6/25/2007

 Nixie Tubes  VFD Daniel Anvar Danny Albocher  LED  OLED  Plasma  CRT – Ray Tube  LCD – Liquid Crystal Display 

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 Mostly Mechanical  Stepping with printed numerals attached to their rotors

 Wiring indicator bulbs as output

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 Patented at the 1920’s, produced in the 30’s  Failed: Reliance, No need

Ar  Digital and first Ar - - - - Ar computers in the 50’s boosted - - - - Ar Nixie tubes Ar Electric Current at High Voltage - Ar - Ar Ar - -  1952 - Developed by Haydu - Brothers  Marketed under Burroughs Corporation

 Nixie is "NIX I― (Numeric  Different gasses produce different colors Indicator eXperimental No. 1)

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 Numeric  Numeric Displays Displays  Counters 

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 Numeric Displays  Numeric  Displays  UNIVAC 1101

 Sumlock ANITA  World’s first all – electronic calculator

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 Must build cathode  requires a high voltage to for each symbol operate  was inherently fragile  Nixie Failures:  Cathode Poisoning  In the early 70’s Nixie tubes were  Atmosphere replaced by LED, LCD and VFD entrances display, in the 7-segments display  Short circuits  Unstable voltage

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 Very Bright and Contrasted Electronic Vacuum Florescent Display

 7 Segment Display  VCR, Stereo, …

 Lifetime: 30,000 hours

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 Multiplex Display Advantages:  7 Segments Display  Fewer  No fixed characters  Simpler Electronics Drivers  14 Segments Display  Outcome: Reduced Cost  Gain of continuously active display  While not all the display changes  16 Segments Display

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 Invented in the 1960’s

 Replaced conventional cylindrical tubes in the 70’s

 As VFD devices are  Very Bright and Clear  Slim and Rugged  Inexpensive

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 Phosphor chemical composition  Character determines Color Oriented Display  Each plate can have different color  Color filters increase variety

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 Because of the high voltage consumption, it was used on current-  The Bright VFD display is ideal for cars: plugged equipment  The Digi-Dash (80’s)

 Used widely in VCRs, Stereos, Car- Radio

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 Portable electronic games (80’s)  Main drawbacks  High power consumption  Colorful!  Fixed Color

 LCD replaced VFD:  Cheap, portable, low voltage  LCD could display any color

 Still, VFD has kept it’s market  Unmatched brightness  Functions at sub-zero temperatures  It is pushed out by new high-brightness

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 Semiconductor which emits light when Light Emitting electrically biased in the forward direction of the p-n junction

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 1907 - First known report of a light-  First Commercial LED were emitting solid-state diode (H.J. Round) red  mid 1920s - First LED by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev; his research was  Replaced some light bulb ignored indicators and 7 segments display  1961 – Reports of Infrared emission  As it wasn’t bright enough gallium arsenide (Biard & Pittman)  1962 - First practical VLED (Nick  Green and Orange LEDs Holonyak, Jr., GE) followed

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 Blue LED – blurry 1971, high brightness 1993  This has completed the 3 main colors: RGB,  And led to LED Panels and TV

 White LED – 1996.  Actually a blue LED covered with yellow phosphor

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 Emitted color is due to the composition and condition of the semiconductor  Infrared, Visible,

 LED Color Java Applet

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gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared  Energy Savers - More light per watt than  Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green incandescent bulbs  Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high-brightness orange-red, orange, yellow, green  Light spectrum is narrow, specific color  Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange, yellow  The Color never changes – the LED can only  Gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green become dim  Gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green (or emerald green), blue, white  Mechanically strong  Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green, blue  Extremely long life span: 100,000 to  Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate — blue 1,000,000 hours  Silicon (Si) as substrate — blue (under development)   Sapphire (Al2O3) as substrate — blue Quick light up - microseconds  Zinc selenide (ZnSe) - blue  Can be small in size  Diamond (C) - ultraviolet  Aluminium nitride (AlN) - near to ultraviolet  Low Heat

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 Discrete LEDs Panels  Performance largely depends on temperature.  Must be supplied with correct current.  Light is casted in one direction at a narrow angle

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 Many: Architectural lighting, Status indicators, Traffic , Exit signs, Cars’ lights, Flashlights, Push Button Lighting, Message displays, destination displays for trains and buses, Lighting source, alphanumeric displays, night vision lights, communications, arrangements for displaying messages, Glow lights, Grow lights, Automotive brake lights, Backlighting for LCD and displays, Stage lighting, Christmas lights, LED phototherapy for acne, Computers - hard drive activity and power on. , remote controls, motion detectors

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 Thinner, Lighter and More flexible than LED or LCD.  Brighter than LEDs  No need of backlighting like LCDs  Consume much less power  Easier to produce large sized OLEDs  Large fields of view - about 170 degrees.

 Problems with OLED  Short Lifetime - about 1,000 hours  Expensive Manufacturing  Water Sensitive

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 Plasma: State of matter  A Gas-Discharge Display  Flat Screen Technology

 Motion Display Device  TVs  Computer Screens

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 1964 - Invented for the PLATO Computer  Popular in the 70s System  Plasma displays didn’t need  Monochromatic – Orange or Green memory or circuitry to refresh

 1983: IBM’s Information Panel (3290)

 1992: First full-color display, by Fujitsu

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 1997: First Plasma sold to the public, by Pioneer

 2006: Biggest (103’) Plasma to date, by Matsushita

 Replaced by CRTs which became much more cheap in the 80s

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 Very Wide screen using thin materials  Until Recently, Plasma were more popular than LCD  Bright Image  Wide viewing angle  In the last couple of years technological gap reduced –  LCD overtakes the market  Disadvantages:  Lower weight  Slightly less quality than CRT  Dropping price  High Power Consumption (as CRT)  Higher resolution  High Price  Lower power consumption

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 Oscilloscope – early 20th century  Televisions – Early 1930s Cathode Ray  Radars – Late 1930s Tube  Early computer monitors  - 1954  Vector monitors – late 1970s  Modern dot-matrix monitors  High resolution and Full color

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 1897: Invented to explore the physics of  General idea:  Shooting electrons on a phosphor screen  Displayed continuous lines

 1924: First Moving Silhouette Images  Displayed low resolution b/w raster images

 1938: Color CRT first patented  So real – people would faint…

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gun  Electrons’ path: Fired (2) Focused (3)  Steering Deflected (1) Hit screen (5) 

 Phosphor coated screen

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Oscilloscope (demo) Characteron (1954):

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SAGE (1958):  Tektronix storage tubes (1974)

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 First game machines (1979)  Color monitors  Dot matrix  multiple guns 

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 1981 – IBM’s Color Graphics Adapter (CGA)  four colors  Weight & size  320 x 200  22‖ – [30Kg /0.5m depth] Vs. [5Kg / 10cm

 1984 – IBM’s Enhanced Graphics Adapter depth] (EGA)  16 different colors  640 x 350 pixels  Electricity consumption

 1987 – IBM’s Video Graphics Array (VGA)  100W Vs 50W  640x480 pixels.

 1990 – IBM’s Extended Graphics Array (XGA)   800x600 resolution in true color (16.8 million Eye strain colors)  1,024x768 resolution in 65,536 colors.  Flickering

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Liquid Crystal Display

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 1968 – First operational LCD  1888 – Liquid Crystal phenomenon observed  1972 – First LCD  Early 20th Century – Properties of LC  1988 – First practical color LCD discovered

 1963 – Cyan biphenyl liquid crystals discovered

 1968 – Optel creates first LCD wrist

 Late 1970’s – (TFT) invented

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 General Idea:  Show and block light using polarization principals

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Liquid Crystal is:  Background (lighted or reflective) • A material between liquid and crystal • Contains rod shaped oriented molecules • Orientation controlled by electric field  Liquid crystal • Defines optic polarization • Can be easily controlled

 Polarization filters

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 Light enters V-filter  Digital watches

 Passes through LC  Device displays

 Enters H-filter

 Exits through color filter

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 Computer monitors (CRT replacements)  HDTV

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 Early disadvantages included  Current disadvantages:  Refresh rates and ghosting effects  One resolution  Colors (Bad contrast, limited )  Fragility (No thick glass shield)  Viewing angles  Refresh rates ?  Resolution  Price ?  Dead pixels  High price

Most of those are no longer much of an issue

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 Current Advantages Parameter LCD Plasma  Size and Weight Contrast Black is less black White is less white Pixel Size Smaller Larger  Power consumption Viewing angle Distorts Colors Good  Sharpness (digital as apposed to analog CRT) Defective pixels Possible Rare Durability 60,000-80,000 hours 30,000-60,000 hours Power 150W for 42‖ 250W for 42‖ consumption Device Size Smaller Larger

 Manufacturers are abandoning CRT for LCD

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 First device available in 2004 ( Librie) Electronic Paper  Successor reached US 2006 Display  ePaper 2006 q4  Thin  Extended battery life  Wrist (2007 q2)

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 “Although revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is  Wireless supermarket price tags a straightforward fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new material.”

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 Simple displays  Dynamic ad signs  Remember – no electricity required…

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 Advantages  Current disadvantages  Very high contrast  No adequate solution for true color  Relatively cheap  Very slow response time  Thin, light and flexible  Video currently out of the question  Very low power consumption  None while image is static  Approx 10,000 page flips on four AAA batteries

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 Fooling your brain to see depth Mostly using:  Prior knowledge  Multiple viewing points  Two eyes  Movement  Focus

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 Small separate screens  Active / Passive polarizing glasses  Anaglyphs  Random dot stereo images  Optic multi-view techniques

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 http://www.Wikipedia.org  http://www.evidenttech.com  http://www.HowStuffWorks.com  http://www.evilmadscientist.com  http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu  http://wps.com  http://electricstuff.co.uk/count.html  http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/  http://www.tube-tester.com/  http://www.chato.cl/  http://thinkofit.com  http://handheldmuseum.com  http://www.recycledgoods.com  http://www.noritake-elec.com  http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com  http://www.samsungsdi.co.kr  http://www.futaba.co.jp  http://hem.passagen.se  http://www.noritake-itron.com

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 http://www.einc.com  http://www.fettes.com  http://www.nikon.co.jp  http://inventors.about.com/  Cathode Ray Tube Site  http://www.physics.uc.edu  http://www.engadget.com  Virtual Oscilloscope  http://www.motorola.com/  Computer Desktop Encyclopedia  http://www.answers.com

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