Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters an International Journal for Field-Orientated Ichthyology
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Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil ISSN 0936-9902 Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters An international journal for field-orientated ichthyology Volume 22 Number 3 Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters An international journal for field-orientated ichthyology Volume 22 • Number 3 • September 2011 pages 193-288, 53 figs., 10 tabs. Managing Editor Maurice Kottelat, Route de la Baroche 12, Case postale 57 CH-2952 Cornol, Switzerland Tel. + 41 32 4623175 · Fax + 41 32 4622259 · E-mail [email protected] Editorial board Pier Giorgio Bianco, Dipartimento di Zoologia, Università, Napoli, Italy Ralf Britz, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Sven O. Kullander, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Helen K. Larson, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia Lukas Rüber, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Ivan Sazima, Museu de Zoologia, Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil Paul H. Skelton, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa Tan Heok Hui, Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters is published quarterly Subscriptions should be addressed to the Publisher: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Str. 27, 81379 München, Germany PERSONAL SUBSCRIPTION : EURO 100 per Year/volume - 4 issues (includes surface mail shipping) INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTION : EURO 180 per Year/volume - 4 issues (includes surface mail shipping) Manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor: Maurice Kottelat, Route de la Baroche 12, Case postale 57, CH -2952 Cornol, Switzerland CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Ichthyological exploration of freshwaters : an international journal for field-orientated ichthyology. – München : Pfeil. Erscheint jährl. viermal. – Aufnahme nach Vol. 1, No. 1 (1990) ISSN 0936-9902 Vol. 1, No. 1 (1990) – Copyright © 2011 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Publisher, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Str. 27, 81379 München, Germany. Printed by Advantage Printpool, Gilching ISSN 0936-9902 Printed in the European Union Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Wolfratshauser Str. 27, 81379 München, Germany Phone + 49 89 742827-0 · Fax + 49 89 7242772 · E-mail: [email protected] · www.pfeil-verlag.de 251 Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 251-288, 30 figs., 3 tabs., September 2011 © 2011 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany – ISSN 0936-9902 Review of the Southeast Asian miniature cyprinid genus Sundadanio (Ostariophysi: Cyprinidae) with descriptions of seven new species from Indonesia and Malaysia Kevin W. Conway*, Maurice Kottelat**, *** and Tan Heok Hui*** Sundadanio axelrodi is redescribed and seven new species are described: S. margarition from the Rajang and Sarawak drainages (Sarawak), S. echinus from the Anjungan peat swamp forest and S. rubellus from the Kapuas drainage (Kalimantan Barat, Borneo), S. retiarius from the Kotawaringin to Kahayan drainages (Kalimantan Tengah, Borneo), S. goblinus from the Batang Hari drainage (Sumatra), S. atomus from Singkep Island and S. gargula from Bangka Island. The eight species are distinguished by characters of colour pattern, tuberculation and squamation. Introduction Parenti, 2005; Tan & Kottelat, 2009). Individuals of Sundadanio are frequently collected in sympa- Sundadanio axelrodi, a tiny member of the Cyprini- try with Paedocypris, an other genus of the Cyprini- dae, was first described by Brittan (1976) based dae endemic to the peat swamp forests of South- on aquarium material of “uncertain origin” pos- east Asia (Kottelat et al., 2006; Britz & Kottelat, tulated to have originated somewhere on the 2008). Interestingly, unlike Paedocypris, Sundadanio Indonesian island of Sumatra. Roberts (1989) is absent from the peat swamp forests of western later recorded this species from western Borneo, peninsular Malaysia. based on material collected from a small peat Originally described as a member of Rasbora, swamp in southwestern Borneo. It has since been S. axelrodi exhibits remarkable sexual dichroma- reported from peat swamp forests and blackwa- tism and unique sexual dimorphisms that are ter streams throughout much of western and unknown amongst other South or Southeast Asian southern Borneo, eastern Sumatra and Banka, cyprinids (Kottelat & Witte, 1999; Conway & Britz, Bintan and Singkep islands (Kottelat et al., 1993; 2007). Of greatest interest are the sexual dimor- Tan & Tan, 1994; Kottelat & Lim, 1995; Lim & phisms of the muscoskeletal system, including * Corresponding author. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences and Texas Cooperative Wildlife Coll- ection, Texas A&M University, 210 Nagle Hall, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843, USA. E-mail: [email protected] ** Route de la Baroche 12, Case Postale 57, 2952 Cornol, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] *** Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singa- pore, 6 Science Drive 2, #03-01, Singapore 117546, Republic of Singapore. E-mail: [email protected] Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, Vol. 22, No. 3 252 features of the pectoral girdle, axial skeleton and Taxonomy associated musculature, which are hypothesised to be responsible for the production of a croaking Sundadanio Kottelat & Witte, 1999 sound by males (Conway & Britz, 2007). Comparison of the type material of S. axelrodi Type species. Rasbora axelrodi Brittan, 1976. with material collected from peat swamp forests across Sundaland (the Great Sunda islands and Diagnosis. A genus of cyprinid fish distin- the southern Malay Peninsula) revealed that guished from all other genera of the family S. axelrodi actually represents a number of differ- Cyprinidae by several unique features relating to ent species. In this paper we provide a revised sexual dimorphism of the pectoral girdle and diagnosis for Sundadanio, redescribe S. axelrodi axial skeleton (as described by Conway & Britz, and provide descriptions for seven new species. 2007), including: fifth pectoral-fin ray of males greatly thickened proximally, bearing a small pointed, sometimes serrated, ridge of bone on its Materials and methods dorsal surface; cleithrum of males with extensive membranous flange on posterior edge; scapulo- All measurements (Fig. 1a) were taken on the left coracoid cartilage of males completely ossified, side of specimens to the nearest 0.1 mm using a without intervening cartilage filled sutures (vs. Zeiss DRC stereomicroscope equipped with an scapulocoracoid cartilage with two ossifications, ocular micrometer. Counts were obtained from the scapula and coracoid); head of 5th rib and cleared and stained (c&s) specimens, which were outer arm of the os suspenorium of males hyper- prepared following the protocol of Taylor & van trophied, up to 10 × thicker than that of females; Dyke (1985). Colour pattern terminology (Fig. 1b) presence of a large hypertrophied bulbous mus- generally follows that of Brittan (1954) with the cle in males, a modification of the hypaxial mus- addition of secondary lateral stripe (a narrow but culature, attaching to a cup-like depression on distinct strip of melanophores running along the enlarged head of fifth rib, extending medially to ventral edge of the anterior half of the dark lat- attach laterally to the head of the outer arm of the eral stripe, often visible as a bright red or orange os suspensorium. stripe in live specimens). Selected specimens were The following characters are also diagnostic, initially dehydrated using a graded series of although not unique to the genus: miniature adult ethanol, critical point dried (Denton DCP-1A), size (maximum size 19.7 mm SL); males with large placed on an aluminum stub and coated with conical tubercles over most available body sur- gold (Denton Desk IV XLS) for examination with faces, including the lower and upper jaws, dorsal scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a and ventral surfaces of head (Fig. 2), chest, scales Philips XL-20 SEM. Two additional specimens (Fig. 3), fin rays, fin membranes; two distinct were later prepared for SEM examination using clusters of large tubercles on lower jaw of male the technique outlined in Ellis & Pendleton (2007) (Fig. 2), each supported by a bony shelf on lat- and examined using a JEOL JSM-6400 SEM. eral face of dentary (Fang, 2003); presence of large Materials examined during the course of this pre- and postepiphyseal fontanelle (Fig. 4); anal study are housed in the following collections: fin skeleton with elongate middle radials; branch- BMNH, Natural History Museum, London; CAS, ing point of branched anal-fin rays close to base California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; of ray (separated only by three segments; Fig. 5); CMK, collection of the second author, Cornol; absence of the following bones in the neurocra- FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chi- nium (nasal, intercalar, preethmoid), hyopalatine cago; MZB, Research and Development Centre arch (ectopterygoid), pectoral girdle (posttempo- for Biology (ex Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense), ral, postcleithrum, mesocoracoid)