University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval

HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS IN CROATIA

Assist. Prof. Ankica Kovač, Ph.D., MEng. AE. University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture Department of Power Engineering, Energy, and Environment [email protected]

Workshop: UK – Central Europe Hydrogen Energy Collaboration in Policy and Technology Budapest, Hungary, September 26th 2019

CROATIA – DREAMLAND ☺ HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN CROATIA

Basic research ▪ University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, ▪ University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, ▪ Institute of Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, ▪ University of Split, Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, ▪ University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing. Applied Research ▪ University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, ▪ Institute of Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb, ▪ University of Split, Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture. ▪ University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing. HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN CROATIA

Industrial development ▪ KONČAR – Electrical Engineering Institute, Inc. Commercial production ▪ INA d.d. ▪ Končar – Electrical Industry Inc. Legislations: ▪ Croatian Standards Institute. ▪ Acceptance of the European directives (Hydrogen fuel cells powered vehicles homologation). HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN CROATIA ▪ Croatia is touristic world destination, ▪ In the expecting of hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles to be on the roads of Europe, hydrogen infrastructure in Croatia is needed. ▪ Still in 2005 Prof. Mihajlo Firak anticipated the problem and suggested solar hydrogen generation system using distributed PV fields, and electrolyzers. PV fields would produce electrical energy during the day (delivering the electricity at higher prices), and electrolyzers would produce hydrogen during the nights (using 2x lower electricity prices); Right Figure: Blue: 19 PV power plants of 0.0289 km2, red: 43 commercial electrolyzers of 10.7 kg / h of hydrogen. (Croatian Energy Association, 14th Forum, 25th November, 2005)

38 Varazdin

37 Krapina

36 Zagreb 39 Ivanic Grad

40 Kutina 43 Osijek 1 Katoro 35 Karlovac 33 Ravna Gora 6 Rijeka 4 Pazin 34 Dobra 5 Plomin 41 Gradiska 2 Rovinj 7 N. Vinodolski 42 Sl. Brod 1 Krk 8 Krk 3 Pula 11 Senj 3 Cres 2 Rab Gospic 9 Rab 15 12 Jablanac Power grid connects strategically 4 Losinj 13 Karlobag 10 Losinj 5 Pag distributed PV fields and HRS 14Pag 19 Obrovac 16 Obrovac 17 Zadar including electrolysers >> green 18 Benkovac 18 Benkovac 6 Dugi otok 19 D. Otok hydrogen 20 Vodice 17 Sibenik 21 Sibenik 23 Split No. PV Field 16 15 Split 22Trogir Trogir No. H2 Fueling station 24 Brac (Electrolyser) 8 Brac 28 Makarska 14 Makarska 25 Hvar 26 Vis 9 Hvar 29 Ploce 7 Vis 13 Ploce 27 Korcula 10 Korcula 30 Peljesac 31 Mljet 11 Mljet 32 Dubrovnik 12 Dubrovnik

University of Split, Faculty of Mechanical of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing AMMONIA BORANE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

In collaboration with: EFFICIENT SYSTEMS FOR SOLID-STATE HYDROGEN STORAGE

50 100 150 200 4.0

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DTA signal / °C mg °C / signal DTA I in air I in N 2 2.5

70 III in N2 % m

60 Porous C and BN 2.0 -1 Core-shell nanoparticles 50 composites 1.5

40 2D carbon materials DTA 1.0 MHn + mNH3BH3 → M(NH2BH3 )n (m − n)NH3BH3 + nH2 30 50 100 150 200 decomposition t / °C

amidoboranes 0.30 NB05_t_ABB 0.25 LiNH BH (NH BH ) 0.20 2 3 3 3 x 0.15

NaNH2BH3(NH3BH3)x gas uptake 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 -1 wavenumber / cm Li2Mg(NH2BH3)4 ...

characterisation in-situ reaction monitoring

spectroscopy Variable temperature IR spectroscopic differentiation of the IR and Raman processes... spectroscopy Rietveld

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000-1 1500 1000 500 structure wavenumber / cm refinement ... in the bulk Pressure- P-XRD and composition Raman isotherms, monitoring of 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 -1 XRD BET,... wavenumbers / cm ... and on the surface ball milling TG, DTA, DSC 2D correlation KONČAR - Electrical Engineering Institute, Inc., Zagreb

Končar and Decentralised Energy Resources Power supply for communication base Solar energy Wind energy Water energy

Inverter Inverter Inverter

Electricity

Inverter Inverter Electrical energy storage

Electrolysis Fuel Cell Stack H2

Hydrogen Stationary Facility For Generation of Electric and Thermal Energy Using Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Company profile: INA Group

INA, d.d. is a medium-sized European oil Croatia onshore company with a leading role in Croatian oil business and a strong position in the region. North Adriatic

ANNUAL 6.7 MILLION TONS REVENUES OF REFINING CAPACITY $3.5 billion Egypt PRODUCTION: 34.9 Mboe/d

RESERVES: 115 MMboe 10.842 506 Angola

Hydrogen production in INA: SHORT TERM MID TERM LONGTERM

• Rijeka Refinery – Steam methane reforming process road transport technology (SMR) • SMR is established and mature technology non – electrified rail • SMR is currently the lowest-cost hydrogen production transport • In combination with carbon capture (CCS), carbon emissions maritime traffic are reduced significantly by up to 90% ( „blue hydrogen”) ROAD TRANSPORT (FUTURE VISION)

▪ Public transport operators with FCH buses in bigger cities – Zagreb; Rijeka; Split (as a role model) ▪ Other public transport bus operators in smaller cities ▪ Cities cleaning companies with FCH garbage trucks, other transport operators car fleets, delivery vans ▪ Private induviduals - as end customers with FCH applications ▪ Private individuals and private companies – coming to Croatia as tourists with FCH applications - part of the Mediterranean TEN- T network corridor

NON – ELECTRIFIED RAIL TRANSPORT ▪ Public transport rail operator – Hrvatske željeznice

MARITIME TRAFFIC ▪ State fast shipping lines – Sea Carriers; Jadrolinija, Alpex,... What about future of maritime transportation?! Some projects are in development stages • Šibenik archipelago consists of 249 islands and little islands with 157 km2 in total area, • 6 islands are permanently settled with todays 6600 inhabitants, • The idea is to connect Šibenik to these islands with electric and/or hydrogen powered fuel cell catamaran. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval

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Air-side streamlines H2 mass University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture

▪ First Croatian Hydrogen Powered Bicycle – in operation ▪ First Croatian Hydrogen Refuelling Station – in operation University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture ▪ Croatia Mirai Challenge, 18th September 2019 (in cooperation with Toyota Croatia d.o.o.) – promotion of hydrogen technologies University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture ▪ Croatia Mirai Challenge, 18th September 2019 (in cooperation with Toyota Croatia d.o.o.) – promotion of hydrogen technologies

FINISH

START HYDROGEN IN THE NEW CROATIAN ENERGY STRATEGY

SCENARIO 1 ▪ The transition to alternative fuel in transport is particularly intense after 2030. ▪ In 2050 • Beginning of the introduction of hydrogen. SCENARIO 2 ▪ The transition to alternative fuel in transport is particularly intense after 2030. ▪ In 2050 • Beginning of the introduction of hydrogen. HYDROGEN IN THE NEW CROATIAN ENERGY STRATEGY Hydrogen infrastructure ▪ The first costs for HRSs are planned: • 2021-2030 in the amount of approximately 34 million EUR, • 2031 to 2040 in the amount of 68 million EUR and • 2041-2050 in the amount of 102 million EUR. ▪ Assuming the current Chinese price of one HRS of 1.4 million EUR, the strategy plan is to install 25 HRSs for the first decade, 50 for the second, and 75 HRSs for the third.

Hence by 2050 75 HRSs in Croatia! CROATIA IN THE HYDROGEN SOCIETY - EU HYDROGEN MAP CROATIA IN THE HYDROGEN SOCIETY

▪ Republic of Croatia is the member of Technology Collaboration Programme on Advanced Fuel Cells (AFC TCP):

http://www.ieafuelcell.com/index.php?id=8

• Members of Executive Committee of AFC TCP: • Ankica Kovač – Representative Member • Frano Barbir – Alternate Member HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS IN CROATIA

Assist. Prof. Ankica Kovač, Ph.D., MEng. AE. University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture Department of Power Engineering, Energy, and Environment [email protected]

Workshop: UK – Central Europe Hydrogen Energy Collaboration in Policy and Technology Budapest, Hungary, September 26th 2019