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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 074 751 EM 010 937 AUTHOR Hopkinson, Peter TITLE The Role of Film in Development. INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organikition, Paris (France) . Dept. 'of Mass Communication. PUB LATE 71 NOTE 54p.; Reports and Papers on Mass Communication Number 64 'AVAILABLE FROM UNIPUB, Inc., P. 0. Box 433, New York, N.Y. 10016 ($1.50) EDRS PRICE MF-$0,,65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Cultural Education; *Developing Nations; *Film Production; *Films; Guidelines; *Information Dissemination; Instructional Films; *Mass Media; Television; Video Tape Recordings ABSTRACT Addressed to those connected with filmmaking and information dissemination in developing countries, thismanual offers practical advice in initiating and maintaininga filmmaking program. In addition to general information on film history and film potential, the manual presents a step-by-stepcase history of an instructional film made in India to demonstrate the utilizationof water sources for rural audiences. Also providedare guidelines for using television and portable videotape recording equipment.(MC) Ma - -10.--IIC----Ni --A irr Air 41C==:11011= 411CNII=111 -,411C.-.7110 Ii 4L-111i=11 e--. This series of Reports and Papers on Mass Communication is issued by the Department of Mass Communication. Unless otherwise stated, the reports may be reproducen full '67 in. part, provided credit is given to Unesco. The following reports and papers have so far been issued and are obtainable from National DistributorsoTtriiirsdo Publications or from the Department of Mass Communication, Unesco, Place de Fontenoy, Paris-7e. REPORTS AND PAPERS ON MASS COMMUNICATION Number Number 21Current Mass Communication Research I - Bibliography of 53Communication satellites for education, science and Books and Articles on Mass Communication Published culture,1967. since I January1955, December 1956. 548nun film for adult audiences, 1968. 22Periodicals for New Literates: Editorial Methods,June 55Television for higher technical education of the employed. 1957. A first report on a pilot project in Poland,1969. 23Cultural Radio Broadcasts. Some Experiences, December 56Book development in Africa. Problems and perspectives, 1956. 1969. 24Periodicals for New Literates. Seven Case Histories, 57Script writing for short films,1969. November 1957 (out-of-print). 58Removing taxes on knowledge,1969. 25Adult Education Groups and Audio- Visual Techniques, 59Mass media in society. The need of research,1970. 1958. 60Broadcasting from space,1970. 26The Kinescope and Adult Education,1958 (out of print). 61Principles of cultural co-operatiOn,1970. 27Visual Aids in Fundamental Education and Community' 62Radio and television in literacy,1971. Development, 1959 (out of print). 63The mass media in a violent world,1971. 28Film Programmes.for the Young,1959 (out of print). 29Film-making on a Low Budget,1960 (out of print). 30 Developing Mass Media in Asia, 1960. 31The Influence of the Cinema on Children and Adolescents. An Annotated International Bibliography,1961. 32Fihn and Television in the Service of Opera and Ballet and of Museums,1951 (out of print). 33Mass Media in the Developing Countries. A Unesco Report to the United Nations,1961. 34Film Production by International Co-operation,,1961. 35World Film Directory. Agencies Concerned with Educational,. Scientific aid Cultural Films,1962. 36Methods Encouraging the Production and Distribution of Short Films for Theatrical Use,1962. 37Developing Information Media in Africa. Press, Radio, Film, Television,1962. 38Social Education through Television,1963. 39The Teaching Film in Primary Education, 1963. 40Study of the Establishment of National Centres for Cataloguing of Films and Television Programmes,1963 (out of print). 41Space Communication and the Mass Media,1964. 42Screen education. Teaching a critical approach to cinema and television,1964. 43The Effects of Television on Children and Adolescents, 1964. 44Selected List of Catalogues for Short Films and Filmstrips, 1963 Edition. 1965. 45Professional Training for Mass Communication,1965. 46Rural Mimeo Newspapers,1965. 47Books for the Developing Countries: Asia, Africa,1965. 48Radio Broadcasting serves rural development,1965. 49Radio and television in the service of education and development in Asia,1967. 50Television and the social education of women,1967. f 1An African experiment in radio forums for rural develop- ment. Ghana, 1964/1965,1968. 52Book development in Asia. A report on the production and distribution of books in the region,1967. The role of film in development by Peter Hopkinson REViEW COPY PLEASE SEND TWOCOPIES OF YOUR REVIEW TO: wpi !R. P. 0. OOX 433 NEW YORK, N. Y. 10016 distritutor for all publica- UNIPUB. INC.isthe cxeItisive1j E. tions of the United NafIols Ettil.ntirmal.Scientific and Cultural Agency Organization (UNESCO ):the International Atomic r:nergy oftpo; the F00;2,qt:dte,ci!..,;!170, .0:11:tnizAion (FAO). the World end General Agreement on Metcorolectir.niOri;a117:4i (V,,f,tt:), Tariffs and Trado(GArr). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY. Unesco "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY. RIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY UNESCO TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATIN'a UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S OFFICE OF EDUCATIONFURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PER MISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER" Printed in 1971 in the Workshops of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Place de Fontenoy, Paris 7e COM/71.XVII/64.A Printed in France Unesco 1971 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 7 How film makes a moving picture 9 How film telescopes timewhich is what we want to do in development 10 Why film can help in development 11 The case history of a development film 14 Lessons from audience reactions 19 Development films can be entertaining too 57 Old and new ways of showing films 25 Film and television 28 New shapes and forms of filmelectronic production and projection 30 Conclusion 33 APPENDICES I. A postscript on production, establishment and costing ,37 II. The training of a film-maker 40 A glossary of film terminology 43 IV. Shot-listed and timed outline script of a development film 44 3 PREFACE Film, as a medium of entertainment, is now i.tore message that matters, and the style, technique, than a century old.Only comparatively recently methods and medium of its communication must however has its great potential as an instructional be subordinated to, and dictated by, its substance. and motivational instrument been realized. FIe sets out to show that young film producers com- Developing countries, anxious to accelerate ing to film-making in this area of their own na- the processes of economic and social change which tional development must learn to exercise a far will offer their people a better life, have turned in- greater self-discipline, if not self-subordination, creasingly to film as a means of supplementing or than possibly in any other field of motion picture replacing traditional communication forms.And activity. despite the advent of radio and television even In the developing countries where the greater Space communicationthe possibilities of film in part of the people live on the land and are further development have only begun to be exploited. isolated by lack of transport and illiteracy, effec- This manual is therefore addressed to those tive communication is essential to ensure the par- connected with film-making in the developing coun- ticipation of the scattered population in the life of tries, to students of film, and perhaps more espe- the country.Although radio has hitherto often cially to all officers of government andother agen- proved to be the most effective medium of com- cies concerned with the urgent and central work of munication in such conditions, we shall attempt to development and who need some knowledge of how demonstrate here that the film can make as great, films are made and the many ways in which they if not a greater, contribution than radio to national can be used in development. development. As the author points out, the most The new wave of so-called "factual" film- effective film technique in this field has in fact making very often offers the viewer a sensory ex- evolved from radio, radio reporting and documen- perience rather than balanced judgement on the tary programming. Even television, which is a stimulus for change which is inherent in develop- synthesis of film and radio, and the most power- ment. Too many have come to believe that it is ful and universal form of communication yet de- enough merely to turn the cameras on, without vised, still needs film to suppy its raw material. worrying too much about technical details such as We must consider then not only the basic na- focus and lighting.Sharp, shrewd film editing ture and the recent history of film and its techni- which can make point after point has too often been ques (fundamentally unchanged since the first replaced by a "cinema-verite" that substitutes im- projection of photographically recorded motion pressions for points.People with problems, or pictures three-quarters of a century ago) but also victims of conditions, are encouraged to talk about how these must now be adapted to presentation by them endlessly.Hardly ever is it considered what television.For television is fast becoming the might be done about the problems or conditions. pre-eminent method and means of film projection: Emotion has often come to replace editorial per- The paper argues, too, that in the develop- spective. Those of a new generation called upon ment process films should be regarded as an in- to work in film'in the field of development might tegral and essential element in any economic and well take a leaf out of the old-style - but not neces- social development planfrom the initial concep- sarily old-fashionedbook of the documentarist, tionand not as an isolated detail.