Twitter Narratives During Hurricane Matthew
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TWITTER NARRATIVES DURING HURRICANE MATTHEW: EVALUATION OF IMMEDIATE DISASTER STAGES By JACOB DEFLITCH Bachelor of Science in Sociology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2018 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MASTER OF SCIENCE JULY, 2018 TWITTER NARRATIVES DURING HURRICANE MATTHEW: EVALUATION OF IMMEDIATE DISASTER STAGES Thesis Approved: Duane Gill Thesis Advisor Tammy Mix Alex Greer Rebecca Morss ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to those who helped me in the accomplishment of my Master’s Thesis from Oklahoma State University. In particular, I would like to thank my Committee Chair and Advisor Dr. Duane Gill for his guidance and patience as I completed my thesis. In addition, I would like to further thank my thesis committee, Dr. Tamara Mix, Oklahoma State University, Dr. Alex Greer, Oklahoma State University, and Dr. Rebecca Morss, Senior Scientist and Deputy Director of the Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Their guidance for the thesis was invaluable for the foundation of the research. Finally, I want to express my profound gratitude towards Dr. Rebecca Morss for the assistance provided at the National Center for Atmospheric Research during the Summer of 2017. Rebecca, along with Dr. Julie Demuth and Dr. Heather Lazrus, Project Scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, played a significant role in the data collection process. Their guidance was paramount to the completion of this Master’s Thesis. Finally, I would like to thank Jennings Anderson, PhD Student in Human Computer Interaction at Colorado University, and Leysia Palen, Chair of the Department of Information Science at Colorado University, for their assistance in the collection process of the Twitter data. Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. iii Name: JACOB DEFLITCH Date of Degree: JULY, 2018 Title of Study: TWITTER NARRATIVES DURING HURRICANE MATTHEW: EVALUATION OF IMMEDIATE DISASTER STAGES Major Field: SOCIOLOGY Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of foundational disaster literature using a contemporary data platform. Due to the recency of social media over the last decade, novel opportunities now exist to study disaster preparation, response, recovery, and mitigation through in-situ accounts. The author characterizes immediate disaster stages based upon overarching themes identified by Twitter users impacted by Hurricane Matthew in Savannah, Georgia. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the author identifies the frequency of tweets within each immediate disaster stage, as well as the context of each tweet. In addition, the author uses individual social media narratives to gauge the resident’s story through the duration of Hurricane Matthew. The author’s findings suggest the continuing effectiveness of foundational disaster literature through both quantities and qualitative methods. Results emphasize prior studies that address residents’ narratives during a disaster event. The further incorporation of social media proves to be an additional outlet for research in the meteorological field. iviii i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 6 Disaster Stages................................................................................................................... 6 Hurricane Evacuation Process........................................................................................... 9 Sources of Information.................................................................................................... 12 Social Media in Disasters................................................................................................ 13 Twitter............................................................................................................................. 16 Research Objectives........................................................................................................ 18 III. METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 19 Hurricane Matthew: Background.................................................................................... 19 Hurricane Matthew: Impacts........................................................................................... 22 Data Collection and Analysis.......................................................................................... 24 Data Analysis and Results............................................................................................... 27 IV. RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 31 Pre-Disaster and Warning Stages................................................................................... 31 Impact Stage................................................................................................................... 36 Inventory and Rescue Stages.......................................................................................... 41 Social Media Narratives................................................................................................. 45 Bethany’s Story......................................................................................... 45 John’s Story.............................................................................................. 47 Maria’s Story............................................................................................ 49 Robert’s Story........................................................................................... 51 Heather’s Story......................................................................................... 52 V. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 55 Limitations and Future Research................................................................................... 60 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 63 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Temporal events used to categorize the stages of disaster for the study.......... 27 2. Total number of tweets analyzed ..................................................................... 30 3. Pre-Disaster Tweets ......................................................................................... 32 4. Pre-Disaster Tweets (Continued) ..................................................................... 33 5. Warning Tweets ............................................................................................... 34 6. Warning Tweets (Replies) ............................................................................... 35 7. Impact Tweets: Environmental Reporting ....................................................... 38 8. Impact Tweets: Personal Reporting ................................................................. 39 9. Impact Tweets (Continued): ........................................................................... 40 10. Inventory Tweets ............................................................................................ 42 11. Inventory Tweets (Continued) ........................................................................ 43 12. Rescue Tweets ................................................................................................ 45 13. Tweets that discuss evacuation methods ........................................................ 46 14. Tweets that express hope during the warning stage ....................................... 50 15. Tweets that reflect the desire to return home ................................................. 50 16. Tweets that include a conversation regarding condition ................................ 52 17. Tweets that conveyed the desire for prayer .................................................... 53 18. Tweets that included #SavannahStrong ......................................................... 54 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Immediate disaster stages ...................................................................... 8 2. NHC forecast issued 8am EDT, October 4 .......................................... 20 3. Hurricane Matthew Track .................................................................... 21 4. Return Period (Years) for hurricanes (National Hurricane Center) ..... 22 5. Estimated maximum storm surge inundation (ft. above ground) ......... 23 6. Keyword dataset of 42423 tweets and their total tweets per day ......... 29 7. Timeline of Pre-Disaster and Warning Stage Tweets .......................... 32 8. Timeline of Impact Stage Tweets ........................................................ 37 9. Timeline of Inventory and Rescue Stage Tweets ................................ 42 10. Socio-Temporal Disaster Stages with major themes ......................... 56 2vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION As Hurricane Matthew approached the Southeastern coast of the United States, I made the spontaneous decision