Biologie Évolutive Humaine

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Biologie Évolutive Humaine 20 Biologie évolutive humaine 1 1 Avec la participation de : Sous la direction de : Charlotte FAURIE & Michel RAYMOND P. Adriaens 2 1 A. Alvergne 3 Biologie Évolutive Humaine, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (UMR 5554), CNRS — 4 Université de Montpellier II, France J.-B. André * 2 Institut Supérieur de Philosophie, Université de Leuven, Belgique 5 3 N. Baumard * Département d’Anthropologie, University College London, Royaume-Uni 6 4 D. Caillaud Écologie et Évolution (UMR 7625), CNRS — Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie, Paris, 7 France C. Coupe 5 1 Institut d’Anthropologie Cognitive & Évolutive, Université d’Oxford, Royaume-Uni A. Courtiol 6 1 Département de Primatologie, Institut Max Planck d’Anthropologie Évolutive, Leipzig, B. Godelle Allemagne. Section de Biologie Intégrative, Université du Texas, Austin, USA 7 E. Heyer 8 Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage (UMR 5596), CNRS — Université de Lyon, France 8 E. Huchard 1 Génétique des populations humaines, Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés (UMR 7206), 10 CNRS — Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle — Université Paris-Diderot, France V. Lummaa 9 11 Anthropologie et écologie humaine, Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés (UMR 7206), O. Mascaro * CNRS — Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle — Université Paris-Diderot, France 10 H. Mercier 12 Human Life History Project, Département de Biologie Animale et Végétale, Université de 13 Sheffield, Royaume-Uni A.P. Møller 11 11 Institut Jean Nicod, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France 12 O. Morin * Programme de Philosophie, Politique et Économie, Université de Pennsylvanie, USA 14 13 C. Moyse-Faurie Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Université Paris-Sud XI, Orsay, France 14 P. Pasquet 9 Laboratoire de Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale (UMR 7107), CNRS, France 15 8 Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Capitole 1, Toulouse, France S. Pavard 16 15 Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Université de Californie à Berkeley, Berkeley, A. Tognetti USA C. Wyart 16 * Ces auteurs, afin de se démarquer scientifiquement du reste du chapitre, précisent quelle a été leur contribution : J.-B. André : Paragraphes 4.3, 4.5 et Encadré 3 ; N. Baumard : Paragraphes 4.3, 4.5 et 4.7 ; O. Mascaro : Paragraphe 4.2 ; O. Morin : Paragraphe 4.7 et Encadré 2. 661 662 Chapitre 20 BIOLOGIE ÉVOLUTIVE HUMAINE 1 DÉFINITION, HISTORIQUE 2 Du gène à l’inDIVIDU L’extension de la biologie évolutive à l’espèce humaine est 2.1 Des adaptations physiologiques relativement récente. En France, les sciences humaines et la biologie sont enseignées dans des universités distinctes, les 2.1.1 La vie en montagne : adaptations à l’altitude institutions régissant ces champs scientifiques sont eux aussi distincts. L’étude intégrée des interactions entre les aspects La majorité des populations humaines vivent à une altitude biologiques et culturels de l’homme n’est donc pas chose comprise entre 0 et 1 000 m. À des altitudes supérieures, par aisée. Il en résulte un malaise, encore apparent aujourd’hui, exemple au-dessus de 3 500 m, la pression partielle d’oxy- entre biologie et sciences humaines. gène est insuffisante pour une saturation normale de l’hé- Pour une raison que l’histoire des sciences éclairera moglobine : le voyageur d’altitude va s’essouffler, la quan- sans doute un jour, les sciences humaines, jusqu’à la fin du tité d’oxygène transportée devenant insuffisante. Diverses e XX siècle, ont soigneusement écarté toute notion d’évolu- réponses physiologiques vont se mettre en place, comme une augmentation de la concentration de globules rouges, avec tion. Les raisons de ce refus de considérer les processus évo- des risques concomitants (par exemple : thrombose, œdème lutifs sont en partie idéologiques : beaucoup ont du mal à ac- pulmonaire). cepter que leurs comportements et leurs choix puissent être Plusieurs régions d’altitude ont été colonisées indépen- influencés par leurs gènes. Ils attribuent à l’homme un sta- damment par l’homme, dont les Andes et le plateau tibétain. tut à part, différent de celui des animaux : il se serait « ex- Dans ces deux cas, une adaptation spécifique s’est mise en trait » de la sélection naturelle grâce à sa culture et à sa mo- place. Dans les Andes, c’est une augmentation de la concen- rale. On trouve les premières traces de ce phénomène dans tration en hémoglobine qui compense la sous-saturation en l’article 1 des statuts de la société de linguistique de Paris oxygène des molécules d’hémoglobine (Beall 2006). Sur le (1876), qui précise qu’il est interdit d’étudier l’origine des plateau tibétain, c’est un flux sanguin plus élevé qui per- langues. La tendance à considérer que l’on pouvait expliquer met de réaliser un apport suffisant d’oxygène dans les cel- les comportements humains en ignorant les processus évo- lules (Erzurum et al. 2007). Dans les deux cas, on n’observe e lutifs a culminé avec le structuralisme durant le XX siècle, pas les effets délétères de ces changements physiologiques : qui a touché pratiquement l’ensemble des sciences humaines, l’Andain n’a pas plus de thrombose, ni le Tibétain d’hyper- depuis l’anthropologie structurale de Levi-Strauss, jusqu’à la tension, que les individus vivant habituellement en basse al- grammaire générative de Chomsky, en passant par la géné- titude. De plus, dans les populations tibétaines, il a été mon- tique épistémologique de Piaget, l’analyse synthétique des tré que des facteurs génétiques permettant d’augmenter la peintures paléolithiques de Leroi-Gourhan, l’approche com- saturation de l’hémoglobine en oxygène sont actuellement parative des religions d’Éliade, etc. On peut inclure à cette sous sélection (Beall et al. 2004, Strohl 2008, Simonson et liste le freudisme, qui est antérieur aux mouvements se di- al. 2010). Il est possible qu’un troisième type d’adaptation à la vie en altitude existe, dans les hautes montagnes éthio- sant structuralistes, mais qui en montre tous les symptômes. piennes (massif du Semien) : en effet, l’hémoglobine des po- Toutes ces sciences ont un point commun : elles cherchent pulations vivant dans ces montagnes ne présente pas de sous- à expliquer les phénomènes observés en se basant sur des saturation. Le mécanisme responsable de cette augmentation structures supposées lier les différents objets étudiés. En de l’affinité pour l’oxygène n’est cependant pas encore identi- aucun cas l’histoire évolutive réelle des objets étudiés n’est fié (Beall 2006, Beall et al. 2002). prise en compte, ce qui aboutit à des théories qui ont certes Ces exemples montrent que dans des conditions similai- une cohérence interne, et parfois un raffinement intellectuel res (ici l’altitude élevée), des adaptations différentes peuvent avancé, mais qui n’ont généralement aucune valeur réelle- être sélectionnées. En effet, la sélection retient, dans une po- ment explicative ni prédictive. Actuellement, la plupart des pulation, les mutants qui sont adaptés au changement d’en- approches structuralistes sont abandonnées et remplacées vironnement — à condition qu’ils existent — sachant que les par des approches évolutionnistes. mutations, elles, se font au hasard. La séparation entre les aspects biologiques et culturels 2.1.2 La tolérance au lactose et autres exemples n’est pas scientifiquement fondée. L’homme est un animal d’adaptation bio-culturelle et les aspects biologiques ne peuvent pas être ignorés. Il est aussi un animal social, avec une culture développée : les as- La lactase, l’enzyme intestinale qui permet de digérer le lac- pects culturels sont évidemment primordiaux. Mais les as- tose dans le lait, est en général inactivée chez les mammi- pects biologiques et culturels sont en constante interaction : fères après le sevrage. Pourtant, dans certaines populations ce n’est qu’en considérant les deux simultanément que l’on humaines, 80 % des adultes ont une lactase active. On parle peut avancer dans la compréhension des comportements de « tolérance au lactose ». Depuis les années 1970, il est humains. connu que la fréquence élevée de la persistance de la lactase La biologie évolutive humaine consiste à utiliser les à l’âge adulte se retrouve dans les populations d’éleveurs qui outils et les concepts de la biologie évolutive pour compren- consomment beaucoup de lait frais. dre les adaptations présentes dans l’espèce humaine, qu’elles Le scénario admis est que, dans ces populations, le soient d’ordre biologique ou culturel. Elle propose ainsi un changement alimentaire induit par la domestication a créé cadre général pour expliquer les comportements humains. un nouvel « environnement », conférant un avantage sélectif 2 DU GÈNE À L’INDIVIDU 663 aux individus qui pouvaient digérer le lait. La nature de pratiques culturelles et la grande vitesse à laquelle ces change- cet avantage est encore débattue, les hypothèses courantes ments peuvent induire des modifications biologiques. étant : une meilleure absorption de calcium, une résistance à La consommation du manioc nous offre aussi un la déshydratation, une meilleure alimentation durant les pé- exemple d’évolution bio-culturelle. Ce tubercule intervient riodes de disette. à la fois directement et indirectement sur la structure gé- La fréquence du phénotype « tolérance au lactose » varie nétique des populations qui le consomment par l’intermé- de 90 % au Nord de l’Europe à 50 % au Sud, elle est faible diaire des glycosides cyanogéniques résiduels qu’il contient dans les populations non pastorales en Asie et en Afrique (Jackson 1991). La consommation des glycosides cyano- (1 % en Chine, 5-20 % chez les agriculteurs de l’Afrique de géniques augmente la viabilité aux porteurs à l’état hétéro- l’Ouest). Elle atteint des fréquences élevées en Afrique chez zygote de l’allèle HbS. Cet allèle code pour l’hémoglobine S, les pasteurs-éleveurs (90 % chez les Tutsi, 50 % chez les présente dans l’anémie falciforme et rapidement létale à l’état Peuls) (Holden et Mace 1997, Swallow 2003). homozygote. La consommation de manioc, en inhibant la Il existe aussi des populations pastorales avec une faible déformation des globules rouges, permet le maintien de l’al- fréquence de « tolérance au lactose », c’est le cas par exemple lèle S dans la population.
Recommended publications
  • Grandmothers Matter
    Grandmothers Matter: Some surprisingly controversial theories of human longevity Introduction Moses Carr >> Sound of rolling tongue Wanda Carey >> laughs Mariel: Welcome to Distillations, I’m Mariel Carr. Rigo: And I’m Rigo Hernandez. Mariel: And we’re your producers! We’re usually on the other side of the microphones. Rigo: But this episode got personal for us. Wanda >> Baby, baby, baby… Mariel: That’s my mother-in-law Wanda and my one-year-old son Moses. Wanda moved to Philadelphia from North Carolina for ten months this past year so she could take care of Moses while my husband and I were at work. Rigo: And my mom has been taking care of my niece and nephew in San Diego for 14 years. She lives with my sister and her kids. Mariel: We’ve heard of a lot of arrangements like the ones our families have: grandma retires and takes care of the grandkids. Rigo: And it turns out that across cultures and throughout the world scenes like these are taking place. Mariel: And it’s not a recent phenomenon either. It goes back a really long time. In fact, grandmothers might be the key to human evolution! Rigo: Meaning they’re the ones that gave us our long lifespans, and made us the unique creatures that we are. Wanda >> I’m gonna get you! That’s right! Mariel: A one-year-old human is basically helpless. We’re special like that. Moses can’t feed or dress himself and he’s only just starting to walk. Gravity has just become a thing for him.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Psychology
    THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION SOCIETY Meeting for the Year 2000, June 7-11 at Amherst College Note: Abstracts are after the Program listing. To view the abstract of a particular presentation or poster, do a search for the author’s name. Printing: If you plan to print this document, use Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape does not format the paper properly during printing. If you only have access to Netscape, and have Word for Windows 2000 (or higher), you may open this file with Netscape, save it to your local hard drive as a web (.htm) file. Then, read the file into Word for Windows 2000, and print it from there. PROGRAM WEDNESDAY, June 7 7:30 AM to 12 AM, check in/ registration/HBES desk open in Valentine Lobby. People arriving after 12 AM must get their packet, dorm key and information at the Security and Physical Plant Service Building, which is building number 59 at position C1 on the Amherst College map at http://www.amherst.edu/Map/campusmap.html. 5 to 9:45 PM, Opening Reception, Valentine Quadrangle & Sebring Room (dinner available at Valentine Hall, 5 to 7 PM). THURSDAY, June 8 7 to 8:30 AM Breakfast served at Valentine 8:00 AM Poster presenters may set up in Sebring Room, Valentine Hall (room open all day). Morning Plenary (Kirby Theater) 8:25 AM Welcome, Introduction: Jennifer Davis 8:35 AM Plenary Address: Paul Sherman, Spices and morning sickness: Protecting ourselves from what eats us. 9:25 AM Break Morning Paper Sessions 9:50 to 11:50 AM (6 talks) 1.0 Cognitive architecture and specializations, 6 1.1 Cory G.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evolutionary Perspective on the Origin and Ontogeny of Menopause Barry X
    Maturitas 57 (2007) 329–337 Review An evolutionary perspective on the origin and ontogeny of menopause Barry X. Kuhle ∗ Department of Psychology, Dickinson College, P.O. Box 1773, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA Received 3 August 2006; received in revised form 30 January 2007; accepted 11 April 2007 Abstract The “grandmother hypothesis” proposes that menopause evolved because ancestral middle-aged women gained greater repro- ductive success from investing in extant genetic relatives than from continuing to reproduce [Williams GC. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 1957;11:398–411]. Because middle-aged women faced greater risks of maternal death during pregnancy and their offspring’s infancy than did younger women, offspring of middle-aged women may not have received the needed level of prolonged maternal investment to survive to reproductive age. I put forward the “absent father hypothesis” proposing that reduced paternal investment linked with increasing maternal age was an additional impetus for the evolution of menopause. Reduced paternal investment was linked with increasing maternal age because men died at a younger age than their mates and because some men were increasingly likely to defect from their mateships as their mates aged. The absent father hypothesis is not an alternative to the grandmother hypothesis but rather a complement. It outlines an additional cost—reduced paternal investment—associated with continued reproduction by ancestral middle-aged women that could have been an additional impetus for the evolution of menopause. After reviewing additional explanations for the origin of menopause (“patriarch hypothesis,” “lifespan-artifact” hypotheses), I close by proposing a novel hypothesis for the ontogeny of menopause.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions of Doula Support by Teen
    INFORMATION, KINSHIP, AND COMMUNITY: PERCEPTIONS OF DOULA SUPPORT BY TEEN MOTHERS THROUGH AN EVOLUTIONARY LENS by SHAYNA A. ROHWER A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School ofthe University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy September 2010 11 University of Oregon Graduate School Confirmation of Approval and Acceptance of Dissertation prepared by: Shayna Rohwer Title: "Information, Kinship, and Community: Perceptions ofDoula Support by Teen Mothers Through an Evolutionary Lens" This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Doctor ofPhilosophy degree in the Department ofAnthropology by: Lawrence Sugiyama, Chairperson, Anthropology Frances White, Member, Anthropology James Snodgrass, Member, Anthropology Melissa Cheyney, Member, Not from U of 0 John Orbell, Outside Member, Political Science and Richard Linton, Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies/Dean ofthe Graduate School for the University of Oregon. September 4,2010 Original approval signatures are on file with the Graduate School and the University of Oregon Libraries. 111 © 2010 Shayna Alexandra Rohwer IV An Abstract ofthe Dissertation of Shayna Alexandra Rohwer for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in the Department ofAnthropology to be taken September 2010 Title: INFORMATION, KINSHIP, AND COMMUNITY: PERCEPTIONS OF DOULA SUPPORT BY TEEN MOTHERS THROUGH AN EVOLUTIONARY LENS Approved: Dr. Lawrence Sugiyama Human birth represents a complex interplay between our evolved biology and the cultural norms and expectations surrounding birth. This project considers both the evolutionary and cultural factors that impact the birth outcomes ofteen mothers that received support from a trained labor support person, or doula.
    [Show full text]
  • Productivity Loss Associated with Physical Disability in A
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Productivity loss associated with functional disability in a contemporary small-scale subsistence population Jonathan Stieglitz1,2*, Paul L Hooper3, Benjamin C Trumble4,5, Hillard Kaplan3, Michael D Gurven6 1Universite´ Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France; 2Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France; 3Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, United States; 4Center for Evolution and Medicine, Life Sciences C, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States; 5School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States; 6Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States Abstract In comparative cross-species perspective, humans experience unique physical impairments with potentially large consequences. Quantifying the burden of impairment in subsistence populations is critical for understanding selection pressures underlying strategies that minimize risk of production deficits. We examine among forager-horticulturalists whether compromised bone strength (indicated by fracture and lower bone mineral density, BMD) is associated with subsistence task cessation. We also estimate the magnitude of productivity losses associated with compromised bone strength. Fracture is associated with cessation of hunting, tree chopping, and walking long distances, but not tool manufacture. Age-specific productivity losses from hunting cessation associated with fracture and lower BMD are substantial: ~397 lost kcals/day, with expected future losses of up to 1.9 million kcals (22% of expected production). Productivity loss is thus substantial for high strength and endurance tasks. Determining the extent to which *For correspondence: impairment obstructs productivity in contemporary subsistence populations improves our ability to [email protected] infer past consequences of impairment. Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Productivity Loss Associated with Physical Impairment in a Contemporary Small-Scale 2 Subsistence Population 3 4 5 Jonathan Stieglitza,B*, Paul L
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.10.20191916; this version posted September 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 1 Productivity loss associated with physical impairment in a contemporary small-scale 2 subsistence population 3 4 5 Jonathan Stieglitza,b*, Paul L. Hooperc, Benjamin C. Trumbled,e, Hillard Kaplanc, Michael D. 6 Gurvenf 7 8 9 *Corresponding author, at the following postal address: 10 Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse 11 1 esplanade de l'Université 12 T.470 13 31080 Toulouse Cedex 06, France 14 Phone: +33 6 24 54 30 57 15 E-mail: [email protected] 16 17 18 19 Author affiliations: 20 aUniversité Toulouse 1 Capitole, 1 esplanade de l'Université, 31080 Toulouse Cedex 06, France 21 bInstitute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 1 esplanade de l'Université, 31080 Toulouse Cedex 22 06, France 23 cEconomic Science Institute, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA 24 dCenter for Evolution and Medicine, Life Sciences C, 427 East Tyler Mall, Arizona State 25 University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA 26 eSchool of Human Evolution and Social Change, 900 South Cady Mall, Arizona State 27 University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA 28 fDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA 29 30 31 32 Acknowledgements 33 We thank the Tsimane for participating and THLHP personnel for collecting and coding data.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Longevity in Humans
    www.impactaging.com AGING, February 2014, Vol. 6, No 2 Review Evolution of sexually dimorphic longevity in humans David Gems Institute of Healthy Ageing, and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK Key words: aging, eunuch, evolution, gender gap, menopause, polygyny, testosterone Received: 1/8/14; Accepted: 2/21/14; Published: 2/22/14 Correspondence to: David Gems, PhD; E‐mail: [email protected] Copyright: © Gems. This is an open‐access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Abstract: Why do humans live longer than other higher primates? Why do women live longer than men? What is the significance of the menopause? Answers to these questions may be sought by reference to the mechanisms by which human aging might have evolved. Here, an evolutionary hypothesis is presented that could answer all three questions, based on the following suppositions. First, that the evolution of increased human longevity was driven by increased late‐ life reproduction by men in polygynous primordial societies. Second, that the lack of a corresponding increase in female reproductive lifespan reflects evolutionary constraint on late‐life oocyte production. Third, that antagonistic pleiotropy acting on androgen‐generated secondary sexual characteristics in men increased reproductive success earlier in life, but shortened lifespan. That the gender gap in aging is attributable to androgens appears more likely given a recent report of exceptional longevity in eunuchs. Yet androgen depletion therapy, now used to treat prostatic hyperplasia, appears to accelerate other aspects of aging (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works
    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title Productivity loss associated with functional disability in a contemporary small-scale subsistence population. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8dz8z7n8 Authors Stieglitz, Jonathan Hooper, Paul L Trumble, Benjamin C et al. Publication Date 2020-12-01 DOI 10.7554/elife.62883 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California RESEARCH ARTICLE Productivity loss associated with functional disability in a contemporary small-scale subsistence population Jonathan Stieglitz1,2*, Paul L Hooper3, Benjamin C Trumble4,5, Hillard Kaplan3, Michael D Gurven6 1Universite´ Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France; 2Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France; 3Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, United States; 4Center for Evolution and Medicine, Life Sciences C, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States; 5School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States; 6Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States Abstract In comparative cross-species perspective, humans experience unique physical impairments with potentially large consequences. Quantifying the burden of impairment in subsistence populations is critical for understanding selection pressures underlying strategies that minimize risk of production deficits. We examine among forager-horticulturalists whether compromised bone strength
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Endocrine Profile of a Geriatric Female Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes)
    Exploring the Endocrine Profile of a Geriatric Female Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) by Christina T. Cloutier A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2010 Copyright by Christina T. Cloutier 2010 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere thanks to a number of people involved in the writing of this manuscript, either indirectly or directly. First, thank you to the committee associated with this project, especially to Doctors Broadfield and Halloran for their invaluable advice and constructive criticisms throughout all of the phases of this project. The author is further grateful to Dr. Melissa Emery Thompson and the Hominoid Reproductive Ecology Laboratory at the University of New Mexico for the gracious guidance and assistance concerning the samples necessary for this project. Also, thank you to the chimpanzee keepers at Lion Country Safari during collection periods, for taking on the additional work load of having chimps in the house for months at a time. Finally, the author would like to thank her family for lending their support and encouragement throughout the entirety of this project. iv ABSTRACT Author: Christina Cloutier Title: Exploring the Endocrine Profile of a Geriatric Female Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Thesis Advisor: Dr. Douglas C. Broadfield Degree: Master of Arts Year: 2010 In light of exceptionally delayed reproductive senescence exhibited by a 64 year old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) housed in Florida, endocrinal analyses meant to determine the state of her current reproductive viability were conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • Huinan Ethology Bulletin
    HUInan Ethology Bulletin http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe.html VOLUME 15, ISSUE 3 ISSN 0739-2036 SEPTEMBER 2000 © 1999 The International Society for Human Ethology THE. STOR#{S OF SALAMAWCA Upon arrival in this Spanish medieval university town the first thing I noticed were the large graceful storks circling overhead and nesting in the ancient towers, and I knew that this was a special place. Human ethologists were flying in too from all over the world for the 15th Biennial Conference of the International Society for Human Ethology. Our Spanish hosts, Francisco and Sally Abati, did a marvelous ph welcoming their guests, and organizing the conference, banquets and several excursions. Plenary speakers were Jose Miguel Fernandez Dols, Jaak Panksepp, and Carol Worthman who each addressed the theme "ethology of emotion". For more info on the conference see Society News and Photo Gallery. Human Ethology Bulletin, 15 (3), 2000 2 The caveat HOMO SAPIENS IS It is a logical category that agencies of the BIOCULTURAL OR IS NOT: United Nations, the staff of the U.s. Bureau of the Census, and the staff of the Yearbook of SOME RUBICONS ARE WIDER American and Canadian Churches are a II engaged in a conspiracy of distorting the THAN OTHERS demographics relative to their respective charge. While keeping the caveat in mind, let's assume, just for the moment, that ro such by Wade Mackey conspiracy exists, and that the numbers these organizations present are clean enough to be Rule #1: All politics are local. diagnostic. Diagnoses are available from a - Rep.
    [Show full text]
  • Exercise, APOE Genotype, and the Evolution of the Human Lifespan
    TINS-1047; No. of Pages 9 Opinion Exercise, APOE genotype, and the evolution of the human lifespan 1 2,3,4,5 David A. Raichlen and Gene E. Alexander 1 School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA 2 Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA 3 Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA 4 Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix AZ 85006, USA 5 Neuroscience and Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Programs, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721, USA Humans have exceptionally long lifespans compared likely required older individuals to maintain high levels with other mammals. However, our longevity evolved of both physical and cognitive health. when our ancestors had two copies of the apolipopro- Although many hypotheses address why human longevity tein E (APOE) e4 allele, a genotype that leads to a high evolved (e.g., [2–4]), how the long human lifespan evolved risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cardiovascular disease, remains an open question. In a series of classic articles, Finch, and increased mortality. How did human aging evolve Sapolsky, and Stanford [1,8–10] argued that the evolutionary within this genetic constraint? Drawing from neurosci- origins of the long human lifespan are tied to the interaction ence, anthropology, and brain-imaging research, we between diet and genotype. Specifically, carriers of the e4 propose the hypothesis that the evolution of increased allele of the APOE gene (responsible for lipid transport) have physical activity approximately 2 million years ago higher levels of total cholesterol and accumulation of athero- served to reduce the amyloid plaque and vascular bur- sclerotic plaques in arteries, leading to increased risks of den of APOE e4, relaxing genetic constraints on aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Menopause and Post-Generative Longevity: Testing the ´Stopping-Early´ and ´Grandmother´ Hypotheses
    Max-Planck-Institut für demografische Forschung Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1 · D-18057 Rostock · GERMANY Tel +49 (0) 3 81 20 81 - 0; Fax +49 (0) 3 81 20 81 - 202; http://www.demogr.mpg.de MPIDR WORKING PAPER WP 2004-003 JANUARY 2004 Menopause and post-generative longevity: Testing the ‘stopping-early’ and ‘grandmother’ hypotheses Sara Grainger Jan Beise ([email protected]) This working paper has been approved for release by: James W. Vaupel ([email protected]) Head of the Laboratory of Survival and Longevity. © Copyright is held by the authors. Working papers of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed in working papers are attributable to the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Menopause and post-generative longevity: Testing the ‘stopping-early’ and ‘grandmother’ hypotheses Sara Grainger1,2 and Jan Beise1 1Laboratory of Survival and Longevity, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, Rostock 18057, Germany 2Centre for Philosophy and Foundations of Science, University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel- Strasse 10c, Giessen 35394, Germany Number of pages : 43 Abbreviated title: Menopause and post-generative longevity Key words: human evolution, senescence, life history, reproduction, simulation modeling Correspondence to: Jan Beise, Laboratory of Survival and Longevity, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, Rostock 18057, Germany Telephone: +49 (0)381 2081 148 Fax: +49 (0)381 2081 448 Email: [email protected] 1 Abstract The existence of menopause and post-generative longevity as part of the human females’ life history is somewhat puzzling from an evolutionary perspective.
    [Show full text]