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RIUNNE FACENA TD Gonzále Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura “La estructura floral en la familia Cactaceae: diversidad y evolución en la tribu Trichocereeae” Lic. Valeria Vanesa González Tesis presentada para optar por el título de Doctor de la UNNE en Biología Dirección Dra. María Silvia Ferrucci Dr. Pablo Ortega Baes Dra. Stella Maris Solís Corrientes, Argentina 2019 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi directora de doctorado, Dra. María Sílvia Ferruci, por sus consejos y enseñanzas, y por contagiar su entusiasmo, sus ganas, y su amor por el trabajo que hace. A mi Codirector, Dr. Pablo Ortega Baes, por ofrecerme la oportunidad de trabajar con la familia Cactaceae, y por brindarme su apoyo en cada campaña de colección en la provincia de Salta. A mi subdirectora, Dra. Stella Maris Solís, por haberme enseñado las técnicas de la anatomía vegetal, y por su acompañamiento en el laboratorio. A mi familia, Mamá, Papá y Vero, por apoyarme en mi carrera, por alentarme a seguir persiguiendo mis sueños, por estar presentes siempre que los necesité, y acompañarme en viajes y experiencias que esta carrera me ha dado la oportunidad de tener. A mis amigos y compañeros del IBONE por el excelente compañerismo, y por alentarme y ayudarme cada vez que lo necesité. A mis amigos del LABIBO (Salta), por facilitarme la vida cada vez que iba de campaña, por la infaltable buena onda y por tantos momentos anecdóticos compartidos. Trabajos derivados de la tesis Presentaciones en Reuniones Científicas y Congresos “Morfo-anatomía floral de Echinopsis albispinosa”. Autores: González, V.V., Solís, S.M., Ortega-Baes, P. & Ferrucci, M.S. Resumen publicado en Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. (Supl.). I Reunión Argentina de Jóvenes Botánicos. Corrientes, 15-18/08/2014. Internet: http://www.botanicargentina.com.ar “Echinopsis tubiflora Zucc. Ex. A. Dietr. (Cactaceae): Análisis de los verticilos florales”. Autores: González, Valeria V., Ortega-Baes, Pablo, Ferrucci, María S. XXI Reunión de Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la UNNE. Resistencia, 3- 4/06/2015. Internet: http://www.unne.edu.ar “Morfo-Anatomía floral de tres especies de Cleistocactus”. Autores: González, V. V.; Ortega-Baes P.; Ferrucci, M. S. V Congreso Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Cactáceas y otras Suculentas. Salta, Argentina, 23-26/09/2015. "Análisis comparativo de nectarios florales en Echinopsis Lem. y Cleistocactus Zucc. (Trichocereeae, Cactaceae)". Autores: González, V.V.; Ortega-Baes P.; Ferrucci M.S. XXIII Reunión de Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la UNNE. Resistencia, 15-16/06/2017. Internet: http://www.unne.edu.ar “Estructura floral de una especie ornitófila: Denmoza rhodacantha (Cactaceae)”. Autores: González, V.V.; Ortega-Baes P.; Ferrucci M.S. XXIV Reunión de Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la UNNE. Corrientes, 21-22/06/2018. Internet: http://www.unne.edu.ar “Bauplan floral del género Cleistocactus (Cactaceae)”. Autores: González, V.V.; Ferrucci M.S. XXV Reunión de Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la UNNE. Resistencia, 13-14/06/2019. Internet: http://www.unne.edu.ar Índice Resumen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Capítulo 1. Introducción General -------------------------------------------------------- 5 Antecedentes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 La familia Cactaceae Juss. ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 Las flores en Cactaceae -------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Nectarios florales en Cactaceae ---------------------------------------------------- 11 Objetivos --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Objetivo General --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Objetivos Específicos ---------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Hipótesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Capítulo 2. Materiales y Métodos -------------------------------------------------------- 14 Materiales -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Campañas de colección -------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Localidades visitadas ---------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Herborización del material ---------------------------------------------------------- 16 Colección de material para obtención de preparados histológicos 16 permanentes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Especímenes analizados ------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Metodología ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Técnicas para el análisis exomorfológico de la flor --------------------------------- 19 Diafanización de tépalos sepaloideos y petaloideos ----------------------------- 19 Morfometría floral ------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Análisis con microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB) ----------------------- 20 Técnicas histológicas para el análisis anatómico de la flor ------------------------ 20 Preparados permanentes para microscopio óptico (MO) ----------------------- 20 Observaciones ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 Preparados temporarios de diafanización de óvulos para observaciones con microscopio de contraste diferencial interferencial (DIC) ------------------------------- 21 Preparados temporarios para observar el crecimiento de tubos polínicos con microscopio de fluorescencia ---------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Análisis con microscopio electrónico de transmisión (MET) ------------------ 22 Mapeo de caracteres florales en base a la filogenia molecular publicada para Echinopsis s.l. y géneros afines ------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Ilustraciones ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 Capítulo 3. Bauplan floral del género sudamericano Echinopsis (Cactaceae): análisis morfológico y anatómico en siete especies del noroeste argentino ------- 24 Introducción ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 Resultados -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Morfología floral --------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Anatomía floral ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Estructura del nectario floral -------------------------------------------------------- 41 Ultraestructura del nectario floral -------------------------------------------------- 41 Discusión --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Morfología floral --------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Anatomía floral ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Estructura del nectario floral -------------------------------------------------------- 52 Ultraestructura del nectario floral -------------------------------------------------- 53 Conclusiones ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 Capítulo 4. ¿Cuán conservada es la estructura del nectario floral en especies de diferentes géneros polinizadas por aves? -------------------------------------------- 55 Introducción ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 Resultados -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 Morfología floral --------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 Morfología de la cámara de néctar ------------------------------------------------- 62 Anatomía de la cámara de néctar --------------------------------------------------- 62 Epidermis nectarífera y secreción de néctar -------------------------------------- 62 Parénquima nectarífero -------------------------------------------------------------- 63 Parénquima subnectarífero ---------------------------------------------------------- 64 Vascularización ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Discusión ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Morfología floral --------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Morfología de la cámara de néctar ------------------------------------------------- 71 Anatomía de la cámara de néctar --------------------------------------------------- 73 Epidermis nectarífera y secreción de néctar -------------------------------------- 73 Parénquima nectarífero -------------------------------------------------------------- 73 Vascularización ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 Conclusiones ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 Capítulo 5. Análisis del androceo en tres especies de Gymnocalycium, con énfasis en la presentación secundaria del polen --------------------------------------- 76 Introducción ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77 Resultados --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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