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British Military Small Arms in North America, 1755-1783

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British Military Small Arms in North America, 1755-1783 SMALL ARMS PRODUCTION SEQUENCE (1728 - 1783) REGIMENTAL/MINISTERIAL REQUEST BOARD OF ORDNANCE d2Make conr w\\ GUN LOCK GUN BARREL BRASS SMALLWORK RAMMER & MAKERS MAKERS FOUNDERS MAKERS BAYONET Small Gun Office Stores in Tower of London GUN BARREL ROUGH STOCKER FILERS (supply wood and/or seasoned stocks) BOARD OF ORDNANCE Small Gun Office Stores In Tower of London APPROPRZATE OUT PORT PERSON AUTHORIZED DEPOT BY REGIMENT TO RECEIVE COMPLETED ARMS w NAVAL, MARINE OR JXPEDITIONARY UNIT Reprinted from the American Society of Arms Collectors Bulletin 71:2-14 Additional articles available at http://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/resources/articles/ BRITISH MILITARY SMALL ARMS IN NORTH AMERICA, 1755-1783 De Witt Bailey, PbD. There are a number of fundamental factors which need to be understood before any meaningful discussion of 18th Century British military small arms and their issue and use is undertaken. Several addi- tional items must be added to this list when consider- ing the sending of these arms to North America. The evolution of these factors and their significance to the study of 18th Century British military small arms is based on more than twenty-seven years of study of the records of the Board of Ordnance,War Office, Colonial Office and the Admiralty. Only through the study of these primary source materials, often with several re- peated examinations of critical areas, has it been pos- a specific demand from a regiment or other recog- sible to extract, collate, analyse and evaluate the infor- nized unit, on the basis of clearly established need; mation gained, and when combined with examination need was defrned as loss or irreparable damage in of the arms themselves, to reach these conclusions. In service, or being worn out in service. a few areas the drawing of conclusions is not yet com- 4. issued on a basis of oldest patterns fust, until plete, due to anomalies and lack of clarity in the records all of the older pattern had been exhausted from the and an absence of examples to study. These fundamen- stores. tal factors may be briefly listed as follows: 5. strictly accounted for by the Ordnance, were During the 18th Century British military small signed for by a receiving officer of the unit appointed arms were: by the commanding officer of that unit, and were 1. manufactured to fixed patterns which were de- expected to be returned into Ordnance stores at the cided by the Board of Ordnance, after which pattern end of their useful life or at the disbandment of the arms were distributed to the manufacturing contrac- unit concerned. 6. marked by the Ordnance, on receipt of a war- tors, and moulds and jigs for the several components rant to issue the arms to a particular unit, with en- were made up under the supervision and inspection of graved information according to the official Estab- the Master Furbisher of the Tower or his deputy. Ad- lishment for that unit as approved by Parliament,not herence to "thepattern" by the use of inspection gauges according to the actual number of men in the unit at throughout all of the manufacturing processes (what the time the issue took place. For example, a line is known as "the Ordnance System" of manufacture) infantry regiment according to the last Establishment was insisted upon, and both arms and components might consist of ten companies totalling 730 men. which failed to meet the standard were rejected (see The arms for this regiment would then be engraved Plate 1). with the commanding colonel's name (or the num- 2. stamped with the King's Proof and View marks ber of the regiment after 1751) on the barrel; and on the breech of the barrel; with a small Crown over with the number or letter of the companies 1-10 or Broad Arrow below the pan on the lockplate; with a A-J, and with the number for each man allowed to Storekeeper's mark in the right side of the butt, and that company from 1 to 73. When, especially during with Crowned numerals representing inspector's marks wartime,increases to the Establishment of a unit were at various stages of the manufacture on the barrel tang, decreed by the King, arms would be authorized to inside the lockplate, in the rammer channel, and just be issued for these men whether they had been R- below the lower tang of the trigger guard. cruited or not, usually remaining in the Tower, local 3. issued from Ordnance Stores only in response to Ordnance,or regimental stores until actually required. 71/3 These extra arms were normally treated by the regi- policy to send to colonial stores, and with troops for ments as spare arms, and not applied strictly to the colonial service, what can best be described as "sec- men for whom they were intended. Hence, for a wide ond-quality" arms. It was assumed that these arms variety of reasons, the unit markings found on a par- would see rough service in conditions where mainte- ticular weapon cannot be related to any individual sol- nance and repair work would be both difficult and dier, except thorough the discovery of the responsible costly, and probably executed, at least in part, by work- NCO's company notebook covering a limited time pe- men not as skilled as those working in Britain. riod. In view of the above, it should come as no sur- 7. when returned into stores according to regula- prise to learn that the 3000 muskets sent out in 1754 tions at the end of their useful life were examined by to Governor Dobbs of North Carolina were of Liege Ordnance officials and if no longer serviceable were manufacture purchased as far back as 1741,and fitted broken down into their several components;the locks with their flat-bladed bayonets; and the 300 to Mary- and barrels if repairable were repaired and if not re- land in the same year had single-bridle locks and were pairable were sold by auction at the Tower; the therefore made prior to 1740. The 2000 arms ordered brasswork was returned to the founders and re-cast to General/Governor Shirley in the Spring of 1755 had into other gun furniture;and the stocks either repaired, double bridle locks, wood rammers and old pattern, sold at auction or destroyed. (i.e sheet-brass) nosebands. These arms were distrib- 8. when returned into stores at the time of a unit uted to the men on the Chignecto expedition and came disbandment, were examined, and where found ser- back into store at Boston in very poor condition. For viceable, were cleaned and repaired, the unit mark- Shirley's and Pepperell's (the two "American" regi- ings removed by the Tower workforce, and the arms ments, the 50th and 51st), one was to have 1000 mus- then returned to store to await re-issue at some future kets with single-bridle locks, wood rammers and date. nosebands, probably more of the 1741 purchase. The French and Indian War, 1 754-1 760 Of the four regiments who arrived with Braddock, Halket's 44th and Dunbar's 48th (the two Prior to the arrival of General Braddock's troops "Irish" regiments) with 700 men each received 1400 in March, 1755,no current-issue regulation British mili- muskets and bayonets made during the 1740s and con- tary arms had reached North America through Ord- verted from wooden to steel rarnmers; Hopson's 40th nance sources since the abortive Canadian expedition and Warburton's 45th with 730 men each had worn of 1711 : this was simply because no British regular out arms which were replaced before departure with troops carrying them had been sent over. There were muskets having double-bridle locks and wood some arms sent out by the Ordnance for the small lo- ramrners, made in the 1740s. cal units of Crown troops represented by the NewYork Of the 3741 Long Land muskets which came and South Carolina Independent Companies, and to over with Lord Loudoun in June, 1756, the 3377 in- the several posts in what are now known as the Mari- tended for miscellaneous colonial volunteers were not time Provinces of Canada which came under British even described. control after 1713. Between 1737 and 1755, during Early in 1758 a further 14,000 muskets with King GeorgelsWarand the earliest period of the French wooden rammers were packed up and shipped to and Indian War, some 12,600 muskets were sent to America, arriving in midyear and not quite in time to colonies from the Maritimes to Georgia. These were avert a local arms shortage and some purchasing of to equip locally raised colonial militia, rangers, and fron- available civilian arms by army agents. These arms were tier garrisons as well as a portion of the troops bound intended for the provincial troops being raised in the for the West Indian campaigns of the early 1740s. But several colonies, but thanks to the general shortage, the records suggest that these were second-hand,out some were issued to the regulars. of date, often "Dutch" (i.e. Liege-made, or more gener- In December, 1758, a further 5000 muskets ally Liege-made barrels or locks from earlier Ordnance with bayonets and 5000 carbines, both types with purchases) arms. There was nothing unusual in this. wooden rammers, were earmarked for shipment to Throughout the period under examination here, America with Admiral Saunders' fleet which brought as well as before and after it, it was standard Ordnance General Wolfe, and which eventually sailed in Feb- 71/4 Plate 2, & 6.
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