i ii MANGIFERA OF SUMATRA Fitmawati Ibna Hayati With Contribution by Eko Prasetyo Adi Zulkifli Photographs by Fitmawati Salpa Hartanto UR PRESS 2018 iii iv v ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, We would like to thank to Allah, God of the ‗Alameen (the whole universe), for all of His blessings. It was Allah who has opened a broad way for us so that We can completed the manuscript of Mangifera of Sumatra. The present results would not have been possible without the generous support of our colleagues in Biology Department of Universitas Riau, our biology students who have done the research related to Mangifera, and HIKOM. The Indonesian Minister of Research Technology and Higher Education provided financial grant and I am much grateful to DIKTI for unstinting support. I am indebted to Prof. Mien A. Rifai, Prof. Elizabet Wijaya and Prof. Alex Hartana who gave me guidance, support, and encouragement to finish this manuscript. It is a pleasure to warmly thank my exploration companions, Anggi, Uyun, Fransiska, Anto, Suci, Puji, Roslina, Masruroh, Ibna, Sandi, Erwina, Esi, Miladia, Nurul, Rissan, Syaiful fortheir time in the field; my greatest debt goes to Salpa, Adi, Syafroni who accompanied me on all trips,tirelessly organising the camp, the meals, cutting the plot boundaries, climbing trees for proper botanical collection, and helping in pre-identifying the samples. We would also like to express our sincere and deep gratitude to our supervisors, Prof. Mien, for his guidance and help, huge understansing, patience, kindness, immense support, and encouragement throughout this manuscript,. Numerous people have helped us during our research and the writing up. We would like to thank them all: Nery Sofyanti, Anggi Swita, Anto, Fransiska Warni, Suci Rochyati who have helped me exploring mango in Central Sumatra, Adi Zulkifli vi Salpa Hartanto and Rissan Suriatno, who have helped me exploring mango in eastern Sumatra until mapping distribution, Ibna Hayati, Erwina Juliantari, Sandi Pratiwi Harahap, Syaiful Ramadhan, Syafroni Pranata who have helped me exploring mango in southern Sumatra. For molecular team: Roslina, Masruroh, Ibna, Sandi, Wiwin, Esi, Miladia, Nurul. PREFACE vii Diversity Mango (Mangifera) in Indonesia is an important and interesting aspect to be studied for mango improvement program relies heavily on the genetic diversity available. Exploration and surveys of mango genetic diversity in Indonesia have been conducted in Java (Fitmawati 2003, Sulistiowati (1989), West Kalimantan and South Kalimantan (Kostermans and Bompart 1989), South Sulawesi (Wirawan 1999), Southeast Sulawesi (Fitmawati 2005) exploration and surveying the diversity of mango species in eastern and southern Sumatra has never been done.It is very important to do exploration to reveal the biological wealth of Sumatran mangoes in order to sow the resources of germplasm of wild mangoes in Sumatra that are racing with the rapid transfer of land function to the area of oil palm and rubber plantation. Mango has become a major fruit crop of the tropics and subtropics, particularly in Asia, where the mango has always been the most important fruit crop and where it has been considered the ‗king of fruits‘ (Purseglove, 1972). However, improvement of tree crops has lagged far behind field crops for several reasons: their heterogeneity, polyploidy, lengthy juvenile period, time required for evaluation of trees in the fi eld, and the relatively high cost of maintaining tree plantings. For the most part, fruit cultivars continue to be ancient selections, many of which have serious problems, including alternate bearing, lack of disease resistance, low yields, etc. The rapid growth of mango production in recent years has been due to its expansion into new growing regions of the New World, China and parts of Africa; the planting of regular bearing selections; and the adoption of modern fi eld practices, which include irrigation management, control of flowering, etc. Agricultural practices are currently undergoing another revolution, as integrated pest and disease management replaces viii the earlier reliance on agrichemicals, and emerging fields within biotechnology begin to impact cultivar development. The Mangifera species have their centre of diversity and origin in South-east Asia, a region that has experienced great economic development in recent years. Vast wooded areas have been completely or partially deforested either for expanding agriculture or for removal of tropical hardwoods for export. This has caused great genetic erosion within many species and genera. The Mangifera species, like many other tropical fruit trees, are canopy and emergent trees of the tropical rainforest (Kaur et al., 1980). These trees are widely scattered in the tropical rainforest, flower erratically and reproduce from large seeds that deteriorate rapidly. As such, they are particularly vulnerable and in danger of extinction. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) has attained the status of most important fruit crop in tropics and subtropics, particularly in Asia and considered as ‗king of fruits‘. India occupies first place in mango production of the world and accounts for almost half of the global production and area. India being primary and secondary centre of domestication of Mangifera indica, substantial contribution of mango industry in economy, export, livelihood support is well known. Enormous genetic diversity exists in the country. Considering the importance of mango national database on mango has been developed with the support of DBT (Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi) in network mode involving ten research institutes/universities viz., Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow; Indian institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru; Horticultural College & Research Institute for Women (HCRIW) (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University), Trichy; Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Nadia; National Research Centre for Litchi (NRCL), Muzaffarpur; Central Horticultural Experiment ix Station (CHES), Bhubaneswar; Fruit Research Station (FRS) (Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University), Sangareddy; Regional Fruit Research Station (RFRS) (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth), Vengurle; Agriculture Experimental Station (AES) (Navsari Agriculture University), Paria and ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region (ICAR RC), Barapani. As the information on morphological characterization of regional farmer‘s variety and eco-geographical adaptations, package of practices, traditional knowledge, geographical indicators related to different varieties specific to mango growing areas of India, thus the involvement of these institutions for collection of information at district level resulted a huge data set representing country level information, which further reorganized for the development of an interactive and informative national network database meeting the strong need of the country. All centres collected geographical location specific information and final integration of the digitized information developed at Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH), Lucknow as National Mango Database. Mango database providing information on genetic, phenotypic, molecular markers, proteins, endogenous phytochemicals, usage, packages of practices, traditional knowledge, nutritional and medicinal value, production, harvesting and postharvest technologies, on farm conservation sites, gene bank status, IPR issues, diseases and pests, geographical indicators, bibliographic records and GIS applications for georeference database and several other important aspects on the crop. The national database on various aspects of mango germplasm would be highly useful for biotechnologists, students, researchers, farmers, policy makers and mango lovers. From IPR point of view, utilization of germplasm in breeding programs and other biotechnological researches on mango will be highly useful. x Genetic resources molecular characterization and bioinformatics resource information including nucleic acid, ESTs, proteins, chemicals of different Mangifera collected by CISH, Lucknow. CISH, Lucknow also generated information on GIS based mapping of thematic areas like genetic diversity, molecular information and varietal climate suitability, database useful for DUS testing, IPR issues including patents on mango. Development and maintenance of national database containing information on various aspects related to mango will result in proper utilization of genetic resources in improvement programmes and germplasm conservation, which will also provide sustainable management tools. Mango database also delivers information on various aspects like improvement, production technology, crop protection, biotechnology, genetics, bibliographic citations and related issues affecting livelihoods and nutritional security for the benefit of researchers, farmers, local communities and tropical fruit tree user groups. Information on mango accessions available in different gene banks was augmented and updated for providing information of the accessions from various parts of the country. Existing documentation available on mango have been converted into digital format. Information on the farmer‘s varieties and landraces, available in the literatures were digitized for the updates of database. For this purpose, descriptions made by research workers from different parts of the country were collected. Information on the important eco-geographical areas rich in genetic diversity presented could also