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Home , Port Blair, Purvanchal Range

O Our Country

Take off Warm up

The capital of India is

*******************a. *************** MONGOLI Find India on the map. The southern HINIA

part of India is a INDIA

********* AHRA ********* ******* wo6s Scale 1 .ao no0 oo

India is the seventh largest country in the world and the third largest country in Asia. Located at the southern tip of Asia, it is surrounded by the on the east, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Indian Ocean on the south. The neighbouring countries of India are Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, China and . Afghanistan and Pakistan lie to the north-west of India. Fact quest- Sri Lanka and the Maldives lie to the south of India. Maldives is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean. It is made Myanmar and Bangladesh lie to its east. up of 1190 coral islands. China lies to its north and north-east, Nepal lies to its north and Bhutan lies to its north-east.

Political Divisions of India India is divided into 28 states and eight union territories. The central government governs the entire country, while the state the states. In India, the union governments govern territories are directly under the central government. archipelago: a group of islands, especially small islands. TAJIKISTAN AFGHANISTAN

LADAKH Srinagat eh ISLAMABAD AND KASHMIR IMACHA CHINA RRADESH PAKISTAN PUNJABChandigarh {UTTARAKHANDARARAND Dehra DunN HARYANA NEPAL ARUNACHAL DELHR PRADESH KATHMANDU W~SKIMTHIMPA R tanagar UTTAR PRADESH RAJASTHAN aipur BHUTANASSAM pispurNAGALAND

BIHAR MEGHALAYADShAonoima gphal BANGLADESH DHAKATRPURA MANPUR

Gandhinagar JHARKHAND AgartaaAizaw o WEST GUJARAT MADHYA GARH BENGAL TTISGAR PRADESH

MYANMAR HHaipur DIuu DAMAN (BURMA) ND DIU dn ODISHA SilvassNAGARHAVEL Bhubaneshwar NAY PYI TAW MAHARASHTRA

TELANGANA Arabian y Bay of Sea Bengal ANDHRA GOA PRADESH KARNATAKA Bengaluru LAKSHADWEEP Puducherry Port Blair TAMIL ANDAMAN Andaman NADU AND Sea hiruvananthapuram SRI LANKA SRI JAYEWARDENEPURA KOTTE

MALDIVES INDONESIA INDI AN O CE A N MALE

200 400 bO 800 km Scale 1:16 670000 Lambert Conformal Conic projection

A India: Political Divisions

8 The city that is the base of all important government activities of a FindFind out of state is known as the capital the state. subcontinent? What is a make up Look at the Which countries list of the the Indian subcontinent? 28 states and eight union territories with their capitals. State Capital State Capital Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad/Amaravati Mizoram Bihar Patna Chhattisgarh Odisha Bhubaneshwar Goa Panaji Punjab Gujarat Rajasthan Haryana Chandigarh Gangtok Himachal Pradesh Shimla Tamil Nadu Chennai Jharkhand Ranchi Telangana Hyderabad Karnataka Bengaluru Kerala Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Uttarakhand Maharashtra Mumbai

Union Territory Capital Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair Chandigarh Chandigarh Daman and Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman/Silvassa Jammu and Kashmir* and Jammu Ladakh* Kavaratti Lakshadweep New Delhi Delhi National Capital Territory Puducherry Puducherry

of divided the erstwhile state of Jammu and the government India Kashmir into two union In August 2019, Ladakh Kashmir and territories-Jammu and 9 -Do it yourself-

Look at the map and answer the questions. 1. In which year was Telangana carved out of Andhra Pradesh? 2. With which state does Telangana currently share TELANGANA its capital? Hyderabads9 3. Name the proposed new Amaravati capital city of Andhra ANDHRA Pradesh: PRADESH

Physical Divisions of India When we look at the physical map of India, we see great diversity in the landforms in India. The six physical divisions of India are:

The Northern Mountains The Northern Plains A Mountains The Great Indian Desert The Southern Plateau The Coastal Plains The Islands

A Coast

10 ramr

Eastern North Deccan Western Himalayas South Deccan North-eastern Ranges Eastern Ghats Eastern Plains Western Ghats Northern Plains Eastern Coastal Plains Western Plains Western Coastal Plains Central Highland Islands East Deccan Continental Shelf the ro Great Indian ynt a Desert ther n PT n

ratmPIain s Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea Lakshadu Andaman Neobar Sea

INDIAN OCEAN

A India: Physical divisions

11 Recall India

Political Divisions Physical Divisions

28States Northern Mountains Northern Plains 8 union territorries

Great Indian Desert Southern Plateau

Coastal Plains Islands

Work out

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

1. Pakistan lies to the. ****v***aoneusees of India. a. north-west b. east C. north 2. A neighbouring country of India to its south is.

a. Pakistan b. Maldives C. Bhutan Himachal Pradesh. ******"**** of 3 **** is the capital a. Kolkata b. Shimla c. Gangtok

4. Chandigarh is the capital of. ******** a. Haryana b. Bihar C. Assam

.. of India. 5. The Great Indian Desert is on the. a. south b. north C. west

12 B. Write T for true and F for false. 1. Sri Lanka is one of India's neighbours. 2. West Bengal has two capitals. 3. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are administered by their own state government.

4. Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana. 5. The states are of lIndia governed directly by the central government. C. Answer these questions. 1. Name all the neighbouring countries of India. 2. India is divided into how many states and union territories? 3. Name the capitals of any three southern states of India. 4. Who looks after the administration of the union territories? 5. Describe India's location in Asia. 6. Name all the physical features of India and name one state which falls in each region.

D. Read the capital cities in different regions of India. Circle the odd one out. 1. Lucknow Shimla Mohali Chandigarh 2. Agartala Imphal Itanagar Jorhat 3. Bengaluru Chennai Hyderabad 4. Mumbai Agra Bhopal Gandhinagar 5. Patna Ranchi Siliguri Kolkata

Map work mark all the union territories. On an outline map of India, Think What do you think would happen if the political divisions of India were dissolved? Discuss in class.

Life Skills and Values How can the people of a region contribute to the wealth of that region?

OEnjoy Complete this quick quiz on India.

1. The third largest country of Asia ***** *********** 2. The government that looks after all the states and union territories of India ***********r******* ***************************** 3. A city that serves as the capital of two states of India *************

4. A landlocked neighbouring country of India ***

Weblink

For more information, log on to:

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/india/

Last accessed on 30 September, 2019

14 wwa The Northern Mountains

Take off Warm up-

The Northern Mountains is a Which physical ******************************************* division feature of India of India. see in can you this picture? *********************************************.. is a state in Northern Mountains.

India is the land of the highest mountain ranges in the world, the Himalayas. They form the crest of the country. The Northern Mountains region stretcnes from Arunachal Pradesh in the north-east to Jammu and Kashmir in the north.

3lgNagrakoramNa9 RangeSpda 8126 adakh Range Painso kar Mountan Nunku hil

wali Nanda Devi 7820 Range HkakboARaz eser A 3366 8831 6655 Daphat 58 akpa Shirl) AS78A h ar A Kangto NagaHils 089 Sambhar Lake Sandakphu Peak

Chambala áhmapu WIkir Sind ges) Garo Xhasl BarallRange anas lls nas wa anga (Ganges UIS amuundnge Barabar a6ueeAeGandhi HIlle A Northern Mountains

crest: the top of something The Northern Mountains affect the . They block the cold winds that blow from the north. The Himalayas are a natural barrier for rain-bearing clouds. Therefore, the Northern Plains receive rains and experienceamoderate climate. The Himalayas are also the source of many important rivers. These rivers are the lifeline of the plains of India. The Northern Mountains consist of three parallel ranges: Find out-

The Greater Himalayas or Himadri Who were the first people The Middle Himalayas or Himachal to successfully climb Mt Everest and when? The Outer Himalayas or Shiwalik

The Greater Himalayas or Himadri have some of the highest mountains of the Himalayan range. The mountains of this region are covered with snow and glaciers throughout the year and have an extremely cold climate. These glaciers are the source of many important rivers like the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Indus and the Brahmaputra. A Greater Himalayas

Fact quest-

Khardung La is the highest motorable mountain pass in India.

The vegetation is sparse as only a few plants like lichens, moss and wildflowers can survive A Hill station in Himachal in the cold climate. Yak, snow leopard, goat and sheep are some of the animals found in this region. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) is the highest peak in India. Mt Everest (8,848m) is the highest peak in the world.

lifeline: a thing on which something or someone depends; glaciers: masses of the accumulation of layers of snow moving ice formed due to 16 The mountains The Middle Himalayas or Himachal lie to the south of Himadri. hill stations with here are lower in altitude. These mountain ranges have many thick pine and deodar forests. Therefore, tourism is an important economic activity in this region. The Outer Himalayas or the Shiwalik Range ECo feat- merges with the foothills of the Himalayas. It is separated from the main Himalayan range Deforestation in the hills for by hills and valleys. This region is the most timber leads to landslides populous region of the Himalayas. Many during heavy rains. food crops are grown here because of the favourable climatic conditions. Mountain ranges and hills like the , Mishmi, Naga, Manipur, Tripura and Mizo in the north-east are collectively called the Purvanchal range. Some of the states located in the Northern Mountains region are Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and the north-eastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. The union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh also belong to this region. The of Jammu and Kashmir has two capitals-Srinagar is its summer capital and Jammu is its winter capital. Lying at the northernmost point of India, Jammu and Kashmir experiences an extremely cold climate for several months at a stretch. Vegetation varies from thick pine and cedar forests in the valleys to sparse vegetation at higher altitudes. The union territory of Ladakh is located adjacent to Jammu and Kashmir. Zanskar is the main river of Ladakh. Dras, located here, is one of the coldest places on the Earth. A Jammu and Kashmir -Do it yourself-

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

1. What is this boat known as?

2. Where in India can we find these boats? 3. What is the climate of this place?

Himachal Pradesh is an important state of the Northern Mountains region. Himachal Pradesh is particularly famous for hill stations like Shimla, Kullu, Manali and Dalhousie. Uttarakhand in the northern mountains is known for its rhododendron forests. A Shimla A UNESCO World heritage site, the Valley of Flowers is located here. Tourists visit pilgrimage sites, such as Hemkund Sahib, Haridwar, Badrinath Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri. Many hill stations like Ranikhet, and Mussoorie are located in Uttarakhand. Bordered by Bhutan, Tibet and Nepal, Sikkim is a popular tourist destination. The red panda is found in this state.

Rhododendron: a large bush with large flowers which are usually pink, red, or purple Darjeeling, a hill station in the state of West Bengal, is also located in the HsKIMTHIMPARARUNACEA

Northern Mountains region. Tea is one of AL the important cash crops of Darjeeling. BHUTAN The largest state in the north-east ASSAMKAGALAND is Arunachal Pradesh. It shares BHUTANSAMKGALAND WNEGHALAYAaGuwanpispurKoima shtong aKgima international borders with China, ophal Myanmar and Bhutan. Some of the BANGLADESH ENGAPHAKAT RIRURAMANIPUR tourist places of Arunachal Pradesh DAiawiTropic of Cancer Acartala are the and the urgap dpur MZORAM . ora Kdlkata, A States of the north-eastern India

The northeastern state of Meghalaya, land of the Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills, shares its international borders with Bangladesh. Mawsynram, a village in Meghalaya, is the wettest place in the world with high annual rainfall. Manipur shares its border with Myanmar. The beautiful in Manipur is the largest freshwater lake A Tawang Monastery in north-east India. The state of Nagaland shares an international border with Myanmar. The Naga hill range makes the terrain mountainous and the climate wet and cool.

Mizoram, a landlocked state in the north-east, shares its international border with Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram has one of the highest literacy rates in India. A Meghalaya Darjeeling, a hill station in the state of West Bengal, is also located in the HSKI THIMPAARUNACE PRADESH Northern Mountains region. Tea is one of cash the important crops of Darjeeling. Htanagar tpk The largest state in the north-east BHUTANSSAMKAGALAND is Arunachal Pradesh. It shares Guwanaopispur kgima EGHALAYADSton international borders with China, hal Myanmar and Bhutan. Some of the ENGAPHAKATRIRURAMANIPUJRBANGLADESH

tourist places of Arunachal Pradesh AizawLTropic of Cancer -Aartaa are the Tawang Monastery and the Durgap MZORAM Namdapha National Park. dpur Kkata A States of the north-eastern India

The northeastern state of Meghalaya, land of the Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills, shares its international borders with Bangladesh. Mawsynram, a village in Meghalaya, is the wettest place in the world with high annual rainfal Manipur shares its border with Myanmar. The beautiful Loktak Lake in Manipur is the largest freshwater lake A Tawang Monastery in north-east India. The state of Nagaland shares an international border with Myanmar. The Naga hill range makes the terrain mountainous and the climate wet and cool. Mizoram, a landlocked state in the north-east, shares its international border with Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram has one of the highest literacy rates in India. A Meghalaya Recall The Himalayas

States and Union Territories Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Megahalya, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoramn

Greater Himalayas or Middle Himalayas or Outer Himalayas or Himadri Himachal Shiwalik

Work out

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. Jammu and Kashmir is located in the. part of India. a. western b. eastern C. northern

2. The Outer Himalayas are also known as the. *****************.************.******** range. a. Shiwalik b. Himachal C. Terai

3. Loktak Lake is located in . ******* a. Manipur b. Himachal Pradesh c. Uttarakhand 4. Patkai is a hill which is part ofthe. range a. Himachal b. Himadri C. Purvanchal

5. The red panda is found in the state of. ********** *********aee*********** a. Sikkim b. Uttarakhand C. Himachal Pradesh

0 B. Name the following. 1. The highest of the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas: **************a*******************s********** 2. A union territory through which the river

Zanskar flows: ***************a********e*****e********************

3. Hemkund Sahib is located in Himachal Pradesh: *0anoo******°**°°°°**************°*°°** 4. A state in north-east India shares its international

borders with Myanmar: *******.******************************************

5. The north-eastern state with a high literacy rate: **************ee******oe*************************

C. Write T for true and F for false. 1. No vegetation is found in the Middle Himalayas. 2. The river Ganga has its source in the Himadri. 3. Mizoram has thick bamboo forests. 4. Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory. 5. Mawsynram is a village in Manipur.

D. Answer these questions. 1. Name the three parallel ranges of the Northern Mountains.

2. Name three pilgrimage sites of Uttarakhand?. 3. In which states of north-east India do the Northern Mountains lie?

4. Which place in Meghalaya receives the highest annual rainfall in India? 5. Which mountain ranges make up the Purvanchal? 6. Name the five north-eastern states of India.

Map work On an outline map of India, mark the three states of Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

21 Think Kerala. Find out the Kashmir as well as in There are houseboats in them. similarities and differences between

Life Skills and Values affects the life of the local How do you think the climate of a region people?

Enjoy Divide the class into five groups. Let each group choosea state of north-east India. The group should collect information about the climate, vegetation, major crops, people and major places of interest. Make a PowerPoint presentation and present it in the class.

Weblinks For more information, log on to: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/02/himalaya mountain-climate-change-report/ Last accessed on 30 September, 2019

22 The Northern Plains

Take off Warm up- Ancient civilizations

flourished along the banks of What do you see in the picture? In which **** ********************. region of India can Plains are low and you find such land?

********* **** .. ands.

We know that plains are low-lying flat lands. The Northern Plains occupy most of northern and eastern India. These plains are fertile since they are watered by the perennial rivers which flow down from the Himalayas. The alluvium deposited by the rivers makes the plains fertile and suitable for agriculture. Water from these rivers is used for irrigating the fields. Since, the plains provide a means of livelihood to the people, many people settle here. Towns and cities develop mostly along the banks of the rivers and river basins.

e rn

CGreat Indian n ta@a w Desert the rn

AThe Northern Plainss

the silt or clay that is left behind by rivers:rs: flow throughout the year, alluvium: perennial rivers: rivers that agriculture water to fields for irrigation: the practice of supplying 23 river A river basin is an area watered by a basins Fact quest and its tributaries. The three major The rivers Narmada, Tapti Northern Plains in India are the Indus of the Kaveri, Godavari, Krishna and the Brahmaputra basin, the Ganga basin and Mahanadi are a source basin. of irrigation water and hydroelectric power.

The river Indus originates in the Tibetan Plateau. It flows through three countries, namely India, Pakistan and China.In the Northern Plains, the main tributaries of Indus are the rivers Chenab, Jhelum, Satluj. Beas and Ravi. These rivers flow through Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, A The Indus Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

The Gangotri glacier in the river Himalayas, is the source of the Ganga. It flows through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal where it branches out into small streams called distributaries.

Find out- Where does the river Ganga meet its largest tributary, A Ganga the Yamuna?

Kosi and A few tributaries of the Ganga are Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal Gandak. Some of the rivers that meet Ganga from the south are Son, and Betwa. tributary: a riverflowing into a larger river The Brahmaputra Basin The river Brahmaputra originates in Tibet. It enters India through the state of Arunachal Pradesh where it is called river Dihang and flows into Assam as Brahmaputra. The Brahmaputra,. branches into distributaries before draining into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers form delta known as the the world's largest A Brahmaputra Sundarban delta.

-Do it yourself- Northern Plains. river basins of the List the rivers of the three major Brahmaputra basin Indus basin Ganga basin

Uttar are Punjab, Haryana, the Northern Plains states that lie in of Delhi is Some of the national capital territory and Assam. The Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal Plains. located in the Northern also make the land Ravi and Beas which from the rivers Satluj. Punjab receives water fertile and ideal for agriculture. of wheat, Being a major producer the 'wheat this state is known as bowl' of India.

Chandigarh, Patiala, Amritsar,

are some Jalandhar and Ludhiana of Punjab. of the important cities Amritsar is The Golden Temple in site. A Golden Temple a famous pilgrimage 25 Haryana lies in the Satluj basin. Chandigarh is its capital city. Some cities of Haryana are part of the National Capital Region. One of the important states of the Ganga basin is Uttar Pradesh. Yamuna and Ganga are the two main rivers that flow through the state. The state is known for its mills and wheat farms. Agra, sugar Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Mathura, Varanasi and Lucknow of are some of the important cities Uttar Pradesh. Bihar lies in the Ganga basin. Patna, its capital, is an ancient city and the ruins of the ancient university of Nalanda are located here. West Bengal receives water from the Ganga and Hooghly rivers, making the land fertile. Jute and rice are the main crops of this region. Nalanda, Bihar

The Northern Plains extend eastwards to the north-eastern states of Assam. The flows through Assam, making the land fertile. is one of the most important cities of Assam.

Howrah bridge, Kolkata Recall Northern Plains

Indus Basin Ganga Basin Brahmaputra Basin

Punjab Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal Assam

Work out

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. 1. The ruins of the ancient university of Nalanda are located in

a. Haryana b. Uttar Pradesh C. Bihar

2. The river Hooghly flows through. * ao*s*ea*******.*******.************* a. West Bengal b. Bihar c. Uttar Pradesh

3. The capital of West Bengal is **********************'*********************** a. Lucknow b. Kolkata c. Chandigarh

4. The river Ganga rises from the ******************************* glacier. a. Gangotri b. Yamunotri C. Tibetan Plateau 5. The Golden Temple is located in a. Tripura b. Amritsar C. Chandigarh

B. Write T for true and F for false. 1. Guwahati is an important city of Assam. 2. The Indus river flows through three countries 3. Yamuna is one of the major distributaries of the river Ganga.

27 4. The river Brahmaputra drains into the Arabian Sea. 5. West Bengal is the largest producer of wheat in India.

C. Answer these questions. 1. What is a river basin.

2. Where do the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra originate? the Indus river flows. 3. Name the countries through which lie? 4. In which river basin does the state of Haryana fertile? 5. Why is the land in the Northern Plains and How is the lifs 6. Which state receives water from the Ganga Hooghly? of the people in this state?

Map work mark the states of the Northern Plains. On an outline map of India,

Think Assam. What should you keep Imagine that you have to plan a trip to in mind while planning the trip? What are the places that you plan to visit?

Life Skills and Values Both Haryana and Bihar lie in the same geographical region of India. namely, the Northern Plains. However, the life of the people in b0t states is different. Why do you think there is a difference? Find outtw reasons for it. Enjoy Circle the names of rivers found in the Northern Plains in the word search. Beas ET M L W A V M B EY Bhagirathi B E A S U R S G K G R BT LL Brahmaputra G A oL D X A G VA NW M G H Chenab VGT D B s C G HR R Q A U z G Dihang Y |A Q UA Z G N Gandak ExUJM V Ganga SA C H EN A B As G KK M M Q P G P H Ghaggar UG EY H U N Gomti |F U u HT AA R GA H B Gumti M M ST N G w A sKJ W NQV Hooghly H S R IF A D WCYC Y DA W Kosi EA DLV sKZ F F A Xx V Ravi KE X | HN o D Z KUR Satluj QFK W HV A X E B W L S X Son R V B B C A N S xG R HJ G R RO V Yamuna R G T M o G R UA N R O N R

Weblink For more information, log on to: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2014/08/04/ chasing-the-sacred-down-the-ganges-from-snow-to-sea/ Last accessed on 30 September, 20119 OClimate of India

Take off Warm up-

We should drink a lot of water Name this festival. on a. ************************* ..day. In which month is Too much.. ***********... it celebrated? can lead to floods.

The weather is the condition ofthe O CITY NAME April 30 atmosphere in one area at a particular MONDAY time, for example, rainy, hot, or windy. The weather changes every day. Aweather 242027 is a on the radio or forecast description Wind:6kmh television of what the weather will be like Party Cloudy Feels Like 22 072% tomorrowor for the next few days. TUE 20WED23 THU 19 The climate of a place is the general weather conditions that are typical of it. It is the long-term prevalent weather condition of an area. Have you ever wondered why the climate Weather forecast differs from place to place? Why is it hot in one place and cold in another? There are many factors that influence the climate of a place. They are temperature, altitude, rainfall, distance from the sea and direction of the wind. Different types of landforms experience different climates. India has many types of landforms. Therefore, different types of seasons are experienced in different parts of the country.

temperature: how hot or cold a thing or place is; altitude: the height of a place Seasons of India The three main seasons of India are summer, monsoon and winter. Some parts of India experience two more seasons-spring and autumn.

The summer season is characterized by long and hot days. It begins in mid-March and lasts until the end of June. During this time, the temperature in most parts of the country remains high. In summer, the days are longer than the nights. Northern states like Delhi and Bihar experience hot summer afternoons with hot and dry winds Summer known as loo. The coastal regions located towards southern India experience a Fact quest- moderate climate because of the breeze that Phalodi in Rajasthan is one blows from the sea. Mountainous regions of the hottest places in India. or places at a higher altitude have lower Dras in Ladakh is one of the temperatures than the plains and plateaus. coldest places in India.

The summer season is followed by the monsoon season. It lasts from the end of June to the end of October. The rainfall in India mainly OCCurs because of the monsoon winds that blow from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. These winds carry a lot of moisture which causes heavy rainfall.

AMons0on 1 Find out

Every part of India does not receive the The driest state of India is Rajasthan. Find out the name of same amount of rainfall. While West Bengal the wettest state of India.

50 a tair receives amount of rainfall, Occur when there is Rajasthan hardly receives any rain. Floods very heavy rainfall. Little droughts. Both floods and or scanty rainfall may cause droughts are destroy crops. harmful for the farmers since they

-Do it yourself-

During a flood, many things are a flood or inaccessible to us. Therefore, to for any other of prepare type natural disaster, we need to survival kits. Collect these keep emergency things and a emergency survival kit. keep them in bag to make your own

1. Battery operated torch with extra batteries 4. Contact details 5. Maps of the area 2. First-aid kit 6. Energy bars 3. Multi-purpose tool

Remember to keep all these things in polythene bags and keep them sealed so that they do not get soaked.

Winter in India lasts from November to the beginning of February. During winter, the days are shorter and the nights are longer. The coastal and southern parts of India have pleasant weather throughout the year since they are Surrounded by water on all three sides. The landlocked Northern Mountains and the Northern Plains experience extremely cold weather during this time. Some regions Sometimes receive occasional rainfall in the winter months. The because mountains receive snowfall western of are known as winds that Winter disturbances.

which no rain falls of time during urought: a long period 51 Seasons of India monsoon and winter. Some parts are summer, main seasons of India The three autumn. seasons--spring and of India experience two more

The summer season is characterized by long and hot days. lasts It begins in mid-March and until the end of June. During this time, the temperature in most parts of the country remains high. In summer, the the days are longer than nights. Northern states like Delhi and Bihar experience hot summer A Summer afternoons with hot and dry winds located known as loo. The coastal regions Fact quest. towards southern India experience a moderate climate because of the breeze that Phalodi in Rajasthan is one blows from the sea. Mountainous regions of the hottest places in India. Dras in Ladakh is one of the altitude have lower or places at a higher coldest places in India. temperatures than the plains and plateaus. The summer season is followed by the monsoon season. It lasts from the end of June to the end of October. The rainfall in India mainly OCCurs because of the monsoon winds that blow from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. These winds carry a lot of moisture which causes heavy rainfall.

Find out AMonsoon The driest state of India is the Every part of India does not receive Rajasthan. Find out the name of West the wettest state of India. same amount of rainfall. While Bengal

50 receives a fair amount of rainfall, Rajasthan hardly receives any rain. Floods occur when there is very heavy rainfal. Little or scanty rainfall may cause Both floods and droughts. droughts are harmful for the farmers since they destroy crops

-Do it yourself-

During a flood, many things are inaccessible to us. Therefore, to prepare for a flood or any other type of natural disaster, we need to keep emergency survival kits. Collect these things and keep them in a bag to make your own emergency survival kit.

1. Battery operated torch with 4. Contact details extra batteries 5. Maps of the area 2. First-aid kit 6. Energy bars 3. Multi-purpose tool Remember to keep all these things in polythene bags and keep them sealed so that they do not get soaked.

Winter in India lasts from November to the beginning of February. During winter, the days are shorter and the nights are longer. The coastal and southern parts of India have pleasant weather throughout the year since they are Surrounded by water on all threee sides. The landlocked Northern Mountains and the Northern Plains experience extremely cold weather during this time. Some regions sometimes receive occasional rainfall in the winter months. The mountains receive snowfall because of winds that are known as western disturbances. AWinter

which no rain falls arought: a long period of time during

51 The season between monsoon and winter is known as autumn. During this time, the weather remains dry, cool and mostly pleasant. Some trees shed theie leaves during this time. Many festivals are celebrated during this time. Spring is the most pleasant season of the year. It sets in around February and lasts till the beginning of the summer season. The weather during this time is neither too hot nor too cold. Spring is considered to be one of the most beautiful seasons of the year since many new flowers and leaves blossom during this time.

JEco feat- O The climate is changing around the world due to global warming which is a gradual increase in the average temperature ofthe Earth's atmosphere and its oceans. A Spring

Recall

Seasons of India Climate Weather

Summer Monsoon Winter Long-term Condition of the prevalent atmosphere in weather one area at a condition particular time November to Mid-March June till end to end June of October beginning of February Factors affecting climate of a place Hot and Short days and Temperature, altitude, dry winds .Heavy long nights rainfall, distance from the Longer rainfall Cold weather with sea, direction of the wind days low temperatures

52 Work out

in the A Fill blanks with the correct answers. 1. If someone says that the day is hot and sunny then they are talking about the.sss ***********

a. weather b. climate C. monsoon 2. The climate of a place depends on the. a. people b. time C. type of landform 3. The. causes snowfall during the winter season. a. mons0on winds b. western disturbances C. eastern disturbances

4 *****. egions or places that are at a higher altitude have lower temperatures. a. Coastal b. Island C. Mountainous

5. ******************** ****. . s the most pleasant season of the year. a. Autumn b. Monsoon C. Spring B. Write T for true and F for faise 1. Droughts are caused due to heavy rainfall. 2. Some trees shed their leaves during the autumn season. 3. During winter, days are shorter and nights are longer. 4. Monsoon winds blow from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. 5. The climate of a place depends on the altitude of the place.

C. Answer these questions. 1. What is weather? 2. What is climate?

3. Name the summer months of India.

4. What are western disturbances? 5. What is loo? 6. Name the factors that determine the climate of a place? D. Solve the crossword. Across 2. Caused by heavy rainfall 3. The coldest time of the year 5. The hottest time of the year 7. Flowers bloom during this season 8. Caused by scanty rainfall

Down 1. Height of a place HH 4. Trees shed their leaves during this season 6. The season that experiences a lot of rainfall

Think

In which season are winter sports played in India. Name the states or union territories in which these sports are played.

Life Skills and Values What is rainwater harvesting? How does it help us to conserve the environment? OEnjoy Make a list of the that things you will need to carry if you plan to visit Jammu and Kashmir during the winter months. Weblink For more information, log on to children-crossing-river-video-spd/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/08/india-rivers-school- Last accessed on 30 September, 2019 54