The Palaeobotanist, 30(2): 185-232, 1982.
UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA
GOPAL SINGH,* P. K. MAITHY** & M. N. BOSE** *Geological Survey of India, Northern Region, Lucknow-226 007, India **Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226 007, India
ABSTRACT
The paper deals with plant fossils collected from the Upper Palaeozoic rocks of Kashmir Himalaya ranging in age from Upper Devonian to Permian. The distri• bution of plants, so far collected in the various formations, is as follows: Aishmuqam Formation (Upper Devonian)- ?Taelliocrada sp. and ?Protolepidodelldroll sp. Syringothyris Limestone and Fenestella Shale formations (Lower Carboniferous)• Arclzaeosigillaria minuta Lejal, Lepidosigillaria cf. quadrata Danze-Corsin, Lepidodendropsis cf. peruviana (Gothan) Jongmans, L. fenestrata Jongmans, Cyclostigma cf. pacifica (Steinmann) Jongmans, Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy) Walkom, Triphyllopteris lecuriana (Meek) Jongmans, RllOdea cf. subpetio• lata (Potonie) Gothan and Palmatopteris cf. furcata Potonie. Nishatbagh and Mamal formations (Lower Permian)-(a) Nishatbagh Formatioll• Gangamopteris kashmirellsis Seward, Glossopteris IOllgicaulis Feistmantel, G. lIishatbaghensis sp. novo and ?Nummulospermum sp. (b) Mamal Formatiolt - Parasphenophyllum tllOnii val'. minor (Sterzel) Asama, Trizygia speciosa Royle, Lobatanllularia ensifolia Halle, Rajahia mamalensis sp. nov., Glosso• pteris intermittens Feistmantel, G. cf. communis Feistmantel, G. cf. feist• mantelii Rigby, G. cf. taeniopteroides Feistmantel, G. angustifolia Brang• niart, Glossopteris sp., ?Cordaites sp., Ginkgophyllum haydenii (Seward) Maithy, G. sahnii (Ganju) Maithy and a cone-like organ. In the Upper Devonian the plant fossils are extremely rare and very badly preserved. The Lower Carboniferous flora shows a remarkable resemblance with the assem• blage described from Peru and is in general agreement with the rest of the Lower Carboni• ferous floras known from other parts of the world. The Permian flora has two distinct elements, one present in the Nishatbagh Formation and the other in the Mamal Formation. The former is dominated by the presence of Gangamopteds, whereas, the latter is domi• nated by Glossopteris. Moreover, at Mamal there are two genera, viz., Lobatannularia and Rajahia which are typically Cathaysian elements. Some of the species of Glossopteris, too, seem to be distinct from all the species of Glossopteris reported from the Lower Gondwana of the Peninsular India.
Key-words - Upper Palaeozoic flora, Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, Lobatannularia, Rajahia, Permian, Upper Devonian, Kashmir Himalaya, India.
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Besides, a syste• INPalaeozoic sequences. Palaeobotanically matic account of their floral contents has this sequence is well known since long also been given. In all, six horizons (Table as it contains the Permian plant fossil 1) have been recognised at distinct strati• bearing strata sandwitched between marine graphic levels, out of which four show the fossiliferous sequence. These Permian plant presence of Pre-Gondwana or Devonian• bearing horizons have been variously named Carboniferous flora and two Permian flora. as Lower Gondwana Bed, Gangamopteris The latter are somewhat similar to the Bed or Permian Gondwana in the geo• Lower Gondwana flora of Peninsular India. logical literature. Recent discovery by Pal However, within the Permian the upper (1978) and Pal and Chaloner (1979) of plant horizon has also elements of Northern bearing beds from the Lower Carboniferous Hemisphere. The oldest plant bearing sequence of Kashmir region has opened horizon, i.e. horizon no. 1, represents B a new field of palaeobotanical study Member of the Aishmuqam Formation involving Carboniferous or Pre-Gondwana (Upper Devonian); horizon no. 2 is deve• flora in Kashmir. The earlier know• loped in the basal part of C Member of ledge of Pre-Gondwana flora in Indian Syringothyris Limestone (Tournasian: Lower subcontinent was negligible and restricted Carboniferous); horizon no. 3 represents to Spiti in Himachal Pradesh (Gothan & A Member of the Fenestella Shale Forma• Sahni, 1937; H~eg, Bose & Shukla, 1957; tion (Lower Carboniferous); horizon no. 4 Dhar, Ram & Rao, 1980). represents C Member of the Fenestella The investigation by Pal (1978) was Shale Formation (Lower Carboniferous); restricted to a single horizon in the Fenestella horizon no. 5 represents the Nishatbagh Shale Formation (Lower Carboniferous). Formation (Lower Permian); and horizon Since then several new plant bearing hori• no. 6 represents the Mamal Formation zons in Aishmuqam Formation (Upper (Lower Permian). Devonian), Syringothyris Limestone For• Within these six horizons, five plant fossil mation (Lower Carboniferous), and the assemblages have been recognized, in which upper part of Fenestella Shale Formation two horizons have similar assemblages. (Lower Carboniferous), have come to light Assemblage 1 is supposed to be of Upper in the Upper Palaeozoic succession of Devonian age, assemblages 2 and 3 from Liddar Valley, Kashmir. A and C members of Fenestella Shale are SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 187 TABLE 1- UPPER PALAEOZOIC SUCCESSION IN KASHMIR SHOWING PLANT BEARING HORIZONS AGE STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT MAl LITHOLOGY Formation Member UPPER D Calcareous sandstone with bands of limestone. C Arenaceous and calcareous shale. ZEWAN B Limestone shale intercalation. PER• A Massive limestone with shale partings. MIAN 1/ 1// / / / / !// I / III 1// Novaculite, limestone, tuffaceous shale, / / 111/ / MAMAL / 111/ I / carbonaceous shale, purple and pinkish shale with arenite. PANJAL VOLCANIC Mainly basic rocks-basalt and andesitic LOWER basalt and a few intermediate and acidic rocks. / / / I NISHATBAGH / 1111 Black shale/slate, siltstone and bands of II / II / I I I I I I 1/ / / //1/ arenite. D Ash colour tuffaceous shale with volcanic bombs lapillae, etc. Clasts rare. C Dominantly quartz-arenite with lenticular conglomerates and clasts. AGGLOMERATIC --- UPPER SLATE B Dominantly shale and siltstone with abun- dance of clasts. CARBO• A bandsDominantDominantlyofofof Dominantshale/siltstonequartzshale-siltstoneshalewithandarenitequartz-arenitebandssiltstone.with lenticularwith /1///11NIFER• quartzarenite. arenite.conglomerate and clasts. OUS /IICII BD FENE• STELLA SHALE /1/11/1 II/AI! Dominant quartz-arenite with intercalation of shale siltstone. LOWER IIIC / / Limestone shale/siltstone/arenite intercala• tions. SYRINGOTHYRIS LIMESTONE B MaSSive and thickly bedded limestone. A Limestone and arenite. /11//1/ DEVO· UPPER AISHMUQAM III B 1/ Yellowish-green siltstone-shale with bands NIAN of quartz-arenite. A Quartz-arenite with intercalation of blotchy siltstone. MUTH-QUARTZITE Milky white orthoquartzite 11111/ Indicate plant bearing horizon 188 THE PALAEOBOTANIST similar and are of Lower Carboniferous SYRINGOTHYRIS LIMESTONE FORMATION age. Assemblages 4 and 5 are of Lower Permian age (Text-fig. 1). On the basis of dominant lithology and sedimentary sequence this formation is divisible into three distinct members - A, Band C. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE UPPER PALAEOZOIC ROCKS A Member - It consists mainly of arena• ceous limestone which is hard and compact The Upper Palaeozoic sequence in with partings of shale and intercalations Kashmir is represented by several forma• of quartz-arenite. Thus this unit essentially tions, namely Aishmuqam, Syringothyris shows a mixed facies of arenaceous and Limestone, Fenestella Shale, Agglomeratic calcareous sediments. The marine fossils Slate, Nishatbagh, Panjal Volcanic, Mamal are occasionally seen in the limestones and and Zewan in ascending order of succession. comprise brachiopod shells and crinoidal The Muth Quartzite Formation, which fragments. Amongst the brachiopods, most underlies the Aishmuqam Formation, forms common genera are Rhynchone/la and a datum line in the Palaeozoic sequence Chonetes. Possibly from this unit Savage and represents a distinct lithounit; as such (1976) and Tewari, Shrivastava and Gupta all the post-Muth sequences are included (1978) have described the conodont of in the Upper Palaeozoic and sequences up Tournasian age. to Muth in the Lower Palaeozoic. The B Member - It comprises mainly thickly details of all the plant bearing horizons bedded, hard, compact grey to black lime• developed within the Upper Palaeozoic stone. The lower part is massive while the upper part is thickly bedded. The succession are given in Table 1. limestone is brown on weathered surfaces and grey on fresh surfaces. This member forms the most distinctive unit of Syringo• AISHMUQAM FORMATION thyris Limestone Formation and has the richest assemblage of marine fossils. The Recently a distinct mappable lithounit assemblage is dominated by brachiopods has been delineated between orthoquartzite amongst which the productids are most sequence of Muth Quartzite Formation common, followed by Chonetes and rhyn• and a calcareous-argillaceous-arenaceous chonellids; and differs from the underlying sequence of Syringothyris Limestone which A Member by its richness in fossils more has been designated as Aishmuqam For• so because of the abundance of productids. mation by Kumar, Singh and Srivastava C Member - Intercalations of limestone, (1980). This unit was.earlier grouped by arenite and shale-siltstone sequence are Middlemiss (1910) within his Muth Quart• characteristics of this member. Boundary zite Unit. between Band C Members is demarcated Aishmuqam Formation has been divided by the first appearance of dark carbonaceous here into two members - A and B. A shale and siltstone. The member is further Member is represented by variegated quartz• divisible into four sub-units: (i) - The arenite with blotchy siltstone, whereas, B basal 35 m sequence is characterized by Member consists of light yellowish and dominant limestone with intercalations of greenish siltstone with thinly to thickly black shale, siltstone and arenite. Here, bedded intercalations of quartz-arenite. as compared to B Member the fauna is The light coloured siltstone (B Member) poorly represented, especially the productids has yielded plant fossils at Kotsu Hill, Diuth are rare, coral and crinoid are more Spur and the Spur near Ayun and represents common alongwith fragmentary plant re• the oldest plant bearing horizon known mains. This is further followed by a sill so far in Kashmir. B Member is widely of basic rock (35 m). (ii) - This sill distributed in Liddar Valley area. No or basic rock is followed by a 50 m thick marine fauna has been reported so far from sequence of dominant arenite with inter• Aishmuqam Formation. The collection of calations of siltstone, shale and limestone. fossil plants has been made mainly from In this unit marine life is absent and plant Kotsu Hill and Diuth Spur. fossils are abundant at the base and near .;.::::>W::E~::E .- AI DominantlyQuartz AreniteQuartz Areni1e wi1h N .6.lL0:::EI•....I.t>o A BlackSiliceousShaleShaleand withSiltstone andWaHarama Z -"'''' ::E0u PANJAL y y v v VOLCANICSyVyVyVyy Panjal Volcanics ~...,..::v 9 5hol~ Showing Varves (20 m) :::-:-::;.;.~.8 Sandstone (15 m) ~~,..~~"'-"'-7 Shale and Sandstone Alternations (15 m) IZ VVy v Vy 5 Basic Rock ?Flow (a m) 4 Carbonaceous Shale-Slate (25m) with Plants 3 Shale and Tuff Interbands (a m ) 2 Shaly. Tuff (20 m) with Marine Fossils W ~ ...J valIlZ ~~ e::E We: Tuffs (+ 300 m) with Volcanic Bombs and au..:Eo Marine Fossils ...J PANJAL VOLCANIC FORMATION and sandy shale, cherty grey limestone, arenite at times gritty and calcareous, car• This Formation is referred as the Panjal bonaceous shale, purple or pinkish ash Volcanic or Panjal Trap with an estimated bed and novaculite. The latter generally maximum thickness of 2,500 m. So far lies at the base of the formation, though no plant bearing horizon has been reported more than one band has been detected in from this thick succession consisting mainly some sections. There is some regional of basic rocks and a few intermediate and variation in lithology, i,e. all the sequences acidic rocks. developed in the Kashmir Valley are charac• terized by novaculite, limestone and tuffa• ceous shale at the base of the sequence, MAMAL FORMATION whereas, in Pir Panjal area the presence of conglomerate suggests a slightly different The horizons with Glossopteris and other depositional environment. Gondwana elements overlyi ng the Panjal Stratigraphic Position of Nishatbagh and Volcanic were classified by Kapoor (1977) Mamal Formations (Permian) - As stated into four floral beds namely Vihi, Marhoma, earlier the plant bearing horizons having Munda and Mamal in ascending strati• Gondwana affinities have been variously graphic order. Lithostratigraphically all named as Gangamopteris Bed, Lower these plant bearing beds do not occur toge• Gondwana Bed and Permian Gondwana ther but occupy the same stratigraphic by different workers. Earlier the Permian level, i.e. between the underlying Panjal beds in Kashmir Himalaya were treated Volcanic and overlying Zewan Formation. as a single horizon; though their different Their biostratigraphic distinction as given stratigraphic positions were recognized by by Kapoor (1979) is also not very convin• pioneers like Middlemiss (1910), Wadia cing, therefore, here it is proposed to combine (1928, 1934), Bion and Middlemiss (1928) the four floral beds into one formational and Hazra and Prasad (1957). Till recently unit. Among the sections wherefrom the they were thought to be restricted to the plant beds were reported and earlier classi• Intertrappean beds in the Panjal Volcanic, fied into different floral beds, Munda re• i.e. the Agglomeratic Slate and Panjal Vol• presents a very condensed and thin section. canic, and the earlier workers considered Marhoma and Mamal show a thick succes• them as homotaxial though occurring at sion and amongst these, the section at different horizons within the Panjal Vol• Mamal is very rich in plant fossils and as canics. But recently Nakazawa and Kapoor such we consider it as the type section which (1975), Kapoor (1977), Ahmad, Chib and is here being designated as Mamal Forma• Singh (1978) and Kapoor and Shah (1979) tion. have opined that these Gondwana plant The above view is more in the lines beds occur at two distinct stratigraphic suggested by Ahmed, Chib and Singh (1978) levels, i.e. one below and the other above where they have mentioned " .. Kapoor of the Panjal Volcanic. According to (1975) and Kapoor and Shah (1979) con• Kapoor (1979) the older horizon amongst sider that the bed with Gondwana fossils these two plant bearing beds represents in the Pahalgam area is the youngest single Gondwana Bed which he designated Gondwana plant horizon in the Kashmir as Nishatbagh Bed while the plant bearing Himalaya, but its stratigraphic position horizon above the Panjal Volcanic exhibits above the Panjal Trap and below the well four distinct floral beds designated as Vihi, defined Protoretepora and Spirifer raja hori• Marhoma, Munda and Mamal in ascending zons of marine Zewan Formation does not order. Ahmed, Chib and Singh (1978), seem to warrant the ,conclusion. Instead on the contrary, observed that from the it may be an equivalent of Gondwana beds stratigraphic position and structural set up of the Vihi and Marhoma area". the Permian Gondwana plant beds can Lithologically Mamal Formation is re• be considered to occur only at two strati• presented by black and glassy tuffaceous graphic horizons - one at the base of the shales which weather at the surface into Panjal Traps and the other at the top of light grey or ash colour. This formation the Trap. According to them the four is characterized by the presence of siliceous floral beds proposed by Kapoor (1979) 194 THE PALAEOBOTANIST are equivalent to each other and represent DESCRIPTION a single litho unit. Thus lithostratigraphically the Permian UPPER DEVONIAN FLORA plant bearing horizons below and above the Panjal Volcanic are well established ?Taeniocrada sp. in the regional geology of Kashmir. The PI. 1, fig. 1; Text-fig. 3A one below the Panjal Volcanic is very well developed at Nishatbagh with its charac• Description - Stems branched or unbran• teristic Gangamopteris dominated assemblage ched, 4-13 cm long and 0.2-0.8 cm broad, appropriately designated as Nishatbagh ribbon-shaped, surface rugose or showing Formation. The one above the Panjal irregular polygonal markings. Each stem Volcanic, though termed variably by Kapoor having a distinct median ridge or groove (1979) as Vihi, Marhoma, Munda and perhaps representing vascular strand, ± 1 Mamal beds, in fact lithostratigraphically mm wide. represent only one formation occupying Occurrence - Kotsu Hill (Kanjdari). the same stratigraphic position and having Remarks - In general appearance the close lithological as well as floral resem• specimens from Kotsu resemble some of blance with each other. As such all these the species of Taeniocrada White (1903), beds have been referred here together as such as T. dubia Krausel & Weyland (1930) Mamal Formation. and T. langii Stockmans (1939), etc. How• ever, due to lack of details in the present specimens they have been for the present ZEWAN FORMA nON doubtfully referred to the genus Taenio• crada. Conformably overlying the Mamal Forma• tion is a thick fossiliferous marine sequence ?Protolepidodendron sp. of Zewan Formation which consists of PI. 1, figs 2, 3; Text-fig. 3B limestone, shale and calcareous sandstone of Upper Permian age. No plant bearing Description - Stem measuring 7.5 cm in horizon is so far known from this forma• length and 1.2 cm in width; leaf bases spirally tion. arranged, more or less spindle-shaped, Localities - The plant remains, described 7 mm long and 3 mm wide, apex broadly here, have been collected from the following obtuse, gradually tapering towards base. localities: Leaf scars inconspicuous. Upper Devonian - (1) Kotsu Hill (Kanj• Occurrence - Diuth Spur. dori) - 0.5 km NE of Kotsu Village Remarks - The above description is based (33°51': 75°15'). on a single fragmentary stem with badly (2) niuth Spur - 0.5 km North of preserved leaf bases. Leaf scars are rarely Diuth Village (33°51': 75°19'). visible and seem to be oval in shape and Lower Carboniferous-(l) Kotsu Hill (Kanj• are placed in vertical direction, occupying dori) - 0.5 km NE of Kotsu Village almost the central region of leaf bases. (33°51': 75°15'). Because of ill-preservation the specimen (2) Wallarama Spur - 1 km NE of has been provisionally placed under the Wallarama Village (33°54': 75°15'). genus Protolepidodendron. (3) Manigam Spur - 1 km SE of Manigam Village (33°47': 75°16'). LOWER CARBONlFEROUS FLORA (4) Gund - Jammu-Srinagar road sec• tion near Gund Village (33°29': Archaeosigillaria minuta Lejal 75°11'). PI. 1, figs 4-6; Text-fig. 3C Lower Permian - (1) Nishatbagh - Spur 1 km East of Nishatbagh Garden, Specimens from Kashmir: (34°07': 74°54'). 1978 Lepidodendropsis sigillarioides Jong• (2) Marhoma - Spur 2 km NE of mans, Gothan & Darrah: Pal, p. Marhoma Village (33°51': 75°07'). 124, pI. 1, figs 2, 3; pI. 3, fig. 12. (3) Mamal- Nala Section 0.5 km West 1978 Lepidodendropsis pranabii Pal, p. 125, of MamaI Village (33°01': 75°18'). pI. 3, fig. 11. SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 195 TEXT-FIG. 3A-E - A, ?Taeniocrada sp., showing vascular strand, B.S.I.P. no. 36042/2771, from Kotsu, X 1. D, ?Protolepidodendroll sp., showing spindle-shaped scars, B.S.J.P. no. 36044/2543, from Diuth Spur, X 2. C, Arcltaeosigillaria minuta Lejal, 8.S.J.P. no. 36045/2544, from Wallarama, X 2. 0, Lepidosigillaria cr. quadrata Danze-Corsin, showing a few leaf scars, 8.S.J.P. no. 36046/2516, from Wallarama, x 2. E, Lepidodendropsis cf. perllviana (Gothan) Jongmans, only a part of the specimen has been figured, B.S.J.P. No. 36048/2516, from Wallarama,x 2. 196 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Description - Unbranched stem, measur• Occurrence - Manigam Spur, Walla- ing 3-15.5 cm in length and 1.8-3.5 cm in rama Spur and Gund Village. breadth, surface showing closely set, spirally Remarks - The specimens agree most arranged leaf cushions. Leaf cushions hexa• with the specimens described by Lejal (1968, gonal in shape, sometimes oval (in ill pI. 2, fig. 4; text-fig. 2) from the Lower preserved specimens), 3-8 mm long and Carboniferous of Sahara. 2-3 mm broad; lateral margins either straight or slightly curved. Leaf scars mostly placed closer to apical region of leaf cushion, verti• Lepidodendropsis cf. peruviana (Gothan) cally oval, 1-1.5 mm in length. Rarely Jongmans near the centre of leaf-scar a small circular PI. 2, figs 10, 11; Text-fig. 3E depression is visible, perhaps representing the vascular scar. Description - Stems 2-15 cm long and Occurrence - Manigam Spur, Wallarama 2-4 cm wide, unbranched; surface showing Spur and Gund Village. leaf cushions arranged in steeply ascending Remarks - Archaeosigillaria minuta, des• spirals, separated from each other by a cribed here, resembles the specimens earlier margin of about 2 mm in transverse direc• figured by Lejal (1970) from the Lower tion, intervening region smooth. Leaf Carboniferous of Sahara and the Upper cushions vertically elongated, ± 2 times Devonian of Libya by Lejal-Nicol (1975, longer than broad, measuring 4-6 mm in pI. 2, fig. 10; text-fig. 15). length and 2-3 mm in breadth, broadest region about 1/3 below apical end, apex broadly obtuse, base attenuate. Leaf scar Lepidosigillaria cf. quadrata Danze-Corsin oval, ± I mm in diameter, placed closer PI. 1, figs 7-9; Text-fig. 3D to apical end of leaf cushion. Vascular scar not visible. Specimens from Kashmir: Occurrence - Manigam Spur, Walla• rama Spur and Gund Village. 1978 Lepidosigillaria quadrata Danze- Remarks - The specimens from Kashmir Corsin: Pal, p. 123, pI. 2, fig. 5; pI. 3, are closest to the specimens described by fig. 10. Jongmans (1954, pI. 20, fig. 15) from the 1978 Lepidosigillaria cf. quadrata Danze• Lower Carboniferous of Peru. Corsin: Pal & Chaloner, p. 296, fig. lC. Description - Stems 2.5-12.2 cm long and Lepidodendropsis fenestrata Jongmans 2.3-5 cm in diameter, surface covered with PI. 2, figs 12-15; Text-fig. 4A spirally arranged leaf cushions. Leaf cushions about 2-4 mm apart in transverse Specimens from Kashmir: direction, intervening space more or less smooth or somewhat rugose, in vertical 1978 Lepidodendropsis fenestrata Jongmans direction fairly closely set. Leaf cushions & Koopmans: Pal, p. 123, pI. 2, figs quadrangular in shape, lateral margins 6,7. slightly convex, measuring 4-6 mm in length Description - Stems covered with leaf and 2-3 mm in breadth. Leaf scar lying cushions which are arranged in steeply closer to apical region of leaf cushions, ascending spirals, in broader stems leaf vertically oval, measuring ± I mm in length. cushions distantly placed, whereas in Vascular scar and other details not visible. narrower stems they are closely set, 7-23 cm TEXT-FIG. 4A-G - A, Lepidodendropsis jenestrata Jongmans, showing part of a specimen, B.S.J.P. no. 36051/2544, from Wallarama,x 2. B, Cyclostigma cf. pacifica (Steinmann) Jongmans, B.S.J.P. no. 36052/ 2515, from Manigam, x 2. C, Cone-like structure, B.S.J.P. no. 36054/2515, from Manigam, x 2. D, showing a branched stem, n.S.I.P. no. 36055/2519, from Gund, x 1. E, F, Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy) Walkom, B.S.J.P. nos. 36057/2515 and 36058/2515, from Manigam; E,x 1; F,x 2. G, Triphyl/opteris iescuriana (Meek) Jongmans, showing part of a specimen, B.S.J,P. no. 36091/2516, from Wallarama,x 2. SINGH et aJ.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 197 TEXT-FIG. 4A-G. 198 THE PALAEOBOTANIST long and 2-6 cm broad. Leaf cushions condition. Unfortunately, all of them have elliptical, ± 3 times longer than broad; badly preserved leaf cushions and as such in narrower stems cushions about 3 mm their generic identification is difficult. long and 1 mm wide, whereas, in broader Stem casts measuring 10-21 cm in length stems 10 mm long and 3 mm wide; apex and 9-10 cm in diameter. Leaf cushions rounded, base attenuated. Leaf scars oval, arranged in ascending spirals, mostly their elongated in vertical direction, about 3-5 outline is not well-marked, at places seem mm long and less than 1 mm in width. to be hexagonal or rhomboidal, 1.2-1.5 Occurrence - Kotsu Village, Manigam cm long and 0.8-1.0 cm wide. Leaf scar and Wallarama spurs. and other details not available. Remarks - The specimens from Kashmir Occurrence - Wallarama Spur. agree with most of the specimens figured Cone-like structure (Pl. 3, figs 18, 19; by Jongmans in Jongmans and Heide (1955, Text-fig. 4C) - Solitary stem terminating pI. 7, figs la, 2a-d; pI. 8, fig, 3a-f. pI. 9, in a cone-like structure. Specimen as a fig. 4a,b) from the Lower Carboniferous whole measuring 5.2 cm in length and 2.2 of Egypt. cm in breadth. Stem surface covered by spirally arranged leaves. Leaves linear, 1-1.5 cm long and 0.2 cm broad; apex acute. Cyclostigma cf. pacifica (Steinmann) (?) Cone ovoid, 2.2 cm long and 1.3 cm Jongmans broad, ?bractsjsporophylls similar to the PI. 2, fig. 16; PI. 3, fig. 17; Text-fig. 4B leaves covering the main stem. Occurrence - Manigam Spur. Specimens from Kashmir: Remarks - The cone is too ill-preserved to ~e assigned to a definite genus or 1978 Cyclostigma indica Pal, p. 128, pI. 4, specIes. figs 14, 15. Branched Stem (Text-fig. 4D) - The Description - Stems measuring 4.5-18 cm description is based on a single specimen in length and 1.5-3.5 cm in breadth, surface preserved as impression. The main stem showing leaf cushions arranged in steeply is about 9 cm in length and 2.1 cm in width ascending spirals; intervening space variable. at its broadest region. The leaf-bases are Leaf cushions mammiliform or rhomboidal, imperfectly preserved and their details are 2-6 mm long and 1-4 mm broad; apex not visible. The stem at its apical end broadly oval; base slightly tapering. Leaf is dichotomously branched and each branch scars circular, 1.2 mm in diameter, placed is covered with spirally arranged leaves. closer to apical end of leaf cushion. Leaves are linear, about 2-2.5 cm long and Leaves minute, keeled, triangular in shape, 1-1.5 cm broad. about 3 mm long and 2 mm broad at base, Occurrence - Gund Village. apical end pointing outward or curving upwards; apex aristate. Occurrence - Manigam Spur, Wallarama Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy) Walkom Spur and Gund Village. PI. 3, figs 20, 21; Text-fig. 4E, F Remarks - The collection includes about 40 specimens. Out of these, one specimen Indian specimens: at places, shows leaves on its lateral sides. The specimens are comparable with some 1937 Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy) Walkom• of the specimens described earlier by Jong• Rh. inaequilatera Feistmantel (non mans (1954, pI. 17, figs 5-7; pI. 18, figs Goeppert): Gothan & Sahni, p. 196, 8-10; pI. 19, figs 11-13; pI. 20, fig. 14b2, pI. 16, figs 1, 2. ba) as C. pacifica. 1937 Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy)Walkom: Gothan & Sahni, p. 198, pI. 1,figs 1-4. LYCOPHYTA-INCERTAE SEDIS 1955 Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy)Walkom: Hcf>eg, Bose & Shukla, p. 11, pI. 1, Casts of Stems (Pl. 4, fig. 23) - Several fig. 2. specimens preserved in the form of casts 1955 Rhacopteris inaequilatera Goepp. sp.: have been collected from Wallarama Spur Hcf>eg, Bose & Shukla, p. 11, pI. I, in the position of growth, i.e. in erect fig. 3. SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 199 1955 Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy)Walkom: longitudinal direction. Pinnae alternately H¢>eg, Bose & Shukla, p. 11. arranged, attached at an angle of 30°-50°, 1955 Rhacopteris cf. circularis Walton: shape as a whole lanceolate, measuring H¢>eg, Bose & Shukla, p. 11, pI. 2, 3.5-5 em in length and 0.8-1.5 em in breadth. figs 13-15. Pinnules dissected into lobes, 0.8-1.5 em 1955 Rhacopteris inaequilatera Goepp. long and 0.5-0.8 em broad, lobes of un• sp.: H¢>::g, Bose & Shukla, p. 12, equal size and shape, basal part constricted pI. 2, figs 16, 17. to form a petiole; veins mostly not discer• 1974 Rhacopteris cf. circularis Walton: nible; 1-3 veins entering from base of each Maithy (review paper), p. 48. lobe radiating from base, simple or forked. 1974 Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy)Walkom: Occurrence - Manigam and Wallarama Maithy (review paper), p. 48. spurs. 1974 Rhacopteris inaequilatera Goeppert: Remarks - The present specimens match M?ithy (review paper), p. 48. with the specimens earlier figured by Jong• 1978 Rhacopteris cf. circularis Walton: Pal, mans (1954, p. 26, figs 43-45) from the p. 129, pI. 2, fig. 8. Lower Carboniferous of Peru. 1979 Rhacopteris cf. circularis Walton: Pal & Chaloner, p. 296, fig. Id, e. Description (for description assumed to be Rhodea cf. subpetiolata (H. Potoni6) Gothan bipinnate) - Detached pinnae, measuring 5• 10 em in length and 2-3 em in breadth; PI. 5, figs 26, 27; Text-figs. 5D, 6 rachis straight, 2-3 mm wide. Pinnules alternate, closely set, sometimes apical part Indian specimens: of pinnule (lying below) touching base of 1937 Sphenopteris sp. (Rhodea sp.): Gothan pinnule lying immediately above, attached & Sahni, p. 198, pI. 18, fig. 3. at an angle of about 40°-48°. Pinnule 1955 Rhodea sp.: H D 8 TEXT-FIG . 5A-D. SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 201 TEXT-FlG. 6 - Rhodea cf. subpetiolata (H. Potoni6) Gothan, B.S.I.P. no. 36061{2544, from Wallarama, x 1. dissected into fine segments, apices of penul• Occurrence - Kotsu Hill. timate segments rounded. At places mid• Remarks - The specimens from Kotsu vein faintly visible. Hill resemble most the specimens of Palma- TEXT-FIG. 5A-D - A, Triphyllopteris lescuriana (Meek) Jongmans, B.S.I.P. no. 36059{2544, from Wallarama, x 4. B, C, Palmatopferis cf. jurcafa Potoni6, B.S.I.P. nos. 36063{2518 and 36062{2518, from Kotsu; B, xl; C, x 1{2. D, Rhoden cf. subpetiolnta (H. Potonie) Ooth!\n1 B.S,I.P. qQ. ~6090/2544, from Wallarama, x 1. 202 THE PALAEOBOTANIST topteris furcata described by Gothan (1931, plete on one side of midrib and also its pI. 26, fig. 2; pI. 27, fig. 1; text-fig. 4) from base and apex are missing. In venation Westphalian B of Germany. They may pattern the specimen resembles the speci• also be compared with Dactylophyllum mens of Glossopteris longicaulis earlier digitatum described by Morris (1973, pI. 1, described by Feistmantel (1879-81, pI. 31, fig. d) from New South Wales, Australia. figs 1, 3), Maithy (1965, pI. 4, fig. 29), Pant However, our specimens of Palmatopteris and Gupta (1968, pI. 26, figs 45, 46), cf. furcata do not show such variations Banerjee (1978, pI. 7, fig. 13) and Chandra of pinnules as seen in D. digitatum. and Surange (1979, pI. 1, fig. 4; pI. 15, fig. 13). Occurrence - Nishatbagh Spur. LOWER PERMIAN FLORA NISHATBAGH FORMATION Glossopteris nishatbaghensis sp. nov. PI. 6, figs 34-37; Text-fig. 7E Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward PI. 5, figs 28-30; Text-fig. 7G Diagnosis - Leaf linear, measuring 8-14 cm in length and 0.8-1.2 cm in width at its 1905 Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward: broadest region, sometimes tortuous, apex in Seward & Woodward, p. 3, pI. 8, sub-acute or obtuse; base attenuate; margins figs 1-6; pI. 9, figs 1, 2. entire. Midrib distinct, persistent up to 1907 Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward, apex, ± 1 mm wide. Lateral veins arising p. 58, pI. 13, figs 1, 2. at an angle of 10°_15°, slightly away from 1957 Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward: the point of emergence bending upwards Hazra & Prasad, p. 498, pI. 10, fig. 5. and running straight to margin so as to 1963 Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward: form an angle of 30° with margin, concen• Verma, p. 276. tration of veins 18-22 per em, forming short, 1974 Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward: narrow and polygonal meshes. Meshes near Chandra (review paper), p. 131. midrib longer than those near margins. 1977 Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward: Holotype - No. 36067/2542 of Birbal Kapoor, pp. 445, 446. Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. The specimens figured here were collected Occurrence - Nishatbagh Spur. from Nishatbagh Spur and they exactly Comparison - In over all shape Glossop• match with the specimens of G. kashmirensis teris nishatbaghensis resembles most some earlier described by Seward (1905, 1907) of the specimens of G. gondwanensis Pant from Vihi Valley and Resin Spur. & Gupta (1971, pI. 16, fig. 2; also see Occurrence - Banihal Pass, Tata Kuti, Chandra & Surange, 1979, pI. 23, fig. 4). Apharwat, Vihi Valley (type locality), Resin In the latter, however, the apex is acute, and Nishatbagh spurs. also the vein meshes are shorter and broader than G. nishatbaghensis. In external form G. wilkinsonii Feistmantel described Glossopteris longicaulis Feistmantel by Banerjee (1978, pI. 10, fig. 28) and G. Pl. 5, figs 31, 32; Text-fig. 7F taenioides Feistmantel figured by Chandra and Surange (1979, pI. 4, fig. 6) may be Description - The collection includes a compared with G. nishatbaghensis. How• solitary specimen whose lamina is incom- ever, in the former two species secondary TEXT-FIG.7A-G - A, B, Parasphenophyl/um thonii var. minor (Sterzel) Asama, B.S.I.P. no. 36069/2538, from Mamal; A,x 1; B, details from A,x 2. C, Trizygia speciosa Royle, B.S.T.P. no. 36071/2538, from Mamal, X 2. D, ?Nummulospermum sp., B.S.I.P. no. 36068/2542, from Nishatbaph Spur, x 8. E, Glossop• teris nishatbaghensis sp. nov., a portion from the holotype showing veins; B.S.I.P. no. 36066/2542, from Nishatbagh Spur, x 4. F, Glossopteris longicaulis Feistmantel, part of a specimen showing veins, B.S.I .P. no. 36066/2542, from Nishatbagh Spur, x 4. G, Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward, part of a specimen showin¥ veins, B.S.I.P. nO. 36064(2542,from Nishatbagh Spur, x 4. SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 203 ---~\\YTr-Trr---;-:~1 ~\\~ I II ~// i ~~\\\ I \1- f;!~1 \~~~ I \I!I~ tl , \\\\\\ \1\11111 ! t I. J F TEXT-FIG. 7A-G~ 204 THE PALAEOBOTANIST veins arise at an angle of 70°-90°. G. senii specimens of P. thonii var. minor (Sterzel) Srivastava (1969) is much narrower and Asama (1970) from the Permian of China, smaller in size than G. nishatbaghensis. Korea, Maiya and Japan. In the former secondary veins arise at an angle of 60°-80°. Trizygia speciosa Royle PI. 6, figs 41, 42; Text-fig. 7C ?Nummulospermum sp. PI. 5, fig. 33; Text-fig. 7D Description - Fragmentary specimens measuring 2-3.8 cm in length and Description-Platyspermic seed, 5 x4 mm, 0.7-1.2 cm in breadth. Stems less broadly oval in shape; central body sur• than 1 mm in width, articulate rounded by a wing; micropylar end showing with swollen nodes; internodes 4-7 mm a pair of minute beak-like projections. in length, showing a median ridge. Each Occurrence - Nishatbagh Spur. node consisting of a whorl of six leaves Remarks - ?Nummulospermum sp. re• arranged in trizygoid manner, two pairs sembles N. bowense, described by Walkom of lateral leaves (in fossilized condition) (1921) and Maithy (1965) in overall shape, larger in size than the remaining two leaves however, it differs from the latter species (pointing towards base of specimen). Lateral in being much smaller in size. leaves 4-8 mm long and 3-5 mm broad, the remaining two measuring 3-5 mm in MAMAL FORMATION length and 1.5-3 mm in breadth. Over all shape of leaves obovate, margins entire. Leaf apex broadly obtuse, base cuneate; Parasphenophyllum thonii var. minor (Sterzel) Asama veins obscure, seems to be straight. Occurrence - Mama!' PI. 6, figs 38-40; Text-fig. 7A, B Remarks - The Mamal specimens agree with those described from the Lower Gond• Description-Specimens incomplete, show• wana beds of peninsular India by Mahe• ing one or two whorls of leaves. Stem shwari (1968) and Maithy (1978). They articulate, showing a median groove or also resemble the specimens reported by ridge, ± 1 mm wide. Internodes about Asama (1970) from the Permian of China 1.5 cm long, each whorl having six leaves and Korea. of almost similar size and shape. Leaves measuring 1-1.5 cm in length and 0.6-1.2 cm in breadth at its broadest region, Labatannularia ensifolia Halle obovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate, margin PI. 7, figs 43-46; Text-fig. 8C, D entire; 1-3 veins emerging from base, after emergence repeatedly dichotomising, only Specimens from Kashmir: 2-3 veins running straight along median portion of lamina remaining arching out• 1977 Kashmiropteris meyenii Kapoor, p. 446, wards, concentration of veins 18-20 per pI. 169, figs 1, 2. cm. 1977 Kawizophyllum dunpathriensis Kapoor, Occurrence - MamaI. p. 446, pI. 170, fig. 2. Remarks - Unlike Sphenophyllum Brong• Several specimens have been collected niart (1828), which has straight veins, the from MamaI. Out of these, except one, present specimens have leaves with arched the rest are either detached leaves or veins. As such they have been referred portions from a leaf whorl. The descrip• to Parasphenophyllum Asama (1970). The tion is based on the specimen figured in specimens resemble the earlier described PI. 7, figs 43, 44. TEXT-FIG. 8A-E - A, B, Rajahia mamalensis sp. nov., B.S.l.P. nos. 36077/2538 and 36078/2538, frem Mamal, x I. C, D, Lobafallllularia ellsifolia Halle, showing part and counterpart, B.S.l.P. nos. 36073/2538 and 36072/2538, from Mamal, x 1. E, Rajahia lIIamalensis sp. nov., details from A, x 4. 205 ....~ \ ...... j ••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• M, ('-- .._._ ...._• E 206 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Description - The largest specimen, (mostly once), sometimes twice (out of having part and counterpart, measures 6.5 the first two branches only the distal forking cm in length and 6 cm in breadth. Stem once), emerging at an angle of 70°-85°, articulate, showing a median ridge, measur• (rarely 90°), slightly arching. ing 3 mm in breadth near basal end and Holotype - No. 36077/2538 of Birbal 2 mm near apical end; internodes 2-3 cm Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow. long, each node with a whorl of leaves, Occurrence - MamaI. which are divided into two groups on either Remarks - Pecopteris sp. figured by side of node, each side comprising 6-9 leaves. Kapoor (1977, pI. 170, fig. 1) resembles Leaves linear with acute apex, measuring our specimens of Rajahia mamalensis. From 1.5-4 cm in length and ± 0.2 cm in breadth; the photograph it is not clear whether the each leaf with a median vein; transverse specimen is sterile or fertile. Unfortunately thickenings absent. none of the specimens of Pecopteris sp. Occurrence - MamaI. of Kapoor (1977) were available to us, so Remarks - The present specimens match we have not been able to include Kapoor's exactly with the specimens of Lobatan• specimens under the synonymy of R. mama• nularia ensifolia figured by Halle (1927, lensis. As our all specimens are sterile pI. 11, figs 5, 6) and Boureau (1964, fig. so in the diagnosis we have only included 170). the description of sterile specimens. Raniganjia qubensis Hsii (1976) from the Comparison - Rajahia mamalensis re• Permian of Southern Xizang is also similar sembles, in gross features, R. bifurcata to our specimens of L. ensifolia and we Kormo, R. linggiuensis Konno, R. pseudo• think that they should also be referred to hemitelioides Konno, R. rajahii Konno Labatannularia. In our opinion Kashmir• and R. sengensis Kormo described by opteris meyenii Kapoor (1977) is only an Konno in Konno, Asama and Rajah, apical portion of Labatannularia ensifolia (1970), however, it can be readily distin• whereas, Kawizophyllum dunpathriensis guished from all of them by its venation Kapoor (1977) is a detached leaf of the pattern. Unlike the Chinese specimens R. same species. mamalensis has twice forked veins. R. mamalensis also resembles Dizeugotheca qubensis Hsii (1976, pI. 2, figs 8-12) in Rajahia mamalensis sp. novo general shape of pinnules, however, in the PI. 7, figs 47-50; Text-fig. 8A, B, E latter species the lateral veins in the pinnules are unforked. Diagnosis - Leaves bipinnate, sterile, estimated length and breadth more than 12 cm and 10 cm respectively, substance Glossopteris intermittens Feistm:lIltel of lamina thick. Principal rachis straight PI. 8, figs 52-54; Text-fig. 9 or slightly curved near apex, 1-3 mm wide, surface showing hexagonal pat• This is the first record of Glossopteris terns or faint striations in longitudinal intermittens from Kashmir. All the speci• direction. Pinnae alternate, attached at mens look similar to the ones earlier an angle of 50°-80°, exceeding 5 cm in described by Feistmantel (1881), Banerjee length, 0.4-1.5 cm in breadth; surface show• (1978, pI. 7, fig. 12) and Chandra and Surange (1979, pI. 3, fig. 5; pI. 17, fig. 9). ing discontinuous, fine longitudinal striations Occurrence - MamaI. or hexagonal patterns. Pinnules alternate, attached at an angle of 75°-90°, first pinnule arising on basiscopic side (kata• Glossopteris cf. communis Feistmantel dromic), closely set, rarely touching each PI. 8, fig. 51; Text-fig. 10 other. Pinnules somewhat oval in shape, 2-7.5 mm long and 1.5-2.5 mm broad (rarely Specimens from Kashmir: 3 mm); margins entire; apex obtuse; acro• scopic margin straight or. slightly decurr.ent. 1957 Glossopteris communis Feistmantel: Midrib prominent, towards apex occaSIOn• Hazra & Prasad, p. 502. ally forking and becoming fainter; lateral 1977 Glossopteris communis Feistmantel: veins katadromic, forking once or twice Kapoor, p. 446. SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 207 TEXT-FIG. 9 - Glossopteris illtermittells Feistmantel, part of a specimen enlarged to show veins, B.SJ.P. no. 36081{2538,from Mama!, x 4. ...... li ! //1;/·········..-;7···· ···..~&~~i····..········..··..·· ·····..···..;;?~· ·········1 .'(:;'n ~~~I Pili /~;~~.i LI~11,./ I ///;, 5A~.~~Wff~ TEXT-FIG. 10 - Glossopteris cf. cOllllllullis Feistmantel, part of a specimen enlarged, B.S.I.P. DO. ~6080{2538, from Mamal, x 4. 208 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Description - Leaves incomplete at base 10.5 Cm in length and 4 cm in breadth; and apex, largest specimen 13.5 cm long margin entire. Midrib 2-4 mm wide, show• and 9 cm broad, m'l.rgin entire. Midrib ing a distinct median groove or ridge. distinct, 3-5 mm broad, showing a median Lateral veins emerging at an angle of 45°• groove or a ridge; lateral veins arising at 50° (angle of divergence less towards apex), an angle of 40°-45°, after emergence running slightly away from the point of emergence forward for about 1-2 mm distance and arching upwards and then running straight then arching upwards, near midrib veins up to margin, concentration of veins 8-10 concentration 18 per cm and towards margin per cm near midrib and 12-14 per cm near 24 per cm. Meshes narrow elongate along margin; meshes elongate and broad near m3.jor part of lamina, closer to margin midrib; slightly narrower and longer along much n,arrower. major part of lamina; smaller and narrower Occurrence - Mamai. towards margins. Remarks - Glossopteris communis Feist• Occurrence - MamaI. mantel (1876) has three lectotypes. The Remarks - Chandra and Surange (1979) first (G.S.£. No. 5088) was selected by Pant while describing Glossopteris feistmantelii and Gupta (1968) out of the specimens Rigby, kept the following specimens under described by Feistmantel (1879-81, pI. 31, its synonomy: fig. 5) from Karharbari. This specimen 1882 Glossopteris cordata Feistmantel, Mem. is preserved in the form of incrustation geol. Surv. India, 4, p. 34, pi. XX, fig. 1. and its cuticle was studied by Pant and 1964 Glossopteris feistmantelii Rigby, Proc. Gupta (1968). The second (G.S.I. No. 5283) Vnn. Soc. N.S. w., 89(1), p. 154. was selected by Banerjee (1978) out of 1977 Glossopteris fuchsii, Srivastava, A. K., Feistmantel's (1881, pI. 36A, fig. 2) speci• Palaeobotanist, 23 (3), pp. 21, 22, pI. 2, menS from Raniganj Stage. The third fig. 10. (G.S.!. No. 5022) was selected by Chandra However, they have figured Some of and Surange (1979) out of the original these specimens as follows: collection of Feistmantel (1879-81, pI. 17, fig. 2) from Karharbari. Pant and Gupta Plate 2, fig. 3 - Glossopteris cordata Feist• (1968) have not mentioned any reason for mantel (= Glossopteris selecting a lectotype for G. communis; nor fuchsii of Srivastava, have Banerjee (1978) and Chandra and A. K.) specimen no. 37/ Surange (1979) given reasons for rejecting 1992, B.S.I.P. Pant and Gupta's (1968) lectotype of G. Plate 5, fig. 3 - Glossopteris feistmantelii communis and instituting their own. Also Rigby, specimen no. none of these authors have taken into con• 5478, G.S.I. sideration the original figured specimen Plate 10, fig. 3 - Glossopteris feistman- of Feistmantel (1876, pI. 21, fig. 5). telii Rigby (= Gloss• Without adding to tb,is confusion we opteris browniana of have compared our. specimens with som.e Feistmantel), specimen of the original specImens of G. commUnt5 no. 5252, G.S.I. Feistmantel (1879-81, pi. 17, figs 1, 2; pi. 31, Plate 16, fig. 10 - Glossopteris feistman- fig. 5) and have found the~ to be somewhat telii Rigby (= Gloss• similar. Only difference IS that the angle opteris fuchsii of Srivas• of emergence of lateral veins in Feist• tava, A. K.), specimen mantel's (1879-81) specimen is slightly less no. 37/1392, B.S.I.P. than the specimens from Mama!' T~e Out of the above specimens Chandra present specimens also resemble th: speCI• and Surange (1979, pI. 38, fig. 2) gave a men of G. communis figured by Hsu (1976, restoration of Glossopteris feistmantelii pl. 4, fig. 23). Rigby based on the specimen figured by Feistmantel (1882, pI. 20, fig. 1). In their Glossopteris cf. feistmantelii Rigby restoration of G. feistmantelii, they have shown the leaf base as cordate although PI. 9, fig. 57; Text-fig. 11 in the actual specimen the base is missing. Description - Leaf size and shape l;ln• In none of our specimens the base is }Cllown, largest available leaf meaSUrIng preserved, however, the specimens in gross SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 209 TEXT-FIG. II- Glossopteris cf. jeistmalltelii Rigby, B.S.I.P. no. 36087/2538, from Mamal, x 2. features and venation pattern resemble ing 8.5 cm in length and 4.4 cm in breadth; most the specimen of G. cordata Feist• margins entire. Midrib persistent along mantel (= G. fuchsii of Srivastava, A. K.) entire length, 2 mm wide (near apex 1 mm figured by Chandra and Surange (1979, wide); lateral veins arising at an angle of pI. 2, fig. 3). 70°-90° (near apex 60°), running straight up to margin, concentration of veins 14-16 per cm; meshes more or less hexagonal, Glossopteris cf. taeniopteroides Feistmantel longer towards midrib, shorter towards PI. 8, fig. 55; PI. 9, fig. 56; Text-fig. 12 margin. Occurrence - Mamal. Description - Fragmentary leaves with• Remarks - The above specimens resemble out base and apex, largest specimen mea sur- in venation pattern the leaf of Glossopteris 210 THE PALAEOBOTANIST ...... __ .'•...... •. ; ....._~..._.../' __ l -- ....., \ .f -- (' .... ,' ----- /..••.. ~ ,. - - -- ; ~'-.•. '.~. - \ .... \. \.•...... ~..••.•...... i \.. - -~- - \ .•...... ~.. TEXT-FIG.12 - Glossopteris cf. taeniopteroides Feistmantei, B.S.I.P. no. 36084/2538, from Mama], x 2. taeniopteroides Feistmantel described by Glossopteris angustifolia Brongniart Banerjee (1978, pl. 10, fig. 27). They also PI. 9, figs 58, 59; Text-fig. 13 resemble the specimen of G. taeniopteroides figured by Srivastava (1956, p1. 7, fig. 48) At Mamal this is the commonest species. from Raniganj Stage. This letter specimen All the specimens are incomplete, but in has now been transferred under G. general shape and venation pattern they srivastavae Surange & Maheshwari by are in agreement with the various specimens Chandra and Surange (1979). In our of G. angustifolia Brongniart, including opinion the specimen of G. taeniopteroides the holotype figured by Banerjee (1978, figured by Srivastava (1956, pI. 7, fig. 48) pI. 1, fig. 1) and Rigby et al. (1980, figs is quite different from the type specimet; 15-17). They also resemble the specimens of G. srivastavae Surange & Maheshwan of G. angustifolia described by Hsii (1976, (1962, pI. I, fig. 9). In the latter specimen pI. 3, figs 16, 17) from southern Xizang, vein meshes are much broader and longer Tibet. (nearly two times). Occurrence - Mamal. SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 211 TEXT-FIG. 13- Glossopteris angllstiJolia Brongniart, a portion of a specimen enlarged showing veins, B.S.I.P. no. 36086/2538, from Mamal, X 4. Glossopteris sp. British Museum (Natural History), London PI. 9, fig. 62 and it bears the number V 19620. Under the synonymy of G. stricta, Description - Leaf incomplete at base Chandra and Surange (1979) have referred and apex, measuring 12.2 cm in length a specimen of G. stricta figured by Feist• and 3 cm in breadth; midrib prominent mantel (1881, pI. 38A, fig. 3). They have throughout the entire length, ± 1.5 mm also figured this specimen (Chandra & wide; lateral veins emerging at an angle Surange, 1979, pI. 5, fig. 4). We, however, of 80°-90° (towards base almost at 90°), consider this specimen to be quite distinct forming broad meshes near midrib, little from the original specimen of G. stricta away from midrib narrower and longer, figured by Bunbury (1861, pI. 9, fig. 5). concentration of veins 18-20 per cm. Bunbury's specimen shows about 1-2 mm Occurrence - Marhoma. wide infra-marginal portion which is thinner Remarks - Glossopteris stricta Bunbury than the rest of the lamina. This infra• (1861, pI. 9, fig. 5) has two lectotype marginal region has much smaller and numbers - the first, no. 10363 of British polygonal meshes as compared to the meshes Museum (Natural History), London is over the major part of the lamina. Such mentioned by Banerjee (1978) and the second infra-marginal region is not present in the no. R 10636 of the Museum of Geological specimen figured by Chandra and Surange Society, London by Chandra and Surange (1979, pI. 5, fig. 4) and it is quite likely that (1979). Actually Bunbury's (1861, pI. 9, it is different from the original specimen fig. 5) type specimen is now stored in the of Bunbury (1861, pI. 9, fig. 5). Our speci- 212 THE PALAEOBOTA 1ST men resembles the specimens of G. stricta 1912 Psygmophyllum haydeni Seward, p. 6, figured by Chandra and Surange (1979 pI. 3, figs 8-11, pI. 5, fig. 4) in gross features as well as i~ 1943 Psygmophyllum haydeni Seward: venation pattern. It, however, differs from Sitholey, p. 184, pI. 10, fig. 1; pI. 11, G. stricta of Bunbury (1861, pI. 9, fig. 5) figs 2-8; text-figs 1-3. in lacking the infra-marginal region. 1957 Psygmophyllum haydeni Seward: Hazra & Prasad, p. 502, pI. 10, figs 6, 7. 1960 Ginkgophyton haydeni (Seward) HJ1jeg ?Cordailes sp. & Bose, p. 42. PI. 9, figs 60, 61; Text-fig. 14 1974 Ginkgophyllum haydenii (Seward) Maithy, p. 303. Description - Fragmentary leaf devoid of base and apex, measuring 5.2 cm in length Emended Diagnosis - Leaves flabellate, and 2 cm in breadth; veins parallel, un• measuring up to 13 cm in length and 12 forked, concentration of veins 12-14 per cm in width; base narrow, forming a petiole, cm; interveining spaces occupied by fibre• 4-5 mm broad; apical end deeply dissected like structure. into six or more obcuneate segments, angle Occurrence - MamaI. of division small; veins diverging from Remarks - The specimen is too incom• base, repeatedly dichotomising, running plete; it has been doubtfully referred to straight, subparallel, concentration of veins ?Cordaites sp. because of the presence of near base 10 per cm, towards apex 20-22 fibre-like structure in between veins. per cm. Lectotype - PI. 3, fig. 10 in Seward (1912). Ginkgophyllum haydenii (Seward) Maithy Comparison - In gross features Ginkgo• Text-figs 15, 16 phyllum haydenii somewhat resembles G. kidstonii Maithy (1974), but the latter differs 1905 Psygmophyllum sp.: Seward in Seward in having a single median fissure. G. hol• & Woodward, p. 6, pI. 9, fig. 3. landii (Seward) Maithy (1974) differs from G. haydenii in having only two distinct segments in each leaf. Ginkgophyllum sahnii (Ganju) Maithy Text·fig. 17 :\~\\\\\\\\\\ \\i\ \\hi\ \ \ i\I \ 1111:: :~ \\\\\~ \ \ ~ 11\ I I I; 1943 Psygmophyllum sahnii Ganju, p. 205, pI. 14, fig. 1; text-figs 1·3 1974 Ginkgophyllum sahnii (Ganju) Maithy. p.303. 1982 Psygmophyllum sahnii Ganju: Pant, p. 67, fig. 4F. Emended Diagnosis - Stem measuring 21.5 cm in length and 0.8·1.2 cm in width, longi• tudinally striated. Leaves spirally arranged, obcuneate, base drawn into petiole-like \ \\ ,II/I structure, measuring 5.5-7.5 cm in length and 5-6.5 cm in width, leaf bilobed, each lobe further divided into two incomplete lobes; median fissure extending nearly 1/2 to 3/4 length of leaf, lateral fissures extend• ing nearly up to 1/4 length of leaf. Veins emerging from base, after emergence re• peatedly dichotomising, concentration of TEXT-FIG. 14 - ?Cordaites sp., part of a speci• veins 10-12 per cm. men showing veins, B.S.J.P. no. 36088/2538, from Lectotype - No. R/5 of the Department MamaJ,x 4. of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. SINGH ef al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 213 TEXT-FIG. 15 - Ginkgophyllum haydenii (Seward) Maithy, redrawn from Sitholey (1943, text-fig. 1), x 1/2; Comparison - Ginkgophyllum hollandii I CERTAE SEDIS (Seward) Maithy (1974) differs from G. sahnii in having a single median fissure. Observations on Lepidostrobus kashmirensis Moreover, the veins in G. hollandii are Srivastava & Kapoor running more or less straight, whereas, in Text-fig. 18 G. sahnii the veins are curved. G. kidsfonii (Seward) Maithy (1974), too, has a single Srivastava and Kapoor (1967, pI. 5, figs median fissure. G. haydenii (Seward) Maithy 1-3; text-fig. 1) described Lepidostrobus has six or more segments. kashmirensis from the tuffaceous shales 214 THE PALAEOBOTANJST TEXT-FlG. 16 - GinkfJophyllul11 haydenii (Seward) Maithy, redrawn from Sitholey (1943, text·fig. 2), xl. of MamaI. We have also collected a few terpart, do not show any resemblance with fragmentary pieces of similar cones. The any of the known species of Lepidostrobus. description of the most complete specimen It is most unlikely that it belongs to the is as follows: genus Lepidostrobus. This has already been Cone cylindrical, uniformly broad from doubted by Surange (1971). It is quite base to apex, measuring 18.7 em in length likely that these cones may belong to one and 2.4 cm in width. Exposed part of of the genera present in the Mamal stalk about 0.5 cm long and 0.4 em wide. assemblage. Cone sC:lles spirally arranged, rhomboidal in shape, mostly keeled. DISCUSSION Occurrence - Mamal. Remarks - The figured sp;:cimen (Text• The occurrence of various genera and fig. 18), which is available in part and coun- species, at different localities, within the SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 215 TEXT-FIO. 17 - Ginkcophyllum sahnii (Ganju) Maitby, redrawn from Ganju (1943. text-fig. 1),x 1/2. 216 THE PALAEOBOTANIST Upper Palaeozoic sequence of Kashmir Himalaya has been shown in Table 2. Within this sequence the oldest assemblage, occurring at Kotsu and Diuth spurs, has only two genera with doubtful affinities. Both Taeniocrada and Protolepidodendron are Devonian forms and their .occurrence in Kashmir is important, because so far we do not have any other record of Devonian plants anywhere in Kashmir. May be further search will yield a better Devonian flora in B Member of the Aishmuqam Formation, which is overlain by a sequence having mega- and microfauna of Tournasian age. The Lower Carboniferous flora has two distinct assemblages. Out of these, the older assemblage belongs to the basal part of C Member of the Syringothyris Limestone Formation which overlies the marine fauna of Tournasian age. Here the fossiliferous beds, exposed at Kotsu, are full of Lepido• dendropsisjenestrata Jongmans and Palmato• pteris cf. jurcata Potoni6. The floral assemblage and the associated marine fauna suggest a Visean age for the C Member of Syringothyris Limestone Formation. The younger assemblage, consisting of Archaeo• sigillaria minuta Lejal, Lepidosigillaria cf. quadrata Danz6-Corsin, Lepidodendropsis cf. peruviana (Gothan) Jongmans, L jenestrqta Jongmans, Cyclostigma cf. pacifica (Stem• mann) Jongmans, Rhacopteris ovata, (McCoy) Walkom, Triphyllopteris lescuriana (Meek) Jongmans and Rhodea cf. subpe• tiolata (H. Potoni6) Gothan, comes from A and C Members of Fenestella Shale For• mation which on the faunal evidence has been dated as Middle Visean to Bashkirian in age. The overall assemblage is more like the Lower Carboniferous assemblage earlier described by H0eg, Bose and Shukla (1955) rom the Po Series of Spiti. In Spiti, H0eg, Bose and Shukla (1955) ha~ failed to find any lycopsid remain. TheIr presence in Spiti has now been record.ed by Dhar, Ram and Rao (1980). In Its overall floral composition the Fenestella Shale assemblage resembles most the as• semblage described by Jongmans (1954) from the Lower Carboniferous of Peru. TEXT-FIO. 18- Cone-like organ, redrawn from Srivastava and Kapoor (1969, text-fig. I), x ca 1. Pages 217-218 ----- TABLE 2 - SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER FOSSIL PLANTS UPPER LOWER CARBONIFEROUS LOWER PERMIAN DEVONIAN--- Diuth Kotsu Kotsu Gund Mani- Walla- Nishat- Mamal Mar- Golab- Dand- Munda Risin Gun- gam rama bagh homa garh lutar yul ?Taeniocrada sp. + ?Protolepidodendron sp. + Archaeosigil/aria minuta - - + + + Lejal Lepidosigil/aria cf. quadrata - - + + + Danze-Corsin Lepidodendropsis cr. peru- - - + + + viana (Gothan) Jongmans Lepidodendropsis fenestrata - + - + + Jongmans Cyclostigma cr. pacifica - - - + + + (Steinmann) Jongmans Parasphenophyl/um thonii ------+ var. minor (SterzeI) Asama Trizygia speciosa Royle ------+ Lobatannularia ensifolia ------+ Halle Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy) - - + + Walkom Tripltyl/opteris lescuriana - - - - + + (Meek) Jongmans Rhodea cf. subpetiolata - -- - + + (H. Potonie) Gothan Palmatopteris cr. jiJrcata - + Potonie Rajahia mamalensis sp. nov. ------+ Gangamopteris kashmirensis - -- - - + - - + - + + Seward Glossopteris longical/lis - -- -- + Feistmantel -Glossopteris nishatbagl1ensis - - - - - + sp. nov. -Glossopteris intermittens ------+ Feistmantel -Glossopteris cf. communis ------+ - - - + Feistmantel Glossopteris cf. feistmantelii - -- - - + Rigby Glossopteris cf. taeniop------+ teroides Feistmantel Glossopteris angustifolia ------+ Brongniart Glossopteris sp. ------+ ?Cordaites sp. ------+ Ginkgophyl/um haydenii ------+ + + (Seward) Maithy Ginkgophyl/um sahnii ------+ -- - + + (Ganju) MaithY ?Nummulospermum sp. - - - - + Cone-like organ ------+ SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR IDMALAYA 219 However, the Fenestella Shale assemblage characteristic Cathaysian genera, viz., Loba• may also be compared with most of the tannularia enslfolia Halle and Rajahia mama• Lower Carboniferous floral assemblages des• lensis sp. novo and shows close similarity cribed from Ghana (Menash & Chaloner, with the assemblages described by Hsii 1971), Shara (Lejal, 1968), Morocco (Danze• (1973, 1976) from Mt. Jolmo Lungma region Corsin, 1965), Libya (L~jal-Nicol, 1975), and southern Xizang in Tibet. The Tibetian Egypt (Jongmans & Heide, 1955), Australia assemblage from southern Xizang has speci• (Rigby, 1973; Morris, 1975), China (Sze, mens resembling Lobatannularia and Rajahia 1936; Chang, 1956; Ac;ama, 1973), Western alongwith the species of Glossopteris (G. Europe (Lutz, 1933; Lacey, 1962; Wagner, communis, G. angustlfolia and G. indica). 1978) and U.S.A. (Jongmans, Gothan & It has also Sphenophyllum speciosum. Darrah, 1935; Chaloner & Meyen, 1973). From the foregoing account it seems Thus it seem,; that the Low~r Carboniferous that the Permian flora of Kashmir is different flora of India was similar to those known from the Permian assemblages known from from the other parts of the world. Peninsular India. The assemblage from Like Lower Carboniferous, the Lower Nishatbagh Formation differs from Talchir Permian. too, has two distinct asc;emblages. and Karharbari formations in having Gan• The older one, i.e. the assemblage from gamopteris kashmirensis and Glossopteris the Nishatbagh Formation, is dominated nishatbaghensis. As the fossiliferous beds by Gangamopteris and the younger assem• belonging to Nishatbagh Formation overlie blage from Mamal is dominated by Glos• the Lower Permian beds having Eurydesma, sopteris. The Nishatbagh Formation con• the age of the Nishatbagh Formation may sists of Gangamopteris kashmirensis Seward, safely be considered as early Artinskian. Glossopteris longicaulis Feistm'lntel, G. The younger assemblage from Mamal nishatbaghensis sp. novo and ?Nummulo• Formation is also quite distinct from all spermum sp. Th~ Mamal Form'1tion has the Permian assemblages known from Penin• ParasphenophyTlwn thonii var. minor (Sterzel) sular India. The various species of Gloss• Asama, TrizYf(ia speciosa Royle, Lobatan• opteris described above resemble more the nularia ens({olia Halle, Rafahia mamalensis Barakar species of Glossopteris in gross sp. nov., Glossopteris intermittens Feist• features. However, when their cuticular m'1ntel, G. cf. communis Feistmantel, G. structure wilt be known they may prove cf. {eistmanteTii Rigby, G. cf. taeniopteroides to be different. Moreover, the presence Feistmantel, G. am:usti{olia Brongniart, of Lobatannularia ensifolia Halle and Ra;ahia Glossopteris sp., ?Cordaites sp., Ginkf!;o• mamalensis sp. novo make the assemblage phyTlum haydenii (Seward) Maithy, G. sahnii different from that of the Barakar assem• (G'lnju) M'lithyand a cone-like organ. blage. The fossiliferous beds belonging to The foc;c;il flora from the Nishatbagh Mamal Formation are overlain by the Zewan Formation h'lS been compared by earlier Formation. The basal A Member has workers with the Talchir flora of Peninsular been dated as Abadehian because of the India. Recently, Kapoor (1977) opined that presence of characteristic foraminifers Nishatbagh and Vihi beds are homotaxial to like Abadehella and Colaniella. As such the Talchir Formation rather than Karh'1rbari the age of the Mamal Formation is con• Form'1tion. In the common occurrence sidered as early Kungurian. of Gangamopteris the Nishatbagh assem• In the Him'1laya, like the Mamal as• blage is more like the one known from the semblage, recently a mixed assemblage Rikba Bed of Peninsular India. However, comprising Lower Gondwana elements and at Nishatbagh Glossopteris nishatbaghensis northern hemisphere species like Annularia is dominant, unlike Rikba where GG/lf(a• sp. cf. A. steTlata(Schlothiem) has been mopteris cyclopteroides is dominant. The reported by Tiwari and Singh (1981) Karharbari Formation has both Ganga• from the Kumaun Him'llaya. From Solan mopteris as well as Noeggerathiopsis. At area, along Kalka-Simla Road, Kul• Nishatbagh so far, we have failed to colIect shreshtha et al. (1982) have reported Ganga• any specimen of Noeggerathiopsis. mopteris fibrosa Maithy. These records The M'1m'll assemblage is ch'1racterized along with the records of mixed floras by the dominance of s~veral species of occurring at Mamal and southern Xizang Glossopteris and by the presence of two suggest that during Lower Permian 220 THE PALAEOBOTANIST the Himalayan region had floral assemblages of India (Northern Region), Lucknow for which were quite distinct from the aSsem• his kind permission to undertake this blages known from the Lower Gondwan:t collaborative project and for his help in of Peninsular India and the northern Cathay• organisi ng the field trips to Ka~hmir. Our sian flora. This naturally raises the thanks are also due to Mr S. P. Jalote question whether there was a sep;uate land and Mr G. Kum'lr for all their help dur• mass between the Cathaysia on the north ing our stay at Aishmuqam Centre, Train• and the Gondwana VlI1d on the south. in~ Institute of the Geological Survey ACKNOWLEDGEME TS of India. We are deeply indebted to Dr Jaya,>ri Banerji for her kind help in draw-. We are grateful to Dr B. N.' Sinha, ing some of the Text-figures reproduced Deputy Director-General, Geological Survey here. REFERENCES AHMED,F., CHIB, K. S. & SINGH, A. J. (1978). Per• in the Raniganj Coalfield, collected by Mr J. mian System in north and north·eastern part Wood·Mason. J. Asiat. Soc. Ben/wI. 45: 329-380. of Kashmir Himalayas. Himalayan Geology, FETSTMANTEL,O. (1879). The fossil flora of the 8 (1): 224·251. Gondwana System - 1. Theflora of the Talchir• ASAMA,K. (1970). Evolution and classification of Karharbari beds. Mem. Keol. Surl'. lndia Sphenophyllales in Cathaysia Land. Bull. IlOtn, Palaeollt. indica. Ser. 12.3 (1): 1-64. Sci. Mus., 13 (2): 291-317. FEISTMANTEL,O. (1881). 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GondwallidiulII and other 109-J 30. similar Upper Palaeozoic genera and their strati• LEJAL-NICOL, ANNIE (1975). Sur u ne nouvelle graphic significance. Geol. Surv. Qd publication f10re a lycophytes du Devonien inferieur de la No. 350, Palaeontological paper, 24: 1-10. Libye. Palaeon/ographica, B151: 52-96. RIGBY, J. F., MAHESHWARI,H. K. & SCHOPF,J. M. LUTZ, J. (1933). Zur Kulmflora von geigen bei hof. (1980). Revision of Permian plants collected Palaeontographica, B78: 1J 5-153. by J. D. Dana during 1839-1840 in Australia. MAHESHWARJ,H. K. (1968). Studies in the Glossop• Geol. SlIrv. Queensland Publicatioll No. 376, teris flora of ] ndia-38. Remarks on Trizygia Palaeontological paper, 47: 1-21. specios'l Royle with reference to the genus Spluno• SEWARO,A. C. (1907). Permo-Carboniferous plants phy//um Koenig. Palaeobo/anis/, 16 (3): 283-287. from Kashmir. Rec. geol. surv. India, 36 (1): MAITHY, P. K. (1965). Studies in the Glossopteris 57-6J. flora of ]ndia-18. Gymnospermic seeds and SEWARD, A. C. (19J 2). Lower Gondwana plants seed-b~aring organs from the Karharbari beds from the Golabgarh Pass. Palaeont. indica, of the Giridih Coalfield, Bihar. Palaeobotanist, NS., 4 (3): 1-10. 13 (I): 45-56. SEWARD,A. C. & WOODWARD,A. S. (1905). Permo• MAITHY, P. K. (1965). Studies in the Glossopteris Carboniferous plants and vertebrates from flora of India-26. Glossopteridales from the Kashmir. Paleont. indica, NS., 2 (2): 1-13. 222 THE PALAEOBOTANIST SITHOLEY,R. V. (1943). On Psygmophy/lum haydeni TEWARI, B. S. & -SINGH, R. Y. (1981). The late Seward. J. Indian bot. Soc., 22: 183-190. Palaeozoic fossils from Kumaon Himalaya and SRIVASTAVA,A. K. (1977). Studies in the Glossop• their stratigraphic significance. Proc. IX Indian teris flora of India-42. Barakar plant mega• Coli. Micropa/aeont. Slratigr.,: 206-219. f~ssils and miospores from Auranga Coalfield, VERMA,K. K. (1972). Stratigraphical and palae• Bihar. Palaeobotanist, 24 (1): 50-69. ontological features of the Permo-Carboniferous SRIVASTAVA,J. P. & KAPOOR, H. M. (1969). Dis• formations occurring near Marahom, Anantnag covery of Lepidostrobus Brongniart from Lower District, Kashmir. Geol. Surv. India Misc. Gondwana Formation of Kashmir. J. Pa/aeont. Publ., 15: 121-126. Soc. India, 12: 44-47. VERMA, S. N. & ZUTSHI, Y. (1981). Geology of SRIVASTAVA,P. N. (1956). Studies in the Glossop• Ratnapir-Thand-Richh Bagla sector of the south• teris flora of India-4. Glossopteris, Gangamopteris western flank or Pir Palljal range,RajauriDistrict, and Palaeovittaria from the Raniganj Coalfield. J. & K. with special reference to the occurrence Palaeobotanist, 5 (1): 1-46. of Gondwana plant bed. Abstr. XllI Hima/ayan SRIVASTAVA,S. Co (1969). Two new species of Geo/. Seminar, Dehradllll: 40. Glossopteris from the Triassic of Nidpur, Sidhi WADIA,D. N. (1928). The geology of Poonch State District, Madhya Pradesh, India, pp. 299-303 in (Kashmir) and adjacent portions of Punjab. Santapau, H. et al. (Eds)- J. Sen Memorial Mem. geol. Sllrv. India, 51 (2): 185-370. Volume. Bot. Soc. Bengal, Calcutta. Wp'-DIA, D. N. (1934). The Cambrian-Triassic• SURANGE,K. R. (1971). The Glossopteris flora of sequence of North-western Kashmir. Mem. geol. India and the Angara flora, U.S.S.R. Geophyto- Sllrv.India, 6S (2): 121-176. logy, 1: 64-69. . WAGNER,R. H. (1978). The Valdeinfierno sequence SURANGE, K. R. & MAHESHWARI,H. K. (1962). (prov. Cardoba): Its tectonic, sedimentary and Stndies in the Glossopteris flora of India-II. floral significance. Ann. Soc. geol. N., 98: 59-66. Some observations on Vertebraria from the Lower WHITE, D. (1903). Summary of the fossil plants Gondwanas of India. Palaeobotanist, 9 (1 & 2): recorded from the Upper Carboniferous and 61-67. Permian Formation of Kansas. U.S. Geol. surv. STOCKMANS,F. (1939). Note preliminaire sur des Bull., 211: 85-123. empreintes vegetales du devonien inferieur de la WALKOM,A. B. (1921). NUlllmulosperlllllm bowense Belgique. Bull. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Beige, 15: 1-6. gen. et sp. novo Q. JI geol. Soc. Lond., 77 (4): SZE, H. C. (1936). Uber die Altkarbonische flora der 289-295. Provo Kiangsu mit besonderen beriicksichtigung WALKOM,A. B. (1934). Notes on some Carboni• des Alters des Wutung quartzites. Bull. geol. ferous plants from New South Wales. Proc. Soc. China, 15 (2): 135-152. Linn. Soc. N.S. w., 59 (5-6): 430-434. TEWARI, B. S., SHRIVASTAVA,P. & GUPTA, V. J. WALTON,J. (1926). Contributions to the knowledge (1978). Lower Carboniferous conodonts from of Lower Carboniferous plants (1) on genus Kotsu, Anantnag District, Kashmir. Himalayan Rhacopteris Schimper. Phil. Trans. R. Soc., Geology, 8 (1): 144-148. Ser. B215: 201-224. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 12, 13. Lepidodendropsis jenestrata Jongrnans from Wallarama; B.S.I.P. nos. 36051/2544 and 1. ? Taeniocrada sp. from Kotsu; B.S.l.P. no. 36050/2544. x 1. 36043/2771. X 1. 14. L.fencstrata Jongmansfrom Wallarama, showing 2. ?Protolepidodendron sp. from Diuth Spur; oval leaf bases; B.S.l.P. no. 36092/2544. x 1. B.S.l.P. no. 36044/2543. x 1. 15. L.jenestrata Jongmansfrom Wallarama, showing 3. Details of part of the above specimen. x 2. a young stem; B.S.l.P. no. 36049/2544. x 1. 4. Archaeosigillaria minuta Lejal from Wallarama; 16. Cyclostigma cf. pacifica (Steinmann) Jongmans B.S.l.P. no. 36045/2544. x 1. from Manigam, showing only a part of the 5. A portion from the above specimen enlarged. x 2. specimen; B.S.I.P. no. 36052/2515. x 2. 6. Archaeosigillaria minuta Lejal from Gund; B.S.l.P. no. 36093/2519. x 1. 7. Lepidosigillaria cf. quadrala Danze-Corsin from Wallarama; B.S.l.P. no. 36046/2516. x 1. PLATE 3 8. L. cf. quadrata Danze-Corsin from Wallarama; B.S.l.P. no. 36047/2515. x 1. 17. Cyclostigma cf. pacifica (Steinmann) Jongmans 9. Part of fig. 7, showing leaf bases and scars. x 2. from Wallarama; B.S.I.P. no. 36053/2544. x 1. 18. Cone-like structure from Manigam; B.S.I.P. no. 36054/2515. x 1. PLATE 2 19. The above enlarged. x 2. 20, 21. Rhacopteris ovata (McCoy) Walkom from 10. Lepidodendropsis cf. peruviana (Gothan) Jong• Manigam; B.S.J.P. nos. 36057/2515 and 36058/ mans from Wallarama; B.S.l.P. nO'1 36048/ 2515.x 1. 2516.x 1. 22. Triphy/lopteris /escllriana (Meek) Jongmans from 11. Details of part of the above specimen. X 2. Wallararna; B.S.l.P. no. 36059/2544.x 1. SINGH et al.- UPPER. PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 223 PLATE 4 PLATE 7 23. Lycopsid stem cast from Wallarama; B.S.I.P. 43,44. .Lobatanlll/laria ensifolia IHalle Ifrom Mamal, no. 36056/2544. x 1. part and counterpart; B.S.I.P. nos. 36072/2538 24. Palmatopteris cf. jurcata Potonie from Kotsu; and 36073/2538. x 1. B.S.I.P. no. 36062/2518. ca. x 1/2. 45. L. ellsifolia Halle from Mamal, a detached leaf showing median vein; B.S.I.P. no. 36075/2538. x 2. PLATE 5 46. L. ensifolia Halle from Mamal, showing a few leaves; B.S.I.P. no. 36074/2538. x 1. 25. Palmatopteris cf. fl/rcata Potonie from Kotsu; 47-49. Rajahia mamalellsis sp. novo from Mamal; B.S.I.P. no. 36063/2518. x 1. B.S.I.P. nos. 36077/2538 (holotype),36078/2538 26,27. Rhodea cf. subpetiolata (H. Potonie) Gothan and 36076/2538. x 1. from Wallarama; B.S.I.P. nos. 36060/2544 and 50. Part of fig. 47 enlarged to show veins. x 4. 36061/2544. x 1. 28. Gangamopteris kas/unirellsis Seward from Nishat• bagh Spur, showing apical part of a leaf; B.S.I.P. no. 36065/2542. x 1. PLATE 8 29. G. kas/unirensis Seward from Nishatbagh Spur; B.S.I.P. no. 36064/2542. x 1. 51. Glossopteris cf. communis Feistmantel from 30. A portion from the above specimen enlarged, Mamal; B.S.I.P. no. 36080/2538. x 1. showing veins. x 4. 52, 53. G. intermittens Feistmantel from Mamal; 31. Glossopteris longicalllis Feistmantel from Nishat· B.S.I.P. nos. 36081/2538 and 36082/2538.x 1. bagh Spur; B.S.I.P. no. 36066/2542. x 1. 54. A portion of fig. 52 enlarged to show veins. x 4. 32. Details of veins from the above specimen. x 4. 55. Glossopteris cf. taeniopteroides Feistmantel 33. 'l Nllmmulospermum sp. from Nishatbagh Spur; from Mamal; B.S.I.P. no. 36083/2538.x 1. B.S.I.P. no. 36079/2542. x 8. PLATE 6 PLATE 9 34-36. Glossopteris nishatbaghensis sp. novo from 56. Glossopteris cf. taeniopteroides Feistmantel from Nishatbagh Spur; B.S.I.P. nos. 36066/2542 Mamal; B.S.I.P. no. 36084/2538. x 1. (holotype), 36068/2542 and 36067/2542. x 1. 57. Glossopteris cf.feistmantelii Rigby from Mamal; 37. Part of fig. 34 enlarged to show details of veins. B.S.I.P. no. 36087/2538. x 1. x 4. 58, 59. G. angustifolia Brongniart from Mamal; 38,39. Parasphenophyllllm thoni! var. minor (Sterzel) B.S.I.P. nos. 36086/2538 and 36085/2538. x 1. Asama frum Mamal; B.S.I.P. nos. 36069/2538 60. 'l Cordaites sp. from IMamal; B.S.I.P. no. and 36070/2538. x 1. 36088/2538. x 1. 40. Fig. 39 enlarged to show veins. x 2. 61. A portion from the above specimen enlarged to 4l. Trizygia speciosa Royle from Mamal; B.S.I.P. show details of venation pattern. x 4. no. 36071/2538. x 1. 62. Glossopteris sp. from Marhoma; B.S.I.P. no. 42. The above magnified. x 2. 36089/2540. x 1. 224 THE PALAEOBOTANIST 6 5 4 PLATE 1 SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 225 12 15 10 PLATE 2 226 THE PALAEOBOTANIST 17 SINGH et 01.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FlORA OF KASHMlR HIMALAYA 227 PLATE 4 228 fHE PALAEOBOTANIST 29 Pl.ATE ~ SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHM1R H1MALA YA 229 41 42 37 PLATE 6 230 THE PALAEOBOTANIST PLATE 7 SINGH et al.- UPPER PALAEOZOIC FLORA OF KASHMIR HIMALAYA 231 PLATE 8 232 THE PALAEOBOTANIST PLATE 9