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Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (With a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China

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Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (With a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A 9 (2019) 278-293 doi: 10.17265/2161-6256/2019.05.002 D DAVID PUBLISHING Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (with a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China Hongying Li1, Xiaoyu Zhang1, Jing Wang1 and Yahong Zhang2 1. Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning and Risk Management of Characteristic Agriculture in Arid Regions, China Meteorological Administration, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Ningxia Meteorological Science Institute, Yinchuan 750002, China 2. Institute of Viti-viniculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China Abstract: Terroir plays an important role in wine grape production and good wine making. Among all the aspects of terroir in a given region, climate, soil and variety are the most important ones. The goal of this study was to evaluate these three aspects of terroir in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, with a focus on the Helan Mountain East. Based on historical weather data during the period 1981 to 2016 from 22 meteorological stations in the research area, the climatic indices were derived, with which the growable zone for wine grape cultivation in the research area was identified. By synthesizing the climatic indices and soil type data, stepwise and optimization methods were used to divide the growable zone into optimal, suitable, near-suitable and unsuitable zones for the six prevailing wine grape varieties. In the analysis, the six prevailing wine grape varieties include two white wine grape varieties of “Chardonnay” and “Riesling” and four red wine grape varieties of “Cabernet Sauvignon”, “Merlot”, “Pinot Noir” and “Grenache Noir”. With the Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) software, the geographical distributions of these terroir suitability zonings were mapped in the research area according to a small grid simulation model. The results showed that the growable zone for wine grapes was mainly focused in most of the northern and central parts of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. This particular zone was suitable for the typical red wine varieties like late-maturing “Grenache Noir”, medium-to-late maturing “Cabernet Sauvignon”, medium-maturing “Merlot” and early-maturing “Pinot Noir”. In particular, the optimal zone for these four red wine varieties was centered in Xixia county of Yinchuan city, Pigeon Hill of Qingtongxia city and Baima Township of Zhongning County. For the two early-to-medium maturing white wine varieties of “Riesling” and “Chardonnay”, the optimal and suitable zones were in the cool area of the central arid zone and the Qingshui River tributary. Key words: Wine grape, terroir, Helan Mountain East, China. 1. Introduction aspects of geology, soils, climate, geomorphology and vegetation that combine to create a particular “place” Terroir is a French term based on the idea that food where grapes are grown [2, 3]. It is said that climate and drink from a certain place possess unique tastes. A has the greatest effect on wine grape production, gathering under the auspices United Nations followed by soil and cultivar [4]. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Due to the complexity and unique nature of the (UNESCO) [1] had emphasized that it is extremely terroir [5], it clearly shows difference of quality and difficult to translate terroir into other languages, but style of the grape, especially on the wine, which French winemakers have long used this term to refer makes all products have the characteristics of “terroir”. to the complex interaction between all of the physical The Old World wine countries like France and Italy have fully recognized the importance of terroir as Corresponding author: Xiaoyu Zhang, professor, research field: utilization of natural resources in agriculture. early as the 1920s; the New World wine countries, Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui 279 Autonomous Region (with a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China including the United States, Australia and others, Plateau, Inner Mongolia, Helan Mountain East, Hexi started to fully recognize the importance of terroir Corridor, Xinjiang and Southwest Mountain. Yantai since the 1970s [2, 4, 6]. Based on terroir conditions, city in Shandong province (1987) and Helan Mountain domestic grape-growing regions were divided into East (2012) in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region were several small producing sub-regions, and some were nominated as observers by the International even refined to the field level. Varieties, viticulture, Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) [16]. In each of brewing methods and wine types were all legally the grape-growing and wine-producing regions, the defined in each of the terroir areas [7-9]. ecological and geographical conditions are diverse yet Grape terroir was generated mainly by establishing uniquely. Recently, more domestic scholars have a zoning index system based on climatic conditions started to focus their regional research on the and soil types in order to address the comprehensive development of grapevines and quality characteristics effects of climate and soil on the growth and quality of wine [17, 18]. formation of wine grapes [10-12]. For example, Studies have pointed out that terroir of wine grapes Australian researchers divided the viticultural area has been mostly centered on the regionalization of with average air temperature of the hottest month, climate. Results of terroir studies could be used to French scholars developed a photo-thermal index and optimize wine grape production by taking advantage a photo-thermal coefficient based on the sunlight and of beneficial climate conditions while combating the air temperature, and New Zealand scientists developed negative effects climatic disasters have on the growth a dimension-temperature index [13]. In China, Li and and development of grapevines. For example, Huo [14] were inspired by foreign studies and created information about terroir could be used to guide local a set of indices that could finely represent local wine grape communities to avoid expanding grape development of wine grapes and climate conditions. production in areas that are barren for wine grapes. This set of domestic indices includes annual frost-free However, the effects of soil and varieties (two other period (an air temperature indicator) as the first-level main aspects of terroir) on the distribution of vineyard are not well documented. Focusing on three aspects of index, dryness during the growing season (an terroir, including climate, soil and variety, this study agro-hydrologic indicator) as the second-level index, was intended to evaluate the suitability of wine grape and annual extreme average air temperature (-15 °C) production for the six prevailing varieties in Helan as the third-level index. Another domestic scholar Mountain East (one of the major grape-growing and integrated the factors of soil, climate, topography and wine-producing regions) in Ningxia Hui Autonomous others into the ecological zoning of wine grapes in Region of China. Northern China and proposed a detailed development plan (e.g., growable environment, maturity varieties 2. Materials and Methods and wine characteristics) for all involved wine 2.1 Research Area grape-growing sub regions [15]. Compared to other wine grape-growing countries, In this study, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region China started studying grape terroir relatively late. But was chosen as a research area, with a focus on the after a long period of development, a high-quality Helan Mountain East (a vast stretch of alluvial fan and wine grape raw material base was fully developed in plain, 37°43′-39°23′ N and 105°45′-106°47′ E) which China. Thus, there are 10 famous grape-growing and is the main grape-growing and wine-producing region wine-producing regions in China. They are North East, in China (Fig. 1). In Helan Mountain East, the major Jing-Jin-Ji, Shangdong, Ancient Yellow River, Loess wine grape-growing counties/cities include Dawukou, 280 Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (with a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China Fig. 1 The main grape-growing and wine-producing regions in China (left) and the Helan Mountain East in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China (right), purple area is “The protected wine grape region of origin in the Helan Mountain East”. Huinong, Pingluo, Yinchuan, Helan, Yongning, frost-free period ranges between 174.1 d and 186.4 d, Qingtongxia and Hongsipu [19]. After the Changli and annual extreme minimum temperature ranges county in Jing-Jin-Ji region and Yantai city in from -20.4 °C to -19.5 °C [22]. In addition, average Shangdong region, Helan Mountain East was certified annual precipitation in Helan Mountain East is only as the third protected wine grape region of origin by 188 mm, and most of the local wine grape growth and the China Geographical Indications Committee in development heavily relies on groundwater irrigation 2003. that originates from the Yellow River. Helan Mountain East has a typical continental The parent material of the land in Helan Mountain climate, with abundant sunlight, significant annual East is mainly alluvial with sierozem soil and aeolian variation in temperature, high diurnal temperature soil, which contains gravel and sand. Overall, the range and little rainfall (frequent drought) [20]. A terrain is flat and the soil is barren, with low nutrient study that was conducted in North China pointed out content and organic matter and poor water and that, when average annual minimum temperature is fertilizer retention capacity [23]. In Ningxia Hui below -15 °C, it is necessary to adopt the soil-burying Autonomous Region, the thrree typical soil types are method to prevent grapevines from the damage of linked to the differences in the maturity and phenolic extreme low temperatures in winter; as a result, compounds of wine grape berries. In particular, wine approximately 90% of the current vineyards in China grapes grown in Aeolian sandy soil mature early, would need to use the soil-burying method [21].
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