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Festival Setsubun Di Kuil Kushida Di Fukuoka Fukuoka

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Festival Setsubun Di Kuil Kushida Di Fukuoka Fukuoka FESTIVAL SETSUBUN DI KUIL KUSHIDA DI FUKUOKA FUKUOKA NO KUSHIDA JINJYA DE NO SETSUBUN NO MATSURI SKRIPSI Skripsi ini Diajukan Kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh : ANGGRIA THYLLA DEEVANY SIREGAR 130708002 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penyususan skripsi berjudul “Festival setsubun di kuil kushida di fukuoka” dapat terselesaikan dengan tepat waktu. Penulisan skripsi ini juga ditulis untuk memenuhi persyaratan dalam memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan Program Studi Sastra Jepang, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dalam kesempatan ini, penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah memberi bantuan dan dukungan selama pembuatan skripsi ini, dari awal hingga akhir. Adapun ucapan terima kasih penulis sampaikan kepada : 1. Bapak Dr. Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatra Utara. 2. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, MS, PH.D, selaku ketua Program Studi Sastra Jepang Universitas Sumatera Utara dan dosen pembimbing I, yang telah memberian bimbingan dan saran kepada penulis. 3. Seluruh staff pengajar Program Studi Sastra Jepang, yang telah membagikan ilmu pengetahuan dan pengalamannya kepada penulis dan para mahasiswa/mahasiswi program studi sastra Jepang. Semoga ilmu yang telah didapat menjadi bekal yang berguna untuk penulis dalam menghadapi masa depan khususnya dalam memasuki dunia kerja. i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Penulis sampaikan terima kasih kepada seluruh keluarga yang telah memberikan dukungan dalam bentuk apa pun sehingga penulis bisa menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. 5. Senior dan junior Sastra Jepang beserta teman-teman stambuk 2013 yang telah banyak membantu dalam penulisan skrispsi ini. 6. Untuk teman – teman terbaikku likha wulandari, sitha rouli simanjuntak, fitriani, rini dwi astuti, riri anggraini, novia syahfitri siregar, jaka larizal, wahyuni dan lain-lain yang telah membantu penulis dalam membuat skripsi. 7. Serta kepada semua pihak yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Semoga bantuan yang telah diberikan kepada penulis dibalas oleh Allah SWT dengan pahala yang besar. Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan masukan, kritik dan saran yang membangun. Akhir kata semoga skripsi ini nantiknya akan berguna dan bermanfaat bagi penulis, pembaca khususnya mahasiswa/i fakultas ilmu budaya universitas sumatera utara. Medan, Mei 2018 Penulis, ANGGRIA THYLLA DEEVANY SIREGAR ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................. i DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................... iii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ........................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................... 4 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Permasalahan ................................................. 5 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori ................................... 6 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................ 8 1.6 Metode Penelitian ....................................................................... 9 BAB II TINJAUAN UMUM TENTANG LATAR BELAKANG FUNGSI FESTIVAL SETSUBUN DALAM MASYARAKAT JEPANG ................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Festival Setsubun ........................................................................ 11 2.1.1 Festival (Matsuri)...…………………………………………………..11 2.1.2 Macam-macam Festival di Jepang Berdasarkan Musim……………………………………………………………………...12 2.1.3 Festival Setsubun………………………………………………………20 2.2 Pengertian kuil kushida ................................................................ 21 2.2.1 Tempat Pelaksanaan Festival Setsubun ........................... 22 iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.2 Waktu Pelaksanaan Festival Setsubun .......................... 23 2.2.3 Pendiri dan Pendeta Festival Setsubun ......................... 23 BAB III PERFORMANSI FESTIVAL SETSUBUN DAN KEARIFAN LOKAL YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM FESTIVAL SETSUBUN ...................................................................... 28 3.1 Performansi di acara festival setsubun……………………………..28 3.1.1 Tempat Dan Waktu Pelaksanaan Festival Setsubun ... 29 3.1.2 Konteks ( Jalan Upacara Setsubun ) .. .......................... 30 3.1.3 Koteks ( Benda – Benda Apa Aja Yang Digunakan di Acara Festival Setsubun)…………………………………...31 3.1.4 Audiens/Pelibat ............................................................... 32 3.1.5 Teks .................................................................................. 33 3.2 Kearifal Lokal Yang Terkandung Dalam Festival Setsubun ..................................................................................... 35 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................. 39 4.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................. 39 4.2 Saran ........................................................................................... 40 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................ 41 LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... 43 ABSTRAK ............................................................................................. 45 iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Kata Setsubun (節分) berarti "pembagian musim." Tanggal 3 dan 4 Februari adalah awal musim semi pada kalender tua. Jadi hari sebelum awal musim semi disebut "Setsubun." Pada hari Setsubun, orang menabur Mame, berupa kacang kedelai panggang, dan memakannya. Orang menggunakan biji- bijian karena kata "Mame" mirip dengan "Mametsu" yang berarti "mengusir kejahatan/atau setan." Dahulu, dalam satu tahun terdapat 4 kali perayaan festival setsubun, yaitu pada musim semi, musim panas, musim gugur dan musim dingin. Saat ini, setsubun hanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan hari sebelum memasuki musim semi (Hari terakhir sebelum memasuki musim semi). Saat ini, perayaan setsubun jatuh pada tanggal 3 atau 4 Februari setiap tahun. Di antara 4 kali perayaan setsubun tersebut, saat ini yang tersisa hanya perayaan setsubun pada penyambutan datangnya musim semi saja. Barang kali alasannya adalah perubahaan musim dingin ke musim semi merupakan hal yang paling menyita perhatian semua orang dibandingkan perubahan musim semi ke musim panas, dari musim panas ke musim gugur dan seterusnya. Selain itu, satu hari sebelum memasuki musim semi adalah titik awal dari sistem kalender yang 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA menyebutkan adanya 24 posisi matahari dalam satu tahun. Setiap posisi matahari diberi nama yang melambangkan fenomena alam dan musim. Selain melempar kacang-kacangan, di daerah fukuoka merayakan setsubun dengan makan sushi yang disebut “Ehoumaki” (sejenis sushi futomaki yang tidak dipotong-potong). Sushi dimakan tanpa berhenti sambil menghadap sesuai dengan arah mata angin tempat bersemayamnya dewa keberuntungan untuk tahun yang bersangkutan. Sushi dipegang dengan kedua belah tangan dan orang yang sedang makan dilarang berbicara sampai sushi habis dimakan. Kushida adalah kepercayaan yang mengacu pada animisme serta dipercayai merupakan agama asli bangsa Jepang. Kata kushida berasal dari tulisan cina shen tao yang berarti jalan ketuhanan (the way of kami). Di dalam hemp culture in japan (2017), disebutkan bahwa arti dari jalan ketuhanan ini merupakan sebuah ekspresi ritual dari sebuah rasa hormat kepada “ kami ” (wujud tuhan dalam bentuk roh) dalam kehidupan sehari – hari. Kesucian dan kesuburan menjadi hal yang penting di dalam ajaran kushida. Banyak ajaran kushida yang tidak tertulis, walaupun kushida memiliki buku catatan tentang cerita asal – usul Jepang (kojiki), dan kronologis jepang (nihongi atau nihon shoki), yang merupakan kedua buku sakral kushida. Kedua buku tersebut ditulis sekitar tahun 712 – 720, dan merupakan buku kompilasi tentang tradisi lisan, mitologi, serta upacara kushida kuno. Tetapi,” kojiki ” dan “ nihon shoki ” lebih terlihat sebagai buku sejarah, topografi, dan kesusastraan jepang kuno. Terdapat juga engishik (kumpulan dari 50 buku) diselesaikan pada tahun 927, kumpulan koleksi berbagai buku ini 2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA membahas mengenai upacara formal kuil, organisasi kepemimpinan keagamaan, doa serta liturgi formal. Setelah restorasi meiji dan selama perang dunia II, kushida dianggap sebagai kepercayaan daerah setempat dengan kaisar sebagai kepalanya dan sangat lekat sekali dengan nasionalisme. Masa kejayaan kushida diakhiri oleh konstitusi setelah perang, tetapi sebagai kepercayaan komunitas, kushida masih memegang peranan penting diberbagai aspek kepercayaan komunitas, kushida masih memegang peranan penting diberbagai aspek upacara dan simbol kehidupan bangsa jepang. Kuil kushida memiliki banyak sekali upacara dan perayaan (matsuri). Dalam menjalankan upacara atau perayaan tersebut, terdapat ritual – ritual tertentu dalam pelaksanaannya. Dalam kepercayaan kushida, ritual memiliki tujuan untuk mengusir roh – roh
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