THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART

M BIM M M M Mi m ara unan IHR mini 0620 00630801 8 The Horses of San Marco

The Metropolitan Museum of Art February 1 -June 1,1980 New York Presented by Olivetti The Horses of San Marco

The four bronze Horses that have stood The Horses have been dated from as for centuries over the entrance to the early as the 4th century B.C. to as late as Basilica of San Marco in are the 4th century A.D. among the greatest masterpieces of In this exhibition, the context of the ancient art. Recent concern for their Horses is suggested by works of art preservation has led to the removal of the assembled from European collections and Horses, and in future they will be ex­ from the Metropolitan Museum. The hibited indoors. The originals will be ancient Greek and Roman objects include replaced on the facade by reproduc­ full-scale equestrian bronzes which offer tions. The Basilica of San Marco has thus comparisons between the San Marco been able to lend one of the Horses Horses and other horses of antiquity. to an exhibition shown in Venice, The Horses' role in the development of London, and now in New York at Western art is illustrated in a gallery of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. bronzes and drawings by Renaissance The four Horses have a long history of and later masters, including Leonardo traveling. Their origins are still un^ da Vinci. certain, but it is known that they came to The exhibition in New York has been Venice from Constantinople (now made possible through the generous co­ Istanbul) in 1204, following the conquest operation of the Procurators of San ofthat city by the Crusaders. They Marco, the government of Italy, Her originally formed a team which drew a Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, and the , a four-horse , long Royal Academy in London. It is since lost, and are the only such team to presented by Olivetti. survive intact from classical antiquity.

Venetian, late 15th century Lion of San Marco Cover: Horse from San Marco Wood. H.70 cm. Engraving. 174H (sec no. 93) The winged lion supporting the open gospel of St. Mark is the symbol of the Venetian Republic. © 1980 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Venice, Basilica of San Marco. Museo Marciano Design: John Morning Classical Antiquity

The domesticated horse came to the This choice has been supplemented by an Mediterranean from Central Asia in the even larger number of works from the second millennium B.C. It was probably Museum's own collection, of which the introduced into Greece in the middle of earliest here shown go back to the the sixteenth century B.C. and is fre­ sixth century B.C. quently represented in art of the Bronze In Greek and a distinction Age, on vases, wall paintings, and re­ is made between horses that serve as liefs . In the Geometric Period bronze mounts for riders and those that are har­ statuettes of horses are common votive nessed to a chariot, either in pairs (for offerings, and horses, whether mounted, a biga) or in fours (for a quadriga). unmounted, or in teams, are frequently Chariot races and horse races formed an shown on vases. integral part of the great Panhellenic For this exhibition, centered around competitions held at Olympia, Delphi, one of the Horses from San Marco, the Athens, and elsewhere, games from Italian government has lent a score of which the circus evolved in Roman other classical representations of horses — times. Also Roman in origin is the on marble reliefs, on panels, triumphal chariot. and, most important of all, in bronze.

Marble relief of a horse race Marble head and neck of a horse Found in Velletri Broken from a statue Greek, late 6th or early 5th century B.C. H. 26 cm. Said to have been found in Eleusis Greek, first half of 6th century B.C. Rome, Musco Nazionale Romano, inv. 8549 H. as preserved 33}) cm.

Marble relief of a horseman The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Said to be from Rhodes Bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1972 1972.118.1 Greek, second half of 4th century B.c. H. 46 cm.

The Metropolitan Museum ot Art. Marble relief of a horseman Rogers Fund. 1907 Said to be from Athens 07.286.111 Greek, late 5th century B.C. H. without dowel 41.9 cm. Marble relief of a horseman Found in Rome The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Bequest of WalterC. Baker. 1972 Roman copy of a Greek original 1972.118.107 of the 4th centurv B.C. H. 44 cm.

Rome, Museo Barracco, inv. 134 7 Marble relief of a horseman 13 Black-figured amphora Greek, mid-4th century B.C. H. 25.3 cm. Frontal chariot (On the other side, Theseus and the Minotaur) The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund. 1912 Attic, about 540- 530 B.C. H. 40 cm. 12.229.1 Attributed to Group E

F.x colls. A. Bourguignon; A. Sambon: W' R Hearst 8 Bronze statue of a horse The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The rider is missing. Fletcher Fund. 1956 56.171.12 Found in Trastevere. 1849 Roman copy of a Greek original of the 14 Black-figured amphora late 4th century B.C. H. 2 m. On each side, departure of a war chariot Rome. Palazzo dei Conservatori, inv. 1U>4 Attic, about 530 B.C. H. 51.5 cm. Attributed to the Swing Painter 9 Bronze statuette of a horse Ex coll. E.P.Warren Said to be from Locri in southern Italy The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Greek, early 6th century B.C. H. 16.8 cm. Rogers Fund, 1917 17.2 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of Alexander P. Morgan. Mrs. Sara Cardner Tiers. 15 Black-figured Panathenaic Prize amphora Mrs. Marv |osephine Gardner Gregg, and Alfred \V. Gardner. 1958-59 Chariot race 58.180.1 (On the obverse, statue of Athena Polias and inscription) 10 Bronze statuette of a horse Attic, about 520 B.C. H. 62.9 cm. Said to be from Greece Compared with a vase by the Painter ot Boulogne 441 Greek. 6th century B.C. H. 7.6 cm. Ex coll. W.R.Hearst Ex colls. Mme Melas; Walter C. Baker The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Fletcher Fund. 1956 56.171.4 Bequest of Walter C. Baker. 1972 1972.118 16 Black-figured neck-amphora with lid On each side, departure of a quadriga 11 Bronze statuette of a mounted warrior Attic, about 530 B.C. H. 46.5 cm. Said to be from Greece Attributed to Exekias Greek, second half of 6th century B.C. H. 6.2 cm. Lx coll. Thomas Hope The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Purchased with proceeds of sales. ll>23 Rogers Fund. 1917 23.46 -1.14

17 Black-figured oinochoe (wine jug) 12 Black-figured amphora Harnessing of a chariot On each side, in a panel, a rider Said to be from Delphi Attic, about 540-530 B.C. H. 55.7 cm. Attic, about 500 B.C. H. 25.4 cm. Related to Lydos Attributed to the Gela Painter The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund. 1951 Ex coll. E. Geladakis 51.11.3 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund. 1906 06.1021 1 18 Red-figured oinochoe (winejug) 24 Bronze statuette of a horse Three Amazons, of whom one (Penthesilea) Alleged to have been found ofFMahdia is leading a horse Late Hellenistic or Early Roman, Attic, about 440 B.C. H. 33.4 cm. 1st century B.C. H. 40.2 cm. Attributed to the Mannheim Painter The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Fletcher Fund. 1923 Rogers Fund. 1906 06.1021.189 23.69

19 Red-figured bell-krater (mixing bowl) 25 Bronze head of a horse Victory (inscribed "Nike") driving a quadriga. The Roman, 1st century A.D. H. 81 cm. prize of the victory, a tripod, is on a column. Ex coll. Medici Found at Nola in November 1877 Florence. Museo Archeologico Attic, early 4th century B.C. H. 37.5 cm. 26 Bronze head of a colossal horse The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Matilda W'. Bruce. 1907 07.128.2 Given in 1471 by Lorenzo the Magnificent of Florence to Count Carata of Naples 20 Red-figured kylix (drinking cup) Roman. lst-2nd century A.D. H. 1.75 m. Eros driving a three-horse chariot Attic, early 4th century B.C. H. 9.2 cm. Naples. Musco Nazionale, inv.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 27, 28 Two bronze horses' heads Rogers Fund. 1906 06.1(121.186 Found in Cartoceto (Pesaro), 1946 Roman, about A.D.27. H. 92 cm. (27), 83 cm. (28) 21 Bronze statuette of Alexander the Great on horseback Ancona. Museo Nazionale Found in Pompeii Roman adaptation of a Greek original 29 Bronze head of a horse of the late 4th century B.C. H. 46 cm. Found in Pompeii Roman, 1st century A.D. H. 51 cm. Naples. Museo Nazionale, inv. 4996 Naples. Museo Nazionale, inv. 1153911 22 Bronze statuette of a galloping horse Found in Herculaneum, October 1761 30 Terracotta relief Roman copy of a Greek original Pelops and Hippodameia in a chariot of the 3rd century B.C. H. 45 cm. Roman, first half of 1st century A.D. H. 37.9 cm. The Metropolitan Museum oí Art. Naples. Museo Nazionale, inv. 4S94 Fletcher Fund. ll>26 26.60.32 23 Bronze statuette of a mounted Amazon Found in Herculaneum on October 11, 1745 31 Terracotta relief Roman copy of a Greek original Oinomaos and Myrtilos in a chariot of the 3rd century B.C. H. 55 cm. Roman, first half of 1st century A.D. H. 36.8 cm.

Naples, Museo Nazionale, inv. 4999 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Fletcher Fund. 1926 2f-.fm.31 32 Bronze Horse from San Marco 33-36 Four mosaic panels of circus charioteers (Right pole horse of the quadriga) The distinctive colors (red, white, green, Taken from Constantinople to Venice in 13 4 and blue) of the four factions are shown. Roman Imperial? H. 2.35 m.. L. 2.50 m. Found at Baccano Roman, first half of 3rd century A.D. Each 54 x 54 cm. Venice, Basilica of San Marco Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano, inv. 1247 To a person facing the Basilica of San Marco, this Horse would be the second from the left. It is the right 37 Gilt glass medallion (from the bottom of a bowl) pole horse of a four-horse team, originally harnessed Victorious circus quadriga. One of the horses is to a triumphal chariot, part of a sculpture erected on inscribed "Trasinicus"; the other inscription invokes the occasion of a great victory. It is not known when victory in the name of . the Horses were made or how they arrived in Said to have been found in the catacombs of Constantinople, the eastern capital of the Roman Via Passiello in Rome Empire. They were certainly removed from Roman, 4th century A.D. Max. dimension 9.7 cm. Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade by The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Venetians led by the Doge, Enrico Dandolo, who Fletcher Fund. 1928 28.5~.24 presented them to the Basilica of San Marco. The Horses continue to be extensively studied by 38 Relief medallion (broken from a terra sigillata jug) scholars and scientists in attempts to determine their Circus quadriga, with Logismus as charioteer. The date. They were hollow cast, the heads and bodies inscription reads: "May the Greens win". separately. Examination shows that the alloy is 98 Found at Lyons percent copper, an unusually high proportion for Roman Provincial (Rhone Valley), ancient bronze sculptures. The Horses were gilt by a 2nd-3rd century A.D. Max. dimension 9.2 cm. process using mercury; in subsequent regilding, gold Ex colls. J. Gréau; J. P. Morgan leaf was applied and burnished. The irregular scoring The Metropolitan Museum of Art. that occurs so noticeably across the surface is still a Gift ofj. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 17.194.2125 matter of speculation. Numerous repairs are visible in the form of plugs and patches. Also visible on the 39 Bronze statue of a man on horseback head are traces of the original harness. Commonly called "Caligula" but the head, which may be earlier, was not found with the body. Found near the Forum in Pompeii Roman, 1st century A.D. H. 2.41 m.

Naples. Museo Nazionale

40 Carnelian scaraboid Horse grazing. Between its legs, a monogram Said to be from Thessaly Greek. 5th century B.C. L. 1.7 cm.

Ex coll. Sir Arthur Evans The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Pulitzer Bequest Fund. 1942 42.11.24 41 Mottled red jasper scaraboid 46 Silver tetradrachm of Syracuse Charioteer driving a biga On the obverse, a quadriga; a Nike flies above to Said to have been found near Trikala in Thessaly crown the horses. Greek, late 5th century B.C. L. 3.2 cm. Greek, about 460 B.C. Wt. 17.1 g.

Ex coll. Sir Arthur Evans Ex coll. John Ward The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pulitzer Bequest Fund, 1942 Gift of}. Pierpont Morgan. 1905 42.11.19 05.44.245

42 Carnelian scaraboid 47 Silver dekadrachm of Syracuse Galloping quadriga On the reverse, a quadriga; a Nike flies above to crown Greek, second half of 4th century B.C. L. 2.7 cm. the charioteer. In the exergue, on two steps, a shield, a cuirass between a pair of greaves, and a helmet; below Ex coll. Sir Arthur Evans The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the cuirass, the word "prizes" Pulitzer Bequest Fund. 1942 Greek, about 414-412 B.C. Wt. 42.2 g. 42.11.18 Signed by the diecutter Kimon

43 Sardonyx cameo Ex coll. John Ward The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Victorious general in his quadriga crowned by Victory Gift ofj. Pierpont Morgan. 1905 and Amor, with personifications of Honor and Valor 05.44.2V2 leading the horses Roman, 4th century A.D. L. 5.9 cm. 48 Silver tetradrachm of Syracuse On the reverse, a quadriga; above, the triskeles Ex coll. Sir Arthur Evans The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (a device consisting of three running legs) Pulitzer Bequest Fund. 1942 Greek, about 317-310 B.C. Wt. 17.2 g. 42.11.32 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of Edmund Kerper. 1952 44 Silver stater of Tarentum 52.127.8 On the obverse, a nude horseman striking with a spear; at his left side, two spears and a shield 49 Silver 16-litra piece of Syracuse Greek, about 334-302 B.C. Wt. 7.9 g. On the reverse, a quadriga driven by a Nike. The inscription gives the name of Queen Philistis, wife of Ex coll. John Ward The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Hieron II. Gift ofj. Pierpont Morgan, 1905 Greek, between 276- 215 B.C. Wt. 13.2 g. 05.44.26 Ex coll. John Ward 45 Silver tetradrachm of Himera The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift ofj. Pierpont Morgan. 191 6 On the obverse, a quadriga; a Nike flies above 05.44.338 with a wreath to crown the charioteer. Greek, about 430-420 B.C. Wt. 17.06 g.

Ex coll. John Ward The Metropolitan Museum ot Art. Gift of |. Pierpont Morgan. 19<)5 16.44.164 50 Gold stater of Philip II 55 Silver denarius of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus of Macedón (359-336 B.C.) and Publius Plautius Hypsaeus On the reverse, a biga, with a bucranium below the On the reverse, Jupiter driving a quadriga horses' forelegs and hurling a thunderbolt Wt.8.6g. Roman, Roman mint, 58 B.C. Wt. 3.9 g.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ex coll. J. Grafton Milne Gift of Edmund Kerper. 1952 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 52.127.2 Rogers Fund, 1908 08.170.67 51 Silver tetradrachm of Philip II of Macedón (359- 336 B.C.) 56 Silver denarius of Augustus On the reverse, a horseman wearing a kausia On the reverse, a triumphal arch surmounted by a (Macedonian felt hat) and chlamys (cape) quadriga in which stands Augustus Wt.14.3g. Roman, Eastern mint, 29- 27 B.C. Wt. 3.9 g.

Ex coll. John Ward Ex coll. J. Grafton Milne The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift ofj. Pierpont Morgan. 1905 Rogers Fund. 1908 II5. 44.386 08.170.88

52 Silver drachm of Larisa 57 Aureus of Nero Dr usus, On the reverse, a horse grazing brother of the Emperor Tiberius Greek, about 380 B.C. Wt. 5.9 g. On the reverse, a triumphal arch surmounted by an equestrian statue between two trophies; at the foot of Ex coll. John Ward each trophy sits a captive with his hands tied behind The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift ofj. Pierpont Morgan, 19 his back. 14.444 Roman, Roman mint, A.D. 41-45. Wt. 7.8 g.

53 Electrum didrachm of Carthage The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift ofjoseph H. Durkee, 1899 On the reverse, a standing horse 99.35.63 Siculo-Punic, about 340-242 B.C. Wt. 7.6 g.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 58 Bronze sestertius of Trajan Gift of Edmund Kerper. 1952 On the reverse, Trajan in military dress on horseback 52.127.5 brandishing his spear at a fallen Dacian Roman, Roman mint, A.D. 104- 111. Wt. 27.2 g. 54 Silver denarius of Aulus Postumius Albinus On the obverse, the Dioscuri watering their horses The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund. 1908 at the fountain Juturna. The subject refers to the battle 08.170.384 ot Lake Regillus where the Romans under Postumius Albus defeated the with the help of the 59 Marble relief of a horse Dioscuri. near a pilaster surmounted by a dolphin Roman, Italian mint, about 92- 91 B.C. Wt. 4 g. Roman, 1st century A.D. H. 35 cm.

Ex coll. J. Grafton Milne Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund, 1908 The Travels of the San Marco Horses

60 Bronze statue of a horse In 1204, long before its final collapse ("The Horse of Mazzocchi") under the assault of Islamic forces, Found in Herculaneum, 1779 Roman, 1st century A.D. H. 2.17 m. Constantinople was sacked by the troops of the Fourth Crusade. Prominent Naples, Museo Nazionale, inv. 4904 among the raiders were the knights of 61 Tail of a bronze horse the Venetian Republic, whose booty Roman, 1st-2nd century A.D. L. 40.6 cm. included the San Marco Horses. They Ex coll. Martinetti The Metropolitan Museum of Art. were probably removed with other Rogers Fund. 1909 works of art from the Hippodrome, the o9.221.19 ancient racecourse adjacent to Santa 62 Hoof of a bronze horse Sophia and the imperial palace. Roman, 1st-2nd century A.D. L. 27.8 cm. The Hippodrome was one of the The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund. 1908 showplaces of Constantinople, as much 08.258.9 a political as a sports arena, but our earliest accurate visual records show it 63 Foot of a bronze horse Roman. 1st-2nd century A.D. L. 32.7 cm. already stripped and in ruins.

The Metropolitan Museum ot Art. Fifty years after the arrival of the Fletcher Fund. 1925 Horses in Venice, they were placed upon 25.78.70 the newly elaborated facade of the 64 Bronze fragment of a horse's flank Basilica of San Marco, symbols of the Found in the sea between Ponza and Terracina, 1947 transfer of glory from Byzantium to the Roman, 1st-3rd century A.D. H. 76 cm. Serene Republic. There they remained

Rome. Museo Nazionale Romano until 1797, when they were taken to Paris by the victorious French army. 65 Bronze statue of the Emperor Nerva on The Horses were restored to San Marco horseback Found off Cape Miseno, in the Gulf of Naples in 1815, after 's final defeat. Roman. 1st century A.D. In the twentieth century, the Horses H. 60 cm. (torso), 60 cm. (horse's head) were taken down for safekeeping in Naples. Museo Nazionale both world wars. More recently, they have been removed from the facade of San Marco for study and conservation. 66 The Hippodrome in Constantinople Jean Duplessi-Bertaux after Photographic enlargement of an engraving of 1580, Antoine-Charles-Horace Vernet, finished by from Onofrio Panvinio's De ludís circensibus, Padua, Robert de Launay le Jeune 1642 French. 1747-1819; 1758-1836; and 1758-1814

Photo: New York Public Library 71 Removal of the Horses from Venice, 1797 Etching. 30.7x46.5 cm.

Ippolito Caffi Venice. Museo Correr Itahan (Venetian), 1809-66 67 The Hippodrome of Constantinople Pierre-Adrien Le Beau after Claude-Louis Desrais Oil on canvas. 1843. 21 x 36 cm. French, 1748-active early 19th century; 1746-1816

Venice. Galleria Internazionale d'Arte Moderna di Ca' Pesaro 72 The Horses of San Marco in front of the Tuileries, Paris, 1802-07 Etching. 34.4 x 51.5 cm. Ippolito Caffi Italian (Venetian), 1809-66 Venice. Museo Correr 68 Santa Sophia Oil on canvas. 1843. 21 x 36 cm. Italian, about 1815 Venice. Galleria Internazionale d'Arte Moderna di Ca' Pesaro 73 Allegory of the Horses' Return to Venice, 1815 Aquatint, mounted on a sheet with pencil caption 37.6 x 48.5 cm. Gentile Bellini Italian (Venetian), about 1429/30-1507 Venice. Museo Correr 69 The Procession of the Reliquary of the True Cross in Vincenzo Chilone Venice, Galleria dell'Accademia Itahan (Venetian), 1758-1839 Photographic enlargement of a detail showing the 74 The Horses' Return to San Marco, 1815 facade of San Marco in 14% Oil on canvas. 60 x 85 cm.

Venice. Baronessa Elsa Treves de Bonfìli Gaspar van Wittel Dutch. 1653-1736 75 The Horses in the Twentieth Century- 70 San Marco and the Piazzetta Seven photographs illustrating the removal of the Pen and brown ink, gray wash. About 1694-95 Horses during the two world wars and the lowering 47.7x77 cm. of the exhibited Horse prior to its London showing Rome. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II in 1979 Photos: Alinari-Anderson. Procuratoria di San Marco, and Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici di Venezia Influence of the San Marco Horses, from the 15th to the Early 19th Century

San Marco Horses: Renaissance Horses: Bronzes and Drawings Renaissance Reductions in Bronze The equestrian subject was a key preoccupation of Reductions or small variations on the poses of Italian Renaissance sculptors, who used it in every important classical sculptures were much in vogue possible way, from battle scenes in miniature relief to during the early Renaissance, and are frequently full-scale commemorative monuments of leaders on encountered in the form of bronze statuettes. The horseback. The large horses of classical antiquity Horses of San Marco were among the most popular provided a sure idea of correct proportions. Not only antiquities. the San Marco Horses, but also the Marcus Aurelius monument in Rome and another Roman equestrian monument at Pavia, known as the Regisole (since North Italian, about 1500 destroyed), were carefully studied for their masterly 76 Horse display of anatomical knowledge and harmonious Bronze statuette of the second Horse from the left on movement. As the 15th century progressed, Italian the San Marco facade (no. 32). H. 21.8 cm. artists were increasingly drawn to independent anatomical study, but they generally bore ancient Venice, Galleria Giorgio Franchetti alla Ca' d'Oro precedents in mind, checking their designs against them. The best results were triumphs of naturalism North Italian, early 16th century and classicism combined.

77 Horse Bronze statuette of the Horse farthest to the right on Antonio Pisanello the San Marco facade. H. 24.8 cm. Italian (Veronese), about 1395-1455

Venice, Galleria Giorgio Franchetti alla Ca' d'Oro 79 Medal of Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua North Italian, early 16th century Bronze. About 1439. D. 9.9 cm.

78 Horse The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bronze statuette, a more carefully finished version of The Robert Lehman Collection no. 77. H. 24.5 cm.

Lent anonymously Antonio Pisanello Italian (Veronese), about 1395-1455

80 Medal of Francesco Sforza, afterwards Duke of Milan Bronze. About 1441. D. 8.5 cm.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1974 1974.169 Antonio Pisanello Draw ings by Leonardo da Vinci Italian (Veronese), about 1395-1455 from the Royal Collection at Windsor A large number of his drawings show Leonardo 81 Medal of Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquess of concerned with the anatomy of horses. He utilized Mantua them as vehicles of expression in painting as well as in Bronze. About 1447-48. D. lu.2 cm. his plans for sculpture. In the 1480s and 1490s. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Leonardo followed Poliamolo in designing a colossal Ann and George Blumenthal Fund. equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza. Duke of ;- : Milan. The silverpoint drawing (no. 84) dates from the period when Leonardo was most occupied with Follower of Andrea del arrocchio (J435-88) this project, which continued unni around 1494. In Italian (Florentine), late 15th century 1499. Ludovico Sforza, sponsor of the project, fell from power, ousted by a faction led by Gian Giacomo 82 Drawing of a horse with Trivulzio. Around 1508-11 Leonardo found himself anatomical measurements planning a second equestrian monument, this time for Pen and brown ink. 24.8 x 29.5 cm. Trivulzio. The four other drawings exhibited here The Metropolitan Museum of Art. relate to the Trivulzio project. Like the Sforza Frederick C. Hewitt Fund. I monument, it never progressed beyond the initial stages of design, because of shifting political developments. Antonio del Poliamolo Italian (Florentine). 1431/32-98 Leonardo da Vinci 83 Draw ing for an equestrian monument to Italian (Florentine). 1452-1519 Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan Pen and ink. brown wash, pricked tor transfer. 84 Studies of a horse About 148 1-85. 28.5 x 24.4 cm. Drawing, silverpoint on blue paper. About 1485 21.4x16 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Robert Lehman Collection Windsor. Rovai Collection, no. 123Í n ofH.M. Queen Elizabeth II

Leonardo da Vinci Italian (Florentine). 1452-1519

85 Studies for the Trivulzio monument Drawing, lead point. About 1508- 1 18.4 cm.

Windsor. Rovai Collect: H.M. Queen Elizabeth II Leonardo da Vinci Possibly by Francesco da Sant'Agata Italian (Florentine). 1452-1519 Italian (Paduan), active 1491 -1528

86 Studies of horses for the Trivulzio monument 89 Horse and Rider Startled by a Snake Drawing, black chalk, pen and ink. About 1508-11 Bronze statuette. About 1510-20. H. 25.4 cm. 2o.3xl4.3 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Windsor. Royal Collection, no. 12344; Gift of Irwin Untermver. 1964 by gracious permission of H.M. Queen Elizabeth II 64.101.1419

Leonardo da Vinci Possibly by Moderno Italian (Florentine). 1452-1519 North Italian, active late 15th-early 16th century

87 Studies for the Trivulzio monument 90 Horse and Rider Drawing, pen and ink. red chalk. About 1508-11 Bronze statuette. About 1525. H. 21.3 cm. 21.7x16.9 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Friedsam Collection. Bequest of Michael Friedsam, 1931 Windsor. Royal Collection, no. 12356; 32.100.167 by gracious permission of H.M. Queen Elizabeth II

Jan van der Straet. called Stradanus Leonardo da Vinci Flemish. 1523-1603 Italian (Florentine). 1452-1519 91 Four drawings of horses 88 Studies for the Trivulzio monument Black chalk retouched with pencil and with pen and Drawing, lead point on paper. About 1508-11 ink. About 1575-78 26.7x16.1 cm. a) Flander, 20.5 x 27 cm. Windsor. Royal Collection, no. 12339; b)Albanus, 20.5x27 cm. by gracious permission of H.M. Queen Elizabeth II c) Brito, 20.5 x 26.6 cm. d) Sicamber, 20.5 x 27.7 cm.

Florence. Gabinetto dei Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi

After a model by Giovanni Bologna Italian (Florentine), 1529-1608

92 Horse Bronze statuette. Probably modeled between 1587 and 1591. H. 24.8 cm.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of Odgen Mills, 1924 24.212.23 ' The Horses in the Age of Neoclassicism Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822

93 The Horses of San Marco 95 Walking horse in profile Four engravings from Delle antiche statue greche e with studies of the head and knee joint, and romane, che nell'antisala della Libreria di San Marco, e in indications of measurement altri luoghi pubblici di Venezia si trovano (On the Ancient Pencil with some pen. About 1807-10. 35.3 x 56.4 cm. Greek and Roman Statues Which Are to be Found in Bassano, Museo Civico the Anteroom of the Library of San Marco and in Other Public Places in Venice) by Count Anton Maria di Zanetti and Anton Maria Zanetti the Younger. Antonio Canova Venice, 1740. Each about 49 x 36 cm. Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822

Venice, Museo Correr % Standing horse seen in profile and from behind, with indications of Antonio Bernatti measurement Italian, 1792-1843 Pencil with some pen. About 1807-10. 36 x 56.5 cm.

94 Four horses' heads Bassano, Museo Civico Engraving from Storia della scultura by Leopoldo Cicognara. Venice, 1813-18. 42.4x29.7 cm. Antonio Canova Venice, Museo Correr Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822 97 Walking horse in profile with indications of measurement Pen and ink, penal. About 1807-10. 29.8 x 44.3 cm. Drawings by Antonio Canova Bassano. Museo Civico for Equestrian Monuments The sculptor Canova grew up in the , and must have been familiar with the Horses of San Marco from Antonio Canova his early youth. The eight drawings from Bassano Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822 show that their rhythmic cadences had a lasting 98 Standing horse influence on his work. Seven of the drawings were seen in profile, from the front, and from behind, with done for a projected equestrian statue of Napoleon at measurements and key letters Naples, which ultimately became a monument to Pen and ink, penal. About 1807-10. 28.8 x 49.2 cm. Charles III of Spain; the eighth sheet contains ideas for a monument to George Washington, commissioned Bassano, Museo Civico for Raleigh, North Carolina, and since destroyed. Antonio Canova Antonio Canova Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822 Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822 99 Hindquarters of a horse 101 Chest and legs of a horse Pencil. About 1807-10. 19.2 x 13.5 cm. Pencil. About 1807-10. 15.8 x 21.3 cm.

Bassano. Museo Civico Bassano, Museo Civico

Antonio Canova Antonio Canova Italian (Roman school), 1757-1822 Italian (Roman school), 1857-1822 100 Hindquarters of a horse 102 Studies for a monument to George Washington Penal on bluish paper. About 1807-10. 20.8 x 15.4 cm. Pencil. About 1817. 19.6 x 13.4 cm.

Bassano. Museo Civico Bassano, Museo Civico

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