh Tacchinardi C Nicola Tacchinardi C nee-KO-lah tahk-kee-NAR-dee C (the first name is also spelled Niccolò -
Gran Teatre Del Liceu
GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU Temporada 1986/87 CONSORCI DEL GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU Generalitat de Catalunya Ajuntament de Barcelona Ministerio de Cultura Diputació de Barcelona i Societat del Gran Teatre del Liceu WERTHER Drama líric en 4 actes Llibret d'Édouard Blau, Paul Milliet 1 Georges Hartmann (segons l'obra de J.W. Goethe) CASA Música de Jules Massenet SMllA Buenas ideas en artículos para el hogar, la mujer y el recién nacido. Funció de Gala Dimarts, 2 de juny, a les 21 h., funció núm. 62, torn A . Dissabte, 6 de juny, a les 21 h., funció núm. 63, torn e EN BARCELONA DELEGACiÓN EN ZARAGOZA Dimecres, 10 de juny, a les 21 h., funció núm. 64, torn B GRAN VIA CORTS CATALANES, 640 Diumenge, 14 de juny, a les 17 h., funció núm. 65, torn T TELÉFONO 318 24 98 éJa5pe 08007 BARCELONA ZURITA, 8 TEL. (976) 23 74 54 WERTHER Decoracions Ferruccio Villagrossi (realitzades per La Bottega Veneziana) Vestuari Pier-Luciano Cavallotti (realitzat per Arrigo - Milà) Werther Alfredo Kraus Albert Vicenç Sardinero Le Bailli Alfonso Echeverría Schmidt Josep Ruiz Johann Jesús Castillón Brühlmann Gervasio Ventura Charlotte Renata Scotto Sophie M� Angeles Peters Kiithchen Lucila Dávila Director d'Orquestra Alain Guingal Direcció d'Escena Giuseppe de Tomasi Violins concertinos Jaume Francesch Josep M� Alpiste Cor de nois de l'Escola Pia Balmes Mestre Director: Antoni Coll i Cruells ORQUESTRA SIMFÒNICA DEL GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU JOYEHO M. Pérez Cabrera, 4 Tel. 2013300 Barcelana-08021 ljunto Turó Park) ® Contingut argumental ACTE I Ens trobem a Wetzlar, als afores de Frankfurt; l'agutzil, un vidu i pare de llarga descendència, intenta per tots els mitjans d'ensenyar a la seva fillada una cançó de Nadal amb l'ajut d'una de les seves filles, Sophie; l'arribada de dos companys de tabola canvia per uns moments el to pintoresc de l'escena; podem, així, assabentar-nos que Charlotte ha estat convidada al ball que s'està preparant i que hi serà acompanyada pel jove Werther en defecte del seu promès, que és fora, de viatge. -
The Life and Deaths of Maria Callas (Nov
1 Note: this article appeared on the occasion of the first commercial release of Callas's television appearances for home video The Life and Deaths of Maria Callas (Nov. 1995, The New Yorker) If only she hadn't gotten mixed up with Ari and Jackie, we would be less aware of Maria Callas's life after singing, and that would be better. Here was the most celebrated operatic soprano of the 20th century, unable to find peace or purpose in her 12 years of premature retirement and unable to rehabilitate herself as a performer, winding up an overmedicated recluse in Paris, a city that never knew her in her prime. By the time she died there in 1977, at 53, her career had long since ebbed into fitful and mostly unfulfilled comeback projects, and her fame -- the pure, resonant fame of noble achievement -- had long since been admixed with notoriety. The stormy, capricious diva who abandoned husband and stage for a seductive billionaire, only to be dumped in favor of a President's widow, attained to levels of name recognition that merely singing in opera could never have brought. Callas is remembered as Puccini's Tosca, the role in which she was best photographed, and since Tosca herself is a celebrated opera singer who gets into desperate straits, a reciprocal identification has proved irresistible. In "Harvey Milk" at the New York City Opera, whenever opera fandom as a cultural rallying force for gays is mentioned, one hears the opening chords of "Tosca" and sees an enormous blow-up of Callas. -
EDISON CYLINDERS Blue Amberols Are Housed in Fine Quality Reproduction Edison Orange Boxes Or in Original Boxes
EDISON CYLINDERS Blue Amberols are housed in fine quality reproduction Edison orange boxes or in original boxes. Wax cylinders are in padded boxes, either original or appropriately protective. Any mold on wax cylinders is always described. All grading is visual and refers to the cylinders rather than the boxes. 4354. 2-M 17139. CÉCILLE MERGUILLIER [s]. DOMINO NOIR: Un fée (Auber). Just about 1-2. $40.00. 4355. 2-M 15897. FRANZISKA KRUG-ELFGEN [s]. SCHLARAFFENDLAND: Walzerlied (Schleif- fahrt). Just about 1-2. $40.00. 4356. 2-M 18070. PIERRE CORNUBERT [t]. LA DAME BLANCHE: Ah! quel plaisir d’être soldat (Boieldieu). Just about 1-2. $75.00. 4353. 4-M Wax Amberol B-152. LEO SLEZAK [t] STÄNDCHEN (Schubert). Just about 1-2. $75.00. 4351. 4-M Wax Amberol B-165. FLORENCIO CONSTANTINO [t]. TOSCA: Recondita armonia (Puccini). Just about 1-2. $75.00. 4348. 4-M Wax Amberol B-166. BLANCHE ARRAL [s]. MIGNON: Polonaise (Thomas). Just about 1-2. $40.00. 4350. 4-M Wax Amberol B-174. ADELINA AGOSTINELLI [s], ATTILIO PAROLA [t]. LA BOHÈME: O soave fanciulla (Puccini). Just about 1-2. $75.00. 4349. 4-M Wax Amberol 30044. MARIE RAPPOLD [s]. CHANSON PROVENÇALE (Dell’Acqua) Just about 1-2. $40.00. 4352. 4-M Wax Amberol 844. HENRI SCOTT [bs]. O’ER THE FRESH GREEN FIELDS (Chami- nade). Just about 1-2. $20.00. 4363. 4-M Blue Amberol 2388. CLEMENTINE DE VERE SAPIO [s], VERNON ARCHIBALD [b]. ROSE OF THE MOUNTAIN TRAIL (Brennan). Archibald sings the main tune about Rose, who we hear vocalizing in the distance on the Mountain Trail. -
JULES MASSENET – His Life and Works by Nick Fuller I
JULES MASSENET – His Life and Works By Nick Fuller I. Introduction Jules Massenet’s operas made him one of the most popular composers of the late nineteenth century, his works performed throughout Europe, the Americas and North Africa. After World War I, he was seen as old- fashioned, and nearly all of his operas, apart from Werther and Manon , vanished from the mainstream repertoire. The opera-going public still know Massenet best for Manon , Werther , and the Méditation from Thaïs , but to believe, as The Grove Dictionary of Opera wrote in 1954, that ‘to have heard Manon is to have heard all of him’ is to do the composer a gross disservice. Massenet wrote twenty-seven operas, many of which are at least as good as Manon and Werther . Nearly all are theatrically effective, boast beautiful music and display insightful characterisation and an instinct for dramatic and psychological truth. In recent decades, Massenet’s work has regained popularity. Although he Figure 1 Jules Massenet, drawing by Ernesto Fontana (Source: is not the household name he once http://artlyriquefr.fr/personnages/Massenet%20Jules.html) was, and many of his operas remain little known, he has been winning new audiences. Conductors like Richard Bonynge, Julius Rudel and Patrick Fournillier have championed Massenet, while since 1990 a biennial Massenet festival has been held in his birthplace, Saint-Étienne, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, its mission to rediscover Massenet’s operas. His work has been performed in the world’s major opera houses under the baton of conductors Thomas Beecham, Colin Davis, Charles Mackerras, Michel Plasson, Riccardo Chailly and Antonio Pappano, and sung by Joan Sutherland, José van Dam, Frederica von Stade, Nicolai Gedda, Roberto Alagna, Renée Fleming, Thomas Hampson and Plácido Domingo. -
Diszkográfia a Harmadik Kötethez
© Typotex Kiadó Diszkográfia a harmadik kötethez Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle Siegmund Nimsgern, Tatiana Troyanos BBC Symphony Orchestra Vezényel: Pierre Boulez Felvétel: EMI Studios, London, February 8 & 9, 1976 Sony, 1976/1994, CD, 01-064110-10 Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle Jessye Norman, László Polgár, Nicholas Simon, Prologue Chicago Symphony Orchestra Vezényel: Pierre Boulez Felvétel: Chicago, Orchestra Hall, 12/1993 Deutsche Grammophon, 1998, CD, 447 040-2 Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle (Complete Opera) Olga Szönyi, Mihály Székely Berg: Wozzeck (Three excerpts) Helga Pilarczyk London Symphony Orchestra Vezényel: Antal Doráti Felvétel: 7/1962 (1-8), 6/1961 (9-11), Great Britain Mercury, 1963, LP, 1992, CD 434 325-2 Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle / A kékszakállú herceg vára Mihály Székely, Klára Palánkay Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra Vezényel: János Ferencsik Felvétel: 1956. VIII. 28 – IX. 5. Erkel Színház, mono Hungaroton, 1957/1994, CD, HCD 11001 www.interkonyv.hu © Fodor Géza jogutódja © Typotex Kiadó 294 • Mi szól a lemezen? Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle / A kékszakállú herceg vára György Melis, Katalin Kasza Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra Vezényel: János Ferencsik Felvétel: 1970 Hungaroton, 1971/1997, CD, HCD 11486 Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle / A kékszakállú herceg vára Elena Obraztsova, Yevgeny Nesterenko Hungarian State Opera Chorus, Hungarian State Opera Orchestra, Gábor Lehotka organ Vezényel: János Ferencsik Felvétel: 1981 Hungaroton, 1981/é. n., CD, HCD 12254-2 Bartók: Bluebeard’s Castle Eva Marton, Samuel Ramey Hungarian State Orchestra -
21.92 More Lps, Laser Discs. Pp 164-177
LP SETS and SINGLES ALL IN EXCELLENT CONDITION (records and jackets) AND CONTAINING ORIGINAL PAPER MATERIALS, UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED, FOR SETS THAT ORIGINALLY INCLUDED THEM . MINIMUM BID AS INDICATED PER ITEM. A few have a small cut in the box usually on the right side. These were made by the dealer to indi- cate that the set was on sale. In some cases a small hole was punched in the upper right hand area instead. They are both indicated as “ small box cut ”. A few others have a neat plastic tape index label attached to the upper right cover and/or spine. “ Index lbl ” indicates such items. IN SUBMITTING YOUR BIDS FOR ITEMS IN THIS SECTION, PLEASE BE SURE TO INCLUDE THE CORRECT CATALOGUE NUMBER. OPERAS, OPERETTAS and EXTENDED VOCAL WORKS 5000. [FRANCO ALFANO ]. SAKUNTALA. Casapietra, Michele Molese, Tomleich, Mazzoli, dir. Ottavio Ziino. 2 LP boxed MRF 196. Factory sealed . $5.00. 5001. [ ALFANO] . CYRANO DE BERGERAC . Olivia Stapp, Johns, Blancas, dir. Maurizio Arenas. 2 2 LP boxed MRF 131. Factory sealed . $5.00. 5032. [ WILLIAM ALWYN ]. MISS JULIE . Jill Gomez, Benjamin Luxon, Della Jones, John Mitchinson, etc., dir. Vilem Tausky. 2 LP boxed Lyrita Stereo 121-2. Cover signed by Gomez, Jones and Luxon. $5.00. 5003. [DOMINICK ARGENTO ]. POSTCARDS FROM MOROCCO . 2 LP boxed set. Barbara Brandt, Barry Busse, Foreman, Hardy, Marshall, etc., dir. Philip Brunelle. 2 LP boxed Desto 7137/8. Factory sealed. $5.00. 5002. [ RAFFAELLO DE BANFIELD ] [libretto TENNESSEE WILLIAMS ]. LORD BYRON’S LOVE LETTER. Astrid Varnay, Gertrude Ribla, Carlin, Carrruba, dir. Nicola Rescigno. 1 LP. -
Gran Teatre Del Liceu
GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU Temporada d'òpera 1983/84 CONSORCI DEL GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU GENERALn:.lT DE CATALUNYA AJUNTAMENT DE BARCELONA SOCJ ETAT DEL GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU WERTHER Drama líric en 4 actes (el tercer i quart acte, es faran sense interrupció) Llibret d'Edouard Blau, Paul Milliet i Georges Hartmann (segons l'obra de Goethe) Música de Jules Massenet Funció de Gala Dimecres, 21 de desembre de 1983, a les 21 h., funció núm. 16, torn A Divendres, 23 de desembre de 1983, a les 21 h., funció núm. 17, torn C Dilluns, 26 de desembre de 1983, a les 17 h., funció núm. 18, torn T GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU Barcelona WERTHER . Werther: John Sandor Albert: Enric Serra Alcalde: Ivo Vinco Schmidt, amic de l'alcalde: Josep Ruiz Johann: Vicenç Esteve Bruhlmann: Gervasio Ventura Charlotte, filla de l'alcalde: Fiorenza Cossotto Kathchen: Lucila Dávila Sophie, germana de Charlotte: M.' Angeles Peters Director d'orquestra: Maximiano Valdés Director d'escena: Giuseppe de Tomasi Director del cor: Vittorio Sicuri Violí concertino: Jaume Francesch Noves decoracions: Ferruccio Villagrossi Gran Teatre del Liceu Vestuari: Arrigo - Milà Cor de nois: Escola Pia Balmes Mestre Director: Antoni Coll ORQUESTRA SIMFONICA DEL GRAN TEATRE DEL LICEU Comentaris a càrrec dels Drs. Roger Alier, Xosé Aviñoa i Oriol Martorell, del Departament d'Art de la Universitat de Barcelona. CONTINGUT MUSICAL I ARGUMENTAL PRELUDI: Des dels primers compassos, descobrim el caire dra màtic i, alhora, líric que tindrà l'òpera. Sintonitzant plenament amb la concepció simfònica dels grans com positors del moment, Massenet utilitza el volum sonor del «tutti» i lleugeres pinzellades dels violins i les dels arpes, per crear indistintament l'ambient tràgic moments culminants del drama, i la intensitat lírica d'altres episodis.