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Nixie Tubes VFD Daniel Anvar Danny Albocher LED OLED Plasma CRT – Cathode Ray Tube LCD – Liquid Crystal Display Electronic paper
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Mostly Mechanical Stepping switches with printed numerals attached to their rotors
Wiring indicator bulbs as output
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Patented at the 1920’s, produced in the 30’s Failed: Reliance, No need
Ar Digital Electronics and first Ar - - - - Ar computers in the 50’s boosted - - - - Ar Nixie tubes Ar Electric Current at High Voltage - Ar - Ar Ar - - 1952 - Developed by Haydu - Brothers Marketed under Burroughs Corporation
Nixie is "NIX I― (Numeric Different gasses produce different colors Indicator eXperimental No. 1)
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Numeric Numeric Displays Displays Frequency Counters Clocks
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Numeric Displays Numeric Calculators Displays UNIVAC 1101
Sumlock ANITA calculator World’s first all – electronic calculator
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Must build cathode Neon requires a high voltage to for each symbol operate Nixie tube was inherently fragile Nixie Failures: Cathode Poisoning In the early 70’s Nixie tubes were Atmosphere replaced by LED, LCD and VFD entrances display, in the 7-segments display Short circuits Unstable voltage
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Very Bright and Contrasted Electronic Vacuum Florescent Display Device Display
7 Segment Display VCR, Stereo, …
Lifetime: 30,000 hours
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Multiplex Display Advantages: 7 Segments Display Fewer Wires No fixed characters Simpler Electronics Drivers 14 Segments Display Outcome: Reduced Cost Gain of continuously active display While not all the display changes 16 Segments Display
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Invented in the 1960’s
Replaced conventional cylindrical tubes in the 70’s
As VFD devices are Very Bright and Clear Slim and Rugged Inexpensive
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Phosphor chemical composition Character determines Light Color Oriented Display Each Anode plate can have different color Color filters increase variety
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Because of the high voltage consumption, it was used on current- The Bright VFD display is ideal for cars: plugged equipment The Digi-Dash (80’s)
Used widely in VCRs, Stereos, Car- Radio
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Portable electronic games (80’s) Main drawbacks High power consumption Colorful! Fixed Color
LCD replaced VFD: Cheap, portable, low voltage LCD could display any color
Still, VFD has kept it’s market Unmatched brightness Functions at sub-zero temperatures It is pushed out by new high-brightness OLEDs
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Semiconductor which emits light when Light Emitting electrically biased in the forward direction Diode of the p-n junction
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1907 - First known report of a light- First Commercial LED were emitting solid-state diode (H.J. Round) red mid 1920s - First LED by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev; his research was Replaced some light bulb ignored indicators and 7 segments display 1961 – Reports of Infrared emission As it wasn’t bright enough gallium arsenide (Biard & Pittman) 1962 - First practical VLED (Nick Green and Orange LEDs Holonyak, Jr., GE) followed
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Blue LED – blurry 1971, high brightness 1993 This has completed the 3 main colors: RGB, And led to LED Panels and TV
White LED – 1996. Actually a blue LED covered with yellow phosphor
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Emitted color is due to the composition and condition of the semiconductor Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet
LED Color Java Applet
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Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared Energy Savers - More light per watt than Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green incandescent bulbs Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high-brightness orange-red, orange, yellow, green Light spectrum is narrow, specific color Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange, yellow The Color never changes – the LED can only Gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green become dim Gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green (or emerald green), blue, white Mechanically strong Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green, blue Extremely long life span: 100,000 to Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate — blue 1,000,000 hours Silicon (Si) as substrate — blue (under development) Sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate — blue Quick light up - microseconds Zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue Can be small in size Diamond (C) - ultraviolet Aluminium nitride (AlN) - near to ultraviolet Low Heat
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Discrete LEDs Panels Performance largely depends on temperature. Must be supplied with correct current. Light is casted in one direction at a narrow angle
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Many: Architectural lighting, Status indicators, Traffic Lights, Exit signs, Cars’ lights, Flashlights, Elevator Push Button Lighting, Message displays, destination displays for trains and buses, Lighting source, alphanumeric displays, night vision lights, communications, Dot matrix arrangements for displaying messages, Glow lights, Grow lights, Automotive brake lights, Backlighting for LCD televisions and displays, Stage lighting, Christmas lights, LED phototherapy for acne, Computers - hard drive activity and power on. , remote controls, motion detectors
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Thinner, Lighter and More flexible than LED or LCD. Brighter than LEDs No need of backlighting like LCDs Consume much less power Easier to produce large sized OLEDs Large fields of view - about 170 degrees.
Problems with OLED Short Lifetime - about 1,000 hours Expensive Manufacturing Water Sensitive
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Plasma: State of matter A Gas-Discharge Display Flat Screen Technology
Motion Display Device TVs Computer Screens
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1964 - Invented for the PLATO Computer Popular in the 70s System Plasma displays didn’t need Monochromatic – Orange or Green memory or circuitry to refresh
1983: IBM’s Information Panel (3290)
1992: First full-color display, by Fujitsu
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1997: First Plasma sold to the public, by Pioneer
2006: Biggest (103’) Plasma to date, by Matsushita
Replaced by CRTs which became much more cheap in the 80s
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Very Wide screen using thin materials Until Recently, Plasma were more popular than LCD Bright Image Wide viewing angle In the last couple of years technological gap reduced – LCD overtakes the market Disadvantages: Lower weight Slightly less quality than CRT Dropping price High Power Consumption (as CRT) Higher resolution High Price Lower power consumption
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Oscilloscope – early 20th century Televisions – Early 1930s Cathode Ray Radars – Late 1930s Tube Early computer monitors Charactron - 1954 Vector monitors – late 1970s Modern dot-matrix monitors High resolution and Full color
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1897: Invented to explore the physics of General idea: electrons Shooting electrons on a phosphor screen Displayed continuous lines
1924: First Moving Silhouette Images Displayed low resolution b/w raster images
1938: Color CRT first patented So real – people would faint…
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Electron gun Electrons’ path: Fired (2) Focused (3) Steering anodes Deflected (1) Hit screen (5) Vacuum tube
Phosphor coated screen
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Oscilloscope (demo) Characteron (1954):
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SAGE (1958): Tektronix storage tubes (1974)
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First game machines (1979) Color monitors Dot matrix multiple guns shadow mask
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1981 – IBM’s Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) four colors Weight & size 320 x 200 pixels 22‖ – [30Kg /0.5m depth] Vs. [5Kg / 10cm
1984 – IBM’s Enhanced Graphics Adapter depth] (EGA) 16 different colors 640 x 350 pixels Electricity consumption
1987 – IBM’s Video Graphics Array (VGA) 100W Vs 50W 640x480 pixels.
1990 – IBM’s Extended Graphics Array (XGA) 800x600 pixel resolution in true color (16.8 million Eye strain colors) 1,024x768 resolution in 65,536 colors. Flickering
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Liquid Crystal Display
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1968 – First operational LCD 1888 – Liquid Crystal phenomenon observed 1972 – First active matrix LCD Early 20th Century – Properties of LC 1988 – First practical color LCD discovered
1963 – Cyan biphenyl liquid crystals discovered
1968 – Optel creates first LCD wrist watches
Late 1970’s – Thin Film Transistor (TFT) invented
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General Idea: Show and block light using polarization principals
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Liquid Crystal is: Background (lighted or reflective) • A material between liquid and crystal • Contains rod shaped oriented molecules • Orientation controlled by electric field Liquid crystal • Defines optic polarization • Can be easily controlled
Polarization filters
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Light enters V-filter Digital watches
Passes through LC Device displays
Enters H-filter
Exits through color filter
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Computer monitors (CRT replacements) HDTV
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Early disadvantages included Current disadvantages: Refresh rates and ghosting effects One resolution Colors (Bad contrast, limited Gamut) Fragility (No thick glass shield) Viewing angles Refresh rates ? Resolution Price ? Dead pixels High price
Most of those are no longer much of an issue
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Current Advantages Parameter LCD Plasma Size and Weight Contrast Black is less black White is less white Pixel Size Smaller Larger Power consumption Viewing angle Distorts Colors Good Sharpness (digital as apposed to analog CRT) Defective pixels Possible Rare Durability 60,000-80,000 hours 30,000-60,000 hours Power 150W for 42‖ 250W for 42‖ consumption Device Size Smaller Larger
Manufacturers are abandoning CRT for LCD
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First device available in 2004 (Sony Librie) Electronic Paper Successor reached US 2006 Display ePaper mobile phone 2006 q4 Thin Extended battery life Wrist watch (2007 q2)
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“Although revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is Wireless supermarket price tags a straightforward fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new material.”
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Simple displays Dynamic ad signs Remember – no electricity required…
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Advantages Current disadvantages Very high contrast No adequate solution for true color Relatively cheap Very slow response time Thin, light and flexible Video currently out of the question Very low power consumption None while image is static Approx 10,000 page flips on four AAA batteries
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Fooling your brain to see depth Mostly using: Prior knowledge Multiple viewing points Two eyes Movement Focus
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Small separate screens Active / Passive polarizing glasses Anaglyphs Random dot stereo images Optic multi-view techniques
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http://www.Wikipedia.org http://www.evidenttech.com http://www.HowStuffWorks.com http://www.evilmadscientist.com http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu http://wps.com http://electricstuff.co.uk/count.html http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/ http://www.tube-tester.com/ http://www.chato.cl/ http://thinkofit.com http://handheldmuseum.com http://www.recycledgoods.com http://www.noritake-elec.com http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com http://www.samsungsdi.co.kr http://www.futaba.co.jp http://hem.passagen.se http://www.noritake-itron.com
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http://www.einc.com http://www.fettes.com http://www.nikon.co.jp http://inventors.about.com/ Cathode Ray Tube Site http://www.physics.uc.edu http://www.engadget.com Virtual Oscilloscope http://www.motorola.com/ Computer Desktop Encyclopedia http://www.answers.com
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