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Dottorato Di Ricerca in Scienze Linguistiche E Letterarie Ciclo XXIX S.S.D.: L-LIN/21

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Dottorato Di Ricerca in Scienze Linguistiche E Letterarie Ciclo XXIX S.S.D.: L-LIN/21 UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE MILANO Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Linguistiche e Letterarie Ciclo XXIX S.S.D.: L-LIN/21 CORPORA PARALLELI E LINGUISTICA CONTRASTIVA: AMPLIAMENTO E APPLICAZIONI DEL CORPUS ITALIANO-RUSSO NEL NACIONAL’NYJ KORPUS RUSSKOGO JAZYKA Coordinatore: Ch.mo Prof. Dante Liano Tesi di Dottorato di: Valentina NOSEDA Matricola: 4211960 Anno Accademico 2015/2016 ABSTRACT La Linguistica dei corpora - che fa uso di corpora elettronici annotati per lo studio delle lingue - è un approccio ormai diffuso e consolidato. I corpora paralleli, in particolare, in cui i testi in una lingua A sono allineati con la traduzione in lingua B, sono uno strumento molto utile nell’analisi contrastiva. La mancata disponibilità di corpora paralleli di qualità per le lingue di nostro interesse - russo e italiano - ci ha portati a volere ampliare e migliorare il corpus parallelo italiano-russo presente come corpus pilota nel Nacional’nyj Korpus Russkogo Jazyka (Corpus Nazionale della Lingua Russa). Il presente lavoro ha avuto pertanto uno scopo applicativo e uno teorico. Da un lato, dopo aver studiato le questioni imprescindibili per la progettazione di un corpus di qualità, sono stati stabiliti i criteri per l’ampliamento e inseriti nuovi testi, consentendo così al corpus parallelo di passare da 700.000 a più di 4 milioni di parole, entità che consente ora di condurre ricerche scientificamente valide. In seguito, sono state proposte tre analisi corpus-based così da mettere in luce le potenzialità del corpus ampliato: lo studio dei verbi prefissali di memoria russi e la loro resa in italiano; il confronto tra il causativo analitico italiano “fare + infinito” e il causativo russo; l’analisi comparata di quindici versioni italiane de Il Cappotto di N. Gogol’. Le tre analisi hanno consentito di avanzare innanzitutto osservazioni di carattere metodologico in vista di un ulteriore ampliamento e miglioramento del corpus parallelo italiano-russo. In secondo luogo, la prospettiva corpus-based si è dimostrata utile per approfondire lo studio di questi temi dal punto di vista teorico. Parole chiave: linguistica dei corpora, progettazione di un corpus, corpora paralleli, linguistica contrastiva Corpus Linguistics - which exploits electronic annotated corpora in the study of languages - is a widespread and consolidated approach. In particular, parallel corpora, where texts in a language are aligned with their translation in a second language, are an extremely useful tool in contrastive analysis. The lack of good parallel corpora for the languages of our interest - Russian and Italian - has led us to work for improving the Italian-Russian parallel corpus available as a pilot corpus in the Russian National Corpus. Therefore, this work had a twofold aim: practical and theoretical. On the one hand, after studying the essential issues in order to design a high-quality corpus, all the criteria for expanding the corpus were established and the number of texts was increased, allowing the Italian-Russian parallel corpus, which counted 700.000 words, to reach more than 4 million words. As a result, it is now possible to conduct scientifically valid research based on this corpus. On the other hand, three corpus-based analyses were proposed to highlight the potential of the corpus: the study of prefixed Russian memory verbs and their translation into Italian; the comparison between the Italian analytic causative "fare + infinitive" and Russian causative verbs; The comparative analysis of fifteen Italian versions of The Overcoat by N. Gogol'. These analyses first of all allowed to advance some methodological remarks considering a further enlargement and improvement of the Italian-Russian parallel corpus. Secondly, the corpus-based approach has proved to be useful in deepening the study of these subjects from a theoretical point of view. Key words: corpus linguistics, corpus design, parallel corpora, contrastive linguistics 1 INDICE INTRODUZIONE .......................................................................................................... 4 CAPITOLO 1 ................................................................................................................ 12 1.1. LA LINGUISTICA DEI CORPORA: ASPETTI TEORICI E SPUNTI CRITICI ........................ 12 1.2. SVILUPPO DELLA LC ............................................................................................. 18 1.3. DEFINIZIONE E TIPOLOGIE DEI CORPORA ................................................................ 23 1.3.1. Le caratteristiche di un corpus ...................................................................... 26 1.3.1.1. Il formato elettronico ............................................................................... 27 1.3.1.2. L’annotazione .......................................................................................... 27 1.3.1.3. Rappresentatività e bilanciamento dei testi ............................................. 29 1.3.2. Tipi di corpora tradizionali ........................................................................... 30 1.4. I CORPORA PARALLELI ........................................................................................... 31 1.4.1. Possibili applicazioni dei CP ......................................................................... 32 1.5. IL NKRJA E I SUOI CORPORA PARALLELI ............................................................... 38 1.5.1. Nacional’nyj Korpus Russkogo Jazyka: storia e struttura ............................ 38 1.5.2. I corpora paralleli del NKRJa ....................................................................... 43 1.5.3. Il primo corpus parallelo italiano-russo / russo-italiano del NKRJa ........... 45 1.6. COLLEZIONI DI TESTI PARALLELI ITALIANO-RUSSO AL DI FUORI DEL NKRJA ........ 47 1.8. CRITERI PER LA PROGETTAZIONE DI UN CORPUS .................................................... 51 1.8.1. Finalità ........................................................................................................... 52 1.8.3. Corpus diacronico o sincronico .................................................................... 55 1.8.4. Rappresentatività e bilanciamento ................................................................ 56 1.8.5. Dimensione .................................................................................................... 58 1.8.6. Corpus di testi completi o di campioni .......................................................... 60 1.8.7. Comparabilità ................................................................................................ 61 1.8.8. Tipologia testuale e classificazione dei testi .................................................. 62 1.9. CRITERI SPECIFICI PER LA PROGETTAZIONE DI CORPORA BILINGUI PARALLELI....... 63 1.10. PROPOSTA PER UN AMPLIAMENTO DEL CORPUS PARALLELO ITALIANO-RUSSO DEL NKRJA ......................................................................................................................... 65 BIBLIOGRAFIA .............................................................................................................. 71 CAPITOLO 2 ................................................................................................................ 80 2.1. LE DIMENSIONI ...................................................................................................... 80 2.2. LA SCELTA DEI TESTI ............................................................................................. 81 2.2.1. Prosa letteraria russa .................................................................................... 81 2.2.2. Prosa letteraria italiana ................................................................................ 92 2.2.3. SAGGISTICA ........................................................................................................ 96 2.3. LE FASI DI COSTRUZIONE DEL CORPUS ................................................................. 102 CAPITOLO 3 .............................................................................................................. 106 2 3.1. LO STUDIO DEI PREFISSI VERBALI NELLA RUSSISTICA: DAGLI ANNI ’90 AD OGGI .. 108 3.2. LO STUDIO DEI PREFISSI VERBALI IN CHIAVE CORPUS-BASED ............................... 113 3.3. PREFISSI CHE CARATTERIZZANO I VERBI DI MEMORIA NELLA LINGUA RUSSA ...... 118 3.4. ANALISI DELLE TRADUZIONI IN ITALIANO ............................................................ 120 3.4.1. Osservazioni metodologiche preliminari ..................................................... 120 3.4.2. Le strategie traduttive della resa in italiano ............................................... 122 3.5. OSSERVAZIONI CONCLUSIVE ................................................................................ 144 BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................................................ 148 CAPITOLO 4 .............................................................................................................. 152 4.1. CLASSIFICAZIONE FUNZIONALE DEL VERBO FARE ................................................ 154 4.2. SITUAZIONI CAUSATIVE E VERBI CAUSATIVI: INTRODUZIONE .............................. 160 4.3. GLI STUDI LINGUISTICI RUSSI E ITALIANI SUL CAUSATIVO ................................... 168 4.3.1. Il causativo italiano ..................................................................................... 168 4.3.2. Il causativo russo ........................................................................................
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