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Insecure Boundaries

Insecure Boundaries

CEU eTD Collection Medical expertsandthereturningdead on theSouthernHabsburgborderland Insecure boundaries Central European UniversityHistoryDepartment (2013.) Supervisors: LaszloKontler, GaborKlaniczay Adam Mezes CEU eTD Collection Date: 03.06.2013.Signed:...... have citedallthesources(printed,electronicororal)Iusedfaithfullyandalwaysindicatedtheirorigin. is entirelytheresultofmyownwork,andthatnodegreehaspreviouslybeenconferreduponmeforthiswork.InthesisI Insecure boundaries By mysignaturebelow, IcertifythatmyCEUM.A.thesis,entitled CERTIFICATE OFRESEARCH CEU eTD Collection After R.deMoraine: Levampire(1864) CEU eTD Collection 62 61 56 54 20 13 8 5 Contents

Case studies Case The space of action: of space The Conclusio 36 20 about reports their revenant and experts medical 16 14 on Habsburg the borderlan plasticity Administrative of Habsburg 18th statecraft aspects century 6 6 Power through expertise: Power through Introductio Source Appendi Literatur

The concept of the military frontie military of the concept The Medical experts and the of Habsburg Serbi of Habsburg vampires the and experts Medical 50 41 36 28 20 Contex Literature overview Literature Georg TallarGeorg 1750’ the in of the vampires the and frontier, 1699-171 military Habsburg The

Georg TallarGeorg Repertum(s Visum his and Habsburg (1718-39): Serbia Habsburg cordo plague and frontier military 43 41 centur 32 28 case Spheres of authority: the taxpayer and the kobol the and taxpayer the of authority: Spheres Spheres of authority: reports of the Kisilova and Medvedia Medvedia and Kisilova of the reports of authority: Spheres The Banat: Banat: The s e x

Georg TallaGeorg Medvedia, 1731/3Medvedia, The Visum Repertum(s Visum The 46 44 43 Kisilova, 1724/2Kisilova, t n s n

y : The manuscrip The The prin The Changes to the tex to the Changes medical and administrative institutions in the mid-18th the in institutions administrative and medical

r t

5

2 t t ) r 8

) s d d a s n CEU eTD Collection 5 ture’s fascination with perpetual vampirism owes its existence. cul western which to world, exciting but distressing this of parts different power-relationsof the map to seeks essaypresent the state-service, of form some in experts medical onforemost interpretoftostrangehad face nevertheless phenomena,the to. andreact they which Focusing for these functionaries to fulfiltheir respectivetasks by essentially leavingthem alone, baffled in considerabledifficulties relationsposed same these time, same Atadministration. the state the of officials different for them problematized and visible them made which region borderland the ofrelations special the was it tradition, many-centuries-old,established a had already had it to related practices ritual/social the and dead returning in belief the While age. and place a borderland area of the in the first half ofthe 18th century was exactly such vrings as well as a pinch of the thrill of the bizarre. As it will be argued in this essay, the southern single promisestrade the researcher intensive conflicts, surprising strategies and manoeuagile culprit and corpse contributed to its public execution on towns’ the square. intogreat lengthsdisproving that vampires otherattestedexist atthe all, guiltiness of the to went reports the of one While examined. have just they bodies dead the on reports their filing plague-hospital as long as epidemic the lasted. frequentedits in there, serve to sentenced was and Uypalanka,at quarantinestation the to led vampire. Thepenalty forthis ‘superstitious’ act was not small: guided by local militiamen, he was geonatVienna the Commission for Court authorizingSanitary posthumous the execution of a Introduction

An era and region which made it possible for such blatant oppositions to coexist within a within coexist to oppositionsblatant such for possible it made which region and era An were commissions surgical two other, each from kilometres 250 later, around years Fifteen While the great plague of 1738 was raging in the country, a surgeon denounced another sur us with start three incidents.Let M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - - - CEU eTD Collection 6 latter focusing on especially its relation to demonic possession. the depth, great topicin the researchedPeterBarber, havealso PócsPeterbutÉva Kreuterand Romanianfolklore, onMurdoci Agnes by studies early the Since Enlightenment. the in emerged it vampireas the of figure the contributed to they how on observations made have and peoples, Slavic different Monarchy, we may three main identify approaches: and folkloric, medical political. HabsburgEmpire. century andlectual political context in which the theme of vampirism appeared and developed in 18th- Kreuter however, are especially valuable for us, since they give an overview of the cultural, intel now. decades for published being been have thought vampireEuropean in the of figure literary and folkloric historical, developmentthe of Literature overview as well asmatters, political like superstitious the of mindset undereducated subjects. the Earth, relation of vampires to questions of resurrection and uncorrupted saintly etc.)bodies tween life and death or the aetiology of diseases) and theological ones (the power of the devil on be distinction the (e.g. medical emerged:vampirism,issues various with dealt which texts the Europe,appearedarticles while about majorin them European scientific and news-journals. In ofsubjectardent a debates,scientific but favouritethe one of topics intellectualsalonsof across became known to wider and wider audiences: by the next decade, the vampire became not only instead of corruption, were executed then posthumously invarious ways. vampires to be well,believed corpses which in were dug up, and foundif healthya in condition as rites local but course, fatal andrapid a had which disease contagiouspossibly unknown, an about only not narrated and communities, Slavic mostly concerned reports The government. central the reached vampires, of activity the to locals by attributed deaths, strange of series a about news disturbing first the which from Hungariansettlers, and German extent, lesser a to territory,established. this It became in was inhabitedRomanian Cerna, bySerbian,and mostly and ,, rivers Empire’s Habsburg the the alongborder, end, roughly southern Context 1 4 3 2

Barber 1988; Pócs 1997, 2001, 2012.; Kreuter 2001,2005.; Pócs1997,2001,2012.;Kreuter Barber1988; 1926.; Murgoci1919; 2001/02. 1990.; Klaniczay2005.;Kreuter Klaniczay 1992.;Lecouteux 2009. 1973.; Harmening1983.;Pütz Schroeder

With the reconquest of the Hungarian Kingdom against the Turks has been coming to an to coming been Turkshas the against KingdomHungarian the of reconquest the With Among the studies focusing on the medical aspects of the vampire-cases, some are interested creaturesfolkloricof with dealing ethnographyRepresentativesbeen historicalhavelong of the accounts about general and vast, vampirism is century literature 18th secondary on The rapidly cases subsequentborderland, the problemsof 1720’slocalized the as in out Starting 3 the most authoritativemostvampirefolkloric the the withthat ofis dealing general 2 Within the specialized literature on the vampires of the Habsburg the vampiresof the literatureon specialized the Within 1 The studies of Gábor Klaniczay and Peter Mario Peter and Klaniczay Gábor of studies The 4

M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - - CEU eTD Collection 7 of Banatcases. famed tractonvampirismwiththeraw materialofcases.Infact,vanSwietenonlyreliedoncasesinMoravia,and nowheredoeshemakemention 11 10 9 8 7 6 2009. 5 Hungarian National Archives have used. been the andViennaArchivesState the in materialsarchival as well as vampirismto relating ments docu of publishedcollections writing, ofadministrative organscourseinvolved. places, the In provenance of the documents outcarried be will together with a careful analysis of the persons, minute the a reconstructionofreports, circumstancesthese ofpicture the of closer a get to der Serbia, the other on the Banat of the 1750’s when Georg Tallar pursued his investigations. In or state remain will hazy. and vampirism on gaze scholarly the otherwise cleared, be to have matters factual basic, that abovementioned literature the topic with politics vampires.and of specifically dealing seems It the in even exists confusion because much task, valid a relations mapping is these exact of The cific spheres ofpower and authoritywhich shapedthe formulation ofthe reports on vampirism. makes an attempt at applying a magnifying glass on this frontier-region and investigate the spe essay present the point, departing a as last mentioned studies Taking the depth. in researched their constructed own role and wayformulatedthey the influenced havetheir reports been not which factors The themselves. authors the to than reports medical the of findings the to paid centuryasthe an element broader inthe of enlightened the policy state. of middle the Tallarin Georg surgeon the vampire-huntingof mission the interpreted Arlaud frontier-phenomenon.markedly a as vampirism century 18th of concept the othering. of tendencies noted and minorities ethnic as vampires of representations the on focused has Kreuter Peter structure of the Habsburg Empire which provided way for cases of revenants to become known. vampires was a phenomenon of occupation in the sense that it was the occupying administrative ofemergence colonisation.Jutta of Nowosadtkothe thatdiscourse emphasised a of frames the approach. chemical the and vitalism theory, medical of trends competing two for battleground cellent ex vampirean offered the that shown has environmentandhistorical their within vampirism about debates medical German) (mostly the of participants century 18th by expressed views András,Magyar László a historian of medicine, are notable, hebecause positioned the different other. the on deaths reported the caused which disease possible the identify to attemptan make and hand one the on corpses of state uncorrupted the behind causes logical biological-geo actual the determine to reality,try to and cases reported the relationsof the in

Bräunlein 2012. Bräunlein Kreuter2002.; 2004. Nowosadtko Magyar1999. ashort analysisoftheactivitiessurgeonGeorg The authoralsopublished Tallar. Magyar 2002. history:Gómez-Alonso 1998.; writtenbyphysiciansinterestedinmedical andseeespeciallyarticles Barber1987.; Théodoridés 1998.;Reiter

Onlytopointoutthebluntestofmisconceptions: Arlaud 2007,dealing with Tallar's missionintheBanatassumesthat it servedvanSwieten's

Arlaud 2007. The focus ofthe essay shallbe two case studies, one centring on vampirismcases on Habsburg been has attention more considerably that overview literature brief this from visible is It within vampirism interpret to attempted which studies the are case our to relevant More 6 11 8 Peter Bräunline summarized much of these concepts and reaffirmed and concepts these of much summarized Bräunline Peter M.A. THESIS 10 ■ ADAM MEZES, 9 Finally, Daniel Finally, 5 The works of works The ■ 2013. - - - - - 7

CEU eTD Collection 8 3 2 1 the around centred circles court military of resistance the but realisation, its impeded which program, unified however, this opposition implemented a became not was as never it plan The nobility, the propagation of the and a strict program of counter-reformation. the of taxation the importantly most perhaps traditions, local of disregard its for nobility ian Königreichs Hungarns the report, their in handed they king; the of advisor secret Treasuryand Kollonich,by Leopold led archbishop of Esztergom, Hungarian,of the leader later Aulicon the court committee in 1688 with devising a plan for the reorganisation process. The committee was a entrusted II Leopold King on, going steadily reconquest the WithTurkishemerged. Empire Ottoman siege of in 1683, when the hope of gaining the upper hand over the weakening Kingdom in an efficient and rational way already became an issue in court circles after the failed waysstatelyorderingofpossible the institutions. issue how The of to reorganisethe Hungarian as such Notions upon. reflected be to have which concepts, indispensable certain are there the Turks, of expulsion the after dom Habsburg the to Monarchy, the reorganisationand moreto specifically the of Hungarian King theory this accommodating In governance. of theoreticians by values key be to deemed were wentblossom.into Ordering andfull administering state the throughknowledge and diligence disciplining social in science state and economics of role crucial the about ideas when age the useful. theory of ‘governmentality’, which has been articulated most prominently by Michel Foucault, is aspects of 18th Habsburg century statecraft Power through expertise:

Evans2006.5. Seethefulltextof Foucault1980.

The If one intends to interpret vampirism as a problem of ordering for Habsburg statecraft, the statecraft, Habsburgfor ordering of problem a as vampirisminterpret to intends one If 1 Einrichtungswerk As convincingly it hasbeen was arguedcentury scholarsby 18th the several sincethen, Einrichtungswerk (The organisation the of Kingdom of in1689. ) was received with a fair amount of opposition on the part of Hungarof part the oppositionamountonof fair a with received was in German with introductory essays in: Kalmár &Varga inGermanwithintroductoryessaysin: Kalmár 2010. Einrichtungswerk , cameralism and Polizey are all related to related all arePolizey and cameralism , M.A. THESIS Einrichtungswerkdes ■ ADAM MEZES, 2 ■ 2013. - - 3

CEU eTD Collection 9 acquirednewly lands and an enhanced role inits of organisation. military the measures advised by the committee insufficient and the argued for a found greater central circle control over the This . of governor the Caraffa, General and Council WarAulic 4 plans modernising her which support initial War the the give in Austrianto ofSuccessionand ing of traditionslocal gave her enough popularity among the Hungarian nobility to support her queen's promise of tolerance, emphasis of the multinational nature of the realm and the respect favourable acceptance of monarch's new the plans in1740is undeniable. a for way the paving in role its about, groping cautious this followed reforms true no Though Einrichtungswerk the of parts certain of revisiting gradual and slow the for way the opened it and decades, ous act, the relations of the Austrian and the Hungarian states became more solid than in the previ this Withline. female the through inheritance the of legitimacy the pronounced chy,also and Habsburgmonar the of rest the and Hungary ofseparabiliter’) relationship ac (‘indivisibiliter rule came when the Hungarian diet accepted the 1723 Habsburg of legitimacy the strengtheningtowards step important An region. the in ernment ing in the rebellion)Rákóczi that it basically impeded any real reforms towards an efficient gov resistance(culminat such caused traditionHungarian the political andagenda imperialist the between mismatch The Empire.Roman Holy the of part not was which Kingdom,Hungarian AccordingEvans,to rule. their of legitimacy the Habsburgsofmonarchs conceived which in mode imperialist eral settlers of Slavic and origins. German ately afterthe expulsion ofthe Turks, just likethe programs ofpopulating the desertedland with immedi started incomes treasury major been alwayshave which of incomes the mines, metal Austrian cameral circles, to which Kollonich belonged. within popularity gained quickly wars Ottoman the after economyHungarian devastated the on ideas these of applicability the (1635-82) Becher Joachim Johann and (1640-88) Schröder Empire afterthe 30-years-war. Transmitted byGerman émigrés in Vienna, such as Wilhelm von HolyRoman the situationin improve the to devised programscameralist corewere territories supporting urban industry and the need to reconstruct the economy and population of post-war balance), positive a reaching(and treasury, royaltrade relyingon the of incomes the raisingof (hencetreasury the name the specifically more and economy the of role the emphasised school this ideas, mercantilist influenced bythe contemporaryGerman school ofcameralism. Based tosome extent on French largelywere which measures,economic certain or Hungarian Chancellery the organisation on 7 6 5

Evans2006.11. Kalmár1991.489. 92. Ingaro2003. Kalmár1991.496.

Certain proposals of the the of proposals Certain The final success of 's reforms rested on the change in royal political tone: the in political tone: Theresa'sthe change on royal reforms of success Maria rested final The The pursuit the gen mercantilism,to linked of was markedlyeconomic a imperialist theory : the Hungarian diet also started to propose changes in a cameralist direction.cameralist proposechangesa to in started Hungarian the also : diet 7 this stoutly imperialist program was ill-fitted on the actual realities of the of realities actual stoutlythe program ill-fitted this imperialiston was cameral Einrichtungswerk ) in developing an efficientstate government. Theimportance 6 nevertheless did become realized, such as the re the as such realized, become did nevertheless Pragmatica Sanctio 5 Accordingly, the exploitation of salt and M.A. THESIS , which stated the tight ■ ADAM MEZES, 4 ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 10 bureaucraticextended service’with organisationreliance writtenforms.onheavy the and state standardized and directed centrally a as reorientated and by supplemented be oligarchy a discipline. At the political-social level, the reforms entailed that ‘the aristocratic and provincial mostnotably universitiessciences, the taughtof Hallewherewascameralism and Frankfurt, as ernment in the Habsburg monarchy was again based on contemporary German cameralist state state gov modern of start governance, the many queen's The by hailed as 1760's. the especially needed to get started. Afterthe first timid steps, theseplans gained momentum in the 1750's and 11 10 9 8 achieving success as well as waging war’. ance as well as control, opportunities for eliciting co-operation as well as for asserting power, for just as much for scholars of andsocial administrative history because ‘they are places of compli historians military for interest of be to proven have regions frontier stated, historian military history’. American in frontier the of significance essay,‘The 1893 frontiermilitary as an analytical tool has received considerable attention since Turner's original well. as nobilityHungarian unruly the on butOttomans, the on only not check keep to realized - Kollonich already argued for its establishment as a separate militarized region in order anotherproposition the as of andon, early realised was tion stressed attention to the southern border-territories. The key-role ofthe region in state organisa enlightenedTheresa's successful absolutist reforms, Habsburg attempts of orderingalways paid harshly implemented form under Joseph II'srule. most and full-fledged most its to resistance total in culminating lost, entirely almost became nobility Hungarian among popularity its absolutism, enlightened Habsburg of formation the with process parallel a as onwards,since 1760's the frompressing especially was legitimacy of fatherlandthem. oflove a therebyinspiringand subjects the of rooted his/heractly abilityin thatpolicing, of guaranteeingis,good convenience the and safety monarchex the ofis notable. legitimacy Accordingis queen,the him, the councillorofcretto professor(1733-1817) of Sonnenfels Johann of work the respect, this in system; a such for legitimacy of source solid a finding of difficulty the at points idea the to resistance Hungarian growing the and potism), subjects with enough bread and beer. the supplying administration, as well as local education-related issues and religious politics,rationalizing population for tending as such fields, of variety great a included it realm: the of orderingwaygeneral ensure oftogood happiness the andfeeling ofamong well-being subjects Policingpackage.intellectualmeanta this of part also (Polizey)was policing of actions mental govern through judiciary,as the by much so not reached be should discipline social that idea 14 13 12

Tribe 266-267. 1984. Evans2006.18.

Evans2006.14-18. Black2008.;Ellis&Eßer2006. Turner 1893. Evans2006-12. Kontler2012.89.

Be they related to the largely unfruitful early attempts of the the of attempts early unfruitful largely the to related they Be des enlightened even (or absolutism’ expression ‘enlightened the by implied tension The At thispointtheterminologicalusage has tobeclarified. Polizey-und Kameralwissenschaften 9 14 11 Throughout theessay, ‘frontier’ at the Viennaat the University, later se Einrichtungswerk 10 M.A. THESIS The need to locate the source the locate to need The 13 Einrichtungswerk As Jeremy Black, a leading a Black,Jeremy As ■ ADAM MEZES, willbeusedtodenote , which became became which , o Maria or , 12 ■ 8 2013. The The ------CEU eTD Collection 11 19 18 2007. 17 16 15 Habsburg Monarchy, wheresomesortofspecialadministration wasenacted. a widercategorycomprisingnotonlythemilitaryfrontierproper, butallprovincesalongthe‘border line’ the zonesofHabsburgMilitärgrenze,actualterritorieswherefrontier lawwasapplied. experienced and seen have who People travellers. to associated gaze critical and mindedness ascribing it to the bias of the author of the present essay), what is more to the point is the open- that three out of these four personalities have published data on the history of vampirism military officers (such as amongothers Joseph von Sonnenfelsused to be).Leaving aside the fact as well as cartographer,/1741-1803/), VenetianFortis the andnaturalist (as Alberto statesman industries(forin example Ignazcommercial mining-specialist /1742-91/), the agentsvon Born physician servant, and naturalist Samuel Köleseri younger the engineers/1663-1732/), engaged travellota to reach subject matterthe scientists (such oftheologian,state as the expertise: their A characteristic group of the members of these personal networks have been people who had to experimenting with different administrative systems. overareas these promised greater and efficiency hence evencould prove be suitable to areas for Treasury, Chancellery etc.) in the borderlands, the Hungarianmore direct control counties, of the landlords,central institutions (private organs judiciary and administrative intermediary of of direct central control and autonomylocal seems to be a unifying factor. With the elimination cial, and though its differentparts have shown agreat range of diversity,the interesting mixture been currentbeen along personal linkages, mostly in the form of a general anti-Baroque sentiment. the has to be mentioned. sitivities of enlightenedness. learned annoying(and fascinating) administrative both organs and (civil military) and general the sen notorietyby their vampirismofgain cases the helped borderland which regionrelations the of special these was essay,it the in shown be shall it As innocent. are observations primary even pens shapes the produced knowledge sent to the centres to a great extent. hap encounter which within circumstances political intellectual, physical, exact the and met, edge starts already there, on the contacts zones between cultures, where new information is first geographical ordigestionintellectual):centres they the and classificationthe (be rawknowlof to restricted not is science of production the others, among Raj Kapil by argued convincingly been has it as well: as science of historians by emphasised been recently‘contact haszones’of importance The cultures. ethnic acrossandculture elite and popular workedbetween onlynot with administrative higher organs more easily. contactinto get could rankslower of individuals turn, authorities,in andcentral of eyes the in visibilitygreater a gainedculture popular general, in andcontrol, peoplecommon moredirect

For the roleofdifferent1993.; Harris1996.; Cook ofscience seeamongthers:Biagioli types of linkagesandnetworksintheproduction personal See Kalmár 1991. and Marjanucz 2013. forthecaseofBanat. SeeKalmár1991.andMarjanucz2013. Evans2006.41-43. Raj 2010. 11. Raj2010. Köleséri1709:111-126.; Born1774:14.;Fortis [1774]1778:61-2.

As a further, and equally important aspect, the characteristic of borderlands as contact-zones Habsburgspe fairlystatelysoutherncontrol,borderlandof was the view ofpoint From the In relation to the production and spreading of knowledge, the role of personal networks also Aufklärung , before it became a centrally supported agenda under Maria Theresa, hadalready 17 Scholars of the Habsburg Enlightenment have shown that certain ideas of 15 At the same time, exactly because of this At thesametime,expression‘borderlands’ M.A. THESIS separatingtheOttomanEmpireand 16 In simple terms, not ■ ADAM MEZES, 19 ■ (and 2013. is 18 - - - -

CEU eTD Collection 12 ble knowledge of anatomy and pathology. gathering knowledge about the body in a systematic way, and producing quantifiable, compara aboutwent membranes),and (tissues, body the of units uniform small, for looking was which practice, century 18th late the from different markedly also was it time, same anymore. the At differedfromthat schoolsthatsense the surgical in and agealso anatomist did not lack corpses pathology Galenic of individualism the from differentbody. was the within view etc. This ligaments, organorgan to arteries, nerves through for seats of in disease organs and totried map the dissemination of the fromdisease there from looking anatomistwas pathological the of gaze dissecting anatomist:Italian the Morgagni, the happened (the first half ofthe 18th century) were based onthe essentially ‘cartographic’view of vampireour cases which in period the ofanatomical ideas the pointedoutthatFrench thinker well. Having initiated this chapter with Foucault, it so happensas vampiresthat he of is examinationsrevisited in surgical the end: handling the in concept useful and recurring a be to seems tantly for surgeons our military case, as well. impor soldier,more average or the of level the on factor a been have soberly.must moreThis happenings puzzling at look and outsider the of stance the up take can things different many 21 for theindividualpatient. 20 pursuedthese different agendas. examinationslamb: the happenvariousnewborn did underpower,influences a of that is just it as immaculate was cases vampireinvestigatorsof the by out anatomy carried pathological the stated bluntly that cartography is not an innocent science, respectively.1761 and 1754 1748, exams/diplomasin to bound became surgeons and physicians midwives, of practice the while system, officer health nicipal in 1752 the century: fight against ‘quacks’ gained momentumwith the establishment ofthe mu medical policing (relying heavily on Sonnenfels's ideas) happened only in the second half of the jects 24 23 22

Foucault[1963]2003.Seeespecially To in18thcenturyHungaryseeforinstance:Krász2003,Simon2005,Schulteisz 2010. theissueofstatelycontroloverhealthcare toGalenicpathology,According areproductsofanimbalancebodiliyhumours tailormade diseaseasentitydoesnotexist,andallsicknesses Evanscallsitthe‘handmaidenofstateauthority’. Evans2006.120-121. Foucault [1963] 2003.;Duden1991.,Lindemann1999.,French2003. Foucault

Commerce, mining and waging war all made extensive use of cartography, and ‘mapping’cartography,and of use extensive made all war waging and mining Commerce, The clinical turn and its close associationwith the state gaining control overthe body of sub 22 is hence a later development than our age. In the Hungarianinitiativesof the Kingdom, the In age. developmentour later than a hence is Chapter 8:Openupafewcorpses. 21 20 and its focus on humours and imbalances, and imbalances, andhumours on focus its and 152-214. 24 then neither should we suppose that 23 M.A. THESIS In spite of all this, if it can be be can it if this, all spiteof In ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - - - - CEU eTD Collection 13 1. Figure:Themilitaryfrontieratthebeginningof18thcentury Treaty1699 Karlowitz, the of with ernment: the Habsburg gov Hungarianto gain substantial territorial Kingdom.reconquest The a meant the the from of expulsion Turks the after issue topical highly a became which frontier, idea an Administrative plasticity on theHabsburg borderland The space of action: there were long disputes about the exact nature of the border defence system that should be be should that system defence border the of nature exact the about disputes long were there fig.1.). (see east the toward rim Carpathian empire, the now which roughly followed rivers the Una, Sava, Tisza and Maros and Eastern the especially pressing need to create a new border-defence system along the new southern limits of however presented the government with a greatly complex administrative task and there was an territories new Habsburgs.the organisationThe the of to CroatiaandHungary of most as well 26 25

Today: SremskiKarlovci. Hóman&Szekfű[1935]1990.

A number of paragraphs have been devoted in the previous chapter to the notion of the the of notion the to chapter previous the in devoted been have paragraphs of number A 25 26 the Ottomans had to hand over Transylvania,overhand to Ottomansas had the In the War Council of Leopold I. (1658-1705), I. Leopold of WarCouncil the In M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - CEU eTD Collection 14 32 31 30 29 28 27 conditions legal frontiersmen exact of The serfdom. of (Grenandservices fees taxes, usual the exempt frompartially orwerewholly emperorhimself) the landlordwas (whose landsplotsof their service, military unpaid) or (paid life-long do to obligation their for return In privileges. enjoyedsubstantialmembers whose militia, land local special a entailed also buttroops, perial frontier waymilitary the all through up century. to 19th the Habsburg whole the butCroatian-Slavonian, the only not of history the accompanied bodies organisationfrontier,twomaintenance the and the in these ofinterests of clashesbetween and PetriniaandKarstadt, Sissek Georgwar Sankt and as Ivanic Warasdin, such fortifications, necessary nancial authority, needed the support of the Aulic Treasury, for instance in order to complete the fi limitedhaving council, the andenterprise, costly a was frontier military the organisationof separate War inGraz, Council and later by Aulic the War inVienna. Council onlyover hinterlands,civilian the Warasdin the while and Karstadt regions were governed by a royalgovernor the - ofauthorityAges,kept hisbeen Middle had the from who Karlstadt called on century 17th the (from two areas These Una the Kulpaand between Croatia. territory riversin the in other Drava Savathe andanders two such territories, one in the Kreutz-Kopreinitz-Belowar warsagainstwars,Ottomans.Habsburgcentury created the these 16th gradually During rulers the in origins its hadadministration central the controlofunder totally zone militarized leged frontier The concept military of the most of century. 18th the during flux in remained neoacquisticaHabsburg the onrelations static: or rigid all at not was While to trying map these forces, great emphasis will be laid on the fact that this space of action werepowerbyofa ofnotdetermined space wasin variety action vacuum: their aforces. acting vampires face to had who experts medical the that show to the is aim of The relationsborderland.Habsburg general the describing to and frontier military the of concept the troducing frontier upon. was which decided employed against the Ottomans; finally, it wasthe model ofthe old Croatian-Slavonian military

Today: SisakandPetrinja. Bazala1976.527. Today: Kri Today: Vara

Wessely 1974.57.;Soós2011. 36. Today: IvanićGradandDjurdjevac.

The ‘militarized’ nature ofthe frontier not only meant a net of fortifications andstationed im Itnoted however,hastobe thatauthority the ofWar the notwas unchallenged.Council The In order to understand what this exactly meant, the present chapter will be devoted to in to devoted be will chapterpresent the meant, exactly this what understand to order In The concept of the (Militärgrenze, Konfin, Voina ), that is, aprivi is, that (Militärgrenze, Konfin,frontier Krajina), Voina military the of concept The Ž evci, and Bjelovar respectively.Bjelovar evci, Koprivnicaand 28 Ž din and . din and respectively, and became wholly removed from the authority of the . The ban, The ban. the of authority the from removed wholly became respectively,and 31 the Croatian district. Croatian the Generalcies 32 . The treasury in turn had substantial say substantial had turn in treasury The . 27 region of Slavonia between the riv ), had their seats in Warasdinin seats their had ), and M.A. THESIS 30 in the Slavonian, andSlavonian, the in ■ ADAM MEZES, 29 ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 15 37 (latertobecomeRomanians)will onlybemadewherethesourcesthemselvesmakeitunambiguous. tion betweentheSouthernSlavicRascians (GermanRäczischorHungarianrác,formingthefutureSerbiannation) andtheRomance-tongued 36 35 34 33 ofcivilian Kingdom. body the ( pass it as a royal statute, and the Croatian and Hungarian diets never ceased to repeat this injury during the Turkish wars was not seen very reliable. It is no wonder that Ferdinand II. could only loyalty whose check, in Hungariannobilityand Croatian local keep to means a also was it but Turkishattacks, possible against useful only not was refugees these of out settlements tarized frontier region. the ongovernment the by settled were and Christians), Orthodox (mostly Christians them of Turkishmost the side, from refugees generally werefrontier Habsburgmilitary the ‘Vlachs’ of ideas. nationalist modern for relevance its of because least the communitiescationreligious, orlegal with ethnic incitedhasardent debatesscholarship in not same time, the term had various meanings in the 17th and 18th centuries, and its exact identifi frontier.prevailingHabsburg the military with At connection the in practice general a wasbut Croatia-Slavonia, century 17th to limited not was ‘Vlachs’ as collectively frontiersmen the to institution: awell-delineated, border militarized fully of territory peasants. soldier free were set, which is why this statute can be seen as the founding document of this military special frontier statutesamemilitary territoriallimitsthe of the It in exact that(knez). ersthe also was lead elected own their of leadership the under remaincould andreligion orthodox their keep could autonomy: they cultural and jurisdictional of level high a granted time same the atwere afterwhich theyperiods could receivethe regulartrooper's payment. Inhabitants ofthe frontier to do forservice free for 14 days on this side of the border, and for 8 days in external campaigns, obligationintoanytime armsthe answer to hadcalls immediately. and parts inner were obligedThey the in those while watch, border for sum regular a paid were border the to next living ons. payment Their military they were depended ontheservice assigned to:those communities eign lands) from the age of 17 years up, and they had to take care of their own vestiges and weap campaignsforin in (even service military do to had they returnforbut which in taxes, of free frontier.military Croatian-Slavonian the of frontiersmen the of situation the settled (1619-1637) II. Ferdinand so-called the was basis the but time, during multiplechallenges to subject were and place to place from varied zer,Graničari) orKrajišnici gravamen

Sokol1967.16. Forarecentoverviewofthisstillunsettled issue,seeforinstance:Bracewell2006. Inthepresentpaper, theterm‘Vlach’ Wessely 1970.92. Sokol1967.14.

At this point, it is instructive to briefly analyse the title title Atthe briefly to‘Statutapoint, analyse instructive itthis is Valachorum’ Referring itself. According to document, this frontiersmen the received plots of land as a ) and voice their views that the militarized zones should be reincorporated into the the intoreincorporated be should zones militarized the that views their voice and ) 36 33 In the eyes of the Habsburg government, the creation of loyal, privileged, mili

willbeusedinthissense,andthedistinction uponwhichthefieriestdebateiscentred,thatis,distinc 37

ttt ValachorumStatuta 35 What seems to be sure is that is sure be to seems What M.A. THESIS f 60 n hc Emperor which in 1630 of ■ feudum ADAM MEZES, , which was, which 34 ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 16 extent allowed which control over to them ensure efficient functioning. tary administration and supported the privileges of the frontier communities, though only to an the treasury, and not the military. The WarCouncil naturally argued forthe maintaining of mili civilian, cameral administration, so that the incomes of the soldier-peasants’ lands would enrich Treasury the obviously lobbiedformaintaininglandlordship emperor, the the of butextending 2. Figure:Thenewmilitaryfrontierregionin1717 governmentnobilitygarian treatedthe was in ofandthe accordingly idea havecould the made Hun which with distrust the strengthened time same the at wars the though court, the attention Uprisingthe absorbed of (1703-11) Rákóczi the SpanishandofSuccession (1701-14) not at all simple: their establishment was detained by a number of factors. In these years, the War Monarchy afterthe expulsion ofthe Turks. The creation ofnew frontier territories however was Habsburg the of lands acquired newly the on border-defencesystem special this institutionof the with 1700's early the in Karlowitz the of Treaty after replicatedwere frontier military nian frontier,The Habsburg military 1699-1718 38 delineation of fields of authority andthe extent of privileges enjoyed bythe population. Apopu

Wesely 1974.58-60.

All these All intereststhese and counter-interests which were strongly attached to the Croatian-Slavo The debates here, just likeearlier a century the in Croatianfrontier centred around the exact the century. A major reason for this is this for reason majorcentury. A the hindered their functioning throughout and establishment their delayed putes to be straightforward, in fact strong dis seems frontier the creating in interest even more appealing. stronghold royal a as frontier military dom, and hence into their own lands, own their into hence and dom, King Hungarian the into territories the former strived to reincorporate the However,direction. this while in issue the pressing usually also Treasurywas Aulic the but administration, civilian es and their gradual incorporation into ing for the decrease of frontier privileg argu kept who landlords, Hungarian Thus, cil. not was neighbouringit only WarAulicCoun the Treasuryand lic central organs simultaneously: the Au two by run was it that frontier the of characteristic mentioned already the Thoughthe central administration's M.A. THESIS 38 ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 17 40 39 Aulicder the War but Council ban the himself. This frontierregion was a military with all its privileges, but was exceptionally assigned not un the establishedafter butonlygot century 17th Treaty 1699. Karlowitzformation of the its in in empire. Between the rivers Kulpa and Una, east of Karlstadt lied the Banal frontier, which began frontier, as early as the first half ofthe ;the territory waslater incorporated intothe Karlstadt Uskok captaincy, a region which formerly belonged to Crain, where Vlachs settled from Sichelberg the is Karlstadt of north map the on visible region isolated small The Unayet. river reachingnot the though towards andeast, the of territory southern the with enlarged was frontier Karlstadt The avail. no to force, renewed with administration civilian of reinstitution the voice to nobility local incited naturally situation This p.13.). fig.1., (see der longersituated onbor the no was frontier Warasdin the that fact the of spite in unchanged, remained essentially which of ileges stadt Generalcies, the priv Karl and Warasdin old the to directed were tlers power relations. local given the onpending variationsde local special with though area, border new the in endemic were problems These ulation. pop civilian with conflict of possibility the hanced en further which uation contiguous,sit a atall not territory of the frontier was frontier is the fact that, as the one of can see functioning on a everyday more the detailed mapcharacterised of which the regionconfusion, (see the fig.2., p.16.), to Adding communities. complainedphysicalabout aggression, the anddifferent encroachments committed military by andmany extendingeven it.times communities Civilian and county administration frequently lation, which was essentially unruly and mobile in nature, always anxious to keep their privileges

Wessely 1974.59. Hóman&Szekfű[1935]1990.

New waves of Vlach set 40 again in spite of the fact that they were never strictly speaking on the borders of the the ofborders the on speaking strictly never were they that fact the spiteof in again ------3. Figure:MapshowingtheHabsburgacquisitions1717–1739 M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 39 2013. the - CEU eTD Collection 18 p.16.). fig.2., (see Zabadka and aroundSombor regionoccupiedtheCatholics,minority ofSokacwhoBunjevac and exceptwereOrthodoxthe scarcelyonthe populated ordesertedevenlandsSlavonia,in SyrmiaandBachka; most ofthem 43 42 41 the lack of intermediary organs (like landlords or Hungarian institutions), there was substantial to due directly more effect take controlcould central frontier-life.While speciality the to uted of interests between power centres of landlords, treasury, military and local populations contrib times wedged into civilian areas. This situation, togetherwiththe previouslymany mentioned clashes existed, legitimacy of levels and privileges different of zones frontier several way, This War populationthe status.bysupportedmaintainprivileged their its managedto less, Council administrationstrengthened,civilianbut neverthe of) incorporation sort into their (some ing Serbia, while the older frontier regions largely lost their relevance; as a consequence, voices urg and Bosnia northern tomoved thus frontierwas military the 1739, and 1718 Empire. Between war, afterwhich, with the Treaty ,ofthey werepermanently given back tothe Ottoman fig.3., (see p.17.). Bosnia and Serbia in Danube the andSave the of bank right the along land of striplarge a Danube), the . Furthermore, occupiedalso they three regions: have been fully developed. In 1718, the Habsburgs permanently gained could the Banat and it the restbefore of superfluous essentially frontier military forming the made and south, further border the pushed which situation a Ottomans, the from territories sizeable monarchygained Treaty the with war: 1716-18 Passorowitzof the gainsof territorial the frontiers. settlers the these by filled of ful duties the in something createresembling order managed to administrationfinally central extremelynegotiationof was slowonly after decades anditwas relations confused and thatthe were making: inthe the also Maros the and Danube rivers the region, this of borders the along institutionsfrontier Hence, Banat. the TurkishHungarian formerremainedwas underKingdom, which 1699 control after and the Esseg the frontiers: military two of up made Warwas Aulic Council) the of all) duties, like taking part in fortification works. The fully militarized region (under the authority ingthechief landlord; thepopulation had to pay their taxes aswell ashad to docertain (but not military part. In the former, the usual comitat-system was introduced with the Aulic Treasury be Drava, the 46 45 44

Today: .Wessely Somborand 1973.36-40. Today: .Wessely Osijekand 1974.65-66. Lendl&Wagner 1963. Today: Pozarevac. Today: Szeged. Wessely 1974.85-87.

The majority of Vlach settlers (numbers reach several ten-thousands),settled several however (numbers were settlers reach Vlach majority of The However, these latter three regions only remained under Habsburg control until the 1737-39 Maros)the and Tisza the Danube, the Sava, (the frontier zones new these formation of The Sava Danube and the the and 46 with Belgrade, as withwell Belgrade, as the onePeterwardeinwith itscentre.as Danube Tisza , east, of theWarasdin frontier) wasdivided into civiliana and a and the 44 The creation frontier the of delayedalso because was of Maros 41 Uskok frontiers with common their seat inSegedin. The land of Slavonia and Syrmia (between the the (between Syrmia Slavonia and of land The region south of on Lika the Adriatic coast little 42 The only substantial territory ofthe M.A. THESIS Sava 45 (between Wallachia(between and in 1718, the Habsburg the 1718, in one, governed from governed one, ■ ADAM MEZES, northern ■ 2013. 43 - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 19 investigated vampirism become visible. tionsand relations experts that ofarea,role the medical the so the and which generalin frames Tallar'sreport on vampirism. emphasis laid institu on In special be medical the cases both will Georg of examination the precede will Banat 1750's the of features administrative special the analysis of the medical reports on the Kisilova and Medvedia vampire cases. In the second block, inner organisation of frontier the military in Habsburg dealt be withSerbia will followed by the which were active at the given time and place of these cases. In the first block,the functions and authorities medical administrativeand the ofspheres mappingby the introduced be will them Banat.Accordingly, the in 1750's the of in each other the while 1730's, and 1720's the in Serbia fortunes of life than inother regions. manders or Vlachlocal leaders: personal talent and agility could have a greater influence onthe com military officials, treasury they be movementactors,ofindividual for space and freedom

The next chaptertwo groups discusses of vampire cases, one whichof happenedoccupied in M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - - CEU eTD Collection 20 organs the twowas these ofzone lands, acquired newly Togetherother defence. the careful with needed and territory crucial a was tre Danube. the along Belgrade against border system, onmostly based because past the main experience, point of attack was expected (1718-39):Habsburg Serbia andcordon plague frontier military vampires and the of Habsburg experts Medical Serbia and their experts reportsmedical about revenants Casestudies: Kallbrunner 1958.24. 49 48 47 and level, organisational the at already ensured was military the of dominance the way, This officials. military 2 and treasury 2 ofcouncil regiona and the commander ofgeneral military Administration, a mixed cameral and military organisation, was led by a president, who was the 1720. in up set was AdministrationProvincial Serbian the istration: tion of the local government was carried out on the model of the 1718 Banat Provincial Admin court organs and divided handled issues the belonging to field their of speciality. The cameralofficerswereRosenberg andBorschek. 51 50

Langer1889.185.In1720,themilitary Wessely 1974.90. This way, atitsownright(Hofstelle),butonecomprisedofmembersotherorgans, aso-calledMittelstelle. theCommissiowasnotanorgan Uskokregion,Wallachia, theBanat. Slavoniaand Untilthen,themilitaryactedassoleadministrator inallmattersincludingeconomics.Langer1889.164.

Directed by Graf Mercy, the cavalry general who led the occupation of the region, the crea the region, the ofoccupation the led who general Mercy,Graf by cavalry Directed the efficient an creating at made were attempts littleWallachia, little Uskok-regionand the In 48 Serbia was administeredwas Serbia byAulic the Treasury Aulicand the War contactThe Council. officialswereObristFeldWachtmeister Grafvono’DwyerandOberKriegsCommissarius NeoacquisticaCommissio 47 Consequently, Northern Serbia with Belgrade at its cen its at Belgrade with Consequently, Serbia Northern in Vienna, where leaders of the two the Vienna,of in leaders where M.A. THESIS 50 Seated in Belgrade, the the Belgrade, in Seated ■ ADAM MEZES, 49 Ackerman. ■ 2013. 51 - - -

CEU eTD Collection 21 60 Vailova, thisseparationwasnotcarriedout. 59 58 these 45housesofthefortressartillery hastobeadded. stationed inBelgrade:Merulli(176), Alexander Württemberg(90),Neipperg(86),Lothringen(69),Pálffy (12),Harrach(6)and Alcaudete (3). To 57 24-25. Hammer inhishistoryofthegreatplague1738listsKlucz,Kraina&Krisina, Klotschein,KolumbazandOmloli&BoriczkaReka.Hammer1889. 56 Resava, Semendria,Grocka,&Kragujevac,Passarovic 55 Langer's mentionsthem,andneitherhaveImetthispositioninmysources. 54 53 52 border. the on strictly situated even not were they though even lands, fertile most best, the occupied settlements military the that injurious it felt and jurisdiction, own their within even interests military to themselves subordinate to having about complained frequently provisors region, militia. the of settlements extended over the civilian population, which (theoretically at least) was separated from military the tia, otherforce military present in the region. The jurisdiction theof cameral provisors only nationalgreatly mili different local fromthe members of p.25.) fig.6. (see soldiers paid uniformed, man, troops. regular Serbian the of core the ander Württemberg, Neiperg and Lothringen represented represented the greatest value; the regiments Merulli, Alex Belgrade in barracks in stationed troops imperial regular Banatder the Provincial Administration. un (Pek)Pieckriversassigned Timok and was the tween be roughly Danube, the of south and district, Gradiska to right. the table the in listed is around1720 there belonging villages his messages to neighbouring districts. was to ‘ride through’ the and instructions carry of the provisor as well as communicate duty whose officials Überreiters, so-called 2-2 and ispans 1-1 by aided was work whose visors, administration, was divided into 15 districts (see fig. 5., p.23.). withSerbia, the exclusion of the city of which was commanded Belgrade, separately by military ( provisors’ ‘district called officers) military previous were der of Malta commander the became general until loss the of to Turks Serbia the in1738. vonAlexander Or Württemberg the Bailli of de Marulli, General death whose after (1720-37), Carl Prince Marshall Field by held presidentwas the of position province, the the of existence Habsburgstrategicimportanceof the bySerbia. further legitimized

Wessely 1974.93-97.;Langer1889.211. liststhefollowingregiments(withnumberofhousesthey occupied inthebarracksaround1728) Wessely 1974.93-97. Serbian Langer1889. Appendix.

Langer 1889. 244-247. 244-247. Langer1889. givesanincomplete listofcameralandmilitaryvillages.Incertainareas,forexampleinPoscharowiz or The authoreven Langer1889.199. Left:93.Right:Donath 1967-70. Funcken 1978. Langer1889.200. The exactroleofthedisctrictispanisunclearatthisstageresearch,not leastbeacusenootherworkbeside OnLanger's mapthefollwingsfigure:Medenipieck,Kreina,Crivivir,There seemtohavebeen5suchdistricts. Homul,andBoretsch.

In the military force of the region, the battle-hardenedregion,force the the of military Inthe the of east lies which Serbia, of part easternmost The they frequently (though officials cameral Administration were the of officials executive The namesrespectively:Šabac&Jad,Valjevo, Paleš(betweenBelgradand 60 55 59 At the same time, given the great influence of the military in the in military the of influence great the given time, same the At 54 57 The mostly Ger mostly The The jurisdiction ofthe 11 provisors andthe number of 56

58 looked Šabacdistricts),Belgrad,Rudnik,Ram&Gradiska,Pračin - - - - - Distriktverwalter Discrict andvillagesinHabsburgSerbia 53 Rudnick Belgrad Palesch Vailova Sabadsch & Leschniz Provisor Poscharowiz Iajodin &Kragoiwatz Grocka Semendria Baragin &Ressava Ram &Gradiska The districts were led by 11 pro M.A. THESIS 52 Almost during the whole the duringAlmost ■ ADAM MEZES, ). The province of province The ). Number of villages 39 42 73 76 81 14 18 18 19 28 35 Anton von ■ 2013. - - CEU eTD Collection 22 4. Figure:ThecameraldiscritsofHabsburgSerbia

M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. CEU eTD Collection 23 resembled thatofthelatter sergeants (Feldwebel)andcolporals(Gefreiter)theprivate’s uniform and thecolourvariationsof Alexander Württembergregiment’s 5. Figure: A regularsoldier(Fusilier)ofthek.k.armyaround1710 ty. called leaders, own, elected their 62 61 border, the along stationed were 14 companies, 18 the of Out corporal. Barjaktar, one Strazameister and a a Hadnak, a infantry.by led the The were ktar) and a sergeant (StraŽameister) as officers as well as 5 whocorporals led the 5 subgroups of ants. (Harambascha),The lieutenant (Barja Hayduks leader a band ensign had (Hadnak),an a and(Hayduks),consisted infantrymen (Hussars)150 men:of 250 cavalrymen 50 assistand50 captain a by led company was each plans, the to according Again, drafted. were (settlers) men time, was officers same theit the rebellion; join and at byVlach)military force) (also their sary bellion of the Warsdin frontier militia for instance, the knes ordered the people to size (if neces 1755 re the case. In to fromcase vary could conflict a in took they population,side andwhich local the andadministration central the between intermediaries as role their Weerate. see can illit mostlywereand people, amongfrom their elected were they time, sameAt privileges. the certain received only knes the while administration, district the from payment got even knes ( knes chief a by led were settlements more knes, their had settlement each While well. as tions ofcontraveningabsence but rela the Serbian in on the valid maywe evidence, supposeitbe to Milanovac, Stalaty, ParačinandResava. 64 63 Oberknes

Sokol1967.26.;Wessely 1970.93. Schwicker1861.314-316. N.a.1897.127. Berniovar, Langernamesthefollowingposts:Cernabara, Zikote/Novyvaros,Belacerkva, Valjevo, Osenica,Bronjary, Čaćak,Zverka,Kragujevac,

61 On the level of settlements, Vlachs were settled in their traditional house-communities under Schwicker ). Importantly,). wereconsidered officialscameral ( both they tobe 62 described their role in the cameral administration on the example of the Banat, knes , who functioned as village judgescommuni village their aswithin functioned who , soldiers. frontier the by death to beaten being from Schellhorn) (called company who saved the German captain of Topowatz the of knes the example for ete. n elt, ny 2000-2500 only reality, In settled. wereRudnick) andIajodin mendria, Se Sabadsch, in headquarters (with captains chief 4 under companies 18 into soldiers 4500 recruiting for the militia was reorganised and plans 1729, In general. commander the to (Oberkapitan), who were responsible captains chief 2 of commandment divided into 13 companies under the were and frontier-privileges, Vlach the of model the on 1718 in ready The local militia was set up al up set was militia local The 64 3 companies had to watch the the watch to had companies 3 M.A. THESIS 63 Beamter ■ ADAM MEZES, ). The The chief ). ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 24 72 71 the easton 70 69 68 Balazs 2010)heavilyrelyonherwork. 67 66 65 organsanitary of empire. the ( Comission Sanitary Aulic the frontier: the er-relationsof Erna Lesky points it out, the importance of this patent is that with it a new player enters the pow ( delegates and plague-commissions the help and cooperate to commandersfrontier the orders it that is patent the of elementimportant further A frontiers. the of militia local the of service the to added way this were duties new of range whole A Niederösterreich.to back routes free border officers and garrison imperial providetroops returning home with informationfrom service to onplague- able be also should and frontiers neighbouring with actions their monize harWarCouncil, the to directly cases infection suspicious inland report immediately should they enter.Furthermore, could miasma plague the of carriers which through pathways secret to raise more watch-posts along border, the go on frequent patrols and posts the block between commanders of the Karlstadt and the Danube Frontiers and stipulated that frontier guards haveAustria. and Hungary both in time the at raging was which 1708-13, of plague devastating the to relation in troops frontier the by performed be to tasks frontiermilitary happened only gradually from turn the of and 17th centuries. the 18th measures. strict the enforce to ministration ad civilian local the on relied times the of most andempire the within epidemic the of spread ItalyFrance.andearly The Habsburgpatents the plague orders ad-hoc were localizing aiming at tina’ referring to the 40 days to be spent isolated), a practice which had its origins in 14th century centuries meant that the only way to control the disease was the quarantine (from Italian ‘quaran antine officials experts. medical and quar frontiersoldiers,Habsburg ofTransylvania)of Hungarysystem and unique a resultedin cordon in European history (roughly 1900 km extending along the southern and eastern border century. 18th the of end the by frontier military the of function major the became epidemics of off fighting the frontiersmen,of Habsburgside-task Monarchy.minor the into a plague, as the out Starting all of worst epidemics,introducing of danger the increased also Ottomans the with commerce to smugglers as well. Furthermore, it was realised early on that the beneficial opening ofthe border fortificationsthe and to fight bandits the in ofdistricts Passarowitz,Rahm and Gradiska. important road between Belgrad and Baragin, Sanitätsüberreiter

Vaniček 1875.162-163. Such stations were Rakovica in the Karlstadt-, Kostainicain theBanal,SemlinandBrodinSavafrontier, RakovicaintheKarlstadt-, Suchstationswere while thelinecontinuedtowards Lesky1957.86. prominently byErnaLesky(Lesky 1957); laterdiscussionsofthetopic(suchase.g.Bazala1974., The processhasbeendescribedmost Stationed in Grocka, Hassan-Bassa-Palanka andRavna. inGrocka,Hassan-Bassa-Palanka Stationed Langer1889.218-220. Linzbauer 1852-56. gives no less than 20 imperial plague/infection orders between 1550and1710. imperialplague/infectionordersbetween Linzbauer1852-56.givesnolessthan 20 Lesky1957.83.

It was the Plague Patent of 1710 in which the AulicPatentItPlague the Warthe the which was in detail 1710 of in described first Council that fact The physicians unablebeen had cometo with up any efficientto the plaguecure for frontiersmenThe stationed bordertheat not only had to watch out for enemytroops but for Transylvanian-Wallachian borderwithVadudil, Orahova,Izlaz,Slatina, RimnikandStraßburg.Vaniček 1875.405.,Lesky 195786. 67 ) sent directly by the government or by the provincial administration. provincial the by or government the by directly sent ) The The formation the of Habsburg cordon,plague longestthe permanent land- 72

68 69 The association of anti-plague measures with the anti-plague with measures association of The 65 and one further company was assigned to guard Sanitätshofkommission 70 The patent was directed at the at directed was patent The M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ), the highest the ), 66 ■ 2013. 71 As - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 25 (above) ontheBanatmilitaryfrontierin19thcentury 6. Figure:Tschardak house(nelow)andneearotpost infection’.of dangerconstantly menacing there the of provincesbecause and ries endemic, was plague where Empire, Ottoman the against epidemic) an of presence the of regardless tions 76 and Wallachia totheKrimregion.Bugariu 1930.14-15. 75 74 deren menschenmörderischeMiasmenderOrientgegenMitteleuropaaussandte’] Vaniček 1875.106. the plagueinverystrongtermsas‘thatmurderousmiasmawhichEastsent outagainstCentralEurope’ anity withtheplaguewassostrongthatFrantišekVaniček, writingaslate1875,inhisfundamentalworkonthemilitaryfrontierstillreferredto casesee of theage.ForHungarian plague-sermons of theOttomans, Tóth 2005.Ontheotherhand,associationarchenemyofChristi about theproperbehaviourduringplague(ifoneisallowedtoflee,ortakemedicine etc.)wereconstantlydebatedinChristianplague-tractsand Ottomans acceptedtheplagueasgivenby Allah, anddidnottrytodevisemeasuresagainstit.Lesky1957.83.Interestingly, similarquestions 73 procedures the : station'squarantine the of tasks the on instructions detailed gave 1730 of Wallachialittle ofestablished. borderwere the Vetudil,onbia, Ribnik andSlatina Ser in Belgrade Krajovaand Baragin, patent: royalstationsamongin others the mentum with however, the building of permanent quarantine stations along the new frontier gained new mo huts. wooden primitiveonly basically werehowever, 1710, these as early as frontier) hand,cordonwatchposts the reliedmilitary on the (called 79 78 77

gegen

wasincludedinthetravelogueof This illustration Anton Davidov, aRussianaristocrat,whotravelledinthe1830'sfromParisthrough Hungary Wessely 1970.93. Vaniček 1875.405. In the European discourse oftheage,Muslimfanaticism wasblamedfortheconstantpresenceofdiseasein IntheEuropeandiscourse Turkish lands:itwassaidthat Lesky1957.86. Hollins 2005. 24. Hollins

h frt da o rc a emnn ‘mewheds cro (ht s oe which func one is, (that cordon ‘immerwährendes’ permanent a to erect idea first The das wegendaherallzeit bedrohlicherInfections-Gefähr’ Türkische GebietundLänder 73 came with the 1728 patent of Charles VI. entitled ‘against the Turkish‘againstterrito the entitled VI. Charles of patent 1728 the with came in the first half of the 18th century however, century 18th the of half first the in forms and carry uniform bayoneted muskets; uni in are guards the century, 19th the in made was above given illustration the Since border. the oversee to planned were panies Serbia, as we have mentioned above, 14 com Savaon leastthe and Danube frontiers). (at soldiers 30 by manned ideally were and other,each from distance hour-walking one there were 70, were usually placed in roughly half/ Serbia in which of Tschardaks, The border-crossing. illegal impede to was duty whose guards, their and itselfborderline the ca in the Banal, Semlin and Brod in the Sava andthe Brod in Semlin Banal, the in ca frontier (Rakovica in the Karlstadt, Kostaini tine stations were erected along the southern quaran Early points. crossing frontier the ( stations antine more reconstruction modern the on 8. fig. much resembled probably and equipment own their for responsible were guards these On the other hand, there were the quar the were there hand, other the On Tschardaks Lesky1957.84. M.A. THESIS Kontumazstation [‘einenanderenWürgengel,diePest, ; see fig.7.) see ; ■ ADAM MEZES, 75 74 placed along placed 79 On the one the On The patent The bit at built ) 78 In 1728 In ■ 2013. 76 In 77 ------CEU eTD Collection 26 clothes ond)latrinee)andf)waterpipe throughwhichthequarantinedaregivenwater. x)isawell. 84 83 82 81 rinsed insoapywater. goods hadtobeburnt;dependingontheirabilityabsorbmiasmas had tobeairedforweeks,clothesandleatherwearevenwashed 80 in fact; marked I.), than of healing. Healthy-looking people were directed to the quarantine houses (earthen lodges segregation of place a as served rather course of which 9.), fig on II. marked plague-hospital, around 1740 7. Figure:SlaviclandmilitiaattheCroatioan–Slavonianmilitaryfrontier was measures these enforcement of The observed. strictly are measures all that oversee to was thoroughlyall described. of medical examination, segregation and disinfection in case of people, animals and goods were

Lesky1957.87. Schraud 1801. 178. and Schraud1801.178. Appendix. Lesky1957.89. Vaniček earth lodgeinthemiddleofcourtyardc)barstohang lettersarethefollowing:a)entranceb) The partsofthequarantinemarkedwith

The station was led by the quarantine director (Kontumazdirektor), an official, whose duty whose (Kontumazdirektor), official, director quarantine an the by led was station The heldabovevinegarsteam,whereaspaperpackagingof Lettersforinstancehadtobedisinfected byopeningandbeing 1875.405-6. 84 which they were forbidden to leave during the quarantine time, which usu 80 or out. The severity of punish of severity The out. or in pass a without anyone let to not orders given were tiersmen Fron station. the around ated situwatchposts military the are circles red by highlighted huts the where century, the of end the at station quarantine mian fig.9. night: and day watch keep to had soldiers Hadnak. a by led tioned for instance 30 Hussars were sta Danubestations the along the of onein 1740 in aidedby military: stantly sent to the lazaret (the (the lazaret the to sent stantly in were suspicious be to found Those rightaway. them examine to surgeon),had a onlybut cian, ly not a university-trained physi usual was fact in physicus (who contagions so-called the station, notdoes answer call. their anyone who down shoot to men frontiers orders patent plague later,royal a 1766 even that sure varied in space and time, but it is ments for trespassers might have M.A. THESIS When people arrived at the the at arrived people When ■ ADAM MEZES, 82 hw a Syr a shows 83 81 ■ 2013. The ------CEU eTD Collection 27 8. Figure:QuarantineStationinSyrmiaattheendof18thcentury ranks, various of surgeons and physicians of consisting the century, all frontier regiments were supposed to have an extensive medical staff oftheir own relative the professionals scarcity ofmedical of second half Habsburg the in Through in Serbia. responsiblelyAulicVienna. Commission in the augmented toSanitary Hisbyfurther role was by frontier soldiers, and his report could have far-reaching consequences, since he was ultimate arrived at a place to investigate a possible case of inland infection, he probably was accompanied the fact that the figure ofthe contagion surgeon had substantial authoritybehind him. When he where had to quarantine spendtheir they time. the thelazaret plague in who survived Those weretined. sentthen third a to area (marked III.), women) helped work the of contagion the surgeon inproviding and food water for quaran the (usually Servants others. the for restarted time quarantine the while lazaret, the to taken ately immedi was he/she ill, quarantine taken the month.was someoneIfin morea lastedthan ally situation, the trained medical experts of the region were either contagion surgeons or military military contagionsurgeonsor either wereregion the of experts medical trained situation, the of 1723 professionssurvey only list two surgeons and no physicians or apothecaries. a Belgrade, centre, administrative the in even that fact the by shown is This Serbia. 1720-30's surgeon,situationa the atobviouslyleast had was usually worsetownsin districts andcameral 86 85

Bazala1976.528. Langer1889.212.

The severity severity The of quarantine supportpatent the measures, military the and point all 1710 to of 85 and in other border regions, bigger regions, border other in and M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 86 In such a ■ 2013. - - - CEU eTD Collection 28 9. Figure:NorthernSerbiaandtheRamGradiskadiscritsaround1720 to vampire. Frombaldtried a Eventhough as recognized is he followif should which rites tion execu the andPlogojowitz, Peter ofexhumation the legitimize) is, (that oversee to him asked neighbouring the in village a Kisilova, inhabitantsof by visited was Kisilova, 1724/25 able confusion exists about placement exact the of happenings the inspaceand time. enna newspaper. Notwithstanding the notoriety of this report literature,in secondary consider Via publicationin its publicitythrough wider reached which neoacquistica the vampirismin about account first the was report Frombald,whose provisornamed cameral a investigatedby was case The people. 9 of deaths attributed the Kisilova of villagers fellow his whom to jowitz, Kisilova of the and Medvedia reports vampire ofcases Spheres authority: of Una-Sava-Danube the line. frontier/permanent the military plague cordon had to reorganised be along the old/new border and TreatyBelgrade, of the with lost were Serbia northern WallachiaandLittle Uskokregion, troops coming back from their campaigns brought home the plague from the Ottoman side. The the most of devastating plague outbreakepidemic of the century. the Inand fact, the two Ottomanswent hand in the hand: the regularagainst war 1737-39 the in failure military Habsburg ling healers. travelandmidwives healers, village wives,ofhands the in mostlyway this populationwas the surgeons (

All the careful organisation of the military frontier / plague cordon could not prevent the the prevent not could cordon plague / frontier military the of organisation careful the All What we know from the report is that Frombald, the cameral provisor of provisor cameral the Frombald, that is report the from know we What vampire, HistoriesRascian of the case Peterof1725 vampirism the with start Plogousually Feldscherer ) stationed with regularthe Thetroops imperial healthcare in Belgrade. of M.A. THESIS Ram district Ram ■ ADAM MEZES, Gradiska districtGradiska . The villagers The . ■ 2013. - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 29 convince them to postpone the actions and wait for an authorization 93 92 Königreich ServiendamalsimSchwunggegangenensogenanntenvampiri oder Blutsaugerbetreffend’. Frombald1725.a. 91 90 89 88 87 4) 3) 2) 1) Habsburg administration is not at simple. all first in thechronological facts us see Let order: centre of own their district. the fortress, Ram the commanderof military Frombald,the contactedKisilovanotantsandof a cameral, that is, a civilian village, not a Hayduk settlement, overseenby one provisor, Gradiska.informsin seatwas Langer also thatus whose Kisilova was cameral district (see fig.9., p.28.). Kisiljevo) is in northern-Serbia on the bank of the Danube, and at the time belonged to the Ram (today: Kisilovathat clear ItHabsburg ofis Serbia. seat the Belgrade, in not Esseg, centrein its with frontier military Sava the of part formed Slavonia seen, have we as Slavonia: in regiment frontier Gradiska the not is district Gradiska the and Sava, the of banks the on situated not is not to him,but to villagerswere the who maddened by fear. löbliche Administration proper the in way, Frombald wrote Most-Praiseworthy reporttothe his Administration ( proceeded he if sureNotfeeling stake. a with it vampireexecuted anda be to corpse the nized itsmouth, and otherstrange symptoms present;were recogvillagers also the this, upon seeing from flowing was blood fresh life-like, looked corpse 10-weeks-old morethan the surprise, his exhumation. attendedThere, the andKisolova,at wentto they villagers, the byoutsought also was who Gradiska,of pope Orthodox the authoritywithown together andhis on act forcedto thorization: by the time it would arrive, they feared, they would all be dead. Frombald was hence waitthan auforand somewhereelse resettlewould rather statedthe village leavethat they the 94 The authorgavethefollowingreference totheleaflet:[,Jg.1843,135.],areferencewhichIcouldnotverify. Hamberger1992.45. was aslopublishedinVienna titledEntsetzlicheBegebenheit,welchesichindemDorf KisolovainOber.Ungarn, voreinigen Tagen zugetragen’

Cameral ProvisorezuGradiskaim ‘CopiadesvomHerrnFrombaldkayserlichen Hamberger1992.43-45. DistrictinUngarn.’ SchreibensausdemGradisker ‘Copiaeines Lukacs2010.60. Langer1889. Hamberger1992.20.;Nowosadtko2004.157.;Braunline2012.712. Schroeder1973.44.‘Communicatur zur weitererUntersuchung’ Langer 1889. 246. Langer1889.

The reconstruction of the flow of information about the vampire Peter Plogojowitz within Plogojowitz Peter vampire the about information of flow the of reconstruction The literature holds,secondary of muchwhat to contrary thatnoted be to has it First, discarded have been case the to belonging materials further all that meaning red, with crossed is protocol the investigations that havefurther to be made into the ofcase Peter of Kisilova;Plogojowitz in the entry 25.07.1725.,date the mentioned under is Council, it War Aulic the of protocol-book outgoing the In uninteresting and fairly title modified the The report was published without comment in the 21.07.1725. issue of the to1725. January-February. ous of in in the Serbia those times’.Kingdom notori were which blood-suckers, or vampiri Mr.so-called relatesthe to which Serbia, Frombald, of tled undStaatsarchiv, Hof- Haus-, Türkei the instand exists copy a the Vienna, inin Only (Turcica), enti at or lost presentunknown. either is Frombald's report original ‘Copy ‘Copy of the letter dated 1725 of the imperial cameral provisor of Gradiska district in the Kingdom 94 ) asking them to ascribe any mistakes which might have been committed 92 89 As we have seen in the previous chapter, Ram&Gradiska was ‘Copy of a writing from the Gradiska District in Hungary’. in District the Gradiska from ofawriting ‘Copy Frombald1725b. 91

The undated KönigreichServienerlassenenBriefesanno1725,Dieim According toHamberger, notlongafter thearticle,aleaflet copy 90 87 this is the reason why the inhabit is M.A. THESIS filed from Belgrade Wienerisches Wienerisches Diarium into the ■ ADAM MEZES, documents , the villagers 88 Kisilova relating Hoch under ■ 2013. 93 ------CEU eTD Collection 30 carry outtheinvestigation,writereport andsenditbacktoVienna sothatitarrivedby2nd August. Frombald's role),andhowwasthecommander abletoaccomplishallthefollowingswithinaweek:receiveVienna Council'sorderinBelgrade, another investigation. The eventualending ofthecaseisalsounknown:whatdidWürttemberg'sreportcontain(especially inconnectionwith 99 98 97 and weakenthehealthofpeopletoadangerousextent. 96 95 expert; medical a notwas he physicalfeaturescorpse, goingabout the reportinto the details of as well as from Viennese learned the public always for hungry bizarre stories. authoritiesprovokecentral peasants the answer from intimatedistantan mostRascian of fears contact in his own power-plays. At the same time, the possibility of such direct contact made the possible for a simple cameral provisor to get into contact with the highest circles and utilize this it made frontier military the natureof special the how exampleof nice a be to seems theory,it this verify to out carried be archives should Belgrade the future in research Though circles. est the part of the provincial administration, he could have chosen to gain the sympathy of the high condemningpossiblyauthorizedonpresence,decisionhe a fearing byhisand which rite some grue anxiousabout the was he says, heAs position. his securing of strategy personal a as seen be can this Vienna, in authority superior its to straight turned and administration provincial the avoided Frombald if indeed and Belgrade, first havewouldbeen district Gradiska the from issue summer. inthe the investigateWürttemberg to commander ordered War Council the when case the of word got first Adminsitration Belgrade Administration’. the ‘PraiseworthySchroeder, to According Administration ( Administration Most-Praiseworthy the to report his last addresses his he in paragraph, use: word Frombald's by supported further is hypothesis The it. to attached been Württembergcommanderhave ofshouldcomments some Belgrade, through gone had report Adminsitration.Provincial Belgrade the of evasion the with Commissio Neoacquistica the to straightsent originally was report the thatassuming in right be to seems Schroeder and report was considered to be related to Turkish issues. Nevertheless, accepting this route, Kreuter chancellery,the of papers the into filed Turkishwere issuesto ing WarrelatAulic Council the of documents which Vienna,in in happen did materials archival of reorganization a that known is Treasury. it Aulic Though the and WarAulic Council the it through and Commission Neoacquistica the by directed HabsburgSerbia ofmatters inner for trian Chancellery) relating to foreign affairswith the ; it is a fairly unusual place stand contains the documents of the Vienna chancelleries (the Imperial-, the State- and the Aus happened in the winter of 1724/25. However, there are several enigmas in this story. The Turcica the report is filed intothe January-Februarysection inthe Turcica, itseems probablethat events 5)

Szekfű1924.24. Schroeder1973.45. doesnotmentionit,Iassume,this entryisalsocrossedwithred. Though Schroeder Schroeder1973.41.note10.;Kreuter 2001.83. Tallar 1784.19-20. Tallar Vlachs, whicgareparticularlystrongaroundtheendofyear phenomenon tothestrictfastinghabitsof ascribesthis A furthermystery ishowdidtheVienna newspaper getholdofthereportandwhydidWar Councilreactonly4dayslaterwithordering

In assessing Frombald's role, it is important to note that though he handed in a quasi-medical All this hair-splitting about the provenance of the report is because crucial, the normal route season, winter the into falls cases vampire of occurrence usual the Since Alexander Württemberg handed in his report on the case the on in hisreport handed Alexander Württemberg Serbia, of commander provincial the that 02.08.1725.,stated under is it protocol-book, same the In ), while when referring to the Provincial Administration, the expression is simply 99 95 M.A. THESIS 97 it is still unclear, why this this unclear,why still is it ■ ADAM MEZES, 96 and the copy of copy the and Hochlöblichen 98 If the the If ■ 2013. - - - - CEU eTD Collection 31 besser benommenundden Antrag der Chirurgorumaufsbesteunterstützthaben.)Steige1795.136-139. would havebehavedbetterinthissituation andwouldhavetakenheedofthesurgeons’ opinion.’ (UnsereZeitgenossen würdensichhierbei opinion andorderedtheexecutionof corpse. were alsopresentandtheydecidedthat infactthemanwasmedicalconditionoffakedeath. The magistrateshoweverdiregarded their 108 107 vampire-scandals inbringingwitchcraft-persecutionstoanend. 106 105 104 103 1724. 635. 102 101 Krumphanzlová 1966.288,319.;Nuzzolese&Borrini2010.;CeskyKrumlov 2002.; Tucker 2012. Pócs 2001.Forarcheologicalremainsofmeasuresaginstthedeadfromearly medievaltimesupthe19thcentury, see Krumphanzlová 1961., roi inVlachandPolish,vukodlaktheBalkans,gonoszokHungarian,Nachzehrer/Wiedergänger inGermanicrealmsetc.SeeKreuter2001., 100 twothe straightforward authorities to turn of to incases vampirism. contrary to what Frombald thought of himself, for the villagers, the provisor and were the pope that is case provisor Frombald's interpretation of the in this all of significance The clergymen. and magistrates county or town were rites the authorizing personalities the level: (municipal) 1766. until abolishednotwere support: legal full by up backed became ritual the way This witchcraft. (posthumous) of frames the within interpreted is revenants the of ity activ attested the to,many times also is therebycausingdiseases andmortuorum) (masticatio go to all Hell will they anyway. corpses, their to do Christians what matter not does it fact in that justification, the with witch dead a on performed be to rite the authorizesHungary, kadi Northern Gyöngyös, the of town kadi Turkish the to turn locals the where known,are cases several Bijedić, morerecentlyElvira and Markusto Köhlbachindicated:thanks also is Ottoman rule under the of Rascians dox in the 17th and 18th centuries is available.also The prevalence ofthese practices among Ortho ethnography.historical andamply provenarchaeology by been has times medieval ries-old tradition of doing away with returning the dead. centu the with line in exhumation falls the at authoritativepersonalities as figured clergyman spiteofGradiskaHowever,in seat. ofitspositionofdistrict a official civilianand that a fact the village the in surgeon no simply was there that possible is it time, this aroundsurgeons 2 had only Belgrade even if andnoted, been already physiciansHabsburghas surgeonsandin Serbia of lack investigations. general the The at him with specialists such no weremore,there is what aftertheir death (magiaposthuma). maleficium their continuing still and (Zauberer), magicians been had to thought corpses on local clergy (once even including the Bishop), villagers as well as townsfolk performed such rites pened in Gross-Herrlitz, in Austrian Silesia in the first half ofthe 18th century,where led bythe practice within the Habsburg Monarchy for centuries. Josef Zukal lists a dozen cases which hap cal sources also show, that exhumations and executions were being carried out as an established

Zukal1907/8. Klaniczay 1986. Klaniczay caseisthatofMihailKaszparekinLubló,1718.18.Prodomus 1723.Lib.2.108.;seealsoKomáromi1664.60.;Buchholz The mostwell-known Köleséri 1709. 121-126.; Quellen 1903. 146,409,468.; Quellen1903. Köleséri1709.121-126.; Anon. 1732.147-148. Sugár1987.23. In this sense the 1575 case of a revenant in Bolkenhain (today: Bolków), in Silesia isinstructive. inBolkenhain(today:Bolków),Silesia Inthissensethe1575caseofarevenant At theexaminationofcorpsesurgeons Köhlbach 1979.,Bijedi Köhlbach Lambrecht 1994 noted the strong connections between beliefinrevenantsandwitches,whileKlaniczay1990.,2004.hasnotedtheroleof Lambrecht1994notedthestrongconnections Revenants and their related creatures (dead witches, nighttime demons, werewolves etc.)includeamongothersvampirinSouthernSlavic,mo (deadwitches, nighttimedemons,werewolves Revenantsandtheirrelatedcreatures

Though surgeons and physicians do turn up here andthere inearlier cases as well, While among the motivations which locals bring up in these cases, the chewing of the shroud The continuity corpse-executionsof belief in the and revenants in Europe since early least at for permission to execute certain corpses. certain execute to permission for 2001. 107 105 The 18thcenturypublisherofthisprotocoll-entry lamentinglyaddsthat‘Ourcontemporaries It is also notable that these cases always remained at the local local the remainedatalways cases these notablethat also Itis 101 Evidence from Northern Hungary 106 104 witchcraft trials in the Hungarian Kingdom Hungarian the in trials witchcraft In one instance, dated 1662, in the occupied the in 1662, datedinstance, one In M.A. THESIS 102 and Transylvania ■ ADAM MEZES, 108 100 in the proc Histori ■ 2013. 103 ------

CEU eTD Collection 32 113 112 111 110 109 contagion the Glaser, sent Schnepper lieutenant-colonel Jagodina, of commander the these, settlement,it is amilitary Hayduk village. Habsburg Serbia, in the Iajodina cameral district (see fig.10.), of corner southernmost the in situatedriverMorava, the near is clear.Medvedia fairly nately facts, which this time are fortu letters and inprint then also. offorms the in networks sonal per via first well as emperors physi cians, university professors and reached rapidly case the aboutInformation well. as Europe of elite learned the in but public, wider the among interest in vampirism, not only which started the Europe-wide Paole, Arnold Hayduk, mous Medvedia, 1731/32 quering course. world-con its on vampirism of topic the swung which case the vampires,Medvedia the of example the on shown be can vampirismof cases early in als The role of medical profession him. with surgeons bring did he that probable is it visit, his on information no have we matter.Though the investigationsin further out carry to temberg local matter to go straight up to the War Council and provoke an answer, namely ordering Würt ofthe case Kisilova was probably It crucial. was the nature of the frontier zone that enabled this Theresa recommendseveryone who believes inghosts and revenants tothe care of a physician, ess of the medicalization of vampirism,

Langer1889. Hamberger1992.46-49. Langer1889.245. Linzbauer1852.785.

SeeamongothersMagyar1999.

The events The the with start us let Again, infa the of case the was It 113 started when a series of deaths happened in the village, and taking note of note taking and village, the in happened deaths of series a when started ------10. Figure:TheIajodinadiscritanditsenvironsaround1720 109 at the culmination of which the 1766 statute of Maria 112 111 in contrast to Kisilova however, M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. 110 -

CEU eTD Collection 33 sion was sent to consisting village the of followings: the ofvoncommanderprovinceabsenceWürttemberg) ofthe the in commiswhole froma where is quite abig village. it says, he for as village, the down calm to same the advises also Glaser and bodies, the execute to the toaskinggivepermission themthrough Glaser Theendstheauthoritywith locals report been. have should they as decaying not were whom of many people, 10 of exhumation the to consented finally and locals the convince not could Glaser) accompany to ordered were (who Stalata of corporals and Kragoiwatz of commander military the Glaser, die. all or away move will they or ritual usual the perform to Obrigkeit) (löbliche authority the from permission get they either that Glaser told they and blame to is vampire a that statedHowever, cians.locals Ras the of habits fasting extreme the by caused him to according fevers), quartan and tian (ter non-contagiousdiseases only found He 1731. December 12th on epidemic of threat a is there if investigate to place the to district) neighbouring the of seat (the Baragin of physician 118 117 116 115 114 Hence, realm. the into plague the introduce could who crossers, border illegal for watch and them between patrol Tschardak houses, in service do to applied certainly were Hayduks local lighted ( triggered case the 2) 1) state’. gipsies. The corpses werebeheaded then by local ‘vampire a in were they corpses, 5 of exception the with that found and left), had Glaser since 3) 2) 1) report hastobeintheKriegsarchiv, butIwasnotabletolocateityet. r.Nr. 654,fol.1.131-1.136 and1142-1143, andintranscripttheHofkammerarchiv, Sonderbestände,Kuriosa,Fasc.Vampir 1, 2.Flückinger's the Belgradeprovincialheadquarters about theremunerationofsurgeons,aretobefoundinVienna Hofkammerarchiv:HoffinanzUngarn,

Infanterieregiment No. 17, founded in 1681, itwastheBelgrade commandervonWürttemberg'sownregiment. No.17,foundedin1681, Infanterieregiment Haberger1992.49-54. Infanterieregiment Glaser's report together with a number of short complementary sources, such as communicationbetweentheWar ofshortcomplementarysources,suchas Glaser'sreporttogetherwithanumber Council,the Treasury and Iwasnotabletoidentifythisregiment.

What strikes the reader as compared to the Kisilova case is the extreme mobilization which which mobilization extreme the is case Kisilova the comparedto as reader the Whatstrikes Two as fundaments the sources of serve case: this watch under kept probablybeen had (which bodies the dissected and examinedFlückinger Schnepper sent Glaser's report to the Belgrade headquarters, to Marquis Botta d’Adorno, (the ● ● ● ● ● ● 26.01.1732. Flückinger's district toIajodina the undated report Glaser's way their on company (who them joined frontier to probably Medvedia) Stalata of the officers senior in Belgrade regiment stationed imperial major of the officers military in Belgrade: stationed regiments imperial of the surgeons military ● ● ● ● ● ● the captain, the hadnak barjactar the andthe captain, the vonJ.H. Lindenfels, Ensign (Fähnrich) Regiment atAlexander the Württemberg Büttner, lieutenant (Oberleutnant) Regiment Alexander of Württemberg the Regiment subordinate Fürstenbusch atBaron the surgeon Baumgarten, Infantry Friedrich Johann Regiment atMarulli subordinate the Siegele, (Unterfeldscherer) surgeon ment Johann Flückinger, chief surgeon (Regimentsfeldscherer) of the Baron Fürstenbusch Infantry Regi ). The reason for this is geography. Medvedia was situated right on the border, and the the border, and the on right situated was geography. Medvedia is this for reason The ). 115 alsocalled‘Württemberg zuFuss’,atthetimeledbyDanielvonFürstenbusch. No.35,foundedin1683, detailed see fig.10., p.32. and the places from which commissioners were sent high sent were commissioners which from places the and p.32. fig.10., see report, the ‘Visum et repertum’ 118 114 sent to the M.A. THESIS Belgrade 116 117

■ ADAM MEZES, headquarters ■ dated 2013. - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 34 were made by the Temesvar Provincial administration, were the bodies kept under watch. was similarly unable to decide if it is a good idea to legitimize the district executions,Lugosch&Facset and the until decisionsof provisor cameral the where Banat, the in case vampire 1725 a andwatchmen were stationed Evidence tonextthem. supports comes which practice fromthis unburied, kept been haveprobably corpses the 26.01.1732, and 12.12.1731 between month, a strange situationthe course in resulted decision executions. of This zationfor more thanthe of task was restricted to this matter, and that is why he did not and could not decide on the authori quarantineBaragin station,his the of member contagiousas not:isor disease investigate the if nerer of parts Serbia. Kisilova: of the importance of this village from an administrative point of view was much greater than that 120 Banat fortress,quarantinestationand townofUjpalanka. sarowitz, RamandGradiska.InkeepingcontrolovertheriverDanube,leading rolewasprobablyassignedtotheothersideofriver: 119 officials werethings local stood, left their on own. as then, until but action, to prompt to her Theresa Maria of sensitivity enlightened the needed papers, treatises, papal and imperial orders dealt with the issue in great detail. and whole Europe resounded with the Habsburg vampires: elite salons, medical journals, news after Glaser's and Flückinger's reportbecame printed and re-printedseveral times from 1732 on, governmentcircles,highest the reached cases cordon,several plague the of erection the borderlands,and control the overmoredirect the to thanks because interesting, more the all is This officers. orientatelocal would which theory or legislation high no is there 1755, in rites prohibitionthese Theresa's Maria of until any: with provide them not cally could not pose any powerful arguments against these rites, since the highest authorities did settlers (both military and cameral) on the frontier lands. On the other hand, the officials practi for need great the of because do could it which officials, the on pressureconsiderable exerted community local the that is one issue: this to sides two are there and dead, the killing of rites he authorized the executions. Frombald, Glaser and Flückinger basically all legitimized the local tration with leaving post. their seats of the problem causing the unrest among the villagers, who were threatening the adminis the is, that themselves, corpses the on focused solely was attention Their it). about report not military entourage, and did not spend one minute on the victims of the vampires (at least he did contrast, Flückinger's task was markedly different. He wentthere with a huge and high-ranking nally arrived to the highest cameral authority, the Aulic Treasury where it is to be found now. By son, even though commanded by commander the military to investigate the issue, his report fi imaginable, tensions must within village the have gone extreme during time. this 122 121 diesem Körper, beiwelchemeineWache beigestelltist,zugeschehenhabe?’

is alsoshown bythefactthatonly1companywasthoughtenoughtooverseethreedistrictsofPos ofKisolova The relativeunimportance Kisilova 1725, Medvedia 1732, Uypalanka 1738,Kapnikbánya 1753,Banat1753. Kisilova1725,Medvedia1732,Uypalanka These latterthreewillbe mentionedbelow. alseinenBlutsauger, Raczbestätigtdieausgegrabene Zauberin 135.‘Oberverwalter Baróti1900-19002. underbittetsichdieWeisung, wasmit Magyar1999.

Thetwo missions have tobe separated. Glaser's duty, as he makes it clear in his report, was to That he interpreted the problem as one of ordering is obvious from the fact that in the end the in that fact the from obvious is ordering of one as problem the interpreted he That interests Glaser's welfareand the were disease, restthe of the kingdom, of the for rea which 119 the fear of plague mobilized much greater forces on the border than in the in the in than border the on forcesgreater much mobilized plague of fear the 121 and they did not act; not even not act; not did they and M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 122 It seems that it ■ 120 2013. As ------CEU eTD Collection 35 128 127 126 90. fol.6-13.,20.andthetranscriptin the Hofkammerarchiv, Sonderbestände,Kuriosa,Fasc. Vampir 1,2. 125 124 123 VisumTallar's Georg namely vampirism, on report thorough most the where region the was characteristicshown,of Banat the borderland-features, be the several had and incidentally, this tioned to pertained the Banat region. Though notfrontier a military inthesense, strict as itwill Obviously, unrest the caused by excommunication was what worried provisors. the provisor,cameral provincial pope. the administrationmediateappeaseandto pleaded who the was it cases these in and vampire-killing, unauthorized for pope the by excommunicated communities which acted without a pope being present. Villages in the Banat were several times hasshown been above – orthodox frequentlypopes participated in rituals,these penalized they it – as Similarly, penalized. while is which consent (cameral) official withoutout carried was it that fact clear,execution,butof the madeFurthermore, is onceact it atleast notthe wasthatit 1751. lateas maintenanceas arguingpossiblefor the arrest, ordersuccessfully wasthatof structive, by rites these penalizing of instances some have we While concept. useful activity. mercial com all naturallyimpeded which cities, around the levied quarantineepidemic,was possible a about rumours of because cities; the plaguing epidemic no was there that prove to order in counties neighbouring the to findings their of reports send to anxious were officials mining ofinterests economic even support a could vampirism. The diagnosis that fact the occasionally 1753. as late as happened this All hangman. the by executed therefore was and blood-sucking, and magic of guilty found was Pihsin Dorothea certain a of corpse the examination, legal and medical careful a that after Directionshofkollegium) wesens commissionaulicminingMünz- Berg the (the undto report Nagybánya)their statecouldin and (Felsőbánya cities miner Máramaros the of German) them of (all officials and surgeons the devil was farof from being denied. Inactivity accordance with this, this-worldly the commission consistingthe of leading and time, the at on going still been have witchcraft-trials the that remembered be to has it enough: weapon powerful a not was superstition of charge the lasted. plague the untilUypalnka hospitalof plague the in serve to militiamenby taken be to ordered was he penalty, a as and Sanitätshofcommissio the by superstitious being as condemned strictly were actions His plague. 1738 great the during measures anti-vampire authorized who surgeon, of Uypalanker an that is respect this in case interesting especially An burnt. be dangeroustohave wereand plague-victimsofapplicable, corpses manygovernmentthat very the for the times ruled itself not were concepts like the or individual ‘Inhumanity’ room. greater and given follow, also were to persuasion of practices skills and arguments of variety great a between choose could

Hamberger 1992. 88-92.;fortheattestatum Hamberger1992. ofthesurgeonsattachedtoreportsee:Vienna, Hofkamerarchiv, Münz- undBergwesen,r.Nr. An exampleisthe Treasury's orderfortheBanatin1738.Baróti1893-96.43. Baróti1893-96.379. Baróti1893-96.381.,485.;436. Baróti 1900-1902. 135.,140. Baróti1900-1902. MagyarOrszágosLevéltár, MagyarKancelláriaLevéltára. Sanitatis,1.Fas.Protocollum1738.nov.21A109 ProtocollaCommissionis 24.

Many of the examples for the variety of interests and agendas which have just been men been just have which agendas and interests of variety the for examples the of Many and powerful a also was order maintain to need the interests, economic sheer from Apart In this situation, the outcomes of vampire cases depended on local relations and actors actors and relations local on depended cases vampire of outcomes the situation, this In 123 The idea of superstition was sometimes. brought was superstition out of idea The 125 The same case sheds light on light sheds case same The M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 124 128 126 However,

t s in is it ■ 2013. 127 - - - -

CEU eTD Collection 36 towards Europeanenemiesinthefirst decadeoftheempress'sreign. 131 130 129 11. Figure:TheSouthernmilitaryfrontierattheendof18thcentury Germanization. The empress strived to liven upeconomic life inthe frontier by supporting new centralization,as uniformizationsummarized andbe borderlands,might changes which the in Adriatic.the towards away trade-routes drove increasingly and which revived situation also a vigour, was great cordon with plague enforced permanent the of idea military The Transylvanian p.17.). the fig.3., and (see Banat frontiers the east: the towards 1760's the by ones new established frontiers) were Danube and Sava former the mean to came it era this (in Slavonia and Warasdin region, Banal the Karlstad, of frontiers military older the to next (1740-80), reign following the eastern Carpathian rim towards the east fig.11.). (see Ottoman border settled along the rivers Una, Sava and Danube as far as Orsova, mid-18th in the and administrativemedical institutions century The Banat: Georg Tallar vampires and the Banat of the in1750’s the work of Georg Tallar and vampires the of Banat. the the toattention turned section, be nextprovincial shall In the time.administration same at the ecution practices based on hygienic considerations and to link it to the economic interests of the ex post-mortem the ofcessation the the for case fororder,providea maintenance ofto managedbut arguing those with side not did he report, his In 1750's. the in written was repertum

The Wars ofthe probablydirectedtheattentionofcentral administrationawayfromtheOttomanborder Austrian Succession(1740-48) Hóman&Szekfű[1935]1990. Today: Orova.

Especially from the 1750's onwards 1750's the from Especially The territorial orderingtreaty Belgrade theof provedpermanent, beto andthe Habsburg-

131 the government's politics brought about substantial about brought politics government's the M.A. THESIS 130 During Maria Theresa's ■ ADAM MEZES, 129 from there there from ■ 2013. - CEU eTD Collection 37 12. Figure:TheBanat1723-1725 changes was far from smooth: several mutinies (such as the one already mentioned in 1755 War these regulars. The realization the thatof of nearedto also frontierpaymentwas soldiers the of the and introduced were regiment-divisions and uniforms officers, military the to translated were knes the of functions policing and jurisdictional the army: Habsburgregular the to ened transformedlik into,gradually least atorwas militia land frontier.local the time, sameAt the the natureof purelymilitary maintain the to trying policies centralprevious comparedto new was which program a industry,and infrastructure developing ), the of (most settlers

M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - - CEU eTD Collection 38 mostly (as German well as some Italian and Spanish) settlers. exploitationhelpBanat,ofeastern the earlygoldon with and ofsilver)the started of which (copper,lead, mines metal rich the was Banat the to adherence court's the for reason A ment. the region was a royal province (like Habsburg Serbia) with mixed cameral and military govern Hungarianunder assigned became administration.districts civilian the Until when 1778, then, until emphasisedconstantly Hungariandiets the which injury an HungarianKingdom, the of territory the intoreincorporated not was borderit 1718, in a it of hold not gotHabsburgs the when was region Banat the though Even case. special a presented east) the in Transylvania avenged.bloodily especially was 1764 Transylvaniain Madéfalva, in one the repressed; were and ensued, asdin) 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 with. dealt be to had west) the and north the in Banat the bordered (which frontiers military officials were Germans, In well. as bigger towns, view subordinate provisorsof (Unterverwalter) werepoint also working. Most of these cameral jurisdictional and political economic, form district the of head the tioned in the previous chapter. men districts Serbian 5 the and Orsova&Almas Caransebes, Lugos&Faczet,Lippova, allanka, Danube (see fig.11., p.36.) region,the Treasury. the landlord in only the to taxes paid and lands population farmed The tax-free. being of privilege the the formers enjoyed and 120fl formaintaining sibleof order. salary yearly latters a The had officerscameral wereas respon handledoberknes) (andthe but these knes, leadership their of the under remain population could The region. the institutionsfrontierin established military Ottomans, the against structures defensive ters. Next to council the them, consisted of an Oberkriegskommissär and two cameral officers. matTemesvardirected(Stadtscommandant) of commander the whom of absence frequent the ones. The administration was led by the commander general of the region (Graf Mercy at first), in thereports of the provincial administration, which dealt with all issues except the purely military Treasury and the met and handled the issues of the Banat. The commission received Habsburg Serbia, its highest organ was the Neoacquistica Commissio, in which leaders of the Aulic drawing far-reachingconclusionsfrom names,itmightnotbefar-fetchedtoassumethathewasofRascianorigins. 140 139

Kallbrunner. 1958. Appendix. Sokol1967.29-32. Kallbrunner 1958.24. Kallbrunner Wesely 316. 1974.72-74.;Schwicker1861. Kallbrunner 1958. 25. 1958. Kallbrunner Hammer [1839] 1889. 24-25.;Baróti1893-1907. Hammer[1839]1889. Gräf1997.81.;Schwicker1861.317. The districtprovisorofLugos&Faczetin1726forinstance,was calledRácz(Baróti1900-1902.136.),andeventhoughonehastobewary with Kallbrunner 1958.24. Kallbrunner

In these processes, the Temesvar Banat (bordered by the Danube, the Tisza, the Maros andMaros the Tisza, the Danube, the Temesvarby (bordered the Banat processes, these In With the loss of northern Serbia in 1739, the issue of the basically redundant Tisza and Maros the of side right the 5 on and left the on districts cameral 11 into divided was Banat The the of part as seen was and commander, military a by led was province the though Even The administrative organisation of the Banat was created was already in 1718, and similarly to 132 139 136 137 but found can too be occasionally locals among them. : Temesvar, Csanad, Csakova, Betskerek, Panczova, Werschez, Uyp 138 The district provisor (Distriktverwalter or was Oberverwalter) 135 on the pressure of the Treasury, there were no were Treasury,there the of pressure the on 133 M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 140 ■ 2013. 134 - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 39 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 and 1735, 1365 births and 4891 deaths happened, while in the years 1726 1746-55 this ratio between is 1670 to dire: indeed is of Temesvar Germans among deaths and baptisms of ratio The settlers. German among rate mortality high the of because on early Germans’ of grave ‘the Hofdeputation inMünz- und Bergwesen. together with those of other were assigned under a Vienna court deputation called the was moved to Orawitza to stay there permanently. At the highest level, the Banat mining issues, governor the advised directly. who in was council this seat of The when it Temesvar 1747, until councillors, two of consisting Bergdeputation) Banater as renamed on later 1723, in founded (Oberbergamt, Council Mountain Chief a to subordinated were turn in These Bokschan. and Saska Dognaschka, Orawitza, in (Bergamt) Councils Mountain four by led districts four into Illiricis. et naticis culture(Serb) and religion were treated court by committee, aspecial Hofdeputation the inBa Rascian the relatingtoissues All system. the in positions special communitieshad certain that and held his position until 1768. time, a civilian, F.P.R. Graf Villana-Perlas, Marchese de Rialpo became the governor of the Banat first the for Then, 1753. governor,until civiliansuch remained the and became who lleutnant) (Feldmarschal lieutenant second marshal field Engelshofen, von F.A.L.Freiherr Ponzregion, vincial administration of civilian Banat was created, it was the pre-1751 military governor of the natural slowness of the actual realization of these administrative reforms. When in 1751 the pro region military wasthe commanded from Jasenovo. Temesvar,in seated while was and councillors six and president a of consistedadministration War Council, with their population enjoying the frontier-privileges. The new civilian provincial Caransebes and a small region in Betskerek district around the town of ) belonged to the maining three (the districts southern ones: Panczova, Uypallanka, Orsova&Almas with parts of Treasury, the administrationof re civil the the under while them assigned and districts 11 the Maria TheresaBanatthe divided into a pure civilian and a pure zone. military She took 8 out of frontier southern of inthe part Banat the was only in1764. realised propermilitary establishmenta ofactual the years: 20 almostfor on dragged andslow was tier properfrontier military making. the wasin new, a where Banat, the of strip southern the in privileges) their retain hence (and resettle to opportunity the given were frontiersmen the and 1746-47, in dissolved were frontiers These

Sokol1967.29. Schwicker1861.317. Wessely 1974.90. Schwicker1861.364.;Gräf1997.81. Schwicker1861.368.;Vucinich 1967. Milleker 1937. 4.;Schwicker1861.367-368. Milleker Petri1982.1.,4.

The sanitary picture of the Banat is uneven: on the one hand, the region has earned the title the earned has region the hand, one the on uneven: Banat is the picture of sanitary The As a final remark onthe administrative relations ofthe Banat inthe 1750's, it has tobe noted the of because only not and transition, of period a was 1753 and 1751 between time The when 1751, in happenedimportantone an direction this in taken steps gradual the Among 145 On the other hand, the miner communities in the east Banat were divided divided wereBanat east the communitiesin miner the hand,other the On 144 146 141 However, formation actual the of Banat the fron 143 M.A. THESIS 142 ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. 147 - - - - -

CEU eTD Collection 40 152 151 150 149 148 into difficult situation avery giving while moreroom tradersfor ofother places. merchants local brought region given a on levied quarantine a also, taxation; from exempted spread intentionally. Reasons to do so could be that plague-stricken territories were many times had to be made sure that simple diseases are not mistaken for epidemics, or that rumours are not their standpoints to Vienna. These ‘arms’which the commission stretched out were crucial, for it with them sent and them discussed visitation reports, their receiving upon Then, skommisär). Sanitätor Sanitätsspion, Emissary (called Bucharestor like towns, Balkan central to andSanitätsüberreiter), as to referred time (manyprovince the cordon, the of points given to tions, but from the province itself as well as from foreign lands. Theysent out medicalpersonnel in plague-threatenedmeasures times. quarantine enforced only they that sense the in 1760's the until permanent not Kubin and Uypallanka were added in 1751. However, it should be noted that these stations were which to 1740's, the in already (Schupanek)Orsova Panchovaand in up set werestations tine Viennafront.plague Quaranbetween the mediumand a asassistants, his functioned andand Temesvargarrison the of protomedicus the of consisted basically commission sanitary Banat mission was set up in Temesvar, as a filial institution ofthe Vienna Sanitäts Hofcommission. The Already in 1738, as a countermeasure to the plague that was raging at the time, a Sanitary Com ofalmost all were them of origin. German that evident, is protomedicuses,it the tosurgeons from Banat the professionalsof medical the Unterchirurg.andOrawitzaOber- subordinated werethe to own hadtheir surgeons also just(Distriktschirurg), minersettlements, surgeonslike the whose districts The surgeon. cameral a by civilian the Stabschirurg, a by led military the assistance: medical own their had both admisnitration cameral the and of Temesvar garrison The Pätzl. Johann certain a by occupied was position the instance, for 1757 to 1745 Temesvar,fromIn had several surgeons at a time, but there was always a town surgeon leading the local healthcare. administration in 1751, the protomedicuses were also more frequently civilians. as many times the only university-trained doctors in the Banat. Afterthe introduction of civilian referredonas to times earliest the from been Temesvar. of had physicians fortress military the in These physiciansstationed tary situation than Habsburg Serbia. From the 1718 expulsion of the Turks onwards, there were mili mountainous areas (such as Baden-Württemberg) were not accustomed to it. responsible,held consideringbe marshlands thatcoming mostsettlers especially fromalso can Turkish raids might account for a certain part of them, the unhealthy climate of the damp Banat 3954.

Lesky1957.88. Lesky 1957. 90-93.; 368. Lesky1957.90-93.; Schwicker1861. Petri1988.151-2. Petri1988.45-46. Petri1988.93-94.,138-150.gives

The commission collectedall epidemic-related information not onlyfrom the quarantine sta cordon. plague the was HabsburgSerbia, in as institutions,just medical of branch Another On the other hand however, in terms of institutions, medical the Banat was in a much better 148 These numbers are especially striking sincethey relate to plague-freetimes, andthough 151 thenamesofknownmedicalofficers aswell. protomedicus , and stood at the head of provincialof head healthcareat the andstood , 150 Glancing through the names ofnames the throughGlancing M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 149 152 Bigger towns ■ 2013. - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 41 before that,inthe1710'sorearly1720's. 158 157 156 155 154 153 anatomyofchairand formedical compulsorysurgery.and dissections regular made Salzmann 1710's, the in studyingsometimethere have been must He to.Tallar referred College the of name the hence beginnings, the anatomyfrom and chairs. practical and lege. The prestigious medical academy of Strasbourg was founded in 1585,with both theoretical Col Salzmann the in Strasbourg, in studied relateshe he – as physician. – as Afterwards never surgeon, a as university,appearsalways the he offorprogram surgery 3-year the in part taken University the atstudiedMainz.He probably ofhe that hashypothesis is supportingthis thing letter oftory hisreport. scarcedatascholarship the all aboutknownhasus,to so-farlife come ismhisdedica from the Tallar Georg Tallar's vampire-report. of interpretation the affect could which out pointed be will text the to made changes notable some and conducted, be will one printed the and manuscript the work, his of versions extant the most avoidedpart the attention of relevant scholarship. In the end, a comparison of the two forhave which with, dealt be problematicmatters vampire-dissections,fairlywill textual some the 18th century. After locatingthe author inthe Banat ofthe 1750's,where he was pursuing his his and TallarGeorg surgeon military the be shall chapterpresent the of focus the place, took gations TallarGeorg and his Visum Repertum(s) great lords, not to peasants.’ go instead to Franciscan friars or at best to surgeons,military saying that doctor‘The belongs to and physicians,avoid settlers German the even relates, Stadler As exorcism. to smoking from rituals various performed who kalugyers and popes and men healing villages, neighbouring local wise-women, as a next step (that is, if the problem still prevailed) they visited witches from prayerbyand cured themselves had requirephysicians:not they did people Accordinghim, to province. the of health-situation the on 1778 in report resigned a Werschezgave in physician in the case of surgeons,military soldiers and their families. or epidemics matters,like special with dealt only experts these of much fact in and expensive, professionalswas medical trained by cured Being healing. of ways traditional to resort to had

Koenig 2011. Koenig 47-48. Tallar 1756[?].2r. 87. Balla&Hegedűs1990. Magyar2002.163. In1724,hewasalreadyfacinghisfirst vampire-caseinthek.k.army, thereforehisstudiesinStrasbourgoughttohave happenedsometime ‘DerDoktorgehörenurfürgrosseHerren,nichtBauern!’.Balla&Hegedűs 1990.74-75.

Georg Tallar is an enigmatic figure. Though he has written the lengthiest report on vampir on report lengthiest the written has he Though figure. TallarenigmaticGeorg an is investiBanatvampire-cases their the and which within frames wider Having the updrawn Inspiteimpressiveinstitutions, this of medical ofmajoritypopulation variety the still of Visumrepertum 157 At the academy, generations of Salzmanns had been teaching surgery surgery teaching been had Salzmanns of generationsacademy, the At 155 , one of the most basic first-hand reports in the study of vampirism in vampirism of study the in first-hand reports basic most the of one , It issupposed that hewasof origin, German 154 158 when Jean Salzmann (1679-1738) held the the held (1679-1738) JeanSalzmann when 153 on the Michael Stadler, a cameral M.A. THESIS 156 even though the only the though even ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. - - - - CEU eTD Collection 42 Habsburgthe army at were 30corpses time), the at dissected academy. the surgeonin military (Tallarpracticinginstance for a 1725 alreadyofwinter was the In ternoon. professorial anatomy in public af part demonstrationsthe take in to had also they which after surgery students in 1708: they had to participate in (theoretically at least) 4 dissections per week, 163 162 Stampach in1769. 161 Jung-Wallis Regiment.FerdinandvonGeyerwascommanderoftheregimentfrom1718to1725,whenErasmusStarhembergtookhisplace. 160 159 at simple, all not report the least the because is last the known of trace his life. and notfield-trip thereof is their datingthat report evident, Tallar's become physician.It a will a number of villages by a specially delegated commission constituted by Tallar, a theologian and part in the vampire-investigations. What is known, is that the investigations were outcarried in ministration: before, during or afterthe reforms, andwhen exactly was he commissioned totake one felt who like drifting about. It is unknownwhen he was finally contracted the by Banat Ad gelshofen) have could especially perplexing. been En marshall von (field general military a by led still administrationwascivilian formed newly the when 1753, and 1751 between years the particularly and administration, civilian and tary mili under zones the of separation strict 1751 the followed which period transitive The tion. Banat the and possibly causingpopulation both civilian with conflicts cameral administraand feeling of drifted being aimlessly. his contributed to have could easily it that flux in much so were 1750's early and 1740's the in previous the shownAschapter,itwasin andadministrativegeneral both relations Banat ofthe unknown, he himself writes that he driftedthere as a stone drifts to randomplaces in the river. area. the in vampirism Banatbyout Provincialthe research commissionAdministration on and carry special a jointo between 1737 and 1741. Finally, afterthese long years of miserableservice, sometime that him means under this 1741; served have in must marshal Tallar field appearsas he where Bohemia to reassigned was Lobkowitz and Belgrad of treaty the with 1739 in ended Turkish1737. the in Transylvanianattackof the because toborder assigned was he Georg Christian Lobkowitz (1688-1755) was a cavalry general and governor of before alry Regiment in Wallachia, Transylvania with the Gayer Infantry Regiment, (Feldscherer). He took in part French and Turkish wars as well, and in 1724 he was stationed in 165 chyrurgo’ 164

The Veterani-Cürassiere K4)wasfoundedin1682;ittransformedintoCavallerie-RegimentNr. Regiment (Kürassierregiment 10under Wurzbach, 1866.343. Koenig 2011. Koenig 53. Tallar 1756[?].2r.

Tallar in1715underFranzPaulvonWallis, probablymeanstheInfanterieregiment No.43,aGermanregimentfounded andhencecalledthe

Tallar 2v. 1756[?]. ‘mit viehlmyserie’ Tallar 3r. 1756[?]. Commission,bestehendaußeinem Hedescribesthe‘Inquisitions

After his studies, he enteredthe k.k. army andserved in various regiments as military surgeon It is this larger framework within which Tallar had to settle, and probably he was not the only inside wandering probably were frontiers Maros and Tisza dissolved the of Frontiersmen 164 How Tallar came into the visual field of the Banat administration is administration Banat the of field visual the into TallarcameHow 161 but he also served under Fürst Lobkowitz in Transylvania. Johann 160 in 1728 he was surgeon at the Vetterani Cav Theologo, Cameral,undProvincialphysico, danneinem M.A. THESIS 159 163 ■ ADAM MEZES, he was contracted 162 The war The ■ 2013. 165 ------

CEU eTD Collection 43 1753. in out carried was itself researchhowever, the report Tallarthat nal writes the introductory letter of its 1784 printed edition is appended to the document. Inside the origi the The Visum Repertum(s) was alreadyappointedbythequeento leadthemedicaladministrationofBanat,afastcareerindeed.However, theBanatwouldnotrelease 169 HKAW, Banater Akten, r.Nr. 37.f.92f.andwaspublishedintranscriptHamberger1992.92-93. verwilligten zu benehmen,seinenBerichterstattet,hatselbenzugleichumdieausgelegte CambiatursspeesennebstdenenLiefergeldern,undgnädigst und nachdemedieserinbemeldeter Anligenheit, anwelchernichtsware,sondernbloßallein,denensuperstitiosenLeuthenihren Argwohn in ein-soandereOrtschafften vorgebrochensVampyrs, oderBlutsaugersergebenenVorfall infacieloci zuuntersuchenbeordnetwordenseye, 168 search inthisdirectionisneeded. 167 166 commission. the of member medical other Kőműves the that was evident is it mistake), a only Kőműves)(in fact took his place and retained it until 1777. pied by Dr. Elias Reinhard (Anton), Freiherr von Engl from 1752 to 1753, when Dr. Kömovesch occu was positionmentioned the that knownTallar Kömovesch:byis mentioned itwith cian alwaystherewastime, only one protomedicus Banat, temptingthe itphysiis in the identify to the protomedicus no longer belongs to the military, but is an official of the treasury. Since at one 1751, since thatTemesvar. ‘cameral’emphasisedword ofphysician is the it addingmilitary By the protomedicus of the Banat, who – as mentioned in the previous chapter – was originally the physicus’.cameral of office the provincial denotes physicus the interesting,because is term The 1753.03.27.)toed Maria Theresa to compensate his expenses during his investigation: ried out by Dr.med. Paul Adam Kömovesch in 1753. He figures in a remuneration-petition (dat ters, he probably would have referenced his work more carefully. Malpighiand van Swieten: should Tallar have spent much on time writing histheoretical chap of mentions in-text from apart footnote or reference single a have not does text however, the medical) chapters as well, which might have required more time to complete; on the other hand finish theoretical to containsbut field-observations, (‘ethnographic’only not and yearsreport The report. the 3 him took really it or 1756, or 1755 for mistake a only is date this if wonder , wherehediedin1793.Petri 1988.152.,157-158. its unhealthyclimate,the him easily:hebecameassessorinthe SanitaryCommissionoftheBanat,andthoughhewishedtoleaveregion alreadyin1771becauseof

It is however a question, what medical books (if any) wereathisdisposalthecentreofBanatadministrationin Itaquestion,whatmedical is however Temesvar. Furtherre Tallar 1756[?].4v. Dr KQmqves was born in Széplak, Hungary in 1719, received his doctorate at the UniversityofVienna in1719,receivedhisdoctorateatthe DrKQmqveswasborninSzéplak,Hungary in1752,andonlyoneyearlaterhe undCameralphysicus Paul Kreuter2001.93.‘[&]hiesigerProvincial-

The exact circumstances of Tallar's investigation aresomewhat hazy. The handwritten report, manuscript The SupposingthatTallar's investigations referencein-text is (and the 1753 happened1756 to in ‘provincialand as committee his of physician-memberanonymous the to refers Tallar also penses, conveyance charges and horse portions either in nature or in money to be repaid […] totally alone; afterwards writtenhe has his report, and now most humbly asks his change ex and here he calmed down the anxiety of the superstitious folk without anyone else beside him, gate on the spot a case of vampires or bloodsuckers triggered by local subjects in certain villages, ‘[…] the local provincial and cameral physician Paul Adam Kömovesch was ordered to investi relationconsiderto the is Another aspect ofTallar's investigation vampire-researcha to car Visum repertum anatomico-chyrurgicum Tierpferdportionen, innaturavelpretio,abreichenzulassengebetten[&]‘TheoriginaldocumentcitedbyKreuteristobefound: Treasury wouldonlygranthimthefavour sixyearslater. Retired,hemovedtoÖdenburg, then toVienna andfinally to is dated 1756, though by a later hand; furthermore, Adam KömoveschwegeneinenvondenenhiesigenLandesunterthanen 169 167 M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 166 One might One ■ 2013. - - ’ 168 ------CEU eTD Collection 44 173 172 171 170 it because mystery,second, andin remained still but once popular greatly was which issue, an light on sheds it because first, reasons:two of because publisheditwork,and the prefaceto his Mößle, owner of a publishing house in Vienna came across the report ‘by chance’ as he writes in leftunanswered.to be has issue the emerge, sources further until Administration.Nevertheless,Provincial Banat the than higher authority any mention not does text the why and TreasuryArchiv), (Hofkammer the Aulic Archives of the in now is report the why explain also would finished. It actually was onit Aulic the when Treasury (Hofkammer) thereceived documentthree years after the report have they onissue.scenario the wouldThis explainwhy dated the is written 1756: report was it documents all send Administrationto Banat the asked and vampirismabout materials collect wanted to administration central the out, popped Hermsdorf-scandal the when Then, did. sch his finished investigation,after he right his fellow-commissioner,1753, as in just tion Kömove ly,it might conjectured, be that Tallar handed hisin report to Banat the Provincial Administra into and Latin German. in such and specialists orders cases medical also translationthe of van Swieten's French treatise cases without the consent of political authority; at the same time makes it compulsory to consult vampire-into intervene to clergy prohibits the she which in 1755.02.09. datedstatute a issued 1756. vampirismonin tract wroteSwietenhis vanthat report their on based was Olmütz. The queensent two of her court-physicians, Wabst and Gasser to investigatethe case. It ofBishop the ofconsent the and clergy Catholic local the of participation the with corpse a of exhumationinvolvedHermsdorf,posthumousexecutionandand the in Olmütz district the in which happened this time not in a far-away obscure province such as the Banat, but in Moravia, his report in 1756, Maria Theresa's court wascurrently being outraged by another vampire-case, where he went alone. was ‘totally alone’; Tallar also mentions in his report that there was one village at least (Kallatsa), Kőműveswhy explain also would together.This work not did they surgeon) commission, a constituted the and physician the theologian, (the men three the though that be could answer forTallar, need a anotherone.An write surgeon tobe there would whyclaims), military tion a peti his (as 1753 in administration the to report his written already has physician provincial hunt in the same year. protomedicusesvampire- both conductedthata unlikely seem woulditcandidates, blethough possi Kőművesareand Engl both Tallar then wrote,as 1753 in happened really it however If

Tallar 19r. 1756[?]. butwere takenoverbyKömovesch. thattheinvestigationsstartedunderEngl As acompromise,itmightbeimagined Linzbauer 1852. 720. Linzbauer vanSwieten1756.

The story of Tallar's report however does not end in the Treasury. In 1784, Johann Georg Johann 1784, In Treasury. the in end not does however report Tallar's of story The printThe One might wonder if this Moravian case had any connection to Tallar's report. Hypothetical One further issue might help to clarify the case. Atissue case. Tallar might the helpwhen time further Onetoclarify the submitted allegedly 171 170 173 Either way, the question arises, that if Kőműves, the university-trained M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 172 The queen The ■ 2013. - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 45 183 182 181 180 wesen. 179 178 177 176 175 174 of naturesimilar books oneof too: surgeonsonskills the and another on‘World the of wisdom barbarism and superstition but essentially over sickness. Unsurprisingly, Mößle published other over only not science enlightened triumph of and fight the about story a is it all, after treatise: one's own values and civilized state. Naturally, one must not forget about the medical side of the with others horrified and delighting in its strangeness atthe same time, while being reassured of discuss can one which story wondrous, juicy a public) the of most for maybe (and also course Mohammed.of ‘Der steyerische Robinson’ about an Austrian traveller along the coast of Brazil and a biography called Turks, book the bya siege Vienna's1683 about rarities certain on work a instancefor is prompt us to doubt innocent the motivations of publication the of Tallar's report. might which fact a well, as workingits aidinggovernment, and the of messages and image the All these works show that Mößle's publishing house had a considerable share in communicating in books a broad sense. Titles involve what to aboutthink religion, merchants or freemasons. only a year before Tallar's work. royal religion-related laws and importantly of for our case, a collection polemic against superstitions a in 1783, regulations, Tridentine saint-legends, sermons, works: (Catholic) religious of and document-collections for lawyers and judges. Minting. and Mining forTreasury 1809), who held positions in the Aulic War Council before becoming court secretary at the Aulic For instance, he published illustrious, the 8-volume law-collection of Joseph Kropatschek (died Apart from literature and joke-books, Mößle seems to have been specialized in law and religion. for clergy contributing local the to superstitious the of beliefs people. the cially suitable for publication, since it involved Orthodox Vlachs, and Tallar repeatedly scourges (and for the last time, never to be published again). moreoncetopical government-circlesordered) bypublishTallar's became not to which report against vampire-beliefs. dated 1784.11.02., in which the king warns the Orthodox Church to take active part in the fight (in fact neither do we). What points nevertheless in this direction is a royal statute of Joseph II., thingto withanotherdo vampire literature onescandal, secondary which not does yet know of opinion (though again, investigationfurther is the needed), publication of the report has some bumpinto 30-year-olda manuscript kept archives the in of Hofkammer the accident.by In our remembered. tobe deserves which story a is

Linzbauer 1853.122.,No.879. Linzbauer OnemightevenconjecturethatitwerecameralofficerswhoattachedMößler's 1784prefacetothemanuscript. See ofthe18thcentury.Appendix foranincomplete listofJ.G.Mößle'spublicationsinthesecondhalf Lippovitz 1790.; Richter 1784.; von Geissau 1786.; Schwerdling 1789.; Bartholotti 1783. Lippovitz1790.;Richter1784.;vonGeissau 1786.;Schwerdling1789.;Bartholotti Kropatschek 1786. He was Registraturs-Accessist, then Concipist in the Hofkriegsrat, andHofsecretärattheHofkammerinMünz-undBerg thenConcipistintheHofkriegsrat, Kropatschek1786.HewasRegistraturs-Accessist, Tallar 1756[?].3v, 6v, 19v. Meisel 1783.; Sommfels 1783; Die Freyäurer [&]1793. Meisel1783.;Sommfels1783;DieFreyäurer Huhn 1783.; Müller1791.;Leben[&]1788. Huhn1783.; Von dem[&]1790.;vonMartini1799. Tallar zuHandenkam’ habicheszudanken,daßmirdieseSchrift 1784.7.‘EinemungefährenZufall

At the same time, Mößle was also keen on answering the public's hunger for curiosities: there publications Tallar'sother of Mößle.howJ.G. the at into fits look workto instructive Itis 183 Accordingly, a tract on vampirism among Vlachs of the frontier region is of is regionfrontier the ofvampirismVlachsamong Accordingly,on tract a 175 Perhaps it is not too far-fetched to suppose that Mößle was advised (if 181 A frequentfurther oftype isbook that of enlightening hand 179 Furthermore, Mößle published a number of handbooks of number a published Mößle Furthermore, 174 Now, one might wonder how Herr Mößle could 180 176 At the same time, he issued a good number The report might haveseemed tobe espe M.A. THESIS 177 ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. 182 - 178 - - -

CEU eTD Collection 46 and of skills medical physicians, on based the latest improvements in chemistry. 186 185 184 the to happens this sentences:omits simply and technicalities from readers the spares Mößle where instances, some are there fact, In German. into vocabulary technical stemmed This caused this is a to cried: people?bloodsucker, the everyone this is a bloodsucker’. a quotation after colons, added a question mark and duplicatedthe cry: ‘… andwhat a happiness this is a bloodsucker.’ the corpse which they have exhumed, ‘There wasgreat happiness amongthe people andthe cry, people's the dark reactions the glimpsed liquid they when describes oozing out of mouth the of Tallar when instance, for narrative the of point dramatic a At text. the into reader the ease to story-telling of atmosphere the create to tried intentionally he that suggest edition Mößle's of features other story…’of another number be A would that but him, about adventurousdeeds justmany,oneofislistening tooneis tale the interconnected narratives:many ‘Oh,tell could I ture of this sentence may remind one of that folktale-template, where the storyteller implies that issue: the into deeply more go to wantnot does he that just is it details, great Tallar'sin lifeknew he or illnesses. superstitionsthey be darkness, forces of the enlightenmentfighting the of level moregeneral a the report to its original circumstances, linked which importantroots Mößlersevered so, doing By him. in put they trust the thanking administrationprovincial the to Tallarturns which again in text the of paragraph last the cuts also He do. to set were investigativecommission the and he what summarizes Tallar basically which the few biographical facts about his life figure, andthe first paragraph of the text in which Hetext.omitted original Tallar's the to faithful Banatadministration the letter in to dedicatory which probably no-one would have compared with the printed version, Mößle was surprisingly report wasgovernmental for carrying messages. surveying these other works of the publisher, because they help us understand how ideal Tallar's 188 187 sondern seinWerk selbst[&]’

chapter.These rootswillberevisitedinthenext

Plenk1799.;Scopoli1786. Tallar 1756[?].15r. ‘DawareschonFreidebeyallemVolk unddasgeschrey, dießeseindBluthsauger.’ Tallar Fleißemelden,mitdem er sichdenWissenschaftenaufderhohenSchulezuMainzergab,[&] 6.‘Ich willnichtsvonseinem 1784. Tallar dießfüreineFreudebeydemVolk? 1784.63.‘&undwasverursachte allesschrie: Das sindBlutsäuger, dassindBlutsäuger.’

Compared to the fact that the publisher had a quite obsolete and old manuscript in hand, in manuscript old and obsolete quite a had publisher the that fact the to Compared Changes to thetext Another feature of the printed text is the self-consistentTallar'stranslation the of is Latin- textprinted mostly feature the Anotherof Obviously, he could not say more about author the evenifhe wanted to. However, struc the read in Tallar's dedicatory letter], but rather his work itself should stand for itself […]’ sciences at the high school of Mainz [and here he lists those and only those events which he ‘I do not want to mention anything about the diligence with which he devoted himself to the if appearas Interestingly,himself makes preface,he his workin Mößleintroduces the when 187 Mößle however decided to increase the dramatic effect and made it into 185 and at the same time managed to elevate the report to M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, 184 It was worth 188 186 vacuum

■ 2013. - CEU eTD Collection 47 rusticum 190 189 letters were substituted with and normal (in version1753/6 original the paragraph by starts which stating that problem curtly the has not satisfactorily been answered. whichstructure simple this logical Then, after sickness. the builtTallar last there the comes up, habitsof Vlach people makes which sick, phantasizingthem start and eventuallydie of because Helengthytext. devotedprovea hasthe todiscussion in lar eatingculture-specific thatthe itis proposes an answer; the interesting thing is that it has already been sufficiently answered byTal and question the paragraph readdresses last The posed. vampiresis byattacked get never tlers set and soldiers Rascian and German do why of question the whereintroduction, the to back deleted printed inthe version. isinteresting how to see consistently of are original parts the these either severely cut or wholly and consequences. their Theposition textual instancesthese of is usually strange enough, but it textthe –albeit faintly and awkwardly addresses – which issues of demonic activity and morals in voice a appears there‘psychology’. of then, pinch and a now However,and every chemistry medicine, reason,of help the with explained be can everything thatand cases, these in activity preternatural any see not does he that obvious it makes Tallargeneral, Inlayer. is religious issue the This blatant. more even not does it where issue one the makes which version, script meaning is which lost by translating laws, nature's to counter go which phenomena, supernatural do and no cal activity: demon or magician, in fact, no one but himselfGod could transcend this border accordance with the general logic of universal nature. This wasthe border of demonic and magi in still were butabnormal, or strange exceptional, unusual,somehow were which phenomena nature’,of forcourse ‘preternatural’‘normal’, stood meantusual whereas ral’ the ‘accordingto ‘Natuworld. the philosophy,phenomenain supernaturalandnatural preternatural, are there naturalofdivision tripartite involved: arethe according to devil the and magic where issues in presentation.Mößle's Wirkung’in ficiente, Magische, prater natürlicheOperation teste Convulsiones’. ‘Sanguinaeus’, in as expression man (even in cases where obviously well-known words wordsof Latin origin occurred) the with a substitutedsavoury Ger editor the cases most In meaning. its retain to text the for explanation 193 192 191

Tallar 1756[?].16r., 15v., 17v. MacLean 2000. 232233. MacLean Tallar 1756[?].20r. Tallar 16r. 1756[?]. Tallar 1756[?].15v.

In one instance at least, the translation even deduces from the original meaning: Tallar's Below, I am giving the text of the paragraph in a format which shows the differencesbetween reference a is there remarks), closing the before paragraph last (the work the of end the At manu the follows truly edition printed the technicalities, hair-splitting these from Apart , 189 and to the expression the to and Beschaffenheit 191 abscheulich [grey] for ‘Temperament’for and for ‘horrend’,for 192 Materiereduciret ones: preter naturam The special meaning of preter naturam is crucial exactly exactly crucial is naturam preter of meaning special The bold becomes ‘künstliche, zauberische, übernatürliche letters), and the printed 1784, where the the where 1784, printed the andletters), wurmähnlich into ‘übernatürlich’. . 190 heftigste Zückungenheftigste In both cases there remained sufficient remained there cases both In for ‘peristaltisch’,for M.A. THESIS 193 and this is exactly the the exactly is this and instead of ‘Vehemenof instead ■ ADAM MEZES, Blutreicher ■ 2013. bold arti for ------

CEU eTD Collection 48 wegen durchzuflößungdesLochesdas künstlichehandwerkverbieten.’;cf.1784.63. auch soExtenuirenkennen,daserdurch diesehrweiteporosdererdenheraußpenetrirenkinne,somöchteihm wohleineinzigerstarkerPlaz 197 196 195 bleiben unbeschadigt nichts Kommendefablern Sclaverey ausgerißen gend durchchristenLehr, 194 6) 5) 4) 3) a theorizing saying part that gravesclubs their withpreventto returningthis, again Afterthe dead. of the awkwardly, comes the stabyoung men the which in rite funeral local leave.Hea byproveswerecaused these that and come bloodsuckers the which through tunnels the for take locals the which graves, the in holesround small of origins Tallar the place Atcompletelyonediscusses deleted. is theorizing instances two are There obvious. more with shorter and less elevated wording. them substituted andexpressions these deleted which version, 1784 the in diminished greatly is feeling sermon-like this time, same the At end. the at pastors of skills the reinforcementof a androtting ofout weed imagery Biblical usual the with sermon a ofrecognisablythat is ters) and (normal text 1753/6 original the wording of the atmosphere of The commission. anonymous the of suggestions the were parts moralizing these that be would explanation plausible A voice.Tallar's really not is it that ing feel the one gives it that text, the of rest the simplicity of dry the from different so is cabulary

Hisreasonsarenotclearforusatthe moment. he publishedwouldargueforamorezealouspersonality.The bignumber ofreligiousworks Only one of them shall be discussed here; theother, Onlyoneofthemshallbediscussed here; moreobscuretextso-farhaseludedmyattemptsatunderstanding it.

Tallar 1756[?].14.v. serzueinemkleinenrundenlochheraußmießeund nicht ‘SolteaberSattanden CörpersoCompactCondensiren,da Tallar 19v.; 1756[?].

The argument is linked to the previous argumentation in such an inorganic way, an previous argumentation such the in vo to its and linked argument is The if many of them are their gullible, pastors are apt to teach them the and laugh at the unproductive fables are planted into the loved Land, namely into the healthy of Satan tors, already in their youths through Christian learning are ‘so it should be added that the soldiers and the Germans, through their beliefs and their pas This, by demonological standards perfectly sound argumentation does not fit Tallar's into fit not does argumentation sound perfectly standards demonological by This, The argument'sthe is logic following: the coffin-lid] would certainly prevent him from coming out’. not assmall asto get it through the pores of the loose soil, then asingle strong surface [that of ‘should Satan be able to condense the much so corpse that it fits through these small holes, but IfMößlewording,pathetic not like did as a consequence, the theory is false. is theory the as aconsequence, soil in the holes the and reach but soil loose would not out, be oozing able to the this also through means corpse the come that holes the without out to come bloodsuckers make the for holes that argue those it possible locals the incomprehensibly if it can’t

ripped out of the unhealthy of Satanic slavery desert , undwannschonvieledaruebereinfältige,soseindihresehlsorgersie zuLehren Aptirt undindasgelobteLand,nemblichdenheilsamenKreuter 1784. 83.‘sofügehinzudasMilitare,durchdenglaubenundihresehlsorge, samtderenteitschen,schoninderju get auf widerdieListdesSatansund und schadenderentoten through wonderful wonderful the soil, , undverlaßensichaufdie then goods and the of dead those harms it 196 ausderirr-aberglaube- obviously

where almost a whole paragraph of the Theologus's the of paragraph whole a almost where 195 aids his rejection of demonological discussions is even ofdemonologicaldiscussionsisrejection his Theologus of their Saviour, and remain uninjured cannot anbegreiflich vollen abgehärtet , who was also part of the investigative the of part also was who , get herbal gartendererkantnißvest,gepflanzet,verlachendas through trained against the cunningness wundervolle 197

und unkrautvollenWüstenderSattanischen herbfull M.A. THESIS and faulty superstition and ’ 194 and entrust themselves to the hülfsmittel coffin garden of knowledge, ■ .’ ADAM MEZES, lid Güte in ihresheilands,und the and even and even first bold ■ 2013. place let - - - - - CEU eTD Collection 49 unacceptable for his Enlightened Catholic taste. was activity this-worldlySatan's of corporality harsh this lives, saintspublishedMößle though At the same time, it did not appeal to the publisher and did not get into the printed version. Even lineof thought, not demonological he does need considerations for hisargumentation to work. investigations and his formulation investigated. of be his report will Tallar'sshaped which interests and expectations power-relations, the and text original the to turned be will now Attention effect. took agendas government'sHabsburg the probably most him through and publisher's, the how show they because but report, Tallar'sof version 1784 draw attention the losses which literaturesecondary on vampirism suffers if it relies only onthe text in its printed version were pointed out. These changes are not only interestingbecause they texts was indispensable. Furthermore, a number of instructive changes which were made to the the formativeconditionsof the informationon precise gatheringfelt, be ferentauthoritiescan As our next chapter shall deal with identifying textual locations where the power spheres of dif situateimpossibleto Tallar Georgbe investigationcircumstances.his andinto original its back between different versions of Tallar'stract. It was aendeavour, necessary forwithout it, it would eraisthe not clear to us. Anyhow, reference this deleted by was also Mößle. same chapter. Ecclesiasteschapterof 12. the of verses former paraphrasesix the a upon being both: them incident to infirmities age of the ofaccount perfect a body,and and soul, of anatomyboth sacred containeda is wherein age hascaught attention the of some of physicians, the like Dr.in John Smith's: T 1628 in Harvey William by discovered blood-circuit the of workings actual the to metaphors suggestionwas the book) of Theologus the or himself Tallar is not clear. The applicability the of his claim with Biblical authority. If this interpolation (the only Biblical reference throughout the vampirehoweverTallar (which issue exploit),notTallar does support to passage citesthis only reads12:6, which the blood-circuit and ofhow it working can cause the death, discusses Tallar When interesting. equally but scale lesser of is authority 200 199 198

Tallar 14r. 1756[?]. Christianson 2007. 229-230. Christianson2007. towardsdemonology, church'sincreasingimpatience The Enlightened morespecifically exorcismisdealtwithforinstanceinMidelfort2005.

the pitcher shattered is at the fountain, the golden vessel broken, is ‘6When the silver cord severed, is medical/chemical with authorityreligious mixing of rejection Mößle's of example Another What this chapter tried to achieve on the one hand is to clear up certain textual relations textual certain up clear to is hand one the on achieve to tried chapter this What Apartapplicability from eerie the ofwholeBiblical the chapter about fear the of deathto the returning to what it was,’) (7then man's dust goback will to the earth, and the wheel broken is at the cistern, 200 Nevertheless, to what extent was it a standard reference in medical literature of (London, 1676):; and in Moses Mendelssohn's 1770 commentary on the the on commentary 1770 Mendelssohn'sMoses in and 1676):; (London, 199 he cites (in brackets) King Solomon, the Ecclesiastes 198 M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, hepourtract of old ■ 2013. - CEU eTD Collection 50 13. Figure:TheBanatandthevillagesvisitedbyTallar his work in the Introduction ( Tallarbacking. a suchadministrationTallar with Georg starts of the accomplishedserve has to that many times it was difficult to find arguments for forbidding these rituals, and that the work interpreted who andofvampirismtreated borderlands. cases mentionedthe in It been also has on the wide range of possibilities, agendas and practices which were at the disposal of the actors taxpayer kobold the and the ofSpheres authority:

The section on the Serbian cases of Kisilova and Medvedia ended with a series of reflectionsseries Kisilova a Serbianof with cases and ended the Medvedia on section The Vorbericht ) with lamenting that the Vlachslocal exhume the dead M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. CEU eTD Collection 51 206 205 204 203 ] erschrocken’ 202 201 nahme 14. Figure:KleinDikvanandOrawitzainthemapofJosephinischeLandesauf them dig locals the let notwhy corpses, the unrelatedto was deaths of cause the if rituals: tion howeverproblem the reason a toefficientlyas thatwas itunable was toserve prohibit exhuma Baroque mentality which was increasingly getting strength in Maria Theresa's administration, might wonder and ifGlaser Flückinger would have approved of statement. this contains. cuisine their food hot-naturedexcessive the of because vampiresby attacked interestingly enough,though Tallar disease, maintains that the as opposed to in Vlachs, Rascians do elementnot get frequently crucial a as this gave Glaser andTallar Both died. person the thatsevere, so become could occasionally which locals, habitsthe fastingof the was deaths the interestfirm in eliminatingthecause deaths.these of vampirism. of because taxpayers dred hun onearound Treasury Aulic loses the year each that exaggeratingly), (probablysomewhat page, he gives the reasons why the belief in vampirism is such a damaging superstition: he states next the population.On administrative control no local is over therethe problemthat is the of ‘against all provisorial prohibitions, arbitrarily as a community’,

Tallar 3v.’gegen 1756[?] allenVerwalter ambtl.Verbott Eigenmächtig,meistentheilsgesamterhand’

Tallar 19r. 1756[?] Tallar 6v. 1756[?] Evans2006.18. Furtherresearchintothearchivesof the Temesvar provincialadministration couldserveinformationonwhetherthepolicyofcameralprovisors Tallar 1756[?]4r-4v. ‘demallerhöchsten

The attack on fasting habits as part of an overzealous religiosity fell in line with the anti- the with line in fell religiosity overzealous an of part as habits fasting on attack The In the contemporary literature medical on vampirism, the most widespread reason given for

Aerario öftersinsoviehlenortschaftenaufeinmahletlichehundertContribuenten, auchfastjährlich[& 202 It is this way made clear that the administration has administration the that clear made way this is It 201 M.A. THESIS thereby showing that the core - ames Bcue of Because calmness? maintain to order in up exhumation rituals. of banning the for port to give a fairly strong sup the Treasury, he managed of interests the to blood of smearing the linking by causation, double of deaths. of lots the and ‘disease’ the of spread epidemic-like the causes which one) (to delay being tuned into vampire-blood on oneself smearing of habit the is it fact, in that states and deaths, the for account to argument another an up built also Tallar this, ■ ADAM MEZES, 205 t h cost the At 203 206 ■ 2013. One 204 - - -

CEU eTD Collection 52 214 nen muthmasslichwegendenWampirs (sic)verstorbensind, und bittetinSachendasErforderlicheeinzuleiten.’ 213 212 211 chacked inarchivalsources,sinceitseemsmorelikely(judgingsolelyby Tallar's metaphors)thatitstillresidedin Temesvar in1753. 210 209 sider thatthecreatureofKoboldinGermanfolkloreoriginatesfromthis metal. 208 207 changed ornotafter Tallar's report. fought vampires same inthe year and have treated problem the intwo different ways. of Máramaros county in the same year. cityof Orawitza. justIn muchfact, as itas for was Nagybánya the and Felsőbánya miningcities village, small the in vampirism to attributed 1753 year the in happened have deaths thirty than less no that copper.ofcommerceGiven the involvedin or industry metallurgy and mining the workersin away from the greatest mining city, Orawitza, and its inhabitants possibly had been employed as out. If one looks at fig.14., p.51., carried mountains,waseastern mining ofthe metal feetwhere at the village small howevera is Dikvan Klein province, the of flatlands central the in located are two first The highlighted.) p.50.) fig.13., (see district) (Uypalanker Dikvan Klein in and district) (TemeswarerKallatsa in (Tsakovaerdistrict), Sebell in villages: three in place took pire-hunt Banat, the body which oversaw the mining cities and territories in the province. nal of the Royal ScientificSociety of Uppsala Swedish Literature and Sciences the in article an in 1735 in findings his to He alluded mining-specialist. andchemist cobalt (due to its arsenic-containment) were work the of Georg Brandt (1694-1768),aSwedish the explanation of why do many miners get sick or die because of continuous close andcontact with metal, of type separate a as discovery Its era. the of science the in issue grave and topical highly a was it cobalt: the Tallarofthatchanceissue by not It the was chose expertise. through ore, with cobalt taking is that Chemist the can its trace provenance andrich find amine. way of the Chemist, who, cleaning it, finds it useful. the provincial administration to that of the mineral stone, which is accidentally washed into the of service the into fortunateacceptance own his likenes letter,he dedicatory the In mining. to Tallarversion),printedmetaphorsrelated the with plays Mößlein omittedby way the bywere (which Epilogue the of paragraph last the and letter dedicatory the In mountainousareas. ern east the in mines metal provinceroyal the were a as Banat the keeping in court the interestof the way:

Kallbrunner 1958. Kallbrunner Appendix.

onSerbiaalready.As ithasbeenmentionedinthesection 50.‘UjpalankerVerwalteramt Baróti1900-1902. berichtet,dasszuKlein-Dikvan

Josephinische Landesaufnahme 1763-87. JosephinischeLandesaufnahme

Gräf1997.81. According to GräftheseatofthisbodywasmovedtoOrawitzafrom Temesvar in1747;thisinformationshouldhowever be Tallar 1756[?]2r.

Brandt1735.,1748. Tallar 1756[?]20r. ‘Koboltund

As a final remark, it may also worth noting that Tallar was also writing within the power the within writing also was that Tallar noting worth also may it remark, final a As the of Council Mountain Chief the towards niceties pleasant just not are allusionsTallar's mis to vampirism likens time this and craft mine to returns he paragraph, ending the In Next to the Treasury, another aulic organ also figures in Tallar's report, albeit in an indirect an in Treasury,albeit in figures the report, to NextTallar's also organ aulic another Münz- und Bergwesens Directionshofkollegium Bergwesens Münz-und 213 getting rid of vampires could have been a question of great importance to the the to importance great of question a been have couldvampires of rid getting behalten’ Arsenikalische Süttenrauchwerenvorörzraüber 208 thereby likening his role to that of the chemist who reveals the truth truth the reveals who chemist the of that to role his likeningthereby and expounded the theory more and theory expounded the punctually in1748the 212 it becomes clear that the village is only around two kilometres 214 It is interesting to see two mining regions, which have . 209 207 ineinerkurzenZeitdreissig,undzuRakasdia zwanzigPerso What Tallar most probably means by this . It has been stated before, that a major a thatbefore, stated been hasIt . themetaphorisallmorecompelling,ifwecon M.A. THESIS 211 with these locations these with ■ ADAM MEZES, 210 Tallar's vam Journalof ■ 2013. Jour ------CEU eTD Collection 53 215 like on Habsburg the borderlands. other the on vampirism but give grim a intensive patch of colour to our picture of what life was Tallar'selevatedreport might company to be the of Büky'swork. tracts, twoone The on plague, cenrury), the of end the from treatise plague Büky's (József all at something published who savoirs will read his words. Given that the 18th century Banat produced only of one audience medical wide author a that fact the of contantly aware was he writing, way,while This published. be to work his Tallarmeant that possibility the to point work the of parts theorizing medical Malpghi,ordering the of histext into numbered ‘observations’ and ‘remarks’, longaswell asthe community. the medical field of Albeit improper and clumsy, his references van to Swieten and

1990.122. Balla&Hegedűs

M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. 215

CEU eTD Collection 54 by which even commoners could get into contact with circleshigh increased their visibility and directness The articulated. were and could sensitivities anti-superstition and hygiene of pects as as well as orderand tranquillity of interest, economicneed expertise, statementsof as such strong of alone. populace the will basically the face to had officials the backing, or supportstatelyanywithout wherevampirism, policing of case the in visible especially was governmentalprograms.This of inadequacy the andlation popu autonomysettled and the privileges of the of because realised truly get not did however controlfuller way. direct This and efficient more a in will its exert authorityto central allowed institutionstheoretically intermediary of elimination the hand, one the On administration. its nature double of the of consequence a situation was This characteristics. crucial its of some be to shown were insecurity convey.and couldPlasticity, mapvariety a ‘frame’‘back which orground’ unequivocal and unchanging static, the all at not was borderland the that out turned by Mößle to the original text or the exact location of the village of Kisilova. Furthermore, it also Tallar’sof dating Kömovesch’s the with association its report, changesmade investigations, the pensable foundations for any kindof research into topic the of policing vampirism. indis as serve time, and space in changes their and expertise, authority, of and fields function delineating by reference of points basic the Establishing borderland.Habsburg the on play at fromdisregardrelationsstraight misconceptionssometimesof,or wereactual about which the sue, so did this paper depart from a perceived fogginess of secondary literature stemming either is the of nature baffling overcoming the and world their within vampirism policing ordering, with struggled who protagonists the to fashion similar somewhat a In accomplish. to out set nates.Rightafter ‘vampire’ initially first the halfthe course.aim was paper this of of fact, In Conclusion

At the same time, this meant an enhanced freedom of action, where various local agendas, local various where action, of freedom enhanced an meant this time, same the At As instant gains, some of the little kobolds of this subject matter have been found out, such as cog various‘map’ its the and is essay this in element evoked frequently most the Probably M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 55 perception,the interpretation and treatment of vampirism. the archives of local administrative centres promise a richer view into the matters which shaped up certain variations, it should be seen as marking the foundation and outset of further research: factors of matter, these wasalways local a interplay and present the though papermadeattempts at exact flashing The challenge. to susceptible habits and beliefs age-old made also thereby

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The The Ecclesiastes through the centuries. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, Oxford Oxford Malden, Ltd, Publishing Blackwell centuries. the through Ecclesiastes The CălătorialuiDemidoff prinBanat. historiography Wonders andtheorderofnature1150-1750. New York. Oficiálního Von denen Vampiren oder Menschensaugern. Dichtungen und und Dichtungen Menschensaugern. oder Vampiren denen Von of informačního the In the service of healthcare. Healthcare in the Bachka and and Bachka the in Healthcare healthcare. of service the In Triplex Continuum: systému Temesvár. Český Conflict M.A. THESIS Krumlov: and community The ■ ADAM MEZES, Archaeological on a triple ■ 2013. fron re ------CEU eTD Collection 57 2010: János J. Varga & János Kalmár 1991: János Kalmár Kallbrunner, Josef 1958: Ingaro, CharlesW. 2003: Hóman Bálint & Szekfű Gyula [1935] 1990: Hollins, David2005: 1996: J. Steven Harris, Harmening, D.(1983): 1889: [1839] von Anton Hammer, 1997: Rudolf Gräf, Gómez-Alonso, J.(1998): Funcken, Lilian & Funcken, Fred 1978: 2003: Roger French, 1980: Michel Foucault, Foucault, Michel[1963]2003: 1778: [1774] Alberto Fortis, R.J.W.Evans, 2006: Ernyey József 1898: Ellis, S.G.&EsserR.(eds)2006: Duden, Barbara1991: Donath, Rudolf 1967-70:

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Krankheit und Vampirglaube. Ein Beitrag zur Phänomenologie des blutsaugenden blutsaugenden des Phänomenologie zur Beitrag Vampirglaube.Ein und Krankheit Witches, ic-eif wthacsto, ic-escto i te 61t cnuis [Bos centuries. 16-18th the in witch-persecution witch-accusation, Witch-belief, Historische Hintergründe : Der Aufstieg der Vampire im Habsburgerreich des 18. 18. des Habsburgerreich im Vampire der Aufstieg Der : Hintergründe Historische EinFallvonVampirismus beidenOsmanen.BalkanStudies20.83-90. Wiedergänger und Vampire in Ostmitteleuropa – Posthume Verbrennung statt Hex

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Serbien unter der kaiserlichern Regierung 1717-1739. Mitteilungen des K.K. Der Ritus der slawischen Skelettfriedhöfe der mittleren und jüngeren Burg jüngeren und mittleren der Skelettfriedhöfe slawischen der Ritus Der K vampires, otázce and between. vampyrismu enlighteners. Production na [Boszorkányok, slovanských and commodification pohøebištích. vámpírok, M.A. THESIS of felvilágosítók.] Památky knowledge ■ ADAM MEZES, archeologické in In: a medical Klanic ■ 2013. ------

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Rebellion Eastern era. mint The living and the dead, seeres and witches – Mediatory systems in the sources of the eraly [Élők Possessed bodies, possessed spirits. Vampirism and witchcraft as possession systems in in systems possession as witchcraft Vampirismand spirits. possessed bodies, Possessed modernizációs Die Österreichische Pestfront an der k.k. Militärgrenze. Saeculum. Jahrbuch für Univer für Jahrbuch Saeculum. Militärgrenze. k.k. der an Pestfront Österreichische Die Europe. Customs Connected with Death and Burial among the Roumanians. Folklore. 1919 (30) The vampireinRoumania.Folklore. 1926(37)4.320-349. Evidence, logic, the rule and the exception in law and medicine. Early Sci KurzeGeschichtederBanaterMilitärgrenze1764-1872.Kirchner, Wrschatz. in Exorcism and Enlightenment. Johann Joseph Gassner and the demons of eighteenth- of demons the and Gassner Joseph Johann Enlightenment. and Exorcism és the Der „Vampyrus Serviensis“ und sein Habitat: Impressionen von der österreichischen holtak, Unheimliches Wien: Gruselige Orte, Schaurige Gestalten, Okkulte Experimente. Experimente. Okkulte Gestalten, Schaurige Orte, Gruselige Wien: Unheimliches Medicine and society in early modern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cam Press, University Cambridge Europe. modern early in society and Medicine

The

Warasd Forensic Conference Medical debate about the vampires of Hungary 1732-1756. [Orvosi vita a mag

Über die siebenbürgische Vampir-Krankheit. Ein bericht des deutschen Chiru Beiträge zur Geschichte des Heilwesens im Banat. Semmelweis-VereinigungBanat. im Heilwesens des Geschichte zur Beiträge Temes Die Präsidenten und Räte der Temeschburger Landesadministration. Mühl TemeschburgerLandesadministration. der Räte und Präsidenten Die látók kísérleti military Approach

és Banat boszorkányok Historischer Weltatlas zur allgemeinen und österreichischen Ges österreichischen und allgemeinen zur Weltatlas Historischer material telep, frontier

as to

a 1716-1778.]Társadalomtudományi an

from experimental district Archaeological - ‘Spirit Mediátori in 1755. Possession:

field rendszerek [Lázadás Casework

for

modernisation M.A. THESIS European a of a varasdi ‘Vampire’’ kora gondolatok Contributions újkor ■ ADAM MEZES, katonai

1716-78.

Skeletal forrásaiban.] határőrvidéki a

[A harmadik Remains to

Temesi ■ 2013. Com Bu ------

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Szöveggyűjtemény Relocating MedicineintheEnlightenment.London. priciples Vallásetnológiai Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and reformers in Later 18th century Europe. In: Ibid: Re

Der Vampyr-Aberglaube und die Militärärzte. 2009. In: Kakanien Revisited. (http://www. Revisited. Kakanien In: 2009. Militärärzte. die Vampyr-Aberglaubeund Der Diek.k.Militärgrenze.BerglandVerlag, Wien. A Introduction: Centre and periphery in the eighteenth-century Habsburg 'medical empire'. empire'. 'medical Habsburg eighteenth-century the in periphery and Centre Introduction: The House-, Aulic- and Statearchives in Vienna. (1. communique) [A házi, udvari és ál [Aés communique) udvari Vienna.(1. házi, in House-, Statearchives The and Aulic- horvát-szalvónkatonaihatárőrvidék.Védelematörökellen.História.5-6.36-37.

‘These ‚Artists The GreatNewEnglandVampire Panic.Smithsonian. 43.6.58-65. the GeschichtederPestinSirmiendenJahren1795und1796.Budapest. Vampirismus. SeineEntwicklungvom Thema zumMotiv. Frankfurt. Enlightenment State Medicine in Hungary.in Medicine State Enlightenment Mag kori felvilágosodás a [Államorvostan lészön" Die Geschichte der Österreichischen Zentralwervaltung in der Zeit Maria Theresias Theresias Maria Zeit der in Zentralwervaltung Österreichischen der Geschichte Die Origin of the myth of vampirism. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 1998 Medicine. of Society Royal the of Journal vampirism. of myth the of Origin cradle - SpezialgeschichtederMilitärgrenze.Wien.BandI. during Sebészet modern

of three wound-healing‘- : to Túlélési plague Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich. Fünfzehnter Theil, Theil, Fünfzehnter Österreich. Kaisertums des Lexikon Biographisches

fogalmak the words: Geschichte des Temeser Banats. Historische Bilder und Skizzen. Verlag science. a és coffin: történeti

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scientific against hamar, in Új (1737-1745)]. Sic the demography. Mandátum, ■ ADAM MEZES,

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CEU eTD Collection 61 1725b: Frombald 1725a: Frombald Buchholz, Georg 1724: 1748: Georg Brandt, Brandt, Georg1735: 1774: von Ignaz Born, (ed.): 1900-02. Lajos Baróti (ed.): 1893-96. Lajos Baróti (ed.): 1893-1907 Lajos Baróti 1732: Anon. Sources 1907/8: Josef Zukal, 1973: Wessely,Kurt 1970: Wessely,Kurt Wayne S.Vucinich 1967:

Geschichte undKulturgeschichteÖsterreich-Schlesiens.3.171-172. century. Austrian History Yearbook.9. 55-110. gart. Wien-Stutt Univeritäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung. Donau. und Etsch Moldau zwischen Volkstum aus druck Band, 1.Halbband.] 1. II. Abteilung, Zentralverwaltung. Österreichische [Die Nachfolger,Wien. Holzhausens (1740-80). Adolf P&ref=anno-search] [http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=17250721&zoom=33&owner=EN (21.07.1725.) 25-26. fol. I/191, Staatsarchiv,Turcica und Hof- Haus- Wien, betreffend. Blutsauger oder vampiri sogenannten gegangenen Schwung im damals Servien Königreich im Die 1725, anno Briefes erlassenen Servien ich Eher-Brüder. Sammlung vonNaturundMedicin,Breslau.1724.June. saliensis. 1.3.33–41. Bannat, Siebenbürgen,Ober-undNieder-Ungarn[…]JohannJacobFerber, FrankfurtundLeipzig. yarország XVIII.századitörténetéhez.] Temesvár, Csanád-EgyházmegyeNyomdája.Vol.2. yarország XVIII.századitörténetéhez.] Temesvár, Csanád-EgyházmegyeNyomdája.Vol.1. yarország XVIII.századitörténetéhez.] Temesvár, Csanád-EgyházmegyeNyomdája.Vols.1-4. mentum, Norimbergae.Hebdomas19. Ex historia Vampyrorum […] Commercii Litterarii ad Rei Medicae et Scientiae Naturalis Incre Naturalis Scientiae et Medicae Rei ad Litterarii Commercii Vampyrorum[…] historia Ex Copia des vom Herrn Frombald kayserlichen Cameral Provisore zu Gradiska im Königre im Gradiska zu Provisore Cameral kayserlichen Frombald Herrn vom des Copia Copia eines Schreibens aus dem Gradisker District in Ungarn. Wienerisches Diarium 58. 58. Diarium Wienerisches Ungarn. in District Gradisker dem aus Schreibens eines Copia Die österreichische Militärgrenze. Rechtstellung, Aufgaben, Bevölkerung. Sonderaus Bevölkerung. Rechtstellung, Aufgaben, Militärgrenze. österreichische Die Magia posthuma auf der Herrschaft Gross-Herrlitz im 18. Jahrhunderte. Zeitschrift für für Zeitschrift Jahrhunderte. 18. im Gross-Herrlitz Herrschaft der auf posthuma Magia The development of the Hungarian military frontier until the middle of the eighteenth eighteenth the of middle the until frontier military Hungarian the of development The Dissertatiodesemimetallis. Acta LiterariaetScientiarumSveciae.4.1–10. Cobalti nova species examinata et descripta. Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Up Scientiarum Societatis Regiae descripta. Acta et examinata species nova Cobalti Briefe über Mineralogische Gegenstände, auf seiner Reise durch das Temeswarerdas durch Reise seiner auf Gegenstände, Mineralogische über Briefe Von einem nach dem Tode verbrannten Weibe, und einem gleichmäßig verbrannten The Serbsin Austria-Hungary. Austrian History Yearbook 3.2.3-47. Databank for the 18th century history of Southern Hungary. [Adattár Délmag Hungary.[Adattár Southern of history century 18th the for Databank Délmag Hungary.[Adattár Southern of history century 18th the for Databank Databank for the 18th century history of Southern Hungary.Southern of history century 18th the for Délmag Databank [Adattár M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. ------CEU eTD Collection 62 : zeichnen zu Situations-Plane Anleitung Grundliche Moses: Mendelssohn, Anton vonZach(etal.): An incompletelistofworkspublishedbyJohannGeorg Mößleinchronologicalorder Appendix van Swieten,Gerard1756: 1784: Tallar,Georg 1756[?]: Georg Tallar, 1795: B.G. Steige, 1987: István Sugár Quellen 1903: Prodomus 1723: Linzbauer, Franciscus, Xaver 1853: 1852: Xaver Franciscus, Linzbauer, Köleséri, Sámuel1709: Komáromi CsipkésGyörgy1664: [http: 1763-87. Landesaufnahme, Josephinische 1992: Klaus Hamberger, Sommfels, J.:

tiarum Universitatis,Budae. Tom. III.Sect.1. entiarum Universitatis,Budae. Tom I. nische_Landaufnahme_pg000.jpg] Wien. auch jener, diesichdenMappirungs-Gesch aften widmen.Wien,1783. Leipzig, 1784. tion imJahre1756erstattethat.JohannGeorgMößle,Wien&Leipzig. k.k. Administra löbl. der Untersuchungskommission abgeordnete dahin eigens eine welchen Banat, und Siebenbürgen Wallachen, der in Moroi Sprache wallachischen der in VAMPIER,oder Blutsäugern, nten genant. Hofkammer Archiv Wien,Banater Akten, r.Nr. 53(1756),fol.1-22. marischer Bericht. Von und über Die so genannte Vampir oder Blutsauger; Wallachischer Sprache Moroi berg. Budapest. ördöngösök, Brassó. Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Brassó. Band IV. Chroniken und Tagebücher. I. (1143-1867) Was istvom Burger, jungenKunstlerundKaufmannzuhalten? Wien,1783. boszorkányok Hungariae antiquae et novae Prodomus. Norimbergae, 1723. HungariaeantiquaeetnovaeProdomus.Norimbergae,1723. Bolkenhainische Denkwürdigkeiten, aus Handschriften, Urkunden und Büchern. Hirsch Büchern. und Urkunden Handschriften, aus Denkwürdigkeiten, Bolkenhainische Visum Repertum Anatomico-Chirurgicum, oder Gründlicher Bericht von den sogenan den von Bericht Gründlicher oder Anatomico-Chirurgicum, Repertum Visum

Charmers, iu Rpru ntmc Cyugcm oe Uträis ghrase Sum gehorsamster Unterhänigst oder Chyrurgicum, Anatomico Repertum Visum Opera philosophica, quae e Germanico in Latinum traduxit – –. Tom. 1–2. Wien & & Wien Tom.1–2. –. – traduxit Latinum in Germanico e quae philosophica, Opera PestisDaciaeanni1709,scrutinumetcura.Cibinii. Vorlesungen über dieFeldbefestigung,Vertheidigung und Angriff. Wien, 1783. Mortuus non mordet . Dokumente zur Vampirismus 1689-1791. Turia und Kant, Kant, und Turia 1689-1791. Vampirismus zur Dokumente . mordet non Mortuus Abhandlung desDaseynsderGespenster. Augsburg. Heves demoniacs, Pestispestise.Debrecen.RMKI.1012. Codex Sanitario-medicinalis Hungariae. Typis Caesareo-Regiae Scien Codex Sanitario-medicinalis Hungariae. Typis Caesareo-Regiae Sci Caesareo-Regiae TypisHungariae. Sanitario-medicinalis Codex és Külső witches Szolnok in zum Gebrauche der k.k. Ingenieur-Akademie, wie wie Ingenieur-Akademie, k.k. der Gebrauche zum //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banat_Josephi vármegyékben.] Heves and Külső-Szolnok M.A. THESIS Magyar Tudományos ■ counties. ADAM MEZES, [Bűbájosok, Akadémia, ■ 2013. ------

CEU eTD Collection 63 Schwerdling, Johann: : Mohammeds Geschichte und Leben Voltaire: Voltaire: .: X F.Huber, Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio: Ferdinand: Geissau, Anton von J.: Sommfels, Joseph: Kropatschek, : Tod Dummpfaffin Meinungen, Susanna Leben, Jungfer der Begräbniss und Voltaire: Werner, FriedrichLudwigZacharias: Friedrich Bernhard Albinus: Pratt, Mr.: Richter, Joseph & von Steinsberg, Karl Franz Guolfinger: Georg: Tallar, Moßfleck, H.: Wilhelm: Christian Huhn, Bartholotti, Johann Nepomuk & Kreil, A.: Eisenhardt: La Grange-Chancel,Joseph: Meisel:

rdigsten dabey sich ereigneten ereigneten sich dabey merkwurdigsten der und Kriege seiner Religion, ausgedachten ihm von der zung don, [1787?] London, 1787. 1787. Gebrauche seinerVorlesungen. Wein, 1786. sregeln welchedieKatholischeLehrebetreffed. Wien,1786. Stadte. Wien,1786. vornehmsten und Personen der Namen den Verzeichnissevon einem auch Titularbuche,franzosischen buche allerunterderRegierungdesKaisersJosephdesII...:1-8.Bände.Wien,1786. neuen Zeitender Aufklarung. Wien,1785. Vorfallenheiten. Wien,1788. rgen, und und Siebenburgen, Walachey, der in Moroi, Sprache wallachischen der in oder Vampier, Blutsaugern, Wien, 1783. vorgelaufen. taglich September 12. bis Julii 7. vom Wien, Belagerung turkischen denkwurdigen : GesammeltausdengorzischenDiktaten.Wien,1783. 1784. im Jahre1756erstattethat.Wien&Leipzig1784. Banat : welchen eine eigends dahin abgeordnete Untersuchungskommission der lobl. k. k. Administration Was istvonderReligion,unddenPflichtengegenGott&c.zuhalten?Wien,1783. Der Greis vom Berge Kaukasus, und der Preis der Menschlichkeit und Gerechtigkeit. Wien & Lon & Wien Gerechtigkeit. und Menschlichkeit der Preis der und Kaukasus, Berge vom Greis Der DerunwissendePhilosoph.Wien&Leipzig&Wien,1785. Die KarlundCharlotte.Wien,1784. Pif--Puf!oder, Einsnachdemandern.Wien,1783. endlich DerSpaßmacher. 1-6.Bände.Wien&Leipzig,1783-1785. Franklins freier wille; ein wink für denkende menschen über die macht des zurfalls. Wien, Wien, zurfalls. des macht die über menschen denkende für wink ein wille; freier Franklins ndlicher Bericht von den sogenannten sogenannten den von Bericht Grundlicher oder Anatomico-Chirurgicum Repertum Visum lle : nebst einem Anhange von einem deutsch-, latein- und und latein- deutsch-, einem von Anhange einem nebst : Falle alle auf Briefsteller Neuester einmal Practische Anwendung aller k. k. Verordnungen in Gesitlichen Sachen... vom Antritte Sammlung aller k. k. Verordnungen und Gesetze vom Jahre 1740... zu dem Hand dem zu 1740... Jahre vom Gesetze Verordnungenund k. k. aller Sammlung ndliche Beschreibung, was Anno 1683 vor, bey, und in der der in vor,bey,und 1683 was Anno Beschreibung, andliche umst oder Raritaten Der Weltweisheit und Arzneikunst Doktors ... Anfangsgrunde der Chemie : zum von Von derNaturdesMenschen.Wien,1784. Amasis. Ein Trauerspiel infunf Aufzugen., Wien,1783. sse und Glauben und Schlusse Trientzu : Kirchenraths allgemeinen heiligen Des vielen Werners lyrischeGedichtesamt OdenausdemHoraz.Wien,1785. Almosenpflegern

enthaltend Streitschrift wider die verschiedenen Gattungen des Aberglaubens einen S.M. vollstandigen Anhang zur neuen Legende der Heiligen. Wien, d. Kon. v. Abriß M.A. THESIS Preussen der eine Geschichte aus den den aus Geschichte eine Grundung erklarte ■ ADAM MEZES, und Bibel. Fortpflan Wien ■ 2013. & - - - -

CEU eTD Collection 64 Plenk, JosephJakob: Carl Martini, von Anton: Gegenwärtiger Zustandderk.ResidenzstadtWien, JohannGeorg EdlenvonMößle,Wien, 1794. Kropatschek, Joseph: Die Freymaurernachihrenverschiedenen Absichten imhellenLichtedargestellt..Wien, 1793. Huber, F. X.: Haggenmüller, Joseph: von Enders, Alexander: Joseph: Müller, Tartler,Johann: Lippovitz, Blas: : VonVerfahrenKriminalverbrecher dem wider Voltaire:

tion. Wien, 1791. tion. Wien,1791. Na der Repräsentanten den von ... Boden, und Grund verliehenen Königen ungrischen von Jahren 600 1790. alle diesichindenk.k.Staatenmitder Ausubung derKriminalgerichtsbarkeitbeschaftigen.Wien,1790. 1790. Wien,1789. bis 1740 Jahre Todezum vom bis nähmlich Theresien, Marien II. weiland Joseph Regierung weiland der der offentlichen Vorlesungen indenk.Staaten.Wien,1799. Gesetzen, zumGebrauchederStaatsbeamten, Advokaten. Wien,1794. J. Oe. Artillerie Distrikts-Kommandanten.Wien,1792. Joseph MüllerandenBrasilianischenKüstenvon Amerika. Wien,1791. DerschwarzePrinz.Wien,1789. GeschichteJosephsII.,romischenKaisers,KnigsvonHungarnundBheim.Wien,1792. Homilien der Vater Der steyerische Robinson oder Reisen und besondere merkwürdige Begebenheiten des des Begebenheiten merkwürdige besondere und Reisen oder Robinson steyerische Der Das Recht des Eigenthums der sächsischen Nation in Siebenbürgen auf dem ihr mehr als als mehr ihr dem auf Siebenbürgen in Nation sächsischen der Eigenthums des Recht Das DerWundarzneykunst Doktors ...Lehrevonden Augenkrankheiten. Wien,1799. Oestreichs Staatsverfassung vereinbart mit den zusammengezogenen bestehenden DerösterreichischeUnterthansadvocat. Th. 1–2.Wien1792. Sammlung hinterlassener Schriften vom seligen Alexander Enders, k. k. Major und Des Freyherrn Karl von Martini ... Allgemeines Recht der Staaten : zum Gebrauch Gebrauch zum ... : Martini Staaten von der Karl Recht Freyherrn Allgemeines Des uber alle sonntagliche Evangelien der ganzen Jahres. 1-2. Bände. Wien, r Bannrichter, Landgerichtsverwalter und Bannrichter,und fur Landgerichtsverwalter Handbuch ein M.A. THESIS ■ ADAM MEZES, ■ 2013. -

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