DOCSLIB.ORG

Elevated Rock.Indb

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Elevated rock art Johan Ling Elevated rock art Towards a maritime understanding of Bronze Age rock art in northern Bohuslän, Sweden Johan Ling Elevated rock art – towards a maritime understanding of Bronze Age rock art in northern Bohuslän, Sweden GOTARC Serie B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis 49 © Johan Ling Front cover: Tracing of Tanum 192 by RockCare Back cover: Photo by Johan Ling and Joakim Goldhahn ISSN 0282-6860 ISBN 978-91-85245-34-8 Tryck: Dedication To my family and kin Abstract Ling, Johan. 2008. Elevated rock art – towards a maritime understanding of Bronze Age rock art in northern Bohuslän, Sweden. GOTARC Serie B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis 49. Gothen- burg. The main focus of this dissertation is the issue of how Bohuslän rock art and landscape may be perceived and understood. Since the Bronze Age, the landscape has been transformed by shore displacement but in the research tradition this has attracted very little attention. Furthermore, due to a misunderstanding of shore displacement but also to certain ideas about the character of Bronze Age society, rock art research in Tanum has drawn much of its inspiration from the present agrarian landscape. The perception of the landscape has not been a major issue. This thesis accordingly aims to shed light on the process of shore displacement and its social and cognitive implications for the interpretation of rock art in the prehistoric landscape. The findings clearly show that in the Bronze Age, the majority of rock art sites in Bohuslän had a very close spatial connection to the sea. These conditions make it possible to apply new perspectives to Bohuslän rock art. Much rock art analysis focuses on the contemplative observer and elaborates this theme. The more direct acti- vities related to rock art are seldom fully considered. I therefore discuss the basic conditions for the production of rock art and then move on to discuss social theory and approaches to image, commu- nication, symbolism and social action, related to the palpable social forms of the “reading” of rock art. When considering rock art, it is the social praxis in the landscape that is of primary importance. Moreover, since Oscar Almgren there has been a tendency to picture the groups in Bohuslän as pas- sive and immobile agriculturalists, performing rituals on the rocks. However, the sparse evidence points instead to a more complex pattern of utilisation and social praxis. The general location and content of the Bronze Age remains indicate a tendency towards the maritime realm, which seems to have included both socio-ritual and socio-economic matters of production and consumption. The thesis emphasises that Bronze Age groups in Bohuslän were highly active and mobile. The nume- rous configurations of ship images on the rocks could indicate a general transition or drift towards the maritime realm. Marking or manifesting such transitions in some way may have been important and it is tempting to perceive the rock art as traces of such transitions or positions in the landscape. All this points to a maritime understanding of Bronze Age rock art in northern Bohuslän. Keywords: Rock art, Bronze Age, Scandinavia, Bohuslän, maritime praxis, terrestrial, thought style, shore displacement, seascape, social praxis, iconic order, social position, social transition Contents xi : Abbreviations xiii : Preface 0 : Part I – Launching 1. Introduction – the rock art phenomenon in northern Bohuslän 1 : Introduction 2 : “Finding the lost sea” 4 : Aims 4 : Temporal and spatial limitations 2 . A general picture of the Bronze Age in Bohuslän 5 : Bronze Age conditions in Bohuslän 6 : Investigations at rock art sites 6 : Households and metallurgic activity 7 : Graves 8 : Bronze items and flint daggers 8 : Conclusion 3. Social landscapes 9 : Introduction 11 : Conclusion 13 : Part II – Embarking 4. The terrestrial paradigm: history of reseach 15 : Introduction 16 : Theory 16 : Paradigm and thought style 18 : Conditions and questions 18 : A history of landscape and rock art research 19 : The perception of geology and landscape among 19th century antiquarians 20 : The landscape via the rock art image 22 : The shore-connected rock art 23 : Land uplift and the landscape 25 : The image via the landscape 29 : Modification of the terrestrial paradigm 31 : The sea is advancing 33 : Conclusion 5. Rock art and seascapes in South Scandinavia 35 : Introduction 36 : West Norwegian rock art 39 : Högsbyn in Dalsland 42 : The Simris area in Scania 44 : Conclusion 6. Shore displacement, tides and altitudes 47 : Introduction 47 : The shore displacement phenomenon 49 : Dating and estimating shore displacement 50 : Shore displacement in Bohuslän 51 : Aims and outcome of the new shore displacement studies in the Tanum and Kville areas 55 : Altitudes and tides 7. Rock art chronology and seascape in Bohuslän 59 : Introduction 59 : Rock art chronologies: traditions and concepts 61 : Chronological standpoint 63 : The analysis 64 : The general setting of the rock art in relation to shore displacement 65 : The specific chronological setting of ship features in the landscape 65 : The Kungälv area (Solberga 50) 72 : The Uddevalla area, Utby (Herrestad 58:1–5) 75 : Maritime rock art at the Stångenäset isthmus (Bro 622, 636, Brastad 123) 76 : The Sotenäset area (Tossene 107) 79 : The Svarteborg area (Svarteborg 13) 83 : The Kville area (Kville 172, 114) 87 : The Tanum area, “Runohäll,” at Ryk (Tanum 311) 91 : The vertical cliff at Tyft (Tanum 234) 92 : A low-lying panel in the Kalleby area (Tanum 425) 94 : The “Wismar and Kivik” panel in Kalleby (Tanum 427) 98 : Rock art sites in the Orrekläpp area (Tanum 241, 369) 99 : A tentative ship chronology of the landscape 102 : Conclusion 8. Modeling landscapes and seascapes in the Tanum area 107 : Introduction 107 : Aims 111 : The landscape and Bronze Age in Tanum 114 : Maritime models of the Vitlycke area (Tanum 1, 833) 117 : The Aspeberget area – a maritime aggregation site? (Tanum 17, 19, 120) 123 : Terrestrial landscapes and images at Tanum 33 125 : Sea shores and rock art in the Tegneby area, Bostället (Tanum, 48, 61–64, 105:3, 345, 346 and 490) 127 : Ships and seascapes at Skatteklåvan in the Tegneby area (Tanum 65-67) 133 : Embarking and disembarking by Bro Utmark (Tanum 192) 136 : Reconstructing Tanum 311– a maritime approach 140 : Maritime positions in the Kyrkoryk and Ryk area (Tanum 213, 216, 217, 219, 321, 325, 335, 336) 142 : Revisiting the vertical cliff at Tyft (Tanum 236) 144 : Landscapes and seascapes in the Kalleby area (Tanum 425, 427, 419, 944, 420, 421, 418, 417) 146 : Concluding remarks 159 : Part III – Social and Maritime praxis 9. Social practice and rock art 161 : Introduction 161 : Background 162 : Ships in rock art, in graves and on bronze items 165 : The production of rock art 166 : Social practice, analogies and fictions 167 : Ideology and social theory 169 : Material and spiritual production 171 : Palaeolithic rock art and Marxism 172 : Later Marxist approaches 173 : Rock art between practice and structure 175 : Images, symbols and social action 175 : Image, speech, social praxis and social communication 176 : The symbological project 178 : The social dimension of rock art images 179 : Depictions of social environments and actions 180 : Depictions of social positions and social rhetoric 181 : Depictions of “iconic” features or elements 182 : Concluding remarks 10. From terrestrial ships to war canoes 185 : Introduction 185 : Background 187 : General features of the rock art ships 189 : General outcome of the proportional study; codes of dimension 191 : The Early Bronze Age ship images 193 : The Late Bronze Age ship images 196 : The Pre Roman Iron Age ship images 197 : Depictions of social realities 199 : Helmsmen and steering rods 202 : Depictions of social and ritual positions 203 : Warriors, acrobats, adorants, and lure blowers 204 : Spatial and social aspects of the ship 205 : Conclusion 11 : Rock art and society 209 : Introduction 209 : The concept of chiefdom and the Bronze Age 212 : “Too many chiefs and not enough Indians” 213 : Ideas of social transformation during the Early Bronze Age 214 : Chiefdoms during the Late Bronze Age 216 : Rock images of chiefs, aggrandizers, commoners or girots? 219 : Material and ecological conditions of Bohuslän Bronze Age social formations 220 : Praxis, production and ideology 221 : Fishing 222 : Maritime trade, barter, communication 224 : Maritime warfare 225 : Maritime rituals and ceremonies 226 : Boat-building 227 : Discussion 228 : Dual social praxis, positions and transitions in Bronze Age Bohuslän 230 : Conclusions 12. Maritime transitions 231 : Introduction 232 : Rock art in a maritime zone 233 : Maritime transitions and rituals by the sea 235 : Rock art and maritime mobility 236 : Rock art as a traveler’s picture 236 : The sea in the rock and the rock in the sea 237 : The ships on the rocks 240 : Maritime performances 242 : Coda 243 : Part IV – Disembarking 13. Summary 245 : Towards a maritime understanding of rock art in northern Bohuslän 14. References 257 : A–Ö 268 : Personal communications 15. Appendixes 269 : Appendix 2: Measured rock art sites from Bohuslän CD : Appendixes 1 and 3. Abbreviations LN = Late Neolithic (2350–1700 BC) LN I = Late Neolithic I (2350–1950 BC) LN II = Late Neolithic II (1950–1700 BC) BA = Bronze Age (1700–500 BC) EBA = Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC) Period I = (1700–1500 BC) Period II = (1500–1300 BC) Period III = (1300–1100 BC) LBA = Late Bronze Age (1100–500 BC) Period IV = (1100–900 BC) Period V = (900–700 BC) Period VI = (700–500 BC) PRIA = Pre Roman Iron Age (500–1 BC) ATA = Antikvariskt Topografiskt Arkiv, Stockholm FMIS = Information from the Swedish National Heritage Boards sites and monuments register GAM = Göteborgs Arkeologiska Museum, Göteborgs StadsMuseum m.a.s.l = Metres above present sea level RAÄ = Riksantikvarieämbetet, the Swedish National Heritage Boards sites and monuments register SHFA = Svenskt HällristningsForskningsArkiv, Tanumshede VM = The Vitlycke Museum Archive, Tanumshede Rock art sites are identified as, for instance, Tanum 1, Herrestad 58, i.e.
Recommended publications
  • Arkeologins Många Roller Och Praktiker : Två Sessioner Vid VIII Nordic TAG I Lund 2005

    Arkeologins Många Roller Och Praktiker : Två Sessioner Vid VIII Nordic TAG I Lund 2005

    Arkeologins många roller och praktiker : två sessioner vid VIII Nordic TAG i Lund 2005 Bentz, Emma; Rudebeck, Elisabeth; Lekberg, Per; Jensen, Ola W.; Sandberg, Catrin; Synnestvedt, Anita; Regner, Elisabet; Eikrem, Kathrine; Häggström, Leif; Edenmo, Roger 2007 Document Version: Förlagets slutgiltiga version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bentz, E., Rudebeck, E., Lekberg, P., Jensen, O. W., Sandberg, C., Synnestvedt, A., Regner, E., Eikrem, K., Häggström, L., & Edenmo, R. (2007). Arkeologins många roller och praktiker : två sessioner vid VIII Nordic TAG i Lund 2005. (Archaeology @ Lund; Vol. 1). Lund Univ., Dept of Archaeology and Ancient History. Total number of authors: 10 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 11.
  • The Case of Oscar Montelius and Italy Anna Gustavsson

    The Case of Oscar Montelius and Italy Anna Gustavsson

    6 Geographies of networks and knowledge production: the case of Oscar Montelius and Italy Anna Gustavsson In this chapter, I aim to highlight the potential of thinking geograph- ically when studying networks and the production of archaeological knowledge, by considering the contacts in Italy of the Swedish archae- ologist Oscar Montelius (1843–1921, see Figure 6.2) and his work on Italian prehistory.1 Oscar Montelius was a pioneer of prehistoric archaeology from the late nineteenth century onwards. He is mainly known for his work on typology and chronology. His Om tidsbestämning inom Bronsåldern med särskildt afseende på Skandinavien (1885), is still frequently cited.2 Montelius held positions at the National Museum of Stockholm, eventually became the director of the Swedish National Heritage board and was involved in numerous excavations in Sweden. He also travelled all over Europe, more than most scholars at the time, to compile and study archaeological finds, and is still one of few who have managed to study and publish on such a vast number of archaeological artefacts. His wife Agda Montelius (1850–1920) was deeply involved in her husband’s work, and accompanied him on several research trips. Montelius became affiliated with the National Museum as a young scholar in the mid-1860s and was awarded a doctorate in history, since archaeology was not yet an established academic discipline. His dissertation, entitled ‘Remains from the Iron Age of Scandinavia’ (published as Montelius, 1869), was an overview of current research on how Iron Age culture spread from Egypt, via Greece, Rome and Hallstatt to Scandinavia. From an early stage, an important characteristic of his research method was to gather as complete a collection of examples for each object type as possible Anna Gustavsson - 9781526134561 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/28/2021 05:18:01PM via free access ROBERTS 9781526134554 PRINT.indd 109 03/12/2019 08:56 110 Communities and knowledge production in archaeology 6.1 Oscar Montelius’ study and desk in his home in Stockholm.
  • Temporary Exhibitions at the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden Between 1990 and 2009 Johan Hegardt

    Temporary Exhibitions at the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden Between 1990 and 2009 Johan Hegardt

    Great Narratives of the Past. Traditions and Revisions in National Museums Conference proceedings from EuNaMus, European National Museums: Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, Paris 29 June – 1 July & 25-26 November 2011. Dominique Poulot, Felicity Bodenstein & José María Lanzarote Guiral (eds) EuNaMus Report No 4. Published by Linköping University Electronic Press: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=078 © The Author. Narrating a (New) Nation? Temporary exhibitions at the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden between 1990 and 2009 Johan Hegardt National Historical Museum, Stockholm Abstract Heritage management and many cultural historical museums in Sweden have had problems adjusting to Sweden becoming a multicultural society in the late 20th century. This is so because such institutions have been and still are a part of the nation-state and its master narratives. However, in the years between 1990 and 2010 the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm, Sweden, tried to address this issue in parts of the museum’s temporal exhibitions. Adjusting to Sweden being a multicultural society would mean that the narratives expressed by the museum should have changed from what I would like to call a ”nation-narration” to something that might be expressed as ”non-nation-narration”. The outcome of this study shows that the museum did for a short period shift focus in its temporal exhibitions from ”nation- narration” to other forms of narratives that did not focus on the Swedish nation-state and its history. This was done explicitly to adjust to the shift in the society from what was believed to be a homogenous society to a multicultural society in a global and postcolonial world.
  • Evert Baudou Oscar Montelius – Om Tidens Återkomst Och Kulturens Vandringar Kungl

    Evert Baudou Oscar Montelius – Om Tidens Återkomst Och Kulturens Vandringar Kungl

    Evert Baudou Oscar Montelius – om tidens återkomst och kulturens vandringar Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Svenske Lärde Stockholm: Atlantis 413 pages ISBN 978-91-7353-539-7 Review by Joakim Goldhahn Oscar Montelius – on the return of time and the drift of culture How do you capture a person’s life and his archaeological achievements in 413 pages? Professor emeritus Evert Baudou has recently answered this question through an interesting biography of Oscar Montelius (1843– 1921), Sweden’s most celebrated and internationally renowned archae- ologist. Baudou presents Montelius’s life through a familiar chronological framework that begins in the cradle and ends in the grave. After a short introduction Montelius’s life is presented in six periods, which comprise 25 chapters: Adolescence 1843–1861, where his upbringing and youth are in focus; The Uppsala period 1861–1869, which deals with his stud- ies and dissertation at Uppsala University; The cultural goals of archae- ology 1869–1875, where his international scholarly breakthrough is de- picted; The recovery of the Bronze Age 1876–1885, where Montelius’s groundbreaking research about the Scandinavian and European Bronze CURRENT SWEDISH ARCHAEOLOGY, VOL 20, 2012 205 Reviews & notices Age is in focus; Research and social issues 1886–1907, where the estab- lished researcher and his interest in social issues are highlighted; The state antiquarian, the politician and research 1907–1921, where Mon- telius’s political activities to do with the Great War are highlighted. This part also discusses his growing interest in the “Race Issue”. Within the archaeological field Montelius is best known as the founder of the typological method and his research on European Bronze Age.
  • Arkeologins Socialisering Och De Första Föreläsningarna Vid Stockholms Högskola Baudou, Evert Fornvännen 2010(105):1, S

    Arkeologins Socialisering Och De Första Föreläsningarna Vid Stockholms Högskola Baudou, Evert Fornvännen 2010(105):1, S

    Arkeologins socialisering och de första föreläsningarna vid Stockholms högskola Baudou, Evert Fornvännen 2010(105):1, s. [30]-42 : ill. http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2010_030 Ingår i: samla.raa.se Art. Baudou s.30-42:Layout 1 10-03-22 11.26 Sida 30 Arkeologins socialisering och de första föreläsningarna vid Stockholms högskola Av Evert Baudou Baudou, E., 2010. Arkeologins socialisering och de första föreläsningarna vid Stockholms högskola. (The socialization of archaeology and the first academic lectures in Scandinavian Archaeology at the University of Stock- holm). Fornvännen 105. Stockholm. In the autumn of 1888 Hans Hildebrand lectured on comparative archaeo - logy at the University of Stockholm for the first time. Oscar Montelius continued the course until 1893. The university had been founded in 1878, during a period of political and cultural liberalism, initially to concentrate on natural sciences. This paper discusses how Montelius and Hildebrand, aided by the cultural liberal movement in the middle class they belonged to, made archaeology a matter of public interest. Public scientific lectures, popular courses and popular science articles in newspapers and journals made the new archaeology a well-known discipline. Hildebrand’s and Montelius’ concentration on cultural history also made archaeology a matter of general interest outside the traditional university disciplines. Evert Baudou, Lingonvägen 11, SE – 903 39 Umeå, Sweden [email protected] Höstterminen 1888 inledde riksantikvarien Hans versitet med Oscar Almgren som den första lära - Hildebrand den första akademiska kursen i jäm- ren (Gräslund 2006). Förspelet vid Stockholms förande fornforskning vid Stockholms högskola. högskola och arkeologins socialisering genom den Han föreläste om arkeologi som vetenskap och borgerliga bildningsrörelsen har inte diskuterats om den äldsta stenåldern.
  • Svenska Arkeologer

    Svenska Arkeologer

    3 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI CLVIII Svenska arkeologer Redaktör: Anne-Sofie Gräslund UPPSALA 2020 Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur Oscar Montelius (1843–1921) 61 Oscar Montelius (1843–1921) Anders Kaliff Foto: ATA. Oscar Montelius (1843–1921) är utan tvekan den mest kända av alla svenska arkeologer, tillika en av de mera betydande i arkeologihistorien. Också i skri- vande stund, nästan 100 år efter hans bortgång, är hans namn välbekant för var- je arkeologistudent, och inte enbart av idéhistoriska skäl. Hans insatser är ännu av grundläggande betydelse för kronologi, datering och typologisk metod. Inte minst är Montelius’ periodindelning av den skandinaviska bronsåldern fortfa- rande i allt väsentligt giltig. Även internationellt betraktas han som en av de stora inom arkeologin. Jag ska inledningsvis nämna ett personligt vittnesbörd om det, från ett samarbete jag i början av 2000-talet hade med kinesiska arkeo- loger från Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). Jag minns hur deras dåvarande chef, professor Liu Qingzhu, särskilt lyfte fram Oscar Montelius som en ledstjärna för honom själv. Han nämnde Montelius tillsammans med de i Kina särskilt högaktade (men i hemlandet mindre omsorgsfullt hågkomna) svenska forskarna Johan Gunnar Andersson (»Kina-Gunnar»), Sven Hedin, Bernhard Karlgren och Folke Bergman. Oscar Montelius föddes 1843 på S:t Paulsgatan 11 på Södermalm i Stock- holm, som son till hovrättsrådet Oscar Augustin Montelius och hans hustru Clara (född Norin). Huset, där han föddes och förblev boende livet ut, finns ännu kvar. Släkten härstammade från Uppland, där en förfader som var kyr- koherde hade antagit efternamnet Montelius i början av 1700-talet.
  • Svenska Arkeologer

    Svenska Arkeologer

    2 3 158 ACTA ACADEMIAE REGIAE GUSTAVI ADOLPHI CLVIII Ämnet2 arkeologi började formas vid sekelskiftet 1800. Arkeologins tidiga historiaÄmnet arkeologioch framväxten började av dessformas institutioner vid sekelskiftet skildras 1800. i boken Arkeologins genom korta tidiga bio- grafierhistoria över och framväxten60 företrädare av dessfrån slutetinstitutioner av 1700-talet skildras till i boken andra genomhälften korta av 1900- bio- Svenska arkeologer – i det förflutna talet.grafier Här över presenteras 60 företrädare professorer, från slutet museimän av 1700-talet och fältarkeologer, till andra hälften deras av forsk-1900- Svenska arkeologer ningsområdentalet. Här presenteras och verksamheter. professorer, Många museimän av dem och är fältarkeologer, internationellt deras kända, forsk- alla medningsområden det gemensamt och verksamheter. att deras födelseår Många är av senast dem 1921.är internationellt De olika artiklarna kända, allager tillsammansmed det gemensamt en initierad att deras bild av födelseår ämnets ärutveckling senast 1921. under De mer olika än artiklarna200 år. ger tillsammansBokens redaktör en initierad är Anne-Sofie bild av ämnets Gräslund, utveckling professor under emeritus mer än i arkeologi200 år. vid Uppsala Bokens universitet. redaktör är Anne-Sofie Gräslund, professor emeritus i arkeologi vid Uppsala universitet. Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur är en riksakademi medKungl. säte Gustav i Uppsala. Adolfs Sin Akademien uppgift att förfrämja svensk forskning folkkultur rörande är en svensk riksakademi folklig Svenska arkeologer – i det förflutna kultur,med säte begreppet i Uppsala. taget Sin i uppgiftvid mening, att främja skall forskning Akademien rörande enligt svensk sina stadgarfolklig blandkultur, annat begreppet fullgöra taget genom i vid att mening, i sina skriftserier skall Akademien offentliggöra enligt forskningsrön sina stadgar Redaktör: Anne-Sofie Gräslund inombland ämnesområdenannat fullgöra genomsom den att har i sinatill uppgift skriftserier att vårda offentliggöra sig om.
  • On Archaeologists and Their Influence on Modern Burial Practices

    On Archaeologists and Their Influence on Modern Burial Practices

    This article was downloaded by: [Stockholm University Library (Stockholms Universitet)] On: 12 May 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 926347096] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Mortality Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713437993 Presenting the past: On archaeologists and their influence on modern burial practices Ing-Marie Back Danielssona a Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Online publication date: 12 April 2011 To cite this Article Back Danielsson, Ing-Marie(2011) 'Presenting the past: On archaeologists and their influence on modern burial practices', Mortality, 16: 2, 98 — 112 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/13576275.2011.560452 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2011.560452 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.