Vol. 3 No. 3 Vol.

Autumn 2010 Autumn

Autumn 2010 Vol. 3 No. 3

ISSN 2005-0151 Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Autumn 2010 Vol. 3 No. 3

Cover

White symbolizes autumn. The symbolism originates from the traditional “five direc- tional colors” based on the ancient Chi- nese thought of wu xing, or ohaeng in Ko- rean. The five colors were associated with seasons and other phenomena in nature, including the fate of humans. The cover designs features maedeup, ornate knot works. For more stories about maedeup, see p. 45.

KOREAN HERITAGE is also available on the website. ( http://english.cha.go.kr ) 3 | 4

ADMINISTRATOR’S NOTE KOREAN FOLK CUSTOMS

Hahoe and Yangdong Villages on World Heritage List Book Clearing

The UNESCO World Heritage Committee, at its 34th session convened in Brasilia, Autumn is the season for reading. Since ancient times Brazil, decided on July 31 to place Hahoe and Yangdong, ’s two famous historic have believed that cool autumn nights are the villages, on the World Heritage List. The Republic of Korea thus possesses 10 World best time for “getting close to a lamp,” which means Heritage sites. “reading.”

Announcing its decision for their inscription, the World Heritage Committee noted the The old custom of “book clearing” (chaek ssisi) or “book two Korean villages successfully represent the Confucian aristocratic culture and social rites” (chaek rye, or chaek geori), is rooted in Korea’s structure of the Dynasty (1392−1910), with their indigenous housing environ- time-honored tradition of placing utmost importance ment and community facilities wholly preserved and passed down to this day. The com- on education. It referred to an event marking the end of mittee also highly valued their intangible legacies, including the writings and artistic studying a book, which often was passed on to a junior. works created by local Confucian scholars during the Joseon period as well as the com- Most often, however, the highlight was a feast prepared by parents to congratulate the munal games, seasonal customs, religious rites, and family rituals marking life cycles, endeavor and to thank the teacher at the village school (seodang). which have been carefully cherished and handed down through generations. Finishing primers such as The Thousand Character Classic (Cheonjamun), The Chil- Blessed with exquisite natural scenery and their illustrious traditions stretching back dren’s First Reader (Dongmong seonseup) and The Lesser Learning (Sohak), in par- six centuries, the two ancient villages epitomize Korean culture. Their designation as ticular, was considered worthy of a big celebration. Noodles in meat broth (guksu) and World Heritage sites is especially significant as they continue to be the homes of three moon-shaped rice cakes stuffed with assorted condiments (songpyeon) were typical prominent clans − Hahoe for the Pungsan Ryu clan, and Yangdong for the Yeogang Yi delicacies at these joyful occasions. Children were praised for enduring hard lessons, and Son clans. sometimes getting whipped, and taught the wisdom of self-reflection, gratitude to- The Cultural Heritage Administration will try to develop the two villages as tourist at- ward their teacher, and the courage to face the unknown future. tractions for people from around the world, so they can discover the inherent aspects of Similar events still take place in Korean schools today to mark the completion of an Korean culture. At the same time, we will spare no efforts to preserve the outstanding academic year or course. universal value of these villages as legacies of human civilization and history.

Yi, Kun Moo Administrator Cultural Heritage Administration Republic of Korea 5 | 6

Autumn 2010 Vol. 3 No. 3

CONTENTS

07 World Heritage in Korea 27 Photo Gallery

Dolmens on the Korean Peninsula Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) Key to Bronze Age Culture Ecological Haven of Global Value

11 Modern Heritage 35 Foreigner’s View

Incheon and : Modern Port Cities Modern Cultural Heritage: A Testament to History

17 Architectural Heritage 41 Documentary Heritage

Confucian Academies in Korea The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat Spaces for Learning and Sage Worship Palace Journal Conveys Breath of History

23 Science for Cultural Heritage 45 Intangible Heritage

Onggi Contains Ancestors’ Wisdom Fancy Craft Passed On via Fingertips Crude Stoneware for Everyday Use Traditional Korean Ornamental Knots 7 | 8 World Heritage in Korea

Dolmens on the Korean Peninsula Key to Bronze Age Culture

Text from World Heritage in Korea Photos by Graphickorea

2. A world map of 2 sites. It is believed that man began to inhabit the Bronze wares are excavated most often from the stone cists distributed throughout North Korean dolmens look different from those in Korean peninsula around 700,000 years ago megalithic barrows known as dolmens, or and . Some 40,000 dolmens, other regions. They are largely divided into during the Paleolithic era. With an early ag- “goindol” in Korean, which literally means or over 40 percent of all dolmens identified two types, “table” and “checkerboard,” de- ricultural society taking shape, the Bronze the “propped stone.” The dolmens are burial around the world, are in Korea. pending on their shape and position of burial Age was in full swing around 2,000–1 ,500 sites representative of the Bronze Age. They chamber. A table dolmen is built with three BC. The increasing use of bronze tools, made are archaeological remains from the early Korea Has 40 Percent of All Dolmens to four well-dressed stone slabs that are set from an alloy of copper and tin or zinc, char- stage of civilization found in natural environ- Worldwide upright to surround an above-ground burial acterized this period, when tilling and live- ments, not inside museums. Megalithic culture fully blossomed on the cist and a large flat capstone that serves as stock breeding developed into major means Dolmens are found all over the world, but are Korean peninsula, in view of the degree of the roof. The checkerboard dolmen has an of livelihood. A widespread use of bronze notably concentrated in the Northeast Asian concentration, diversity in form and scale of underground burial chamber made by erect- implements yielded surplus farm products, countries of Korea, and Japan. Among dolmens discovered in the country. In recog- ing stone slabs or piling up broken stone which led to the emergence of power groups these countries, Korea is veritably the “king- nition of the uniqueness and rarity of Korea’s fragments. A flat capstone laid on low prop- and social classes. dom of dolmens,” with a far larger number of megalithic culture, the three dolmen sites in ping stones covers the chamber. Some dol- Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa were all in- mens, resembling the checkerboard type, scribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List have no support stones but a capstone sits 1. A famous table-type dol- men in Ganghwa Island. in 2000. directly over a chamber. The capstones vary in shape and size, weighing from scores to Dolmens were seen everywhere around Ko- hundreds of tons. Moving such heavy stone rea; they were so common that they were 3. Dolmen in different shap- blocks must have required a large workforce es in Hwasun. sometimes taken for plain rocks. Running into them while tilling the fields, farmers inadvertently removed or smashed those “troublesome rocks.” A considerable number of dolmens in Korea have been destroyed in this way.

Dolmens in Gochang, Hwasun and Gang- hwa sites are in good condition, appropri- ately clustered, and diverse in style, serving as important clues to studying the formation and evolution of prehistoric megalithic struc- 1 tures. 3 World Heritage in Korea 9 | 10

but how the huge dolmens were built without table dolmens are found in northern regions mae Bawi,” meaning “stone hurling rock,” 5. Dolmen in different shap- es in Hwasun. any heavy equipment remains a mystery. of the Korean peninsula, and dolmens with is estimated to weigh some 280 tons. This is smaller or no propping stones in southern indisputably one of the largest dolmens in the To make a dolmen the first task was gather- regions, including Jeolla and Gyeongsang world. ing stones of appropriate size and shape, or provinces. Hence the former type is clas- breaking off necessary pieces from a boul- The Hwasun dolmens were not discovered sified as the “northern style” and the latter der. In order to tear off a stone piece from until 1996 and are in excellent condition ow- types the “southern style.” a rock base, a deep groove was made along ing to the undisturbed mountain environment. the grain on the rock surface and a wooden Gochang: The World’s Densest Dolmen A rock quarry has been found near the moun- 5 stake was wedged in and moistened with wa- Cluster tain top, offering a glimpse into the early ma- ter. Then as the wood swelled the rock would Samgeo-ri and Osang-ri in Gwanghwa Coun- sonry techniques and construction process of Hundreds of dolmens in varying sizes are crack off. ty, which belongs to the great Incheon metro- dolmens. found along the foot of the mountain in Mae- politan area. These dolmens are located some Stone slabs hewn in this method were moved san-ri, Gochang County, North Jeolla Prov- Monuments Worthy of Immortal Preserva- 100–200 meters above sea level, notably on on rolling logs. With propping stones erected ince. They are scattered over slopes stretch- tion higher altitudes than most dolmens around in pits, dirt was piled over the stones until ing some 1.5 kilometers from east to west. Korea. Among them is a famous, beautifully Dolmens are among the most common types a gentle-sloped dune was formed. The cap- As many as 442 dolmens have been identi- shaped dolmen in the middle of a farm field of megalithic structures. Among other compa- stone was moved up along the slope and then fied so far. With those yet to be surveyed, the in Bugeun-ri, one of the largest dolmens in rable monuments are the pyramids in Egypt the dirt underneath was removed. A dead area apparently has at least 550 dolmens. Korea. This impressive structure consists of and the Americas, the Stonehenge in the U.K., body and funerary goods were placed in the In the adjacent Dosan-ri, a dolmen forms part two 2.6-meter-tall propping stones standing the Carnac menhir alignments in France, the empty space between the propping stones. of the saucepot terrace of a private home. In upright side by side from north to south, with moai statues of Easter Island in Polynesia, and The cist was then sealed with flat stone slabs. the woods more dolmens can be encountered a capstone measuring 7.1 meters by 5.5 me- the Tarxien Temples in Malta. These prehis- The table-type dolmen required more labor with mere 10-meter intervals. Including ters and weighing some 50 tons resting on top. toric remains, differing in shape and function, to build because the capstone had to be lifted those in Dosan-ri, the Gochang site contains are generally believed to have been used for Hwasun: Arena for Firsthand Education to cover an above-ground burial chamber. more than 1,000 dolmens, worthy of its repu- interment of human remains, memorials, or on Megalithic Culture Dolmens with smaller or no propping stones tation as the world’s largest and densest clus- ritual sites. Distinctively concentrated at the were relatively easier to build as there was ter of dolmens. Some 560 dolmens dot an area spanning early phase of agricultural settlement, these no need to lift a heavy capstone. Therefore, some 5–10 kilometers along a valley named stone structures, particularly dolmens, are Ganghwa: Table-type Dolmens in Aesthet- those who built table dolmens may be as- Bogeomjae, which straddles Hyosan-ri in highly valuable historical remnants. They pro- ic Forms sumed to have possessed superior power. Dogok-myeon and Daesin-ri in Chunyang- vide vital clues to the cultures, social struc- The checkerboard and capstone dolmens Some 120 dolmens occupy Mt. myeon, Hwasun County, South Jeolla Prov- tures and political systems as well as the spiri- tended to have fewer artifacts. Generally, stretching over three villages of Bugeun-ri, ince. They include table, checkerboard and tual world of prehistoric people. capstone dolmens. Scores of them weigh 4. Dolmens with two sup- port stones and one cap- over 100 tons. One of them, named “Ping- stone.

6. A dolmen in Hwasun surrounded by forests and well preserved.

7. Stonehenge, a - ic monument on the plains of Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.

4 6 7 Modern Heritage 11 | 12

Incheon and Mokpo Modern Port Cities

Text by Sohn Jang-won Photos by Shon Jang-won & Graphickorea

1 Modern Heritage 13 | 14

the Joseon Dynasty opened it to foreign na- tions. Western urban planning methods were applied to the development of these extra- territorial districts. With roads, houses and parks built according to Western measure- ments, these districts formed the backbone of Incheon’s new urban space structure and development into a modern city. The coast- line changed due to land reclamation proj- ects, mostly undertaken by the Japanese who consistently sought to expand their influence in Korea. 4 1. Incheon Bridge is a new The Japanese settlements rapidly expanded landmark symbolizing the after Japan’s victory in the Sino-Japanese 4. A stairway dividing the thriving port city today. Japanese companies that once swayed control war in 1894 and the Russo-Japanese war old Chinese and Japa- 2. The Dap-dong Cathedral over Korean economy. They are clustered in nese leased territories in in the old city center of in 1905, and Japan pushed for coastal land an area, not exceeding 100 meters in length, Incheon. 2 Incheon. reclamation to secure more land for military which formed the nation’s oldest modern Two Cities Grow amid Foreign Aggression These new residential areas, planned with use as well as residential purposes. On the business town. Among the extant buildings certain principles and standards, provided land thus acquired, not only the Japanese here are the Incheon Branch of Nippon Yu- Japan requested the opening of Incheon and no space to live for Koreans who rushed to but other foreigners also constructed their sen Kaisha (NYK Line), built in 1888, which Mokpo more strongly than other foreign the port cities. The Koreans had no choice buildings. They brought construction materi- is the nation’s second oldest modern archi- powers attempting to infringe upon Korean but to settle along the foot of mountains or als from home and erected buildings in ar- tectural monument, next to Beonsachang, an sovereignty in the late 19th century. The flatlands near the port. Houses were built chitectural styles popular at the time in their armory of the Joseon Dynasty, in ; the Japanese consulate opened at the best loca- chaotically along labyrinthine roads. Sanita- respective countries. A foreigners’ street was Incheon Branch of Nippon 18th Bank, built tion in these port cities and Japanese towns tion was poor. These marked the dual faces thus created with buildings in a multitude of in 1890; the Incheon Branch of Nippon 58th subsequently developed around them. Other of Incheon and Mokpo, the two modern port styles south of Mt. Eungbong, the area re- Bank, built in 1892; the Incheon Branch of foreign residents came to live nearby, giving cities that grew amid the turmoil of foreign ferred to as Chemulpo. Daiichi Bank, built in 1899; and Koori Ship- rise to foreign residential districts equipped aggression. ping Co., built in 1902. with orderly streets and sanitary facilities. Incheon remained the nation’s top inter- Japan also built a Shinto shrine and a temple Incheon: International City Flooding with national city until the early 1900s. Unlike Mokpo: No. 1 Port City in Southwestern on the mountain within 500 meters to the Foreign Culture other port cities which were largely divided Korea east, and a cemetery not far from there. This into Japanese and local residential districts, Incheon is changing rapidly today as one of Eight years after Japan first raised its open- was the basic urban arrangement commonly Incheon had Japanese and Chinese residen- Korea’s most dynamic cities, with a free eco- ing, the port of Mokpo was opened to for- seen in modern Korean port cities. tial areas as well as leased territories of other nomic zone emerging near Incheon Interna- eigners on October 1, 1897. Mokpo was nations. As Japan expanded its power, how- tional Airport, the nation’s main gateway. It 3. Chemulpo, the old In- ever, the influence of Chinese and Europeans 5. The Incheon branch of cheon port, as photo- is striving to transform into a global metrop- Japan’s Daiichi Bank is graphed after its opening quickly shrank and Japan took over their ar- seen at far right in this olis, shedding its longstanding image as a to foreign powers. eas. Japan’s forcible annexation of Korea in photograph dated 1899. gate to Seoul. However, Incheon was already 1910 signified further increase of Japanese known internationally 126 years, albeit un- influence. der a different name, Chemulpo, when the port had a teeming foreign presence. Nation’s Oldest Modern Business Town

Europeans, Japanese and Chinese secured Incheon maintains modern Western-style 3 “leased territories” in Incheon soon after buildings which housed local branches of 5 Modern Heritage 15 | 16

The Japanese Consulate in Mokpo 9. The Mokpo branch of Higashi Honganji, a main Following the port openings by the Joseon temple of the True Pure Land , a Japa- Dynasty, various nations set up their consul- nese nationalist sect, built in 1898. ar offices in major cities around Korea. Rath- er than protecting their people, these offices were intended to consolidate the position of respective nations and serve their interests in power contests under way in many regions 9 around the world.

Japan was most enthusiastic about opening 10. The Mokpo branch of Oriental Development consulates to use them as its strategic out- Company. posts for aggression. Japan’s imperial inten- 6. The old Japanese Con- tions were clearly exposed after the sign- sulate building in Mokpo. 6 ing of the Protectorate Treaty in 1905. The chosen for an early opening in view of its by the Japanese territory in Incheon. treaty led to the installation of the Japanese geographical proximity to the Yeongsan Riv- The modern port city of Mokpo consisted residency-general in 1906, and the Japanese er estuary, which would enable steamship basically of the international residential dis- consulates were turned into its local admin- transportation of cargo to inland consumer trict and the local district, occupying some istrative arms. 10 markets, and the major background markets 1 km² and 1.33 km², respectively. Following in and Gwangju to facilitate the con- The old Japanese Consulate building in remodeled to be used as museums or exhibi- the port opening, commercial streets, houses, centration and distribution of merchandise. Mokpo is worthy of attention as the only ex- tion halls. This is obviously a desirable trend factories and warehouses were built toward Its location was also considered convenient tant structure among all the consulates that as old abandoned buildings can be imbued the coast before the Japanese Consulate. As for transporting the rich rice harvests of the with new vitality and incorporated into con- coastal land reclamation continued, the city Japan built in Korea during the modern port Jeolla region. temporary life by helping to fill spatial needs expanded to the east along the Muan Road. opening period. Japanese constituted a great majority of for- for local culture and arts. But these moves eigners who moved into Mokpo. Though Mokpo, as a modern city, enjoyed the peak Branch of Japanese may encounter problems when local autono- of its prosperity in the 1930s. In 1936, the other nations leased their own territories, The True Pure Land Buddhism (Jodo Shin- mous governments have uniform approaches Japan intervened in the selection procedures city set up an urban development plan target- shu), a Japanese nationalist sect, was on the to turn all modern architectural relics into of their location. The Japanese settled along ing 1965, in accordance with the Japanese forefront of colonial aggression. Its main exhibition halls without studying their re- the foot of Mt. Yudal near the coast and the government-general’s decree on Korean city spective conditions and devising suitable development of this district was influenced planning announced in June of that year. temple was Honganji, which was split into Higashi Honganji (Eastern Temple of the uses. When efforts are made to search for usage befitting individual buildings and their 7. Japanese-style houses Primal Vow) and Nishi Honganji (Western regional backgrounds, the modern architec- in Mokpo. Temple of the Primal View) by Tokugawa tural heritage born in the turmoil of painful 8. The interior of a Japa- Iyeyasu to diminish its power. Higashi Hon- nese-style house built in history can be revitalized in a present-day Korea after port openings. gaji opened its first Korean branch in Busan perspective. in 1877. The Kyoto-based temple opened its Incheon branch in 1884 and the Mokpo branch in 1898.

Many early modern architectural monuments 7 8 across Korea have recently been repaired or Architectural Heritage 17 | 18

Confucian Academies in Korea Spaces for Learning and Sage Worship

Text by Lee Sang-hae, professor of , University Photos by Seo Heon-gang & Graphickorea

1

Historical Background and Role the rustic literati, or sarim, who sustained ac- ethics and reorganizing communal order in the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, who sys- 1. Mandaeru, the “Pavil- ion of Late Encounter,” at ademic traditions of their local communities. the villages. In this regard, the Confucian tematically introduced Neo-Confucianism The Joseon Dynasty (1392−1910) was Byeongsan Academy beau- academies are a representative historical leg- to Korea for the first time. Ju Se-bung, then tifully harmonizes with sur- founded on the firm support base of the newly These Confucian academies, or , had acy of the Joseon period, reflecting the spiri- rounding nature. emerging literati class, who advocated Neo- two primary functions: education of students county magistrate of Punggi, Gyeongsang tual world of the learned upper class with Confucianism as the ruling ideology. There- and veneration of sages. Hence the acade- Province, built a memorial shrine for An in their power bases in rural areas. fore, Joseon adopted Neo-Confucianism as mies were equipped with spaces for perform- his hometown, , and began educat- the basic doctrine for its political and social ing these roles. But these were not the only The first private Confucian academy of Jo- ing sons of local scholars. He named the in- systems as well as education and ritual cer- purposes of these private academic institu- seon was founded in 1542, the 37th year stitution Baegundong Seowon (White Cloud emonies. Consequently, private Confucian tions; they were the spiritual pillar guiding of King Jungjong, to honor An Hyang Cave Academy) after ’s Baiyundong academies were established and nurtured by their communities by disseminating social (1243−1306), a prominent scholar toward Academy in China. Architectural Heritage 19 | 20

2. An open pavilion at Sosu 4. Dosan Academy is nes- Academy. 2 4 tled in woods.

Thanks to efforts of (1501−1570), Private academies rapidly increased there- These architectural features, which are not seong, or cunxin yangxing in Chinese). The the foremost Confucian philosopher of his after across the country, with a number of found in neighboring China or Japan, com- academies were designed for intuitive study time, Baegundong Seowon received a new them royally authorized. They included monly appear in private homes, Buddhist of the unity of heaven and man through the name from the king, Sosu Seowon (Acad- Imgo Academy, founded in 1554 in Yeong- temples, royal palaces, and even outdoor contemplation of nature. Accordingly, the emy of Received Learning), and a hanging cheon, the hometown of Jeong Mong-ju pavilions at times. Confucian academies, academies were built on a hillside and often board inscribed in king’s own hand. Thus, (1337−1392); Namgye Academy in Hamy- in particular, well exhibit these outstanding had an elevated pavilion, called nu or nu- in 1550, the fifth year of Myeongjong, was ang, the hometown of Jeong Yeo-chang characteristics of Korean architecture in a jeong, standing near the entranceway. born the first royally chartered private acad- (1450 −1504); and Dosan Academy in Yean, comprehensive manner. Past the main gate, often combined with emy of Joseon. the hometown of Yi Hwang, also known by Unlike the public schools of Joseon, called an elevated pavilion, the academies typi- his pen name Toegye. 3. Sosu Academy main- , the private Confucian academies cally had the main courtyard, flanked by two tains the aesthetics of tra- Architectural Characteristics were usually built on quiet and scenic estates dormitory buildings, one to the east and the ditional architecture. outside provincial or county administrative other to the west, where the students lived. In traditional Korean architecture, buildings 5. Scholars gather at a seats to provide an idyllic environment for Across the courtyard was the lecture hall, Confucian academy. are typically situated to smoothly blend into cultivation of body and mind. Also, the acad- the surrounding nature and achieve peace- emies are generally found near places related ful harmony. This casual approach creates with the sages they venerate. unique spaces where architecture blends and becomes one with nature. Within an These Confucian academies were typically individual building, the closed spaces of surrounded with beautiful natural scenery. heated-floored rooms (ondol bang) are inge- Ideally, they sat on a gentle hill slope with niously harmonized with the open spaces of a clean stream or sprawling fields in the wood-floored halls (maru). They are visually front and low mountains at the rear. These unpretentious and homely, and practically were the essential features of a natural envi- functional, an ideal combination for the na- ronment favored by the Confucian scholars tion’s temperate environment with four dis- seeking the wisdom to “preserve one’s mind 3 tinct seasons. and cultivate human nature” (jonsim yang- 5 21 | 22 Architectural Heritage

Most of these academies were erected and run by local families with outstanding aca- demic traditions. Most renowned among them is Dosan Academy, designated Historic Site No. 170. This academy, founded in 1574 by students of Yi Hwang on the site of his old school and authorized by King Seonjo, developed into the regional center of Confu- cian studies.

The compound of Dosan Academy is divided largely into the area of Dosan School, and the academy. Dosan School, or Dosan Seo- 8 6. Byeongsan Academy is 6 dang, where Yi Hwang taught while he was nestled in woods. ally chartered in 1660 and survived the 1868 8. The lecture hall of Hwa- alive, is the oldest building in the academy. It shutdown of Confucian academies nation- cheon Academy as viewed which is the center of all Confucian acad- Representative Confucian Academies in well exhibits the philosophy of Yi who em- through an open pavilion. wide. All major buildings − the triple outer emies. The lecture hall usually occupied a Korea phasized thrifty and practical use of learning. spot commanding a good view of the natural gate, lecture hall, triple inner gate and me- Sosu Academy, the oldest private Confu- The school area also comprises two ancient scenery around. Behind the lecture hall was morial hall − stand along an axis. From the cian academy in Korea, is in , North study halls. a memorial shrine beyond an enclosure on a shrine, Yugyeongsa, in the innermost part of Gyeongsang Province. Its name, Sosu, higher terrain, which was accessed through Byeongsan Academy, designated Historic the compound, a fantastic view of the broad means “received learning to rebuild its tra- stone stairs and a triple inner gate, or a spirit Site No. 260, developed from a community fields in front and a low mountain beyond dition.” The academy was built on the old gate. school named Pungak Seodang, which was can be enjoyed over the roof of the lecture site of Suksusa temple, where An Hyang had moved to the present location in Andong hall, Yangseongdang. The panoramic land- The architectural spaces of Confucian acade- studied and played when he was young. The from nearby Pungsan town in 1575 by Ryu scape unfolding in many layers over roof mies were discreetly planned in a way to un- ground plan of this academy does not follow Seong-ryong (1542−1607). Ryu was a prom- lines and mild slopes toward the mountain in derscore the teachings of Neo-Confucianism. the major principle in traditional Confucian inent scholar and civil official who served as the distance epitomizes the concept of out- The buildings were designed to look modest academy architecture of placing all major first state councilor under King Seonjo, lead- door space in Korea’s traditional Confucian and elegant, not grandiose and gorgeous. The buildings along an axis, mostly from south 7. The Nakdong River as ing wartime government during the Japa- architecture. viewed from Jisannu, the academies thus incorporated the Neo-Confu- to north. Instead, the lecture hall looks to the “Pavilion of Earth and nese invasions in 1592−1598. In 1614, seven cian values and world view, providing a new east and the memorial shrine to the south, 9. Ancestral rites are per- Mountain,” in Hwacheon years after his death, his students and other formed in the shrine of a Academy. paradigm to Korean architecture. with the rest of the buildings laid out freely Confucian academy. local scholars built a memorial shrine for to the north of the lecture hall. him to pave the ground for a Confucian acad- The academy contains many important cul- emy. It was authorized by King Cheoljong in tural treasures: a portrait of An Hyang des- 1863 and when Regent Heungseon ordered ignated National Treasure No. 111; a portrait in 1868 to shut down all except 47 Confucian of Ju Se-bung, Treasure No. 717; the memo- academies and community schools across rial shrine of An Hyang, named the Shrine of the country, this academy was saved. Lord Munseong, Treasure No. 1402; and the Donam Academy, in , South Chun- lecture hall, Treasure No. 1403. The acad- gcheong Province, represents the architec- emy as a whole is Historic Site No. 55. tural style of Confucian academies built Andong and its vicinities in North Gyeong- on flatland. Founded in 1634 to honor Kim sang Province have more ancient Confucian Jang-saeng (1548−1631), an eminent Confu- 7 academies than any other region in Korea. cian scholar born here, the academy was roy- 9 23 | 24 Science for Cultural Heritage

Onggi Contains Ancestors’ Wisdom Crude Stoneware for Everyday Use

Text from Children’s Museum of Cultural Properties, Photos by National Reserch Institute of Curtural Heritage

In Korea, pottery making began during the Neolithic era. Starting from simple and soft earthenware, ceramic technology gradually developed to produce celadon and porcelain. While these refined ceramics, technically both porcelains, were largely aristocratic wares, the practical onggi ware were popular daily vessels universally used to contain or preserve food.

A unique Korean invention dating back to They are covered with ash glaze and fired the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC−AD twice at a higher temperature over 1,100°C. 660), the onggi ware are ingenious food Waterproof and glossy, these vessels are containers. The crude pottery type continues mainly used to hold liquid foods such as to entice modern-day Koreans who cherish , soy sauce or bean paste. a healthy native lifestyle amid the flood of Craft of Clay and Ash Glaze Western culture and science. The traditional onggi making skill is a time- Technically, the popular Korean ceramics honored technology, which is now Important named “onggi” comprise two types of prac- Intangible Cultural Property No. 96. During tical pottery − the crude stoneware vessels the Joseon Dynasty (1392−1910), the gov- called “oji geureut” and the unglazed clay- ernment operated onggi factories to meet ware called “jil geureut.” The latter type re- huge demand. Grand Code for State Ad- fers to coarse grey wares made of clay and ministration (Gyeongguk daejeon), the main fired at 600 –700°C without glazing. These statute of Joseon, says a central government heat resistant but water pervious vessels are agency responsible for onggi production em- used mainly for storing grain, which requires ployed 107 potters, each supported by two a dry environment. assistant potters. There were 185 pottery The latter type, oji geureut, is hard, vitreous kilns specializing in onggi production across 1. The onggi stoneware jars neatly arranged on a 1 stoneware that is commonly known as onggi. the country, according to Geographical Re- saucepot terrace. 25 | 26 Science for Cultural Heritage

This is due to the soot from burning wood, vessel wall. The vessel is covered with ash which gives a kind of preservative treatment glaze and decorative patterns are drawn over to the vessels in the kiln. The ash glaze coat- the glaze. It is dried in sunlight for about a ing also helps prevent food decay. week and fired at some 1,000−1,100°C. The temperature inside the kiln needs to be con- Besides having scientific properties, onggi is sistent throughout firing. a nature-friendly vessel because it is made of clay and natural ash glaze. If broken, these The onggi stoneware is fired at a somewhat vessels can be thrown away with no worries lower temperature than celadon or porce- about harming nature. lain. The irregular sand grains contained in the clay form invisible air holes on the ves- Diverse Kinds and Forms sel surface in the firing process. These holes In the old days the onggi vessels were found let air pass through but not dust or rainwa- 2 around most Korean homes. The saucepot ter. Hence they are called “breathing holes.”

2. Water jars in the kitchen. cord in the Annals of King Sejong (Sejong terrace, usually made on a sunny and breezy Through these holes the gas produced from 5 sillok jiriji), written by scholars at the Hall of spot in the house, was neatly aligned with fermentation flows out and fresh oxygen is many jars in different sizes, containing soy Worthies (Jipyeonjeon), the royal academic supplied to further stimulate fermentation. sauce, bean paste, chili sauce, and picked The air circulation helps keep the tempera- institute. vegetables and seafood, all vital ingredients ture inside the vessel at a constant level, and Nature-friendly, Scientific Ware for daily meals. The kitchen had spots re- food is stored fresh. served for water jars, large and small; spice One of the distinctive merits of the crude The kimchi freezer is a modern application jars, portable kettles, ewers and most other stoneware is that they are “breathing ves- of these properties of traditional stoneware kitchen wares were also the crude stoneware. 6 sels.” The clay contains fine sand grains, The family storage typically had many large containers. The waterproof and windproof which form tiny holes on the vessel wall, jars for keeping rice and other grains as well but breathable fabric, Gore-Tex, has compa- through which air can flow in and out. This as pickled foods. rable functions. Scientific but nature-friendly makes the ware an ideal food container, es- and aesthetically pleasing, onggi is a stun- The onggi jars for containing rice, soy sauce pecially for storing fermented foods, includ- ning invention. and water were usually the largest in size. ing sauces, kimchi and pickled seafood. The technical prowess of an individual potter The onggi jars can also keep grain seeds was often gauged by how quickly and nicely 7 3. A potter is working at he could produce these large jars. the kiln. from rotting until the next sowing season. Production Process

The traditional onggi making process can

be divided largely into two stages: modeling 4. Onggi jars used as kitch- and firing. en utensils. 5. The potter kneads clay To ensure better quality of clay the potter 8 to get a doughy consis- removes all foreign substances like stone tency. or grass and pounds the clay before knead- 6. Forming the base of a ing it into a doughy consistency. The clay vessel. is pounded carefully using a wooden mal- 7. The vessel wall is built by piling up the clay coil. let to get rid of air pockets, which is neces- sary for making solid stoneware. The dough 8. Decorating a clay jar us- ing a simple carving tool. is formed into a base slab and coil, which 9. The clay jar is covered 34 5 is stacked on a spinning wheel to build the 4 9 with ash glaze. 27 | 28 Photo Gallery

Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) Ecological Haven of Global Value

Photos by Jo Doo-Soon, Simong Agency 29 | 30 Photo Gallery

A Legacy of Tragic Division

The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) refers to a strip of land that bisects the Korean peninsula into the North and the South in accordance with an armistice agreement that suspended the three-year in 1953. As the world’s most heavily fortified border, the 4-km- wide buffer zone spans more than 250 kilometers of diverse terrain across the peninsula, from the Imjin River estuary at the western end to the coastal town of Goseong, Gangwon Province, at the eastern end. The natural ecosystem north of the Civilian Control Line has been marvelously restored to create major habitats for rare animals and plants drawing attention from ecological researchers worldwide. 31 | 32 Photo Gallery

Photos by Goodimage & Graphickorea

Invaluable Natural Biopark

Isolated from humans for 57 years, the DMZ has turned into an involuntary natural park with remarkable biodiversity. According to surveys conducted thus far, the zone is home to some 2,000 species of wildlife, including 81 endangered species. To such wild animals as the boars, goats and elks, the pristine environment along the zone not only provides the essential resources necessary for their survival and propagation, but also contributes to their evolution. Rare animals identified so far in the zone include otters, elks, red-crowned cranes, bluebirds, mandarin ducks, eagles, black-faced spoonbills, narrow-mouthed toads, and tiny dragonflies, all placed on the list of threatened species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. 33 | 34 Photo Gallery

From Ruins of War to Paradise of Life

An outcome of tragic internecine conflict, the DMZ has symbolized war and peace, life and death, and the past and the future of the Korean nation. Today, the forbidden land is broadly recognized as a peerless ecological treasure trove deserving a place on the UNESCO World Heritage List. 35 | 36 Foreigner’s View

Due to the frequently colonial connotations associated with modern cultural heritage, its preservation has not been universally Modern Cultural Heritage welcomed. This was most famously illus- trated by the demolition of the historic Seoul A Testament to History Capitol − the former Japanese Government- General Building − in 1996, and calls to de- molish other historic structures in the name Text & photos by Robert Koehler | Robert Koehler is a native Long Islander and of removing “vestiges of Japanese colonial a graduate of Georgetown University. He has lived in Korea since 1997, mostly as an English teacher, graduate student and newspaper translator. rule.” Still more heritage has been lost as a result of post-war urban development, when the preservation of historical properties was largely ignored in favor of more pragmatic 2 concerns.

Still, for conservationists, recent trends have been positive, generally speaking. That the owners of over 400 properties would volun- tarily step forward to register their homes, offices, etc. with the Cultural Heritage Ad- ministration indicates a broad appreciation for the historic and cultural value of modern heritage. Regional authorities have also been active in both preserving and restoring sur- viving modern heritage sites − both as reg- istered and designated cultural properties − and finding ways to utilize them as public- friendly public places. Even in cyberspace, 3 you can find a growing number of photogra- riod were built by Japanese architects at the 2. Office of the North Korean phers and bloggers with an interest in mod- behest of the Japanese colonial authorities. Workers Party. ern cultural heritage: they play an impor- 3. Daehan Hospital. 1 tant role in generating popular appreciation Modern cultural heritage includes much for this heritage, a heritage up till recently more than just colonial edifices, however. 1. Green- Of all of Korea’s rich cultural heritage, it’s 19th century to the period immediately fol- viewed by many as a source of shame. Also included in this heritage are landmarks house. perhaps so-called modern cultural heritage − lowing the Korean War. Because of the reali- from Korea’s own modernization efforts of Not Just Colonial or as it is called in Korean, geundae munhwa ties of Korean history, much of this heritage the Daehan Empire period (1897−1910). yusan − that has garnered the most recent at- is “foreign” in character, either brought to Modern cultural heritage is often misper- Wonderful examples would include sites like tention: since the registered cultural property Korea from the West or, as as more often the ceived as an exclusively “colonial” heritage. the beautiful Daehanuiwon, one of system was adopted in 2001, over 400 heri- case, imperial Japan. At the same time, this In many if not most cases, the “colonial” la- Korea’s first modern hospitals, built at the tage properties have been registered. Modern heritage is without a doubt Korean, a testa- bel might accurately apply: Korea was, after behest of the Korean government in 1907, cultural heritage refers to cultural properties ment to an important and frequently difficult all, a Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945, an and ’s Jeonggwanheon Hall, − most of it architectural − documenting Ko- time in Korea’s past, and often built with the important period in Korea’s modernization an eclectic pavilion built in mixed Roman- rea’s modernization process, starting from sweat and blood of Koreans themselves. process. Unsurprisingly, therefore, many of esque and Korean-esque styles where King the opening of Korea to the West in the late the historical properties dating from the pe- Gojong used to drink coffee, then an exotic 37 | 38 Foreigner’s View

4. Nabawi Catholic Church. 4 6 6. Old Seoul Waterworks.

import. Others heritage reflects contributions Park Dong-jin for Korean educator, busi- Modern Heritage Highlights red-brick Victorian Jeong-dong First Meth- by Western missionaries: this includes most nessman and politician Kim Seong-su. Go- odist Church are must-sees. Myeong-dong, Modern cultural heritage can be found of Korea’s historic churches (both Catho- ing even further, modern cultural heritage which developed as a commercial district in throughout Korea; however, some areas are includes properties dating from the immedi- the early 20th century, is also a good place to lic and Protestant), old missionary schools “richer” than others. Korea’s major port cit- ate post-Liberation period and the Korean look, with imposing colonial offices like the (including two of Korea’s most important ies like Busan, Incheon, Gunsan and Mok- War, for instance, the ruins of the old North universities, Yonsei and Ewha) and even ex- po are good places to find modern cultural old Bank of Korea, Shinsegye Department Korean Workers Party office in Cheorwon, a otic-looking missionary homes. Still others, heritage, as these cities developed greatly in Store, Old Korea First Bank and KEPCO moving symbol of the Korean War. while built under foreign rule, were built by the early 20th century. As Korea’s capital, Building, as well as the exquisite Myeong- Koreans for Koreans, and symbolize indig- Modern architectural heritage also includes a Seoul is also home to Korea’s largest and dong Cathedral and surrounding structures. enous modernization efforts in difficult cir- broad range of styles, reflecting architectural best maintained modern cultural heritage. Incheon cumstances: see, for instance, the beautiful trends in the West and Japan in the early 20th You can also find many historical sites in the Tudor Gothic campus of Korea University, century. As “modernization” often present- countryside of Jeollabuk-do, home to many Incheon − known in the old days as Chemul- 5. Ganghwa Anglican po − was, and still is, the primary gateway to Church. designed in the 1930s by Korean architect ed itself as “Westernization,” many of the Japanese plantations during the colonial era, styles we see are distinctly Western: Gothic, and along the railroads, many which date to Korea. Not surprisingly, therefore, many of 7. Incheon Art Platform. Romanesque, Baroque, Neoclassical, Art the early 20th century. Nouveau, , Modernism, etc. Not ev- Seoul erything is Western, however. The Japanese brought their own indigenous styles, includ- The capital of the Joseon kingdom, Daehan ing Japanese-style townhouses and, as in the Empire, colonial Korea and the post-Liber- case of Gunsan’s Dongguksa Temple, even ation Republic of Korea, Seoul has a large Japanese religious architecture. Some heri- collection of modern cultural heritage sites, tage is distinctly Korean, or a harmonization many of them hidden beneath the skyscrap- of Korean and Western designs: the most ers of the Seoul of today. The old legation beautiful example of this, in this writer’s per- quarter of Jeong-dong is an excellent place sonal opinion, is Ganghwa Anglican Church, to start, with its old churches, schools and a Western basilica built in Korean traditional diplomatic compounds − the grand, Roman- 5 style by Korean royal woodcutters. esque Seoul Anglican Cathedral and modest, 7 39 | 40 Foreigner’s View

Mokpo

Located at the far southwest tip of Korea, Mokpo was developed as a port to export agricultural goods from the rich surrounding region. Much of the city’s old architecture still remains, especially in the neighbor- hood in front of the old Japanese consulate, a beautiful Renaissance-style red brick build- ing built in 1900. Nearby is an imposing neo-classical granite building: formerly the 10 Mokpo branch of the Oriental Development Company (Japan’s version of the British East India Company), it is now used as a muse- 8 um to Mokpo’s modern history. Across the street is a Japanese-style wooden home now 8. Gunsan dongguksa. Korea’s modern cultural “firsts” took place Platform, a beautiful collection of old, red used as a cafe. Also unique is Mokpo Central here. Originally a small fishing village, the brick warehouses and offices that has been Church, an old Japanese Buddhist temple opening of Korea at the end of the 19th cen- restored and renovated as an art space, point- that was rechristened as a Christian church tury turned the village into a full-fledged ing the way forward for the utilization of his- after Korea’s liberation from colonial rule. open port, complete with foreign conces- toric spaces. Ganggyeong 11 sions filled with exotic faces, languages and Gunsan architecture. Incheon’s Chinatown is full of Now a small hamlet of Nonsan, in the prov- lovely old buildings, including rare examples Like Incheon (above) and Mokpo (below), ince of Chungcheongnam-do, Ganggyeong of Chinese traditional townhouses. The old Gunsan was originally a small fishing vil- used to be a major port on the Geum River lage, but grew into a major port under the Japanese concession is home to many histor- and one of Korea’s three largest markets. Japanese, who left a strong imprint on the ic buildings, including beautiful bank build- The city’s Golden Age might be behind it, city’s layout and architecture. In particular, but much has been left behind in the form of ings built in European fashion. Westerners we can find excellent examples of Japanese old schools, banks, churches and businesses. left there mark, too, mainly in the form of old traditional architecture. Dongguksa Temple, Also nearby, just across the town border in churches, schools and missionary residenc- built by the Japanese in Edo style in 1913, , is Nabawi Catholic Church, a beau- es, as well Korea’s first modern park, today’s is a rare surviving example of Japanese re- tiful mixture of Western Gothic and Korean Jayu Park. Also worth seeing is Incheon Art 9. Gunsan Customs. ligious architecture from the colonial era. architecture. 12 The palatial Hirotsu House, meanwhile, is a wooden Japanese mansion − complete with Japanese garden − that is visited by even Japanese students of architecture. Western- style architecture includes the wonderfully eclectic Old Gunsan Customs House, built 1908 in a variety of Western styles, as well 10. Mokpo Old Japanese Consulate. as the massive Old Bank of Korea building, 11. Old Jincheon Brewery. which even in its dilapidated state exudes a 12. Old Gognju Town Hall. sense of power. Also worth seeing is the Old Dr. Yi Yeong-chun home, a former Japanese 13. Daejeon Daeheungdong 13 Pointy Roof House. villa built in a mixture of Japanese, Western 9 and Korean styles. 41 | 42 Documentary Heritage

The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat Palace Journal Conveys Breath of History

Text from World Heritage in Korea Photos by Graphickorea

Historical Value of the Palace Diaries annals compiled for each king. As the king’s mouthpiece, or huseol, literally the “throat The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat and tongue,” the secretariat was probably able ( Ilgi) contain the daily re- to describe precise details of the king’s daily cords of documents and events handled by activities, or even his mood on specific days. the Seungjeongwon (Royal Secretariat) of the Joseon Dynasty (1392−1910). It is believed What is also worthy of particular note about the palace agency began recording daily ac- the Joseon palace journal is that it contains tivities in the early years of the dynasty. The daily weather records. These are valuable extant diaries, however, only cover the 288 sources for climate research of pre-modern years from 1623, the first year of King Injo, times. to 1910, the fourth and final year of the last 1. Seven volumes of The king, Sunjo. The palace journal, consisting Diaries of the Royal Sec- of 3,243 volumes, is currently housed at the retariat (Seungjeongwon Ilgi). Institute for Korean Studies of 2. Seungjeongwon Ilgi pre- Seoul National University and is recognized served in the library of the as the world’s largest historical document. Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies The Korean government designated the Jo- seon palace journal as National Treasure No. 303 on April 9, 1999. The UNESCO Memory of the World Conference in September 2001 placed it on the Memory of the World Regis- ter. The journal’s historical value rests on its vast amounts of records not only on detailed aspects of state administration and politics under the Confucian dynasty but its external relations during the tumultuous years after the

1 1870s. The daily entries also were the basis of 2 43 | 44 Documentary Heritage

the early period were lost in flames of war and political upheavals. Those from the later years were partially destroyed in fire during the reigns of Yeongjo and Gojong, but were rewritten by referring to The Diaries of the Academy for Crown Prince (Chunbang Ilgi) and The Court Gazettes (Jobo).

As the diaries were written daily, they are useful for understanding political streams on a monthly or yearly basis. They also provide glimpses of the king’s movement on an hourly 3. The Diaries of the Back basis, not to mention his health and state of Hall (Hudang Ilgi ), written by a scribe in the king’s mind. Papers on major political issues and presence, served as a draft original texts of petitions from central and lo- for The Diaries of the Royal 5 Secretariat. cal government offices further add to the his- 3 torical value of the diaries. Fourth, the diaries are thorough records of the 5. The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat contain the daily activities of the king, whereas the annals Black Box for Study of Joseon History daily records of documents Daily Records over 288 Years The daily journal was jointly written and are records based on the results of his rule. The and events at the Royal Secretariat of the Joseon compiled by royal secretaries (seungsa) and The characteristics of The Diaries of the Royal diaries documented in detail the background, The diaries were written by staff officials of Dynasty. scribes (juseo), but final responsibility fell on Secretariat can be better understood when motivation and procedures as well as results. the Royal Secretariat, whose modern coun- the scribes. The royal secretaries were either they are compared with those of The Annals Therefore, they offer clues to the process that terpart is the office of presidential personnel. civil or military officials, while the scribes of the Joseon Dynasty (Joseon Wangjo Sillok). led to the conclusions recorded in the annals. The secretariat was responsible for conveying were civil officials who concurrently served First, the extant diaries alone comprise re- the king’s orders and instructions to different The comparison is not intended to determine for the Office for Annals Compilation (Chun- cords from every day over 288 years. Its more government agencies and other concerned par- which of the two documents is superior but chugwan), reviewing and filing records from than 3,200 volumes of 242,500,000 characters ties as well as delivering reports, papers and bring to light their complementary nature as home and abroad that had been referred to are almost four times the amounts of annals, advice from courtiers to the throne. vital historical sources. They are the only case while compiling the official annals of the dy- which span 472 years. This is veritably the nasty. The scribes wrote the diaries, which of two official documents of a single state to 4. A court painting depict- largest volume in the world. 6. “Eastern Palace” (Dong- ing Gyujanggak, the royal were bound in a volume once every month and be on the UNESCO Memory of the World gwol do), a Joseon Dynas- institute and library in presented to the king for approval. The diaries Second, the dairies are primary sources as Register together. This is due to the nation’s ty court painting, shows Changdeok Palace, by Kim the royal scribes were present when the king the old buildings of the Hong-do (1745−?). were kept at the Royal Secretariat and strictly outstanding documentary culture that fully Royal Secretariat and the banned from being taken outside. met his subjects to record their conversations, blossomed during its last dynastic period. Royal Portrait Hall. whereas the annals are secondary sources From Injo (r. 1623−1649) to Gyeongjong (r. compiled posthumously after the king died. 1720−1724), the diaries were bound once ev- The diaries also contain the texts of original ery two or three months, but after Yeongjo (r. documents regarding issues pending each day. 1724−1776) they were compiled in separate volumes every month in principle. The Royal Third, the access to the annals was strictly Secretariat was located outside the side gate forbidden to everyone, including the reigning at the southwestern cloister surrounding the king, in order to keep their contents confiden- throne hall in Gyeongbok Palace during the tial to ensure objectivity and impartiality, but early Joseon period, but was moved to the east the diaries were open when there was the need of the throne hall in Changdeok Palace in the to refer to its contents regarding state policies. 3 4 late Joseon period. Most of the diaries from 6 45 | 46 Intangible Heritage

Knotting by Impeccable Skill and Devo- tion

The traditional craft of making decorative knots that express hopes for longevity and Fancy Craft Passed On via Fingertips happiness is one of the most indigenous living arts rooted in the native aesthetics of Traditional Korean Ornamental Knots Koreans. Knot making is characterized by an intricate process from dyeing natural silk yarn to twining the threads into colorful silk

Text from Korean Culture Series − Maedeup, cords, and hitching, plaiting and interlac- 2 Photos by Graphickorea ing the cords into ornate knot works, called “maedeup.” end. A completed work looks exactly the 1. Traditional knot making same on the front and back, and right and has evolved into a decora- tive art. The knot-tying artisan needs boundless pa- left. Knot tying begins at the center and ends tience and devotion as well as immaculate 2. Knot accessories are at the bottom center of each piece, no matter functional and aesthetic. skill and sense of color and balance to pro- how complicated. duce a good piece of knot work. The work begins with dyeing fresh silk yarn with natu- Ornamental Knots ral dyes, carefully untangling the yarn strand The history of knot making is believed to by strand, and twisting the strands hundreds date back to prehistoric times when man of times without breaking them. The knot needed ropes for hunting or food imple- tying cords are prepared by twisting silk ments. Knot making in Korea developed threads numerous times around a core at the with unique techniques as a means to adorn center. To make a small tassel, the artisan has various objects in everyday life and as time to twist each pair of silk threads at least 260 passed, it evolved into a genre of folk handi- times. craft. Decorative knots were broadly used on ritual paraphernalia in the royal palace as All this work is done by hand. With the silk well as interior decoration, musical instru- cords prepared the repetitive task of plait- ments, palanquins and flags. Knot ornaments ing and fastening follows. The artisan has to were most actively used during the Joseon work with complete and flawless concentra- Dynasty (1392−1910). Comprehensive Edi- tion to attain balance and symmetry, the es- tion of National Code (Daejeon hoetong) sential elements of a good knot work. With- and Collected References for Geography of 3. Ornamental knot mak- out a clear, peaceful mind, it is impossible to Korea (Dongguk yeoji bigo), both compiled ing has been handed down make a truly beautiful piece. during the reign of King Gojong in the lat- generation to generation from the fingertips of ar- ter half of the 19th century, contain records tisans. However elaborate and complex the eventual work may be, making every piece begins with the same first step to make the basic knot: folding a silk cord in half and cross- ing the two ends by using both hands while keeping balance to tie them in perfect sym- metry. Knot making is basically the repeti- tion of this simple process, but it has to be 1 done in faultless order from beginning to 3 Intangible Heritage

4. Percussion instruments with decorative knots.

5. A dagger decorated with knots and tassels.

6. A traditional Korean hat with a decorative tassel.

5

4

about decorative knot making. In the former book the section on industry mentions knot making artisan, called dahoejang, meaning “artisan making cord-woven sashes.”

Folk Craft Evolves to Elegant Art 6

Decorative knots and tassels were widely and tassels and so were the ceremonial robes Quarterly Magazine used as accessories for both men and women of courtiers. of the Cultural Heritage Administration during the Joseon period. When men went Knots have long been used widely on cloth- Cultural Heritage Administration, Republic of Korea out they put on an overcoat fastened with ing, jewelry and everyday objects. Wherever Tel | 82-42-481-4731 Fax | 82-42-481-4759 a cord-woven sash with tassels, which was they were used, the knots were not mere sup- http://english.cha.go.kr also necessary for suspending an identifica- plementary ornaments but irreplaceable ele- tion tag. Noblemen in bureaucracy used fans Published | Aug 25, 2010 ments, whether functional or decorative. Ko- with a pendant accessory decorated with Published by | Cultural Heritage Administration rean traditional knot making is a decorative knot work. Knots and tassels made indis- Republic of Korea art which has evolved from a folk handicraft pensible decorations for pouches, eyeglass displaying the wisdom, creativity and artis- Publication | Yi Kyung-hoon cases, tobacco cases and brush bags, all used management Director of International Affairs Division tic sensitivity of Korean women. It will con- by men. Women used them on even more Content | Yeo Sung-hee, Park Jung-eun, Kim Min-ok tinue to be passed on to future generations varied items, including the norigae pendants, coordination via the fingertips of devoted artisans pouring earrings, pouch strings, hats, bonnets, belts, Translation | Lee Kyong-hee themselves into each and every strand of the perfume cases and spoon cases. Musical in- Proofreading | Ted Chan colorful silk cords. struments were often decorated with knots Design ∙ Editing | Graphic Korea Co., Ltd

Printed by | Graphic Korea Co., Ltd 7. Assorted basic knots.

Cultural Heritage Administration, 2010

This publication is copyrighted. No part may be reproduced 7 by any process without written permission. copyright Cultural Heritage Administration