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Jeff Donnelly [[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 28, 2006 4:55 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Re: Martha's Vineyard and Hurricanes
From: Jeff Donnelly [[email protected]] Sent: Friday, April 28, 2006 4:55 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Re: Martha's Vineyard and Hurricanes Hi Paul... The current hospital location is relatively safe from hurricanes making landfall to the west of Martha's Vineyard. For example storm surge from the 1938 hurricane at that location was between 4 and 6 feet. The location is much more susceptible to nor'easters. You might get 6 feet of surge associated with an intense nor'easter potentially with some large waves on top of that. However, my biggest concern is if an intense hurricane were to slowly pass to the east of the island. This would result in strong north and northeast winds that could pile significant storm surge and waves into Vineyard Haven Harbor. The October 3, 1841 hurricane was just such a storm. One of the key factors is the forward motion of the storm. If the storm track is to the east of the island and it is moving rapidly the speed of forward motion would be subtracted from the rotary winds of the west side of the storm and the duration of strong winds would be less (a couple of hours or less). If the storm moves slowly the duration of onshore hurricane force winds could be more like 6 to 10 hours. In this scenario the hospital might be in peril. You could get between 10 and 15 feet of storm surge in Vineyard Haven Harbor during such an event. From my read of the topographic map it looks like the hospital is between 10 and 20 feet above sea level. -
How to Make a Cloud
Sylvia Knight Cloud control How to make a cloud Clouds come and go, rain comes and goes. There is nothing we can do about it – or is there? And what are the implications if we do? Sylvia Knight explains. What is a cloud? Key words Clouds are made up of hundreds of thousands However, sometimes the air can be much colder clouds of tiny droplets of water – about 10 000 000 000 than the dew-point temperature and still cloud 3 evaporation per m ! They form from water vapour in the air, droplets do not form. When relatively few water whenever the rate of condensation is greater than molecules form a tiny droplet, there are fewer condensation the rate of evaporation – usually this means when neighbours attracting a molecule at the surface climate control the air is cold enough. It is similar to what happens of the droplet holding it in place than there would when warm moist air from your shower hits a cold be for a bigger droplet or a flat surface and the mirror. In the atmosphere the same process is at water molecule can evaporate more easily. In fact, work: when relatively warm moist air cools, the the rate of evaporation from a droplet of radius air becomes saturated, the rate of condensation 0.001 μm is more than three times as fast as from 1 μm = 0.001 mm becomes greater than the rate of evaporation a droplet of radius 0.1 μm. It is therefore very and a cloud forms. The temperature at which this difficult for cloud droplets consisting of just water happens is known as the dew-point temperature. -
WMA Capabilities Statement on Weather Modification Adopted April 2016
WMA Capabilities Statement on Weather Modification Adopted April 2016 Capabilities Statement Background Under certain atmospheric conditions cloud microphysical and precipitation processes can be intentionally modified using existing cloud seeding methodologies to yield beneficial effects. Beneficial effects are those in which favorable benefit/cost ratios are realized without producing detrimental environmental impacts. The magnitudes and temporal/spatial scales of beneficial cloud seeding effects vary between project types and location. This statement covers the intentional application of cloud seeding technology and techniques (described below) covering areas from a few to several thousands of square kilometers for periods of hours to days. Larger-scale efforts to intentionally modify weather and climate regionally or globally using cloud-seeding or other technology and techniques, commonly referred to as geoengineering, are excluded from this discussion. Increasing demands are being placed upon existing fresh water supplies throughout the world. These increasing demands lead to greater sensitivity to drought and to moderate precipitation shortfalls. Recent investigations have indicated that negative impacts of air pollution on precipitation downwind of some industrialized areas are probable. Concerns about water supplies are increasing interest in using cloud seeding techniques for precipitation augmentation. Hail damage to crops and property and fog-induced problems continue to produce interest in their mitigation. These factors, combined with the typically attractive benefit/cost ratios associated with operational cloud seeding projects, have fostered ongoing and growing interest in intentional weather modification. Brief capability statements regarding intentional weather modification by cloud seeding follow, summarizing the current state of the technology within the primary application categories. The summaries are limited to conventional cloud seeding methods that are based on accepted physical principles. -
1AITI 2Ountry Environmental ?Rofi!E 4 Field Study by Marko Ehrlich Fred
-1AITI BY USAID COI\'TRACT 2ountry Environmental Marko Ehrlich USAID - Ehrlich No. ?rofi!e Fred Conway 521-01224-00-4090-00 Nicsias Adrien 4 Field Study Francis LeBeau Cooperative Agreement Lawrence Lewis USAID - IIED NO. Herman Lauwerysen DAN-5517-A-00-2066-00 Ira Lowenthal Yaro Mayda Paul Paryski Glenn Smucker James Talbot Evelyn Wilcox Preface This Country Environmental Prolile (CEP) of Haiti Paul Paryski Wildlands and Wildlife, is one of a series of environmental profiles funded by ISPAN, Port-au-Prince the U.S. Agency for International Development Evelyn Wilcox Marine and Ccastal (USAID), Bureau for Latin America and the Carib- Rewurces, Washington, D.C. bean (LAC), Office of Development Resources (DR), and the USAID Mission to Haiti. The scope of work for this in-country field study was developed jointly ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS by James Talbot, USAID Regional Environmental This CEP was made possible by the contributions Management Specialist (REMSICAR) and Robert of numerous people in addition to ihe core field team. Wilson, Assistant Agricultural Development Officer, Throughout the editing process many individuals re- USAID Mission to Haiti. viewed and contributed significant components to im- prove this study. James Talbot (Geology, Marinel Marko Ehrlich was contracted as the team leader Coastal), Glenn Smucker (Chapter VII), and Ira Lo- and specialists were contracted through the Internatio- wenthal (Chapter VII) deserve special acknowledge- nal Institute for Environment and Development ment because their input was essential in strengthe- (IIED) to prepare sector reports during January 1985. ning specific sections of this report. Within the USAID Marko Ehrlich prepared the first draft of this synthesis Mission to Haiti, Ira Lowenthal, Richard Byess, Abdul and analysis of status of environment and natural re- Wahab and Barry Burnett provided constructive cri- sources in Haiti. -
Cloud Seeding ALBERTA CANADA the ENVIRONMENT
Weather Modification Cloud Seeding ALBERTA CANADA THE ENVIRONMENT ND & THE CLIMATE ID WY NV UT Cloud seeding—a form of weather modification— CA CO KS is a safe, scientific, time-tested, and proven set of technologies used to enhance rain and snow, re- TX duce hail damage, and alleviate fog. The benefits of cloud seeding can be measured in additional water for cities and agriculture, as well as the re- Target area—Cold-season cloud-seeding Target area—Warm-season cloud-seeding duction of damage from severe weather. NAWMC Members California Department of Water Resources Colorado Water Conservation Board Desert Research Institute North Dakota Atmospheric Resource Board Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation Utah Division of Water Resources Wyoming Water Development Office NAWMC Associate Members Central Arizona Water Conservation District Idaho Power Company Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Aircraft or ground-based generators are used to North Dakota Weather Modification Association burn a silver iodide solution to release microscopic silver-iodide particles that can assist in the formation Sandy Land Underground Water Conservation District of ice crystals in clouds. Santa Barbara County Water Agency NAWMC.org Snowpack Augmentation Inducing the formation of WEATHER MODIFICATION Rain Enhancement ice crystals in a cloud Cloud Seeding Hail Suppression Fog Dispersion Silver-iodide crystals The Science have a shape similar to The cloud-seeding process aids precipitation formation by ice crystals and provide The Climate enhancing ice crystal or raindrop production in clouds. This a “seed” or nucleus Cloud seeding modifies clouds individually or as part of a for ice formation when is accomplished by using glaciogenic (ice-forming) agents, given storm system. -
On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy 1958
NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 48 On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy 1958 ^ 4 & U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU F. W. Rolcheldorfoi, Chief NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT NO. 48 On the Structure of Hurricane Daisy (1958) by J6se A. Coltfn and Staff National Hurricane Research Project, Miami, Fla. Washington, D. C. October 1961 NATIONAL HURRICANE RESEARCH PROJECT REPORTS Reports by Weather Bureau units, contractors, and ccoperators working on the hurricane problem are preprinted in this series to facilitate immediate distribution of the information among the workers and other interested units. Aa this limited reproduction and distribution in this form do not constitute formal scientific publication, reference to a paper in the series should identify it as a preprinted report. Objectives and basic design of the NHRP. March 1956. No. 1. numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. July 1956- No. 2. Supplement: Error analysis of prognostic 500-mb. maps made for numerical weather prediction of hurricane motion. March 1957. Rainfall associated with hurricanes. July 1956. No. 3. Some problems involved in the study of storm surges. December 1956. No. h. Survey of meteorological factors pertinent to reduction of loss of life and property in hurricane situations. No. 5. March 1937* A mean atmosphere for the West Indies area. May 1957. No. 6. An index of tide gages and tide gage records for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, toy 1957. No. 7. No. 8. PartlT HurrlcaneVand the sea surface temperature field. Part II. The exchange of energy between the sea and the atmosphere in relation to hurricane behavior. -
Hurricane & Tropical Storm
5.8 HURRICANE & TROPICAL STORM SECTION 5.8 HURRICANE AND TROPICAL STORM 5.8.1 HAZARD DESCRIPTION A tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or sub-tropical waters and has a closed low-level circulation. Tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes are all considered tropical cyclones. These storms rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere around the center and are accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds (NOAA, 2013). Almost all tropical storms and hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (which includes the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) form between June 1 and November 30 (hurricane season). August and September are peak months for hurricane development. The average wind speeds for tropical storms and hurricanes are listed below: . A tropical depression has a maximum sustained wind speeds of 38 miles per hour (mph) or less . A tropical storm has maximum sustained wind speeds of 39 to 73 mph . A hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 74 mph or higher. In the western North Pacific, hurricanes are called typhoons; similar storms in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean are called cyclones. A major hurricane has maximum sustained wind speeds of 111 mph or higher (NOAA, 2013). Over a two-year period, the United States coastline is struck by an average of three hurricanes, one of which is classified as a major hurricane. Hurricanes, tropical storms, and tropical depressions may pose a threat to life and property. These storms bring heavy rain, storm surge and flooding (NOAA, 2013). The cooler waters off the coast of New Jersey can serve to diminish the energy of storms that have traveled up the eastern seaboard. -
Creating a Hurricane Tolerant Community
H!rt a. * am Hef7%e,,, io94 s~ NtA B.6~ «e ( >15 A Hurt a Comlnl Of+ Venice 19 "I t~Y: Oonald C aillOllette IC' i 2w-;vC p %7 iET ! A. 14- C M-i -r CREATING A HURRICANE TOLERANT COMMUNITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . 1 .. Author's Notes . 5 Introduction . 6 Geography of Venice . Coastal Area Redevelopment Plan . 26 Venice Compliance Program . 62 Developing a Tolerant Building. 104 Hurricane Damage Prevention Project. .118 Growing Native for Nature ................. 136 Hurricane Defense Squadron . ............... 148 Executive Summary ..................... 157 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S This pilot study was contracted through the State of Florida and was made possible by funding provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). William Massey and Eugene P. Zeizel, Ph.D. of FEMA and Michael McDonald with the Florida Department of Community Affairs were all instrumental in developing the scope of work and funding for this study. Special thanks go to the Venice City Council and City Manager George Hunt for their approval and support of the study. MAYOR: MERLE L. GRASER CITY COUNCIL: EARL MIDLAM, VICE MAYOR CHERYL BATTEY ALAN McEWEN DEAN CALAMARAS BRYAN HOLCOMB MAGGIE TURNER A study of this type requires time for the gathering of information from a variety of sources along with the assembling of these resources into a presentable format. Approximately six months were needed for the development of this study. The Venice Planning Department consisting of Chuck Place, Director, and Cyndy Powers need to be recognized for their encouragement and support of this document from the beginning to the end. -
B-100063 Cloud-Seeding Activities Carried out in the United States
WASHINGXJN. O.C. 205.48 13-100063 Schweikcr: LM096545 This is in response to your request of September 22, .2-o 1971, for certain background informatio-n on cloud-seeding activities carried out -...-in _-..T---*the .Unitc.b_S~.~-~,.under programs supported-by the Federal agencies. Pursuant to the specific xz2- questions contained in your request, we directed our:review toward developing information-----a-=v-~ .,- , L-..-”on- .-cloud-seeding ,__ ._ programs sup- ported by Federal agencies, on the cost- ‘and purposes of such progrys, on the impact of cloud seeding on precipitation and severe storms, and on the types of chemicals used for seeding and their effect on the--environment. We also ob- tained dafa cdncerning the extent of cloud seeding conducted over Pennsylvania. Our review was conducted at various Federal departments ’ and agencies headquartered in Washington, D.C., and at cer- tain of their field offices in Colorado and Montana. We in- terviewed cognizant agency officials and reviewed appropriate records and files of the agencies. In addition, we reviewed pertinent reports and documentation of the Federal Council for Science and Technology, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Water Commission. BACKGROUND AND COST DATA Several Federal agencies support weather modification programs which involve cloud-seeding activities. Major re- search programs include precipitation modification, fog and cloud modification, hail suppression, and lightning and hur- ricane modification. Statistics compiled by the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences showed that costs for federally spon- sored weather modification rograms during fiscal years 1959 through 1970 totaled about %‘74 million; estimated costs for fiscal years 1971 and 1972 totaled about $35 million. -
The Snowy Precipitation Enhancement Research Program
4.5 THE SNOWY PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT Mark Heggli*1, Barry Dunn2, Arlen Huggins3, John Denholm2, Loredana Angri2 and Trevor Luker2 1 – Innovative Hydrology, Auburn, California, United States 2 – Snowy Hydro Limited, Cooma, New South Wales, Australia 3 – Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, United States 1. INTRODUCTION The potential and opportunity for seeding winter orographic clouds over the area have been well Investigations over the last 50 years have documented by Long and Huggins (1992) and confirmed the significant precipitation enhancement Warburton and Wetzel (1992). The mountain range potential of the Snowy Mountains region of Australia. provides essential lift, with the terrain ascending During 2004, special legislation authorizing Cloud approximately 1800 m over a rather short horizontal Seeding under very strict conditions was passed in New distance of about 15 km. The atmosphere in the lowest South Wales. Trial operations commenced during 2 km is the source of vast quantities of condensate June 2004, preceding a five year experiment to supply and associated production of supercooled liquid determine the economic and environmental viability of water. precipitation in a significant national park estate. The project infrastructure was constructed and installed over Australia has been involved in cloud seeding for a period of 14 weeks to satisfy time constraints set in over 57 years with the first investigations occurring in the enabling legislation. Meteorological data and 1947, shortly after the experiments of Schaefer (1946). operational experience gained during 2004 has been An experiment was carried out in the Snowy Mountains formative in developing the experimental design and using aircraft during the period 1955-1960, and results refining equipment and systems requirements for the from this investigation were extremely encouraging with five year experiment commencing in 2005. -
Cold Season Cloud Seeding
Weather Modification UNDERSTANDING Cloud seeding—a form of weather modification— ALBERTA CANADA COLD SEASON is a safe, scientific, time-tested, and proven set of Cloud Seeding technologies used to enhance rain and snow, re- ND duce hail damage, and alleviate fog. The benefits ID of cloud seeding can be measured in additional WY water for cities and agriculture, as well as the re- NV UT duction of damage from severe weather. CA CO KS TX Target area—Cold-season cloud-seeding Target area—Warm-season cloud-seeding A ground-based generator is used to burn a silver iodide solution to release microscopic silver-iodide particles which can create additional ice crystals, then snow, in winter clouds. Research has shown that placing equipment at high elevations increases cloud seeding effectiveness. NAWMC Members Cold Season Seeding California Department of Water Resources When moist air flows over the mountains, water vapor Colorado Water Conservation Board condenses and forms clouds composed of water droplets. These droplets become “super cooled” and have the unique Desert Research Institute quality to remain liquid even at temperatures below freez- North Dakota Atmospheric Resource Board ing. Given enough time and mixing with surrounding air, many of the droplets will evaporate, but under the correct Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation conditions some will eventually become ice crystals, grow Utah Division of Water Resources into snowflakes and precipitate to the ground. Cloud seed- Wyoming Water Development Office ing provides an opportunity to increase the number of ice crystals that can become snowflakes. NAWMC Associate Members Who Conducts Cloud Seeding? Central Arizona Water Conservation District In North America, cloud-seeding programs are conducted in Metropolitan Water District of Southern California California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Kansas, Santa Barbara County Water Agency North Dakota, and Texas, as well as Alberta, Canada. -
Edward Petry 84 Co., Inc. Sers 0 111S
35 Cents 'V3!`t B Giorr.lrig9lde :walicge Linrary Y lOD Sioax City 6 lama 7J1 THE BUSIN D2H ma+yD RADIO NEWSPAPER __EMBER 17, 1962 Tv's biggest customers will spend even more Code board bucks cigarette ad controversy in 1963 27 to tv board 30 Radio -tv homes: county -by- county breakdown Cox appointment to FCC may bring an even released by Nielsen 85 tougher era of regulation 58 COMPLETE INDEX PAGE 7 MORiVINGSfDE E.OL.LE+A. LIBRARY IIILIUx CITY IOWA EDWARD PETRY 84 CO., INC. SERS 0 111S GREETIflBS BIG AGGIE LAND from BIG AGGIE LAND AMERICA'S 40'" ß11D10 MARKET Season's greetings from the management and staff or WNAX -570 and from the 2v4 million residents of Big Aggie Land who have been listen- ing to the reliable voice of WNAX -570 regularly for over 40 years. ',THE KATZ AGENTS', ,.c PEOPLES BROADCASTING CORPORATION 0 WNAX-570 CBS RADIO WNAX, Yankton, S. Dak KVTV, Sioux City. Iowa PROGRAMMING FOR ADULTS OF ALL AGES WGAR, Cleveland. Ohio WRFD, Columbus - PEOPLES BROADCASTING CORPORATION Worthington. Ohio WTTM, Trenton, N I. Sioux City, Iowa, Sioux Falls and Yankton, South Dakota WMMN, Fairmont, W.Va. Represented by Katz Pon II o n k TORONTO L I e ORLEANS N I AGAR A oAlb:n HAMILTON olra,d.auir (mimed O ',Medina Te.nTom. W nNord Sc Ca,Aann..r Mugu. Falls Magma Falla New G E N ESE E M O N R O E O N A R I O We.nd o I.I. .+ N L. Rey oann.abo Karr calbo BUFFALO C.n.nd.ó .