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Homophobia, Hypermasculinity, and the Struggle Over

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Homophobia, Hypermasculinity, and the Struggle Over MASCULINITY MEANS NEVER HAVING TO SAY YOU'RE MASCULINE: HOMOPHOBIA, HYPERMASCULINITY, AND THE STRUGGLE OVER VISIBILITY IN THE SPACE OF "STRAIGHT-ACTING" GAY MEN by Jay Robert Clarkson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication Studies in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa May 2006 Thesis Supervisor: Professor Bruce Gronbeck Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3225589 Copyright 2006 by Clarkson, Jay Robert All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3225589 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by JAY ROBERT CLARKSON 2006 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Graduate College The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL PH.D. THESIS This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis of Jay Robert Clarkson has been approved by the Examining Committee for the thesis requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Communication Studies at the May 2006 graduation. Thesis Committee: Bruce Gronbeck, Thesis Supervisor c__ Mark Andrejevic , Ju Kristine Fitch Gigi Durham Ece Algan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE - STRAIGHT-ACTING MEN AND CONTEMPORARY MASCULINITY........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter Outline.............................................................................................................6 Masculinity Theory.......................................................................................................9 Hegemony, Masculinity and Hegemonic Masculinity................................ 13 The “Crisis of Masculinity”...........................................................................17 The Metrosexual (Re)Styles Hegemonic Masculinity................................22 Gay Masculinities..........................................................................................27 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER TWO - METHODOLOGY................................................................................ 34 Gay Masculinities on the Internet............................................................................. 34 Internet Research.........................................................................................................37 Method........................................................................................................................ 39 Methodological Considerations................................................................................ 46 What Discourse You Ask? .........................................................................................49 Common Terms..........................................................................................................51 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER THREE - “AN EFFEMINATE GUY DOESN’T EVEN COUNT AS A GUY AT ALL - HE’S A CHICK:” INTERNALIZED HOMOPHOBIA AND THE DEMONIZATION OF GAYNESS AND EFFEMINACY.................................... 55 History of Anti-Effeminate Attitudes.......................................................................56 Anti-Femininity...........................................................................................................59 The Expressive Function of Homophobia................................................................61 Internalized Homophobia: Identity through Negation.............................................72 Tolerance for Intolerance........................................................................................... 79 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 89 CHAPTER FOUR - “MASCULINE IS NOW GAY TERMINOLOGY:” DEFINING STRAIGHT-ACTING MASCULINITY..................................................................91 The Science of Gender Identity Development......................................................... 93 (Re)Making Gay Masculinity....................................................................................94 What’s Wrong with Acting Gay or Straight?........................................................... 98 Passing for Straight................................................................................................. 102 The (Fluid) Nature of Masculinity.......................................................................... I ll Masculinity as Spacious Rhetoric..........................................................................119 Straight-acting as Working Class Masculinity........................................................121 Conclusions............................................................................................................... 129 CHAPTER FIVE - “YOU SHOULD NEVER LIVE LIFE AS A CLONE:” VISIBILITY, STEROTYPES AND THE MEDIA....................................................................... 132 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Perspectives on Visibility........................................................................................ 133 Debating Gay Pride: Gay Chemotherapy...............................................................142 Demonizing the Media Stereotype...........................................................................156 Visibility Only Works if it’s Straight-acting..........................................................170 Rethinking Gayness: Enter the Metrosexual...........................................................175 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 181 CHAPTER SIX - CONCLUSIONS AND MUSINGS...................................................... 187 Binaries within Binaries........................................................................................... 189 Hegemonic Masculinity or Hegemonic Bloc..........................................................194 Future Research ........................................................................................................203 Final Thoughts..........................................................................................................204 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 206 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 CHAPTER ONE - STRAIGHT-ACTING MEN AND CONTEMPORARY MASCULINITY A site for guys that like sports, change their own car’s oil, or just don’t fit the effeminate stereotypes - StraightActing.com’s new motto Straight-acting describes gay men who are more masculine than the effeminate stereotypes . not better, just less nelly! This site exists so that you can explore this controversial topic from all angles .. pro and con. - StraightActing.com’s old motto I was originally drawn to StraightActing.comStraightActing.com ( ) in the summer of 2000 after reading an article inThe Advocate that recommended that readers, both male and female, go to the site to take a quiz to determine their straight-acting level (Mueller, 2000). My interest in the quiz drew me to the site, but the content of the “Butch Boards” interested and often irritated me so much that I continued to read the posts as a casual observer. In the Spring of 2003 I began to look at the site more critically. My initial interest was to see how the discourse of these boards could facilitate critical examination of various media forms. What I discovered was that the Butch Boards function as its members’ gay anti-scene. It is a space where straight-acting gay men gather to talk about a wide range of issues from current events to car repair, to meet new people and make friends, and most importantly to be straight-acting. Unlike a typical gay bar, where gay people are generally accepted for their perceived gayness, in this virtual gay bar, a specific brand of men can isolate themselves from the indicators of gayness that many despise about gay bars. It’s like a gay bar without drinking and dancing or any trace of visible gayness. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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