Nixie Tubes Plasma CRT – Cathode Ray Tube LCD – Liquid Crystal Display Electronic Paper Mostly Mecha
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6/25/2007 Nixie Tubes VFD Daniel Anvar Danny Albocher LED OLED Plasma CRT – Cathode Ray Tube LCD – Liquid Crystal Display Electronic paper 25-Jun-07 1 25-Jun-07 2 25-Jun-07 3 25-Jun-07 4 Mostly Mechanical Stepping switches with printed numerals attached to their rotors Wiring indicator bulbs as output 25-Jun-07 5 25-Jun-07 6 1 6/25/2007 Patented at the 1920’s, produced in the 30’s Failed: Reliance, No need Ar Digital Electronics and first Ar - - - - Ar computers in the 50’s boosted - - - - Ar Nixie tubes Ar Electric Current at High Voltage - Ar - Ar Ar - - 1952 - Developed by Haydu - Brothers Marketed under Burroughs Corporation Nixie is "NIX I― (Numeric Different gasses produce different colors Indicator eXperimental No. 1) 25-Jun-07 7 25-Jun-07 8 25-Jun-07 9 25-Jun-07 10 Numeric Numeric Displays Displays Frequency Counters Clocks 25-Jun-07 11 25-Jun-07 12 2 6/25/2007 Numeric Displays Numeric Calculators Displays UNIVAC 1101 Sumlock ANITA calculator World’s first all – electronic calculator 25-Jun-07 13 25-Jun-07 14 Must build cathode Neon requires a high voltage to for each symbol operate Nixie tube was inherently fragile Nixie Failures: Cathode Poisoning In the early 70’s Nixie tubes were Atmosphere replaced by LED, LCD and VFD entrances display, in the 7-segments display Short circuits Unstable voltage 25-Jun-07 15 25-Jun-07 16 Very Bright and Contrasted Electronic Vacuum Florescent Display Device Display 7 Segment Display VCR, Stereo, … Lifetime: 30,000 hours 25-Jun-07 17 25-Jun-07 18 3 6/25/2007 Multiplex Display Advantages: 7 Segments Display Fewer Wires No fixed characters Simpler Electronics Drivers 14 Segments Display Outcome: Reduced Cost Gain of continuously active display While not all the display changes 16 Segments Display 25-Jun-07 19 25-Jun-07 20 Invented in the 1960’s Replaced conventional cylindrical tubes in the 70’s As VFD devices are Very Bright and Clear Slim and Rugged Inexpensive 25-Jun-07 21 25-Jun-07 22 Phosphor chemical composition Character determines Light Color Oriented Display Each Anode plate can have different color Color filters increase variety 25-Jun-07 23 25-Jun-07 24 4 6/25/2007 Because of the high voltage consumption, it was used on current- The Bright VFD display is ideal for cars: plugged equipment The Digi-Dash (80’s) Used widely in VCRs, Stereos, Car- Radio 25-Jun-07 25 25-Jun-07 26 Portable electronic games (80’s) Main drawbacks High power consumption Colorful! Fixed Color LCD replaced VFD: Cheap, portable, low voltage LCD could display any color Still, VFD has kept it’s market Unmatched brightness Functions at sub-zero temperatures It is pushed out by new high-brightness OLEDs 25-Jun-07 27 25-Jun-07 28 Semiconductor which emits light when Light Emitting electrically biased in the forward direction Diode of the p-n junction 25-Jun-07 29 25-Jun-07 30 5 6/25/2007 1907 - First known report of a light- First Commercial LED were emitting solid-state diode (H.J. Round) red mid 1920s - First LED by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev; his research was Replaced some light bulb ignored indicators and 7 segments display 1961 – Reports of Infrared emission As it wasn’t bright enough gallium arsenide (Biard & Pittman) 1962 - First practical VLED (Nick Green and Orange LEDs Holonyak, Jr., GE) followed 25-Jun-07 31 25-Jun-07 32 Blue LED – blurry 1971, high brightness 1993 This has completed the 3 main colors: RGB, And led to LED Panels and TV White LED – 1996. Actually a blue LED covered with yellow phosphor 25-Jun-07 33 25-Jun-07 34 Emitted color is due to the composition and condition of the semiconductor Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet LED Color Java Applet 25-Jun-07 35 25-Jun-07 36 6 6/25/2007 Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared Energy Savers - More light per watt than Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green incandescent bulbs Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high-brightness orange-red, orange, yellow, green Light spectrum is narrow, specific color Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange, yellow The Color never changes – the LED can only Gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green become dim Gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green (or emerald green), blue, white Mechanically strong Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green, blue Extremely long life span: 100,000 to Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate — blue 1,000,000 hours Silicon (Si) as substrate — blue (under development) Sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate — blue Quick light up - microseconds Zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue Can be small in size Diamond (C) - ultraviolet Aluminium nitride (AlN) - near to ultraviolet Low Heat 25-Jun-07 37 25-Jun-07 38 Discrete LEDs Panels Performance largely depends on temperature. Must be supplied with correct current. Light is casted in one direction at a narrow angle 25-Jun-07 39 25-Jun-07 40 Many: Architectural lighting, Status indicators, Traffic Lights, Exit signs, Cars’ lights, Flashlights, Elevator Push Button Lighting, Message displays, destination displays for trains and buses, Lighting source, alphanumeric displays, night vision lights, communications, Dot matrix arrangements for displaying messages, Glow lights, Grow lights, Automotive brake lights, Backlighting for LCD televisions and displays, Stage lighting, Christmas lights, LED phototherapy for acne, Computers - hard drive activity and power on. , remote controls, motion detectors 25-Jun-07 41 25-Jun-07 42 7 6/25/2007 25-Jun-07 43 25-Jun-07 44 Thinner, Lighter and More flexible than LED or LCD. Brighter than LEDs No need of backlighting like LCDs Consume much less power Easier to produce large sized OLEDs Large fields of view - about 170 degrees. Problems with OLED Short Lifetime - about 1,000 hours Expensive Manufacturing Water Sensitive 25-Jun-07 45 25-Jun-07 46 25-Jun-07 47 25-Jun-07 48 8 6/25/2007 Plasma: State of matter A Gas-Discharge Display Flat Screen Technology Motion Display Device TVs Computer Screens 25-Jun-07 49 25-Jun-07 50 25-Jun-07 51 25-Jun-07 52 1964 - Invented for the PLATO Computer Popular in the 70s System Plasma displays didn’t need Monochromatic – Orange or Green memory or circuitry to refresh 1983: IBM’s Information Panel (3290) 1992: First full-color display, by Fujitsu 25-Jun-07 53 25-Jun-07 54 9 6/25/2007 1997: First Plasma sold to the public, by Pioneer 2006: Biggest (103’) Plasma to date, by Matsushita Replaced by CRTs which became much more cheap in the 80s 25-Jun-07 55 25-Jun-07 56 Very Wide screen using thin materials Until Recently, Plasma were more popular than LCD Bright Image Wide viewing angle In the last couple of years technological gap reduced – LCD overtakes the market Disadvantages: Lower weight Slightly less quality than CRT Dropping price High Power Consumption (as CRT) Higher resolution High Price Lower power consumption 25-Jun-07 57 25-Jun-07 58 Oscilloscope – early 20th century Televisions – Early 1930s Cathode Ray Radars – Late 1930s Tube Early computer monitors Charactron - 1954 Vector monitors – late 1970s Modern dot-matrix monitors High resolution and Full color 25-Jun-07 59 25-Jun-07 60 10 6/25/2007 1897: Invented to explore the physics of General idea: electrons Shooting electrons on a phosphor screen Displayed continuous lines 1924: First Moving Silhouette Images Displayed low resolution b/w raster images 1938: Color CRT first patented So real – people would faint… 25-Jun-07 61 25-Jun-07 62 Electron gun Electrons’ path: Fired (2) Focused (3) Steering anodes Deflected (1) Hit screen (5) Vacuum tube Phosphor coated screen 25-Jun-07 63 25-Jun-07 64 Oscilloscope (demo) Characteron (1954): 25-Jun-07 65 25-Jun-07 66 11 6/25/2007 SAGE (1958): Tektronix storage tubes (1974) 25-Jun-07 67 25-Jun-07 68 First game machines (1979) Color monitors Dot matrix multiple guns shadow mask 25-Jun-07 69 25-Jun-07 70 1981 – IBM’s Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) four colors Weight & size 320 x 200 pixels 22‖ – [30Kg /0.5m depth] Vs. [5Kg / 10cm 1984 – IBM’s Enhanced Graphics Adapter depth] (EGA) 16 different colors 640 x 350 pixels Electricity consumption 1987 – IBM’s Video Graphics Array (VGA) 100W Vs 50W 640x480 pixels. 1990 – IBM’s Extended Graphics Array (XGA) 800x600 pixel resolution in true color (16.8 million Eye strain colors) 1,024x768 resolution in 65,536 colors. Flickering 25-Jun-07 71 25-Jun-07 72 12 6/25/2007 Liquid Crystal Display 25-Jun-07 73 25-Jun-07 74 1968 – First operational LCD 1888 – Liquid Crystal phenomenon observed 1972 – First active matrix LCD Early 20th Century – Properties of LC 1988 – First practical color LCD discovered 1963 – Cyan biphenyl liquid crystals discovered 1968 – Optel creates first LCD wrist watches Late 1970’s – Thin Film Transistor (TFT) invented 25-Jun-07 75 25-Jun-07 76 General Idea: Show and block light using polarization principals 25-Jun-07 77 25-Jun-07 78 13 6/25/2007 Liquid Crystal is: Background (lighted or reflective) • A material between liquid and crystal • Contains rod shaped oriented molecules • Orientation controlled by electric field Liquid crystal • Defines optic polarization • Can be easily controlled Polarization filters 25-Jun-07 79 25-Jun-07 80 Light enters V-filter Digital watches Passes through LC Device displays Enters H-filter Exits through color filter 25-Jun-07 81 25-Jun-07 82 Computer monitors (CRT replacements) HDTV 25-Jun-07 83 25-Jun-07 84 14 6/25/2007