ISSN 2455 - 8575 Volume 3 – Issue 4 October – December 2016
J&K ENVIS NEWSLETTER
State of Environment & its Related Issues in J&K J&K ENVIS Centre Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing Jammu & Kashmir
CONTENTS
o Introduction
o Classification of Solid Waste
o Important Highlights of SWM Rules, 2016
o Did You Know?
o Status of MSW in J&K (2015-16)
o Suggestive / Indicative Guidelines
o Effects of Waste on Environment
o In the NEWS
o What You Can Do
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JAMMU
FROM THE DIRECTOR’S DESK Water and sanitation, as absolute necessities for people, planet and prosperity, are at the very core of sustainable development. Safe drinking water, adequate sanitation and hygiene are pillars of human health and well-being. The 2030 Agenda of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals includes a dedicated goal on water and sanitation (SDG 6) that sets out to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation” for all. Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025. Between the growing population and a lack of recycling, waste is at an all-time high. Solid waste is a large source of methane, a powerful GHG that is particularly impactful in the short-term. Locally, uncollected solid waste contributes to flooding, air pollution, and public health impacts such as respiratory ailments, diarrhoea and dengue fever. In lower income country cities solid waste management is usually a city’s single largest budgetary item. Presently, storage of waste at source is lacking. Domestic waste is thrown or burnt on streets, trade waste on roads / streets, construction wastes are left unattended, biomedical wastes are disposed into municipal waste stream or even waterbodies, industrial waste often disposed off in open areas. Attempts should be made for using eco-friendly materials such as biodegradable plastic, paper, bamboo, or textile for eco-friendly packaging needs so that lesser waste will be generated which can easily be treated and reused. The newsletter is a humble effort towards providing a quick snapshot of the solid waste and management practices in Jammu. Improving solid waste management, is an urgent priority. Hopefully, this newsletter will contribute to the knowledge of the concerned stakeholder groups for much-needed action. Om Prakash Sharma, IFS APCCF/Director DEE&RS, J&K
INTRODUCTION The management of municipal solid waste is one of the collected from the surface drains, horticulture waste, main functions of all Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste country. All ULBs are required to meticulously plan, excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste and e- implement and monitor all systems of urban service waste, battery waste, radio-active waste generated in th delivery especially that of municipal solid waste. With e area under the local authorities and other entities limited financial resources, technical capacities and land (SWM Rules, 2016). availability, urban local bodies are constantly striving to With the launch of the flagship programme by the meet this challenge. Government of India, Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014 that Solid waste means and includes solid or semi-solid focuses on quality and sustainability of the sanitary domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, service provision as well as emphasizes the commitment institutional waste, catering and market waste and other on every stakeholder to bring about a visible change in non-residential wastes, street sweepings, silt removed or society.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
TYPES OF SOLID WASTE DESCRIPTION SOURCES FOOD WASTE (GARBAGE) Wastes from the preparation, cooking, and serving of food. Market refuse, waste from the handling, storage, and sale of produce and meats and vegetable RUBBISH Combustible (primary organic) paper, cardboard, cartons Households, institutions and wood, boxes, plastics, rags, cloth, bedding, leather, rubber, commercial such as hotels, stores, grass, leaves, yard trimmings Non-combustible (primary restaurants, markets, etc. inorganic) metals, tin cans, metal foils dirt, stones, bricks, ceramics, crockery, glass bottles, other mineral refuse ASHES AND RESIDUES Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating buildings, cinders, clinkers, thermal power plants. BULKY WASTE Large auto parts, tyres, stoves, refrigerators, others large appliances, furniture, large crates, trees, branches, palm fronts, stumps, flotage STREET WASTE Street sweepings, Dirt, leaves, catch basin dirt, animal Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant droppings, contents of litter receptacles dead animals lots, etc. DEAD ANIMALS Small animals: cats, dogs, poultry etc. Large animals: horses, cows etc. CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION Lumber, roofing, sheathing, scraps, crop residues, rubble, Construction and demolition sites, WASTE broken concrete, plaster, conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc. remodelling, repairing sites INDUSTRIAL WASTE & SLUDGES Solid wastes resulting from industry processes and Factories, power plants, manufacturing operations, such as food processing wastes, treatment plants, etc. boiler house cinders, wood, plastic and metal scraps and shaving, etc. Effluent treatment plant sludge of industries and sewage treatment plant sludges, coarse screening, grit & septic tank HAZARDOUS & BIO-MEDICAL Hazardous wastes: pathological waste, explosives, Households, hospitals, institution, WASTES radioactive material, toxic waste etc. stores, industry, etc. HORTICULTURE WASTES Tree-trimmings, leaves, waste from parks and gardens, etc. Parks, gardens, roadside trees Source: Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries by Bhide & Sunderasan, INSDOC, April, 1983
Municipal Solid Waste Characterization in India Study conducted by CPCB & NEERI (2005)
IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS OF SWM RULES, 2016 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 came in supersession of MSW Rules, 2000 keeping in view the need to integrate all sections of society to achieve desired zero waste target with provisions laid down for the first time for waste generators. Under the new rules, carrying certain dos and don'ts for manufacturers, distributors, municipal bodies and panchayats. Duties of waste generator to segregate and store the waste, not to litter or burn, and to prefer source waste processing by adopting any feasible technology like composting / biomethanation. Manufacturers of plastic bags will have to make certain payments to states for its post-use disposal. The money, collected by the states from the manufacturers, will be given to local civic bodies and panchayats for taking multiple measures to dispose off plastic bags properly. Every local authority and village Panchayat to: 1. Facilitate construction, operation and maintenance of solid waste processing facilities and associated infrastructure with maximum utilisation of all components of solid waste and preference shall be given to decentralized processing such as Biomethanation plants, composting, waste to energy processes including RDF. 2. To organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials with objective of “Zero waste” going to landfills.
The State Government has banned the manufacturing of plastic bags of below 50 microns as thinner bags currently pose a major threat to environment due to its non-disposability.
SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR HILLY AREAS AS PER SWM RULES, 2016
a. Construction of landfill on hill shall be avoided. b. Convey the provisions of solid waste management under the bye- laws to all tourists visiting the hilly areas at the entry point in the
town as well as through the hotels, guest houses or like where they stay and by putting suitable hoardings at tourist destinations. c. May levy solid waste management charges from the tourist at the
entry point to make the solid waste management services sustainable.
IMPORTANT NGT DIRECTIONS DATED 22ND DECEMBER, 2016 There shall be complete prohibition on open burning of waste on
lands, including at landfill sites. For each such incident, defaulter shall be liable to pay environmental compensation of ` 5,000 in case of simple burning, while ` 25,000/- in case of bulk waste burning. Environmental compensation shall be recovered as arrears of land revenue by competent authority in accordance
with law. The State Government to ensure ban on short life PVC and chlorinated plastics before six months from date of pronouncement of this judgement.
Growing challenge with no management in place can lead to disastrous impacts on environment and health STATUS OF MSW IN J&K (2015-16) INITIATIVES BY SPCB, JAMMU A total of 80 local bodies responsible for waste management in the State as below Sensitizing students by making presentations in Schools (42 Nos. till Municipal Corporation – 02 date) & awareness campaign in
Municipal Councils – 06 rural areas. Municipal Committees – 70 Training for Decentralized (on-site) processing of garden waste has Cantonment Board – 02 been provided by SPCB in co-
STATUS OF MSW GENERATION AND COLLECTION AS PER ANNUAL REPORTS SUBMITTED BY operation with Department of ULBS FOR FY 2015-16 Floriculture and is being practiced in various gardens. MUNICIPAL COMMITTEES/ CLASS OF QUANTITY OF WASTE QUANTITY OF MSW COUNCILS CITY GENERATED ( TPD) COLLECTED (TPD) Further, two no. of small pilot projects for promoting source Jammu Municipal Corporation I 350 345 waste management by on-site Jammu Cantonment Board III 2.5 2.5 processing / community
Akhnoor IV 12.5 10 composting have been initiated by
Gho-Manhasan VI 1 1 J&K State Pollution Control Board. Bishnah V 1.5 1.5 Awareness with live
V 4 4 Arnia demonstrations for flower waste
R.S.Pura V 18 17.5 management in temples has been Khour V 8.7 8.7 initiated. Jourian VI 4.5 3.5 Leaflets to raise awareness among Samba IV 1.5 1.5 waste generators regarding source Vijaypur V 2.0 2.0 waste management are being Bari-Brahamana IV 12 12 distributed by the Board. Ramgarh V 1.5 1.5 Hiranagar V 11 8 Kathua II 20 20 Basholi V 2.0 1.5
Lakhanpur VI 3.5 3.5
Billawar V 4 4 Parole V 3.0 3.0
II 25 18 Rajouri Sunderbani VI 3.0 3.0 Kalakote VI 1.0 1.0
Nowshera V 1.5 1.5 Thanamandi VI 6 5
Kishtwar IV 8 7 Udhampur II 30 30
Chenani VI 0.3 0.3 Ramnagar V 3 3
Katra V 34 32 Reasi V 8 8 Doda III 5 5
Thathri VI 1 1 Bhaderwah IV 5 3 Ramban VI 3 2.5 Batote VI 2 2 Banihal VI 2.5 2.2 Poonch III 20 20 Surankote V 3 2.5 There is no door to door collection except in only few areas / towns, viz., Municipal Committee Reasi, Cantonment Board, Jammu and few wards in Jammu city. Reasi Municipal Committee is worth to mention here because it is the only local body to practice 100% door to door collection. There is no processing facility in the State except small scale vermicomposting being carried out at MC, Bhaderwah, Doda and MC, Sunderbani. Common practices: Dumping in trenches, open dumping, cattle dung composted at source level by farmers, dumping in nallahs, burying in pits, burning, etc. SUGGESTIVE / INDICATIVE GUIDELINES
Adoption of integrated waste management strategy to achieve Zero waste landfill target.
Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy (Source: CPHEEO Manual, 2016)
KNOW THE LAWS (http://envfor.nic.in) The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 e-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
Promote waste management
by adopting R Principle, i.e.,
REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE
RENT
REPAIR
REFUSE
RECLAIM
The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 e-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 http://envfor.nic.in
EFFECTS OF WASTE AND POOR WASTE DISPOSAL ON THE ENVIRONMENT In the environment, chemicals and other contaminants found in solid waste can have drastic impacts on our environment. Imagine we all throw garbage, junk and rubbish away anyhow. Imagine there was no authority to supervise waste management activities from all the sources mentioned earlier. Imagine we all just sent our rubbish to the landfill, or just dumped them in a nearby river. What do you think will happen? A disaster! SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION: Waste can be carried by rainwater to rivers and lakes that and can negatively change the chemical composition of the water. Technically, this is called water pollution. This will affect all ecosystems existing in the water besides causing fish mortality. It can also cause harm to habitat of wild and domestic animals that drink from such polluted water. SOIL CONTAMINATION: Hazardous chemicals that get into the soil (contaminants) can harm plants when they take up the contamination through their roots. If humans eat plants and animals that have been in contact with such polluted soils, there can be negative impact on their health. POLLUTION: Bad waste management practices can result in land and air pollution and can cause respiratory problems and other adverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed from the lungs into other parts of the body. LEACHATE: Liquid that forms as water trickles through contaminated areas is called Leachate. It forms very harmful mixture of chemicals that may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, groundwater or soil. MUNICIPAL WELLBEING: Everyone wants to live and visit places that are clean, fresh and healthy. A city with poor sanitation, smelly and with waste matter all over the place do not attract good people, investors and tourists. Dumped solid waste, when visible from roadways, is aesthetically unpleasing. Such cities tend to have poor living standards.
WASTE MINIMISATION RESULTS IN SAVINGS Of the 1,43,449 tonnes per day of MSW generated in 2014– 2016 in India, 40%–60% is organic and 10%–20% recyclable. If we assume that 20% is recycled and does not enter the MSW stream to be processed. This waste, at an average cost of `.1,000 per tonne, is approximately `.10.7 cr per day.
MSW- A GROWING CHALLENGE India produced 1.43 lakh MT of MSW during 2014-15 (Manual on SWM, 2016) Per capita waste generation is approx. 0.11 kilogram (kg)/capita/day.
Of the total MSW, approximately 1.17 lakh MT (80%) was collected, while only 0.32 lakh MT (22%) was
processed or treated. Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/day, depending upon the region’s lifestyle and the size of the city. The average per capita waste generation in India is 370 grams/day. The per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year in India MSW generation in J&K has been estimated to be app. 1634.5 TPD for 2015-16. Management becomes a challenge in the absence of proper segregation, collection and processing
DECENTRALIZED WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE IN
KOCHI BY COCHIN MUNICIPAL CORPORATION FOR
Besides enforcing a full ban on plastic carry APARTMENTS ON TRIAL BASIS. bags, the Himachal Pradesh State Government Government of Kerala issued an order in 2012 making it has also enforced a ban on non-biodegradable mandatory for all apartments, through the building packaging for 25 kinds of edible foodstuff, associations or firms, to manage waste within the forcing perishable food manufacturers to apartment complexes using different technologies for adopt biodegradable packaging. composting and for sale of recyclable material.
INDIA’S LARGEST SOLID WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT LAUNCHED AT DELHI’S AT NARELA Hindustan Times: Union Minister for Urban Development M Venkaiah Naidu inaugurates India’s largest waste to energy plant at Civic Centre. The North Delhi Municipal Corporation launched India’s largest waste-to-energy plant at Narela-Bawana on Friday. Venkaiah Naidu, Union minister for urban development, inaugurated the project at the Civic Centre. The project will use 2,000 MT of waste every day to generate 24 MW of energy. The plant is expected to provide respite from overflowing landfill sites in Delhi as it will incinerate the waste to generate power. Delhi has four landfill sites, of which three — Bhalswa (North Delhi), Ghazipur (East Delhi) and Okhla (South Delhi) — are overflowing.
300MW POWER GENERATED AT CITY’S FIRST GREEN WASTE RECYCLING PLANT Hindustan Times: The BMC converts garden waste such as grass, leaves into fuel pellets in its first-of-its-kind facility on a 4,000-sqft plot near Damodar Park, off LBS Road. Around 3,500 metric tonnes of garden waste have generated 300 megawatt (MW), almost a tenth of the city’s daily electricity needs, at a waste recycling plant in Ghatkopar in the past two years.
TIRUNELVELI FIRST TO HAVE 100% WASTE SEGREGATION Times of India: It took barely a few months for Tirunelveli Municipality, Tamil Nadu for achieving 100% segregation of waste at source across households and establishments. It involved securing undertakings from each household to segregate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste, campaigns though TV and local radio channels targeting housewives and roping in religious leaders and NGOs. Tirunelveli, which has around 1.6 lakh households, took up this challenge in April 2016. However, an intensive campaign started only on October 2, taking cue from the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, which make it mandatory for all waste generators to segregate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste before disposal, and hand over the segregated waste to authorised waste pickers-waste collectors. Delighted at Tirunelveli's achievement of becoming the first Indian city to achieve 100% segregation of waste at source. The Tirunelveli model can be easily adopted by other cities.
GARBAGE IS AN ASSET FOR CHAK LALA HAMLET IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR NEWS18: For the residents of Chak Lala village in Jammu region's Bishnah belt, kitchen waste has turned into an asset for locals, generating income and jobs, courtesy a pilot project. Solid and Liquid Resource Management (SLRM) is a concept by the Vellore-based Indian Green Service (IGS). In Jammu and Kashmir, two blocks, Akhnoor and Chak Lala, were selected for the pilot project, a senior official said. In the project by the Rural Development Department, a decentralized process of waste disposal is followed wherein the solid waste generated by households is separately composted and safely disposed, he said. For primary segregation of waste, the Panchayat has provided two dustbins, one each for disposable and non- disposable waste, to 300 families of the village. The waste is collected twice a day from these houses. The project aims to save farmlands and the environment by eliminating the practice of dumping waste as well as generate job avenues for the locals. The Rural Development Department has employed a dozen local workers to collect the waste for secondary segregation. The non-biodegradable objects like plastic, bottles, paper, tin, polyethene are packed and sold in the recycling market. It generates revenue for the locals part of the project. Even eggshells, orange or lemon peels are segregated and sold separately to industries that use these products as raw materials for various activities, Block Development Officer (BDO) Bishnah Nazia Chowdhary said. This helps the waste products to be reused, she added. The department has set up a pond to tap the liquid waste in which the non-dissolvable waste decomposes, creating feed for certain species of fish, ducks and frog. Plants like canna, banana and bamboo have been planted to absorb the rest of the liquid waste.
LEH'S SUCCESSFUL PLASTIC BAN Tsewang Rigzin: People talk at length of controlling pollution but Ladakhis have actually acted on it. Ladakh is probably the only place in India where the use of polythene bags has been banned successfully, with the help of NGOs. The campaign started in the early 1990s when NGOs with the help of the local administration tried to build awareness among the public about the disadvantages of using polythene bags. Ladakh Women's Alliance played the key role in it. Till five years back Leh City had lots of polythene bags strewn all around but things have changed since 1998 when NGOs were able to impose a total ban on the use of polythene bags. The people felt the need for the ban on polythene bags because their fields, gardens and canals were full of plastic, and cows even died from eating too much of it. Initially it was difficult for all the shopkeepers and consumers, but all got used to locally available eco-friendly bags and paper bags, which are fully bio-degradable. "Whenever we meet any tourist, Indian or foreigner, they are always impressed when they see Leh with no plastic bags in the market. 1st May every year is Plastic Ban day" said Dolma Tsering, Director Women's Alliance of Ladakh.
“SWACHH MANDIR ABHIYAAN”A UNIQUE CAMPAIGN INITIATED BY J&K SPCB JAMMU The J&K SPCB, Jammu has taken another initiative towards flower waste management under “Swachh Mandir Abhiyaan” with view to make our temples as “ Zero Waste” temples. The campaign was kick started by Dr. Anuradha, Scientist I/C MSW State Pollution Control Board Jammu. The initiative has been taken by SPCB, Jammu to raise awareness towards flower waste management at source in all religious places of the region with target of making “Zero waste temples” by adopting composting of holy flowers along with other bio-degradable puja items. The campaign is based on theme “Cleanliness is Godliness” and as such our temples should be made a symbol of purity and devotion in real sense with preservation of sentiments of devoted puja items in better way that does not add to environmental pollution. Co-operation has been provided by Universities, Schools and various religious management committees like Dharmarth trust who have come forward voluntarily to adopt composting to make holy compost with commitment to divert bulk of flower waste stinking in water bodies leading to water pollution, death of fish and other aquatic fauna and put to burning, and last but not least reaching drains. The objective of this campaign was to aware the citizens to be a part of such noble initiative and ensure that no puja items are thrown into already dying river Tawi, enter drains or put to burning and to learn about the importance of making compost of flowers as it not only preserves the sentiments of devotees forever but also maintains surrounding environment. Besides composting, pure incense sticks can also be made from flowers that can make livelihood for poor and unemployed woman. Efficient and effective waste management is best achieved at household levels. If every person gets involved, we can have a powerful effect on our environment in a positive way. Many times, people want to do the right things but they feel they are alone, and their actions will not make any difference — Wrong!! There are millions of people like you who appreciate the magnitude of the waste problem and are doing the right things to help. But we can do more and get others who are not doing well to do better. Here is what you can do: Avoid packaging by buying items loose or in bulk instead of in packages Buy reusable and refillable containers
Buy products packaged in recycled content Buy safer natural alternatives to chemical cleaners, such as baking soda, vinegar, and lemon juice Use cloth towels instead of paper towels and avoid disposable paper or plastic cups and plates Shave with a reusable razor instead of a disposable razor Use rechargeable batteries Make double-sided copies Use the blank side of waste paper for notes and messages Proof documents on the screen several times before printing Reuse envelopes for interoffice mail. Use email for communication Circulate memos and reports rather than making multiple copies
Buy supplies in bulk to reduce packaging Re-use things that end up as waste. There are things that can be used over and over again: package boxes, gift wrappers, clothing, furniture and even playing toys. If even you have outgrown them, you can donate it out to someone who has a need for it. Do not be too quick to throw them away. Drink out of a reusable mug Use Eco-friendly products Students should be motivated to segregate the waste and make compost out of various compostables within the school as a part of their science project. Let us contribute towards waste reduction Lets segregate and recycle our waste Lets compost the Waste and Stop waste before it happens
SELECTED REFERENCES 1. Anonymous. 2016. Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual. Part-I & II. (CPHEEO). www.moud.gov.in. 2. Anonymous. 2000. Composition and quality of solid waste. CPHEEO manual on solid waste-Part I. Pp 38. 3. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. 4. http://swa.org/206/Enviroshopping-Waste-Prevention 5. Various Photographs and information collected from internet are duly acknowledged.
Om Prakash Sharma, IFS J&K ENVIS CENTRE Director Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing,
Majid Farooq Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir
ENVIS Coordinator Summer (May to Oct) Bemina, S.D.A. Housing Colony, Srinagar - 190018 Ms. Anuradha Gupta Phone: 0194-2494585
Scientist (Solid Waste Management) J&K State Pollution Control Board Winter (Nov to Apr) Guest Editor Paryavaran Complex, Gladeni Narwal, Jammu - 180006 Phone: 0191-2474553 Gowhar Meraj, Programme Officer Visit us as at: Amreena Yousuf, Information Officer www.jkenvis.nic.in
Gurmeet Singh, IT-Assistant Email us as at: [email protected], [email protected]
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