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The Spectre of Austria - Reappraising the Rise of the Freedom Party from 1986 to 2000

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The Spectre of Austria - Reappraising the Rise of the Freedom Party from 1986 to 2000 The spectre of Austria - Reappraising the rise of the Freedom Party from 1986 to 2000 Goran Adamson Department of Sociology London School of Economics and Political Science Sept. 8, 2009 Ph.D. Thesis Supervisor: Robin Archer UMI Number: U615B32 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615BB2 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F Ph.D. thesis submission: Abstract and declaration of word length Name of candidate: Goran Adamson Title of thesis: The spectre of Austria - Reappraising the rise of the Freedom Party from 1986 to 2000 Key words: Austria, Austrian Freedom Party, corporatism, elitism, fascism, FPO, Jorg Plaider, populism, racism, right-wing extremism, right-wing parties, right-wing populism British Library of Political and Economic Science 2 IZ7oo^ 2 ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the reasons behind the electoral successes of the FPO between 1986, when Jorg Haider assumed the leadership of the party, and 2000, when the party entered into a government coalition with the OVP. A widely held view is that the FPO’s rise was caused predominantly by the party’s right-wing extremist tendencies. The importance of the role of the party’s populist critique of the Austrian elite has often been underestimated. The literature and public debate about the FPO is largely dominated by ideological assumptions rather than detailed empirical inquiry. This thesis evaluates the relative importance of the right-wing extremist and populist dimensions, drawing on a wide range of qualitative and quantitative sources, such as party documents, its yearbooks, speeches and statements of prominent members, election results and voter surveys. An in-depth analysis of the data demonstrates that the extent of the expression of right- wing extremist views in the party’s rhetoric, programmes and policies was smaller than commonly assumed. Voters were drawn towards the party primarily by its critique of the SPO/OVP elite rule that had characterised the Austrian political landscape since the Second World War. By highlighting and often exaggerating the shortcomings of the elite and Austrian corporatism, the party under Jorg Haider managed to appeal to the electorate. With their support, the FPO became the second largest political party at the national elections in 1999, thereby ending the SPO/OVP dual elite rule. Once the FPO joined the OVP-led government, the party quickly started to disintegrate resulting ultimately in a split of the party - a fate shared with other populist parties. The FPO’s rise to power and particularly the emerging new right-wing extremist parties in Europe call for a thorough investigation of the underlying factors behind the parties’ success. The analysis and findings of this thesis therefore are of relevance beyond the Austrian context. 3 Declaration of word length I declare that my thesis consists o f words. Signature: Goran Adamson Date: Sept. 8, 2009 Original work The content of this thesis is exclusively the work of the author. Signature: Goran Adamson Date: Sept. 8. 2009 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 9 Milestones 10 Abbreviations 11 Glossary of non-English terms 12 Chapter 1 16 Introduction Chapter 2 30 Right-wing Extremism and Populism - A Review of the Literature The Study of Right-wing Extremism 31 Right-wing Extremism - Ideological Underpinnings 32 An Old or New Phenomena? 33 Right-wing extremist parties - Populist or not? 34 Explaining the Electoral Appeal of Right-wing Extremist 36 Parties Right-wing Extremism - A Determining Factor for the 38 Electoral Success of the FPO? Populism - a Factor of Success for the Party? An Overview 41 of the Literature The Importance of the Party Leader 43 Chapter 3 47 Methodology Jorg Haider’s Writings 48 Freiheit und Verantwortung - The Party’s Yearbooks 51 The Party Programmes 52 Election Data and Polls 52 Populism and the Austrian Elite 53 The Political Context 53 Chapter 4 55 Populism 5 The Origins of ‘Populism’ 57 Common Features of Populism 58 Two Different Forms of Populism - Right-wing and 61 Egalitarian Populism Chapter 5 75 Austrian Corporatism - an Overview Austrian Corporatism - Elitist Oppression? 80 Corruption in the Political System 81 Political Participation and Opposition 83 The Scientific Rationality of Austrian Corporatism 86 Ideology strikes back 88 Austrian Corporatism - A Success Story 90 Austrian Corporatism - Historical Legacy 90 Healing the Wounds and Bridging the Past 94 Corporatism and the Austrian National Character 96 Austrian Corporatism - Ideological and yet Progressive 98 Corporatism and Democratic Flaws 100 Post-war Economic Realities 101 Chapter 6 105 A Short History of the FPO from 1949 to 1986 Verband der Unabhangigen - the Failed Integration of FPO's 106 Predecessor The Early Years - Fledging Attempts at Liberalism 107 The Salzburg Programme, Bruno Kreisky and Attersee Circle 108 - Between Mainstream and Oblivion The Bad Ischl Programme and the Libertarian Promise 110 The Fragile Coalition 1983-1986 112 The Ascendancy of Jorg Haider 113 The Early FPO - Battle between Extremists and Liberals 114 Chapter 7 117 Analysing the FPO’s Electoral Appeal - Rhetoric, Party Programme and Reactions Racism, Anti-Democratic Ideas and Fascism - Rhetoric and 117 Provocation 6 The Party Yearbooks - The Party’s Ideological Spectrum 125 The Party Programmes of 1985 and 1997 129 The EU Sanctions against Austria 139 Haider and the FPO - Manipulation, Tactics and Hidden 153 Agendas? Chapter 8 163 Analysing the Appeal of the FPO - the Electorate Election Results 163 Public Polls - How Different are FPO Voters? 174 Chapter 9 185 The FPO’s Critique of the Elite Social and Cultural Critique 189 Political Critique 197 Power-greedy socialism 202 Daily encounters with the Austrian elite 204 Economic Critique 206 Chapter 10 211 Conclusion Synthesis of Main Findings 212 What About the Events since 2000? 219 Right-wing Extremism and Populism and Its Wider 222 Implications A Final Note 223 References 225 Annex 242 7 In memory of my dear parents, Birgit and Kjell Adamson Acknowledgements Many people have been important for this thesis. My supervisor Robin Archer read the manuscript and offered advice. During the earlier stages of the process, I had numerous discussions with Alfred Felsberger in Vienna, who knew far more about Austrian politics than he ever admitted. I have had innumerable discussions along the way with my old friend Jens Sorensen, and his insight and enthusiasm was always a great support. I am indebted to my colleagues Aje Carlbom, Torbjorn Friberg, and Daniel Ankarloo for their wit and knowledge in all areas imaginable. Mahmoud Delkhasteh, colleague from the LSE, has been very supportive. Fredrik Ekelund was a good friend along the way. Peter Fleissner at the former EUMC in Vienna, read the manuscript at an early stage and generously pushed me forward. Willy Lasek and Heribert Schiedel at the Archive for the Austrian Resistance in Vienna never asked twice when I inquired about various material about the FPO. Richard Mitten questioned my initial perception of the FPO, and Hans-Georg Betz encouraged a more complex understanding of the concept of populism. I have had fruitful discussions with Kurt Richard Luther, who also offered vital material at the final stages of the process. I was fortunate to meet key members on the Austrian political scene. Eva Glawischnig presented the FPO in a critical light, whereas Lothar Hobelt and Peter Sichrowsky offered a view from inside the FPO. At the initial stages I had stimulating discussion with Melanie Sully, especially on the character and appeal of Jorg Haider. James Burton, my editor, was quick and competent. My greatest gratitude goes to Michaela, who kept addressing weaknesses and suggesting more fruitful paths, and to Nora, my daughter. 9 Milestones 1949 Founding of Verband der Unabhangigen (VdU) (League of Independents). 1950 Jorg Haider is born in Bad Giosern/Oberosterreich. 1955 Anton Reinthaler, former Nazi, creates Freiheitspartei as a rival to the VdU. 1956 VdU and Freiheitspartei merge into Freiheitiiche Partei Osterreichs (FPO). 1956 Reinthaler wins a landslide over Kraus. FPO’s liberal wing is marginalised. 1958 Reinthaler dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Peter, previous SS soldier. 1958 Peter declares that the FPO is a party for nationals and liberals alike. 1964 Salzburger Programm (the Salzburg Programme) adapts a more liberal profile. 1966 German Nationalist splinter group forms Nationaldemokratische Partei. 1968 Bad Ischl Programm (the Bad Ischl Programme), introducing libertarian views. 1971 Foundation of Atterseekreis (the Attersee Circle) by young, liberal students. 1973 Freiheitiiche Manifest gives voice to both liberal and libertarian sentiments. 1973 Intensification of tension between German Nationalists and modernizers. 1978 Peter looses election to Alexander Gotz, German Nationalist. 1979 The FPO becomes member of the world-wide Liberal International. 1980 The liberal Norbert Steger wins election over the Nationalist Harald Ofner. 1983 The SPO looses absolute majority, and initiates negotiations with the FPO.. 1983 Coalition between SPO under Vranitzky and FPO under Steger. 1983 The FPO reaches an all-time-low with 5.3 per cent of votes cast. 1984 In Carinthia, his home region, Haider starts an internal opposition to Steger. 1984 FPO is supported by 16 per cent in the Carinthian local election. 1985 Liberal views are strengthened in the new Salzburg Programme. 1985 Haider refers to WWII as ‘events’ in the Austrian newspaper Profil. 1985 Friedhelm Frischenschlager shakes hand with war criminal Walter Reder, 1986 Steger is outmaneuvered by Jorg Haider, who seizes power of the FPO.
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