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The Narratives of Michael Ondaatje and Joy Kogawa in Postcolonial

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The Narratives of Michael Ondaatje and Joy Kogawa in Postcolonial TESIS DOCTORAL HISTORIES RECLAIMED AND BORDERS TRANSGRESSED: THE NARRATIVES OF MICHAEL ONDAATJE AND JOY KOGAWA IN POSTCOLONIAL AND MULTICULTURAL CANADA HISTORIAS REIVINDICADAS Y FRONTERAS TRANSGREDIDAS: LAS NARRATIVAS DE MICHAEL ONDAATJE Y JOY KOGAWA EN EL CANADÁ POSTCOLONIAL Y MULTICULTURAL ENRIQUE NELSON LIM RESMA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS Y SUS LINGÜÍSTICAS 2010 i ii DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS Y SUS LINGÜÍSTICAS FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA HISTORIES RECLAIMED AND BORDERS TRANSGRESSED: THE NARRATIVES OF MICHAEL ONDAATJE AND JOY KOGAWA IN POSTCOLONIAL AND MULTICULTURAL CANADA HISTORIAS REIVINDICADAS Y FRONTERAS TRANSGREDIDAS: LAS NARRATIVAS DE MICHAEL ONDAATJE Y JOY KOGAWA EN EL CANADÁ POSTCOLONIAL Y MULTICULTURAL ENRIQUE NELSON LIM RESMA LICENCIADO EN CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DRA. ISABEL SOTO GARCÍA DIRECTORA iii iv In memory of my parents and Rosa Maria ... For Ana and Alvaro v Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to my tutor Dr. Isabel Soto for her guidance, patience and encouragement and to the Departamento de Lenguas Extranjeras y Sus Lingüísticas, Facultad de Filología, UNED, for facilitating the transfer of my transcript of records to this Faculty and admitting my proposed Research Project. vi Table of Contents Introduction . 3 Chapter I. Revitalizing the English Language: Narrative Strategies in Postcolonial Authors . 19 Chapter II. Authentic Canadian National Culture? . 33 Ethnicity and Canadian Multicultural Society . 36 Chapter III. Biographical and Literary Profiles . 47 Michael Ondaatje: “from sparse facts to intricate history” . 47 Joy Kogawa: a writer-activist “yanked out of silence to speak” . 53 Chapter IV. The Post(-)colonial and Postmodern Connection. 63 The Canadian Postmodernist/Post(-)colonial Context . 69 The Imaginary Cohesiveness of Canadian Identity . 74 Language and History Reconstructed: Alternative Paradigms in Michael Ondaatje . 86 Doubleness: The Source of Kogawa‟s Imagination . 92 Chapter V. Deracination and Displacement: Outsiderhood and the Marginal Figure in Ondaatje‟s Works . 101 Deracination, Displacement and Postcolonialism: Other 20th-century Writers Respond . 101 Margin versus Centre and Canadian Multiculturalism . 106 The Conflicting “self” and “other” in the Works of Michael Ondaatje . 108 Ondaatje's Displaced Characters . 112 Patrick and Anil: the Truth of the Outsider . 122 vii Chapter VI. The Language of Silence, Hybridity and Peripherality: Kogawa‟s Narrative Aesthetics . 129 The Language of Silence and the Absent Mother . 134 Hybridity, Doubleness and Peripherality . 148 The Doublespeak of Dispersal . 154 Chapter VII. Ondaatje‟s Narrative Aesthetics, Transgression of Genre Borders and “Otherness” . 165 The Merging of Art and Life in Ondaatje‟s Work . 166 Divisadero: Overlapping Settings, Intertwined Hi(stories) . 177 Chapter VIII. Unofficial Histories Reclaimed. Alternative Truth in Ondaatje‟s and Kogawa‟s Narratives . 191 Chapter IX. Racialized Subjects, (Re)historicized Narratives: The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . 213 Conclusion . 231 Works Cited . 237 Works Consulted . 255 viii ABSTRACT Canada as an officially bi-cultural nation has over time become transformed into its present and officially multicultural state. Arguably, it dates back, even before the 1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act, to late 1960s when writers such as Michael Ondaatje, naturalized Canadian, and Joy Kogawa, Canadian-born of Japanese origin, appear on the Canadian literary scene as fledgling poets, only later to establish themselves as prominent writers of fiction. While Ondaatje is considered to be more experimental in the transgression of generic boundaries by suturing historical, biographical, autobiographical or poetic texts into “real life” and art combined, Kogawa, on the other hand, transgresses the borders of a fictive narrative to enhance fragments of documented facts masterfully woven into a communal historical story. This thesis explores Ondaatje and Kogawa‟s major preoccupations: their concept of truth and fiction in history as a literary artifact; the peripherality from which both writers portray non-official history such as the Japanese-Canadians‟ before, during and after the World War II period in the case of Kogawa, and in Ondaatje‟s unhistorical narratives of immigrants excluded from the official history of Canada; their narrative aesthetics in the Canadian post(-)colonial and postmodernist context; and their contribution to Canadian literary history. Included in the discussion are the following aspects which may be considered original: a comparative analysis of Ondaatje‟s works with those of other (non-) Canadian writers; the Hisroshima/Nagasaki bombings in The English Patient and Obasan revisited from a racialized perspective; Hayden White‟s notion of the historical text as literary artifact applied to both Ondaatje and Kogawa‟s works; Julia Kristeva‟s psycholinguistic theory and Obasan; and an analysis of Ondaatje‟s latest work Divisadero. ix The recognition of “other solitudes” by literary critics such as Hutcheon and Richmond is a call to reincorporate the once marginally-relegated discourse of the „other‟ into the traditional monocentric concerns. The metaphoricity of early as well as contemporary Canadian writers, peoples of imagined communities in general, requires a kind of doubleness in writing; a temporality of representation that moves between cultural formations and social processes without causal logic (Bhabha). Michael Ondaatje and Joy Kogawa fit well within Canada‟s “sense of being marginal” (Elspeth Cameron) as a multicultural nation which, arguably, has driven Canadians to seek a discourse to locate a tradition of their own. While Ondaatje‟s situation is that of a transplanted/transcultural artist, Kogawa‟s is the marginalized voice in search of a liminal space to represent the sameness and difference in her (Japanese-Canadian) identity. A condition such as theirs gestures inevitably towards the marginal since both writers are products of hybridity: in- between the postcolonial and the new world. The accompanying doubleness perhaps marks the transgression and blending (read: uprootedness and assimilation) which characterize their works. x On … [t]he assimilation of the other or … identification with him, … Cabeza de Vaca … reached a neutral point, not because he was indifferent to the two cultures but because he had experienced them both from within – thereby, he no longer had anything but „the others‟ around him; without becoming an Indian, Cabeza de Vaca was no longer quite a Spaniard. His experience symbolizes and heralds that of the modern exile, which in its turn personifies a tendency characteristic of our society: a being who has lost his country without thereby acquiring another, who lives in a double exteriority. Tzvetan Todorov The Conquest of America: the Question of the other 1 2 Introduction The following Doctoral Thesis is a continuation of the Research Project I presented to complete my Diploma en Estudios Avanzados. The subject of my research then was exclusively centred on the narratives of Michael Ondaatje. I was advised by my tutor, Dr. Isabel Soto, to combine a close reading of my chosen author with a reflection on my motivations: what compelled me to explore and write about Michael Ondaatje? I will begin by noting that we are likely to identify ourselves with what we read, and, in a way, with the author of the book we read. Consequently, we also tend to choose to research and write about an author whose personal condition and literary work have struck us because his or her theme contains things identifiable with our own experience and condition. For this doctoral thesis, I have decided to broaden my scope of inquiry and include Joy Kogawa in my study following similar aforementioned motivations. This doctoral thesis will be concerned in the first instance with the narratives of Michael Ondaatje and Joy Kogawa taking into account the following objectives: (1) To explore these writers‟ major preoccupations such as Ondaatje‟s treatment of the marginal figure, the displaced person or the figure of the outsider, and both writers‟ concept of truth and fiction in history as a literary artifact; (2) To probe the peripherality from which Kogawa portrays the non-official history of Japanese-Canadians before, during and after the World War II period, on the one hand and, on the other, Ondaatje‟s unhistorical narratives of immigrants excluded from the official history of Canada; 3 (3) To discuss both Ondaatje and Kogawa‟s narrative aesthetics in the Canadian post(-)colonial and postmodernist context; (4) To underline Ondaatje and Kogawa‟s contribution to the contemporary Canadian literary history. I am going to explore, then, the writings of Ondaatje and Kogawa in terms of how those writings fit into contemporary Canadian (national) literary history, in particular, within the postmodernist/postcolonial context and not simply into the official “multicultural mosaic” defined by the Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988. As immigrant and second- generation “ethnic” (in the context of my study, other than Anglo-French) Canadian writers, respectively, Ondaatje and Kogawa “write back” to traditional Canadian discourse and project their ancestors‟ respective countries of origin through their fiction. This dissertation then will include all of Ondaatje‟s and Kogawa‟s corpus of narrative fiction and not merely texts which offer “some portrayal of Canada as a semiotic
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