A to Z Glossary of Wine Terms
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The Analysis of Grapevine Response to Smoke Exposure
The Analysis of Grapevine Response to Smoke Exposure A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lieke van der Hulst BSc, MSc The University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine Thesis submitted for examination: November 2017 Thesis accepted and final submission: January 2018 Table of contents Abstract i Declaration iii Publications iv Symposia v Acknowledgements vii Chapter 1 Literature review and introduction • Literature review and introduction 1 • The occurrence of bushfires and prescribed 2 • Economic impact of bushfires 5 • Smoke derived volatile compounds 6 • Volatile compounds in wine 8 • Glycosylation of volatile phenols in grapes 9 • Previous smoke taint research 11 • Glycosyltransferases 14 • Research aims 18 Chapter 2 Detection and mitigation of smoke taint in the vineyard • Authorship statements 20 • Introduction 22 • Paper: Accumulation of volatile phenol glycoconjugates in grapes, 24 following the application of kaolin and/or smoke to grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay and Merlot) • Further investigation into methods for the detection and mitigation of 54 smoke taint in the vineyard Material and Methods 55 Results and discussion part A 57 Results and discussion part B 61 Conclusion 68 Chapter 3 Expression of glycosyltransferases in grapevines following smoke exposure • Authorship statements 71 • Introduction 73 • Paper: Expression profiles of glycosyltransferases in 74 Vitis vinifera following smoke exposure Chapter 4 The effect of smoke exposure to apple • Authorship statements 122 • Introduction 124 • Paper: The effect of smoke exposure to apple (Malus domestica 125 Borkh cv ‘Sundowner’) Chapter 5 Conclusions and future directions • Conclusions 139 • Future directions 142 Appendix • Paper: Impact of bottle aging on smoke-tainted wines from 145 different grape cultivars References 152 Abstract Smoke taint is a fault found in wines made from grapes exposed to bushfire smoke. -
'TCA, Probably Contemporary Wine's Worst Threat' by Ernesto De Serdio
'TCA, probably Contemporary Wine's worst Threat' By Ernesto de Serdio. MAY 2002 Wine spoilage is a recurrent issue arising in wine loving circles and considered anathema by fine wine producers who sometimes effortlessly strive to fight all factors that will ruin their hard work on the fields and moreover, their wine masterpieces. For one may spare no resources for the making of a piece of art, be most careful and yet be hit where it hurts most: at the table, at the grand opening. Whether at an important wine tasting contest or simply in a top-notch restaurant or at home, for an impressive dinner, there is nothing more offensive for tasters, consumers and producers alike, than their wine being rated as 'spoiled'. Needless to say that the commercial, image and even moral implications can be disastrous, depending on the type of wine, price, marketing expenditure and, in general, global aims. Though wine spoilage can derive from multiple factors, there seems to be in modern winemaking a culprit that is taking most, if not all the blame: cork. It does not matter if the wine shows too high volatile acidity or suffers from too much sulphur dioxide or hydrogen sulphide or stinks to wet dogs (highly affected by Brettanomyces); most neophytes, many non-professional wine-lovers and even some praised experts tend to point their accusing fingers to corks. Regardless of this malefic circle, for which corks are permanently loathed, it is no less true that the latter are the principals behind one of the most common flaws in today's wines: corked wines or cork-taint. -
The Determination of Oxidation Behavior of White Wines Produced from Local and European Grape Varieties Using Spectrophotometric Method
Journal of Engineering Science Vol. XXV, no. 4 (2018), pp. 82 - 93 Fascicle Food engineering ISSN 2587-3474 Topic Biotechnologies, Food Chemistry and Food Safety eISSN 2587-3482 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2576746 CZU 663.221:634.85(4) THE DETERMINATION OF OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OF WHITE WINES PRODUCED FROM LOCAL AND EUROPEAN GRAPE VARIETIES USING SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD Iurie Scutaru*, Anatol Balanuta, Dan Zgardan Technical University of Moldova, Department of Oenology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova *Corresponding author: Iurie Scutaru, [email protected] Received: November, 2, 2018 Accepted: December, 18, 2018 Abstract: The article deals with the oxidation processes of experimental wines produced from indigenous grape varieties Legenda, Viorica and European grapes Chardonnay, Sauvignon. The browning processes in wine are corelated with oxidation of hydroxycinnamates (hydroxycinnamic acids and their tartaric esters, HCAs) ‒ the most important group of phenolic compounds in white wines. The potential degree of wine colour changes has been appreciated using Polyphenols Oxidative Medium test (POM-test). The oxidative crocin bleaching (CBA – Crocin Bleaching Assay) has been studied using the method of competition kinetics. The comparative antioxidant capacity of wines has been determined with peroxy radicals 2,2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Key words: antioxidant capacity, crocin oxidative bleaching, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, phenolic compounds, POM-test, wine oxidation. Introduction The biggest part of Moldovan wines are produced from European grape varieties, that are adapted to local growing conditions. These grape varieties are: Chardonnay, Sauvignon, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot etc. At the same time, recently, in Republic of Moldova, much attention has been given to the goal of using the potential of old local grape varieties (Feteasca Alba, Feteasca Regala, Feteasca Neagra, Rara Neagra) and new grape varieties (Viorica, Legenda, Riton). -
Wine That Stinks As Part of Our Winemaking Coursework at UCC We
Wine that Stinks As part of our winemaking coursework at UCC we study sensory science, the science of how humans perceive smells and tastes with respect to wine. This is one of my favorite classes to teach because it was the interesting smells and tastes in different wines which initially stirred my passion for wine and eventually inspired me to change careers from engineering to winemaking. One of the most interesting parts about teaching the sensory science class is our laboratory session on wine faults. In this lab, perhaps more so than others, the students are very excited to get the opportunity to smell and understand fault aromas, and I’m also excited to show them the stinkiest examples of faulty wine I can find. It seems to be a natural human impulse that when we find something uncharacteristically pungent we want to share it with others: “Wow this is disgusting; you’ve got to smell this!” A couple of recent experiences reminded me of my wine fault lab samples. In the first experience I was at a family reunion when several relatives asked if I’d ever had the wines of a particular Washington winery. One of their high school classmates was married to the winemaker and they were interested in my impression of the wines. I replied that I had only one opportunity to taste the wine of this producer (the price of these wines is usually beyond my budget), but that unfortunately the particular bottle I had tried was “corked,” so I was unable to give them my impression of the wine. -
Phenolic Compounds As Markers of Wine Quality and Authenticity
foods Review Phenolic Compounds as Markers of Wine Quality and Authenticity Vakare˙ Merkyte˙ 1,2 , Edoardo Longo 1,2,* , Giulia Windisch 1,2 and Emanuele Boselli 1,2 1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (E.B.) 2 Oenolab, NOI Techpark South Tyrol, Via A. Volta 13B, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0471-017691 Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 28 November 2020; Published: 1 December 2020 Abstract: Targeted and untargeted determinations are being currently applied to different classes of natural phenolics to develop an integrated approach aimed at ensuring compliance to regulatory prescriptions related to specific quality parameters of wine production. The regulations are particularly severe for wine and include various aspects of the viticulture practices and winemaking techniques. Nevertheless, the use of phenolic profiles for quality control is still fragmented and incomplete, even if they are a promising tool for quality evaluation. Only a few methods have been already validated and widely applied, and an integrated approach is in fact still missing because of the complex dependence of the chemical profile of wine on many viticultural and enological factors, which have not been clarified yet. For example, there is a lack of studies about the phenolic composition in relation to the wine authenticity of white and especially rosé wines. This review is a bibliographic account on the approaches based on phenolic species that have been developed for the evaluation of wine quality and frauds, from the grape varieties (of V. -
Irrigation and Leaf Removal Effects on Polyphenolic Content of Grapes and Wines Produced from Cv
Available online: www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2016, 44(1):133-139. DOI:10.15835/nbha44110254 Original Article Irrigation and Leaf Removal Effects on Polyphenolic Content of Grapes and Wines Produced from cv. ‘Agiorgitiko’ (Vitis vinifera L.) Evangelia CHORTI1, Maria KYRALEOU2, Stamatina KALLITHRAKA2, Manolis PAVLIDIS2, Stefanos KOUNDOURAS3, Ioannis KANAKIS4, Yorgos KOTSERIDIS2* 1Cooperative Winery of Nemea, 130 Papaconstantinou av., 20500 Nemea, Greece; [email protected] 2Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science & Technology, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece ; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] (*corresponding author) 3Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Viticulture, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 4Fassoulis Grapevine Nurseries, 20500 Leontio - Nemea, Greece; [email protected] Abstract Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Agiorgitiko’ is one of the most important red grape varieties of Greece, cultivated almost exclusively in the region of Nemea in north-eastern Peloponnese. This work aimed to study the influence of some commonly applied viticultural practices on the polyphenolic composition of ‘Agiorgitiko’. Leaf removal at veraison, irrigation, and a combination of both, were applied and the phenolic content of the grapes and of the produced wines was compared. The results showed that leaf removal decreased berry size, enhanced total anthocyanin, total phenol and malvidin 3-O-monoglucoside accumulation in skins and increased the amount of extractable anthocyanins in the juice. The combination of irrigation and leaf removal caused a significant increase in total phenols in the skin and in the amount of extractable anthocyanins in juice. -
The Effect of Grape Ripening Stage on Red Wine Color
THE EFFECT OF GRAPE RIPENING STAGE ON RED WINE COLOR EFFET DE LA MATURATION SUR LA COULEUR DES VINS ROUGES A.B. BAUTISTA-ORTÍN1, J.I. FERNÁNDEZ-FERNÁNDEZ2, J.M. LÓPEZ-ROCA1 and E. GÓMEZ-PLAZA*1 1 : Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia. Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Espagne 2 : I.M.I.D.A. Ctra. La Alberca s/n, 30150 Murcia, Espagne Abstract : The physico-chemical and chromatic characteristics of grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell) harvested at six dif- ferent degree of ripeness (from August 16 to October 24, 2002) and that of the wines obtained from these grapes have been stu- died. The grape anthocyanins content (mg/kg of berry fresh weight) was maximum in those grapes harvested on September 11 and 16 (804.1 and 822.6 mg/kg, respectively) and decreased for grapes harvested in October. However, the results showed that the grapes with the highest anthocyanin concentration did not lead to the highest colored wines. The wines elaborated from grapes harvested on October 16 (671.9 mg of anthocyanins per kg of berry fresh weight) had the best chromatic characteristics and better withstood aging in the bottle; the extent of cell wall degradation in overly matured grapes probably facilitated the extraction of phenolic compounds from skins. However, the chromatic quality of wines made from grapes harvested one week later (October 24, the most mature grapes) was lower than that from October 16, with lower color intensity (13 % lower in the wine elaborated from grapes harvested in October 24) and a percentage of yellow color 6 % higher in this wine. -
Determination of Wine Color by UV-VIS Spectroscopy, Johan
Determination of wine colour by UV-VIS Spectroscopy following Sudraud method Johan Leinders, Product Manager Spectroscopy 1 1. A bit of background Why measure the colour of wine? •Verification of lot-to-lot consistency in wine color, particularly with varietal blends. •Monitoring color consistency over a season and from season-to-season. •Monitoring the change in wine color over time. 2 1. A bit of background 3 1. A bit of background Soil composition (available trace elements) will have an impact on the final properties. Elements like potassium in combination with grape properties will influence the final colour. 4 1. A bit of background High K concentrations are typical for red wines; equilibrium between K, tartaric acid and anthocyanin pigments complex, which is responsible for the red colour. Anthocyanin is a natural colorant which is found in leaves and grapes. About 250 different variations of the anthocyanin complex are known. They all contain the structure of the common “Flavin” molecule which will be substituted at 7 possible positions from simple -OH to complex sugar molecules. R1 R2 Fig. 2: Flavene is the base of the anthocyan 0 R3 structure, R1 to R7 represent organic groups R7 which will generate the difference among the anthocyanes R4 5 R6 R5 2. Wine Colour Determination The definition of wine colour: analysis of absorption spectra of wine samples are required. Physically, the colour is a light characteristic, measurable in terms of intensity and wavelength. Anthocyanin pigments are absorbing in the GREEN portion of the visible spectra, giving to human eye the sensation of colour RED. -
[email protected] Lusso Means “Luxury
Lusso Lusso means “luxury” in Italian. This luxurious Cabernet Sauvignon contains fruit from the St. Helena Appellation of Napa Valley and is 100% Estate Grown. Lusso comes from the best grapes we grow. Vintage: 2015 Harvest Notes: Problem free harvest that produced clean, healthy grapes resulting in high-quality wines despite the drought and a very small crop with a little uneven ripening. Picking ended in October. Blend: 100% Cabernet Sauvignon Vintage: 2014 Harvest Notes: A dream vintage, with high quality throughout. Drought conditions and small crop size did prove to be minor irritants. Everything was ready to pick in mid- August. Tasting Notes: This wine has aromas of black licorice, nutmeg, and red currant with hints of mocha and cherry concluding with a velvet-like texture and silky finish. Blend: 100% Cabernet Sauvignon Vintage: 2013 Harvest Notes: An ideal growing season with dry conditions and a long, sunny summer. Despite being a drought year it is worthy to be called superior. Tasting Notes: Aged 27 months on new French Oak this wine showcases flavors of blackberries, vanilla and espresso. This handcrafted Cabernet lingers on your palate long after the wine has left your glass. Blend: 100% Cabernet Sauvignon Vintage: 2012 Harvest Notes: An ideal season with no frosts, a mild spring and summer and a tranquil fall. We are elated by the quality and quantity of the 2012 harvest. There is a level of excellence that supersedes past vintages, going back decades. Tasting Notes: A youthful and exuberant purple hue offers classic Cabernet aromas of cassis, cocoa and brambly black cherries. -
Analysis of Vocs in Wine by Purge & Trap Concentrations and GC/MS
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wine by Purge and Trap Concentration and Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Introduction Many of the flavors and fragrances which make up a wine’s profile consist of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chemicals, even at small concentrations can affect the flavor and aroma of a wine. Many subjective descriptors are used such as buttery, a hint of oak, peppery, vanilla, and so on. Wine flavors and aromas can be organized into three primary groups: fruit; floral; and herbal, spice, and earth.1 VOCs are produced at different times in the winemaking process. For instance, VOCs accumulate in the grape as the grape seed matures and as the fruit ripens by binding to other molecules such as sugars and amino acids. Winemakers release these compounds by breaking Eclipse 4760 P&T and 4100 Autosampler the bonds: both physically by crushing the grapes and chemically during fermentation with grape and yeast enzymes.2 Traditionally, the detection of VOCs has been accomplished by the oenologist through taste and smell. There is growing interest in using chemical analysis to identify and quantitate the VOCs in the various stages of the winemaking process. For example, esters can add fruit and flower notes; terpenes can add piney, rose, and lavender notes; and organic acids can add sour, vinegary notes.1 The use of GC/MS may lead to identification of previously unknown VOCs in wine as well as help winemakers make adjustments to the growing and winemaking techniques based upon scientific data. Many VOCs can be analyzed by purge and trap concentration and detection by GC/MS. -
The Influence of Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Maturity on the Concentration and Extraction of Colour and Phenolic Compounds in Wine
The influence of Cabernet Sauvignon grape maturity on the concentration and extraction of colour and phenolic compounds in wine Cynthia C. Yonker A thesis submitted for fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide School of Agriculture, Food and Wine September 2012 Table of Contents Summary .............................................................................................................................................. vi Declaration .......................................................................................................................................... viii Statement of the contributions of jointly authored papers ..................................................................... ix Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures and Tables .................................................................................................................. xvi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 General description of phenolic compounds in grapes and wines -
FT Qi No[Ox] (EN)
DATA SHEET VINIFICATION - CLARIFICATION Qi No[OX] is an ‘’alternative to casein’’ and, to that end, the first non-allergenic, biodegradable formulation that contains no substances from animal or artificial origins. It has been developed especially for its anti-oxidant properties, whether with must or with wine. ŒNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Qi No[OX] is a 'technological auxiliary' consisting of polysaccharides of vegetable origin (by-products of chitin) and bentonite that assists the rapid sedimentation of the complex. Qi No[OX] has been developed especially to be used with both must and wine. It is intended for musts of white wine that have a tendency to oxidation (e.g., spoiled grape harvests) or for wines, even when oxidated. Qi No[OX] helps remove the brown colouration that forms a visual wine fault. It removes caramel and Madeira notes, bringing freshness to the wine, whilst reducing the vegetal notes and bitterness often associated with oxidation problems. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE Disperse Qi No[OX] in 10 times its own volume of water over about an hour whilst stirring. There must be no lumps. Incorporate this suspension into the must or wine through the top of the barrel and blend it in by drawing off and returning the entire volume of the barrel. Rack off the preparation after sedimentation is complete (about 16 hours for settlement with must or one to two weeks with wine). With wine, we recommend carrying out preliminary trials to find the exact quantities needed to rebalance the wine. DOSE RATE • Must: 30 to 80 g/100L, from the moment the grape juice begins to flow, right up to settlement.