Inverkeithing and District, in Such a Form That the People Would He Able to Sit at Their Firesides, with Their Feet on the Hob and A

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!)!•' INVI'.KKI'.l'ni INC) IN I'AUI.IAMKNT R)k

'I'llI'1. PAST 'I'lIIk'rVdNh: VI'.AKS,

TINS UTTI.K WDUK IS I >KI )l( : All' I >. INVERKEITHSNG NORTH QUEENSFERRY LIMEKILNS

THE FERRY HILLS

Zhc\x antiquities & '(Recreative IResources.

HISTORY OP DUNFERMLINE GOLF CLUB AND FLAN OF COURSE.

EDITED BY AND. S. CUNNINGHAM.

©unfeniUine : W. CLARK & SON, /O(:A'\' .l/. OVPICK.

]K ii KKRRIIiNi; : Miss PiiiNin.K i\r.>ri'".i'..NsnsiiKV : A. MUTTON. ' TIAUI KSTOWN : Mrs UKIH. Ll.MKKILNS : .Miss STKIU.ii PREFACE.

H KN lecturing on " 1 nvrrkeithin^, in the Olden Time" in the Ancient liurjji in the mouth of January lasl, a seel ion of the audience seemed to be anxious to hear more aboul old institution!; and the things that were. I I hen came under a promise to issue some notes on Inverkeithing and district, in such a form that the people would he able to sit at their firesides, with their feet on the hob and a. cushion at their backs, and read them. This little, work is an attempt to redeem that promise. I have to acknowledge my inilebledness lo the late 1 Pr I ',. Henderson and oilier authors quoted- 1 have also In thank Mr Henry llevendi.'y, ol 1'il reavie ; Mr R. A. Mair, Kilmhui'i.'Ji ; Mr \\. (lillord, joppa; the Rev. A, S, Wilson, Norlh Oueensl'erry ; and Mr |. I ). Reid for special conlribiilions. I am also under a deep debt ol }!,ralitude lo Mr |. R. Men/.ies, the town-clerk of Inverkeilhinj;, lor liavui!.; aHorded me every opportunity of consull inji, the Town ('oinieil Reeonls, and lo the following for the photographs hum which llie illus- Irations are puxluced, ('uunc.illur A. S. Wall, Invev- kcilhui!1,; Mr llarley Marshall, Mr James Norval, Mr I), ('imnnin;1, Simpson, and Mr Maclue, I )iuilei'iiiliiie ; and Mr Youni',, Uurnlisland.

AND. S. CUNNINCI1A1YI.

1 Ml N I'K . KMUM', | HIM' I Sl|i|. CONTENTS.

I NVKKICKITIMNC-- L'ACJK

The Oriejinnl Charier .... 7 The Oldest Kxtnnl Charier -....,S The Dale of Kiiuj William's Charter 9 Changes in (he Hnreji and Tarish ... 10 Inverkeilhini; in Ihe Aticienl of Days ' 3 Onceii Annalvlh and her I'alace - - - - 16

Oilier Ini'idenls alleclini; Royally 19 .. ,y Invei keilhhu1, I 'onvenls - .. 20 The ('hineh of SI. I'eler ... 21

A I'oiccd Imliii'lion and ils Results a. I liefore and Aflei1 Ihe Disputed Settlement - - 7,7 Ihe Secession (linieh and i(s Minish'is Kheiuv.er Ihou-n and iiiliers - - |u

The Tan Works - - ,|2 The Town Mouse and Ihe Markel (Yoss - ,|2 Auliijuilies in Ihe Town I louse ..... ^ k!d lies 11011a I I'.uili hujes and School Teachers • • ;] ^

Ihe Toils of Pays ( lone Hy • - ,|i. I livrl kel! lliu.,._ llatlioUC --.... ^y

I '. 1 1hanienl a 1 y Kr| irescnlal ion ,| S A Sehi».lliou,e Tv;i|;eily i'l 1707 - - - ,|i)

The " Sell " of Ihe laii|di • go Kandilc; Round Ihe (liilskii ... ls l'.\ii.;ll I air in the I Ililen lime . (,o Ihe Old 1 Innrhyaid .... 77 The <'nucleiy — A Sad Ineidenl of iSd.| • • 7')

The Kiveiliuii oi Hie l!lin;ll • - ... So The rrovoslshiji of Ilie llllljdi ..... ,S] /\ I'ai liauit nlaiy l'!lecliou Incident of r/<)/> - - S:; HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS NEAR THE BURGH OF INVERKEITHING— Duloch and Cruicks ------75 Rosyth Castle - 89 The Estate of Middlebank ...... 91 The Estate of Fordell 92 St. Davids ...... g^ The Grounds of Donibristle - • - - • 95 Pitreavie Castle _ . 96 The Barony of Pitveavie .... • • 98

The Village of Masterton ...... jOo The Battle of Pitveavie - 100

THE VILLAGE OF NORTH QUEENSFERRY— Old Wells 106 The Old Pier - 108 The Battery Hill Ill

The Ancient Chapel----• - 114 The Carlin's Nose 11.6 Port Laing • 118 St. Margaret's Hope ...... 120 St. Margaret's - - - - . • • 121 Antiquities ...... 122 Whales and Fishing ... . .-123

Inch Garvie ....---- 126 The Ferry Passage • • • • • - - 12S Queen Margaret .... . 130

King Malcolm H I • • 134

THE FORTH BRIDGE------135 PUNKERMI.INK GOI.F Cuili— History of the Club ami Description of the Course • 137

Names and Distances of the Holes - 141 Hints to Players 142 Hazards and Penalties - - • • • • 144 From the Fevryhills - - - • • • - 146 How to Make the Most of Life - - • • 153 LlMKKII.NS, PA.TTIESMUIR, AND ClI ARLESTOVVN — Limekilns 157 Pattiesmuir 17°

Charlestown< 7Z

Broomhalli 77 THE ANCIENT BURGH.

BY AND. S. CUNNINGHAM.

NVERKEITHING is one of the oldest Royal Burghs I in Scotland. The Original Charter raising the town to tin; dignity of a Burgh is not in existence, and this may account for the fact that in gazetteers and other works we are told that Inverlceithing was first created a ISiirgh hy King William the l.ion between the years 1165 and r214. The late I)r Khenezer Henderson, the author of "The Annals of IHuilennlinc," made a very careful search through old documents at one time, in the hope of discovering the original charter. He found that in a amlimiation charter of David 1. to Duiileiinline Abbey, ol date A.D. 1120, the word or name " Inuirkdthiii " occurred, not as a burgh, but simply as the name of a />/u,v. I >r Henderson therefore argued lliat as Alexander I. (temp. 1107-112.1) does nol mention Invei'kcitliing at all in his diallers,

and in eonsei[iienee of David I. (temp. AD. 1 1 2.1-1 1 5^), 111 his charters, nolicing it unly as a /'hue ; il may he interred, thai 1nveikeilhing was not. a burgh, during these reigns. It is only in the latter years ol' the reign of King Malcolm IV. that Inverkeithing appears in charters as a burgh, and, therefore, it may be with safety concluded that Inverkeithing was erected into a burgh by King Malcolm £V. inter 1153-1163. The earliest authentic notice of Inverkeithing being a burgh is in a Bull of Pope Alexander III. to the Abbey of Dunfermline, dated Rome, June 7, 1163. In this Bull, the words " Burgo de Inuirkcitliin" occur, but, as this Bull confirms a grant made by King Mal- colm IV., it is evident that Inverkeithing was a burgh before the year 1163. In the year 1164 King Malcolm IV., in a charter to the Abbey of Kelso, granted to that Abbey a toft in "burgo meo de Inmr kdihin;" ever after this period Inverkeithing is noticed as a "burgo meo" or ROYAL BURGH.

The Oldest Extant Charter or writ, belonging to Inverkeithing is one from King William the Lion (temp. A.n. 1165-1214) This charter is written on a slip of coarse parchment, and rilthotiiji it is now close upon 700 years old, the writing is as clear and distinct as on the day it was writu-n. llm.- is a transcript of King William the I,inn's diaru-r : — " W. Rex Seotofuns univerMs pruUs hnininibus tclius ki'ra sue Saluieni. — Sciatis me concusses^: e! liae mca earln i/onlii ma^se permanent!'!1 l.'ropositis el cctnis lUii'Lu^nsilius nuis tic [nnerket'nhi lid asinineiiliiin liurgi coininunitci icii.un illain ex Ausuali paiiu

bnrtj;i quiL- appelliilLii' Croc pel recta> (livwis illins toil:!. \Hhj ilac|ue lit ])recij)io til ipsi tuimin illaiu ti'iie.int et lialieant ail commune asiamentum liuryi illips pel manenLer lilieic et (|niLhi siciit turram ail ipsum luirjiim apj'eiulenleni solwinln .înûlis annis i:x parte' men iliiniilLiin inaieam arêiui liomeni illi . juicuin.|uc Irnueiit tenani Doininii

The Date of King William's Charter. Dr Henderson found that one of the witnesses to this charter, Ada, the countess, the mother of the king, died in 1178, so that William the Lion's charter must have been granted between the date of the succession of the king in 1165 and of the death of his mother in 1178. King "William granted a second charter in which he conferred on the burgh the right to draw tolls, customs, etc., in a great many towns and villages within a circuit of 13 miles on the north side of the Forth-- fro in the water of Devon to the Standing Stone.1 of Milnathort, and from Culross on the west to Dysnrt on the cast. This charter has been lost for many years ; hut in confirming charters granted by Alexander II. and others, the privileges conferred by King William are referred to, That the Burgh exercised its privileges is apparent from the records of the Town Council. For instance, in 1759 the Council had under consideration the customs exacted from Dysart annually, and it ro was agreed to accept 55 years' purchase from the town of Dysart for the absolute right of the customs, anil in 1769 the following entry occurs in the Council minutes: -"The Council this day signed the lacks of the customs of Kinross to James liruce, Esq., for 19 years," To this day the Burgh draws a revenue for customs at North Queensferry and Kinross.

Changes in the Burgh and Parish. The liurgh is very prettily situated, and turn how one may in the spacious main street his eyes light upon buildings which are reminiscent of (lays long by. .Although a. good many changes have in recent years been brought about by the hand of the modem architect, the citizens, as a. whole, cling tenaciously |. the broad love stairs, the corbie stepped gables, the red roofs, and many insl ilul inns that make the thinking visitor almost leel thai he will see a man in knee breeches, eoeked hat, and buckled shoes emerging iiom some moulded dooiway. Mere is a comparative slate menl giving the population ol the I'liirgh and I'ansh at dillerent. dales: 1700, 1(1^0; iKm, .'.•.:'!; 1 .H 1 1, .:.|oo ;

itt.Si, 2tj.|o ; 1 i'iij 1, -:1,1)-'- lu 1 (1 ;| the old Kirk ol kosylh became ruinous, and instead ol repairing or rebuilding it a proposal was made In I lit- efl'crl (hat Rosylh parish should be muled lo thai ol Imcikeilhinr,. In 16^fi thi" proposition was earned through. The parish being thus CNI ingiiisheil "dead" in law Ihe ruined kirk had Iheepilbel "The Mead Kill;" applied to it. By an order issued by the Boundary Cummissioiici's 111 lanuary I^IJI, it was provided thai a detached portion ol luvei'keilhing parish situated al Milesinark, and so much of the parish as lay to the west of lirucehaven (otherwise called Clay- sike.s), should cease to be part of lnverkeithiiig parish, and should lonn part of Diiufennline parish. On the other hand, lhe detached part of Dunferinline parish at the peninsula on which North (,)ueenslerry stands was disjoined from Dunfennline and annexed to Inver- keithing. The whole of tile village of North (Queens- ferry and lands in its immediate neighbourhood were therefore transferred to Inverkeithing parish. This arrangement did not come into operation before the census of April i;8oi: was taken, and the census ol ii)oi will therefore show a very considerable increase A tradition exists that the Burgh was at one time very much larger than it is to-day. It is impossible, however, to trace anything in support of the tradition ; hill there are not wanting side lights which may he accepted as prool to the contrary. I''or instance, an old MS. tells us lhat in lujo "Inverkeithing consisted of the Church, lhe Chapel Royal, Ihe Royal Palace, and a lew scattered houses, with a population of li'oin i oo to ir;o people." In T380 the population of 1 lie Ihirgh was slated to be 500. In 1 Ci7.S an Act ol the convention ol lhe estates of lhe Kingdom of Scotland was passed. This Act. granted "a wrw and volunlar oiler to Ilis Majesty ol ii'JUivn thousand pounds Scots." I nvei'keillnng was cessed lor lorly-eight pounds (Scots) ol this total, Iv ir kc a ldy was crssed lor ,/,•!'/<>; I)ysart, ,/,'j'i ; Piiinil- island, J, 1 ^S ; kinghorn,, /,5'| ; Pil lenwceiu, ,/, Ho; and

South Muccnslerry /do. Now, had I nvei kcillnng been the populous place ol tradition lhe assessment would have been greater ihan ,/,.|S. It will he noticed from lhe coiuparal ive slaleincnl given of Ihe population lhat there has been a good deal of lluctualion and nothing to suggest stead)' pi ogress. On the dales when 12 the population was largest, engineering and shipbuilding were in operation, and considerable quantities of coals were shipped to Russia, Germany, and France from the Ness pier at the entrance to Inver- keithing Bay. The bay is landlocked with a narrow entrance between Cruickness on the south and the Ness on the north, and in the good old days the dream of every old resident was that some company would arise,, and, taking advantage of the natural position, make Inverkeithing one of the finest harbours in the world. The suggestion, even to the ordinary visitor, seems a feasible one; but while thousands of pounds have been spent on harbours at Burntisland and Methil, Inverkeithing has been neglected. With the dawn of the era of big sailing vessels and huge steamers the Inverkeithing fleet—in 1845 Inverkeithing fleet consisted of 25 vessels, the registered tonnage being 2873—got out of date; the Ness pier and its coal loading tips to-day form a shapeless wreck, and for years the engineering works have been silenced. For 15 years little or nothing was done in the way of shipbuilding; but in recent years a good many small steamers have been turned out from the patent slip from which the Messrs Ross in the fifties and the sixties launched quite a licet of the small wooden craft in which a considerable proportion of the coal output of Kile was at one time carried to the Baltic and other poris. The Boreland Distillery also stands a monument of departed greatness. The distillery is situated on the banks of the Keithing, a stream from which the Burgh derives its name. Amidst all the evidences of industrial decay, it is pleasant to be able to state that the Burgh Tan Works, which were established by Mr James Hay a century ago, are as flourishing as ever, and the whin rock of the Ferryhills continues to provide work—quarrying and preparing stones for causeway setts—for a considerable number of men and boys. A well-appointed paper work was recently established on the site of the old engineering works, near the harbour, by Messrs Caldwell Brothers; and a brick-work and pottery were some years ago opened on the south side of the bay by Mr John Street. The work, which has fallen into the hands of Messrs Street Bros., Limited, gives promise of further development. But we must turn from things that have much to do with modern life and go back to the days when the streets of the ancient Burgh echoed and re-echoed to the feet of Royalty.

Inverkeithing in the Ancient of Days. The first historical notice of Inverkeithing appears in a charter of David I. to the Abbey of Dunfennline. In this charter David 1. bequeaths the ship of the Ferry of Inverkeithing to the Abbot and Monks of Dunfennline on condition that travellers and messengers coming and going to and from him, and the persons belonging to his and his son's court, should always have a free passage. In 1270 some wealthy men formed the project of establishing a New Jerusalem on the peninsular lands between Inverkeithing and North Queensferry as a city of refuge and rallying point far Jews. The)' proposed to forlily the peninsula and to form harbours in luuh bays. 'the Jews made application to the King—Alexander III.—who was then resident in Inverkeithmg, for the ground, offering a good price. The application was met by a negative — for the very good reason thai the ground had been granted by charter to the Royal Burgh of Inverkeithing—and nothing more was heard of the project. Just 15 years after this proposal had been made King Alexander fell over the cliffs near Kinghorn while on his way to Inverkeithing Palnce and was killed, and thus began the 29 years' conflict which closed with the glorious victory at Bannockburn. After the death of Alexander, Inverkeithing evidently continued to bulk largely in the eyes of Royalty, for in 1323 we find that King Robert the Bruce bequeathed to the Abbey of Dunfermline "the Ferry-field near Inverkeithing with the new great custom, as also five merks yearly out of the revenues of the Burgh of Inverkeithing by the hands of the Bailies of said Burgh." In 1315 King Robert granted a cokete seal to the Burgh of Inverkeiihing. On this seal we have the Anns of Scotland and the words :— "S COKETE Vlf.L I>H I NVliRKKDIN." The original brass matrix is to-day in die charter chest of the Burgh in the Town Clerk's office. The lauds o( lnverkeitlnng belonged to Gospatrick, Karl of lkmbar, in the 12th century. His SOIL U'aldeve, gave the church of St Peter, in juverkeitliing, to lhe Monastery of Dunfenn-

line in 11V)• but. a considerable portion of the lands passed into the hands of the Moubray.s of Barnbougle through marriage, and were held by them till Lhe middle of the 17th century. A great meeting of the Romish and Culdee clergy was held in the church fpf Inverkeithing in 1250 for the discussion of several •''important ecclesiastical questions. The Romish clergy > acted haughtily, and overpowered and silenced the Culdees. This is said to have been the last public, meeting attended by the Culdees. From this date they were seldom heard of, and soon became ;.m extinct body. L'rom the record of homages paid to Edward

I. in 1296, the names of the civic functionaries of I nverkcilhing of thai: day may he discovered, and as Mr Millar, lhe author of "Kile: I.-'ietori.il and His- torical," points out, it is somewhat remarkable that some of tlicin bore designations derived from Kugland, or from Knglish families. 'These burgesses were Alisamulre le Sauser and (leffrai ('aland, bailies; Adam le Marschal, William Ade, Peres (le Petramy, John dcl'lle, Will le liz Kve, Andrew de Strivclyn, Will le l)y. ]uliaii, Raul le 1]/. Norman, johan llertrain, and Will de Rydale, coimi:illors. 'The Seal of Lhe burgh was allaehed lo this document. In 1275 Radalphus, Abbot of I liinlcruiline, "ranted eight oars in the new passage boat of North Uueensfcrry to seven persons one of whom was ;\ woman—lor payment ol eighlpenee yearly for each oar. 'The IYlari|ius of liule. in his excellent work on " 'The Arms ol lhe Royal and I 'a 11 la tnei it a iv liiui'Jis ol Seol land,'' wriles thus ol the anus of the liiu'j'Ji ol 1 nvcrkcillnng : " (hi t he vvwv.v 0/ lhe xt'ii ii . itnd s/t'/ll, sails /iw/i'if, Ihf must siiriiii'itntctl />r 11 truss. 'The device is really lhe reverse ol Ihr lown seal, and is so on lhe impression allaehed lo lhe document regarding the ransom "I I'avid II. in i,i,T/ in the '(Calendar of I )i leiuueiils relaling lo .Scotland,' ni. ;jo^ ; bill, it IS I hat slamped upon lhe ollieial paper ol lhe town-clerk, ami i'i doiiblless llial meant by him when he says:— 'lie arms on lhe common seal are almost similar to I hose shown on a stone lorming pail ol lhe lower oll he 'Town I louse, and on another stone built 111I0 an old house near lhe Sehoolhouse in ('hureh Street. 'Tin- ship seems lo represent the lerry boat, which is specially mentioned as a source ol income, when 'the passage and ship ol lnverkeitliing ' were granted by 16

David I. to the Monastery of Dunfermline in 1129. It would thus appear to have been a ferry-boat specially attached to the shrine of St Margaret; and a second scheme of tinctures might be based upon the circumstance, which would have the advantage of differentiating this coat from the many others bearing a similar device. . . . The obverse of the seal. The Parish Church, interesting for its old tower and fine front, is dedicated to St Peter, and the obverse has a figure of St Peter papally vested in alb, tunicle, dalmatic, and chasuble, and crowned with the tiara— the whole after the antique type used in the representation of St. Clement upon the reverse of the seal of Dundee—standing in front of a bench like that in the arras of Selkirk and on the seal of Dundee. In his right hand he holds a church, and in his left the keys. On each side there is a small kneeling figure, doubtless representing a burgess, as on the reverse of the seal of Dundee, and on the old seal of Cupar, Mrs [anicsoii, "Sacred and Legendary Art," i. 193, remark's that figures of St. Peter dressed as a Pope are exceedingly uire, but she gives one taken from Cola dell' Amatriee."

Queen Annabella and her Palace. Under date 139S an entry occurs in the Burgh records which throws some light: on the actings of Royalty in these ancient days. I'Vom this entry it appears that Robert 111. granted n charter to Inver- keithins; confirming previous charters, deeds, etc., and bequeathed a few trifling gifts for which the Magistrates of die Duriji are bound to pay to his consort, Queen Annahelki, who lived in invakcithing, " a hundred shillings every year at the feast of Pentecost." Queen r r

THE PALAC T7

Annabelln was not destined to enjoy tin: grant lor 1n ;:iny yours. She is stilled to h;ive died in tin: I'alaee ul' I nverkeithing in i 103, jusl five years after the King had granted the charier. Oueen Annaliella's remains were interred in "holy sepulture" in the I hinfermliite Abbey. The mansion in whieh (,) IIMIANNABELLA resided is poinled out to this day and is known a:; Ihe " l'ahc.e" or " Rolmills Inns." The l'ala.ee is situated at the west end of the litirgh. It nestles <|iiiully behind an island of houses whieh have been creeled in the centre of the street, and it is interesting to point out that although (he Royally surrounds the line old structure (lie magistrates have no jurisdiction over il. The building holds oil' the ( 'rowu alone, and previous to (lie Reform Act il consliliiled part of a ejiiali- licalion, :;lvi n;.^ ;i \'ote lor llie Member o| I';i11i;mu'nl, lor llie couiily ol Kilo. Mr IIiuil, I'll lcncricff, is Ihe 1'rown vassal. To Ihe south ol Ihe edilnv is a lari^e j.^arden or orchard having a line !;(Hil!tcrn exposure and surrounded by \'ery 111; •; f 1 walls. ,A jdancc at llie inlerior ofihc Imildin;; can scarcely iall lo cuniirni ihe idea that the slnictiiie is the one in which (,'ueeii A 1111a I n'l la I'n 111111 c 11 M I spent part ol her day~;- Ihe 1 ritoius [oriniii!.; the " I | IKTII'S ehainhcrs ' arc i^ranil and loin Iceiilh ccnlui)1 like ; and il one cares lo ilr,i end the step:; anil enter Ihe ''boudoir'' and the royal kitchen his rye- fall <>\i vanlled niols and arched window:-. Miifcn Annaliella w;r; ol 11n• I Inimilii aids ol Stnlihall. I 11 il 1i n ,!HM 1, an old hio:.;!',! phcr, slales that, '-he was married lor her lieauly rat h e r "llian lor any lienefu that inii'.lu !\roi.v to (he ciMiunonweallh Irom her alliance." M r ( I'.'ddie, in his " I'IIIILCS (nun FILE," r lells us thai g eat sorrows visited '.hieen Annaliella while in liivcrkuilliing. Of her Iwo sons, David Duke i8 of Rothesay was foully done to death at Falkland, and James I., the poet king, fell under the assassin's dagger in the Blackfriars' Monastery at Perth. Every historian speaks well of Annabella. VVyntoun pronounces on her this panegyric :— "Dame Annabella, Qwene of Scotland, Fait, honorabil, and plesand, Cunnand, curtays in her efferis, Luvand, and large to strangeris." It appears from an old MS. that in IT 24 David I. acquired " certain lands " in the town of Inverkeithing. On these lands we are told that he built a "Mansion Regis" or Royal Palace, and in n58 he built a Royal Chapel a little to the south of the Palace. No doubt it was this chapel which Malcolm IV. bequeathed to the Abbey of Dunferrnline. Malcolm appears to have been particularly anxious to make gifts from Inver- keithing. In 1164 he bequeathed by charter to God and the Church of St. Mary in Kelso a " toft" or small parcel of ground near the Chapel Royal and Palace of Tnverkeithing as "a perpetual gift." This charter, which is to lie found in the Advocates' Library, confirms the idea that the Chapel Royal was in juxtaposition to the Palace.' The Palace was enlarged and was surrounded by a wall in 1236. The wail was repaired in 1710, and hence it is that we find the date 1710 on the lintel stone of a door in the rrist wall. An old record tells us that in 1120 Inver- keilhing consisted of "a church, the Chapel Royal, the Royal Palace, a few scattered houses, and 100 inhabitants;" and in 1330 the Burgh is said to con- sist of "a church, a Chapel Royal, a Palace, a JLilack- Iriars' convent, a GreylViars' convent, and 50 houses will) 300 inhabitants." Beneath what is now a bleach- 10 ing green in front of the I'alacc there arc: three vaulted chambers, possibly the remains of the Chapel Royal ov one or other of the convents above referred to.

Other Incidents affecting' Roya History tells us that Murdoch, Duke of Albany, paid occasional visits to Inverkeithing, and it was in the Ancient Hurgh that he signed the Commission in 1423 appointing ambassadors to go to England and treat for the liberation of lames 1,, the son of Robert 111., who was detained in England a prisoner lor the UHVJ; space, <.*(' \U yv'.ura. In lUvse (w oft' \lnys Uw. customs levied at the port of 1 nvcrkoilhing formed a valuable conh il union in the revenue:; ol the Scottish Crown, and il is evident thai on ihe return of James I. to Scotland alter his captivity, be and his lannly did 110I lorgel. the Ancienl 1'iiu'gh. On one occasion llu: fluri-'Ji Alll lioi'il les were le-iinhiiised by the KxeheojUer for the expenses to winch they hail been subjected by 1 he Princess Kli/.ahclli, daughter of |aines I., landing ;il anil passing ihruiigh the lowu in I.|'.M. Mr l!e\'eri(lge, the author ol " lielween the Oehils and the l''orlh," stales that " at another lime a. charge is enlei'eil among ihe expenses of the Crown lor the out- lay alleiiiliug die transmission from I >iiulerniliue (o Shrlinj1, ('x.ile, -riii I nverkeil hing, ol l.he i/wi/iisf or sitn'i of Si. Margaret, as a. guard to Mary of (lueldres, thinii nl |ames II., againsl any danj.'.ers winch nughl be iinpending over 1 ler M;i|csly on ihe occasion of llie birth ol die I'nnce Royal, al'lerwards lames 111." "The garment in 1 |iieslion," says Mr I'lCWi'idge, "seems ag.ain In ha\'e been sent lor at Ihe lurlh ol James V. Il had evidently enjoyed an exalled lepulalion as a pvophlaetie in surh emergencii. s, and was probably one 2O of the most cherished treasures in the reliquary of Duiiferinline."

Inverkeithing Convents, «&c. In the twelfth century, William, Bishop of St Andrews, dedicated to God, and St. Margaret of Dun- lermline, the whole of the teinds pertaining to the Church of St. Peter; but it remained to Waldeve, the son of Gospatrick, to make over the Church of St. Peter in perpetual alms gift to the Church of the Holy Trinity. Dr Ross, late of Aberdour, made a special study of the ecclesiastical history of the Burgh of this date, and he states that Waldeve assures us that it was tor the love of God and St. Margaret, and lor the good of the souls of his father and mother and that: of his wife and three daughters and ancestors, that the Church was made over to the Abbey of Dunfennlinc ; and the old Baron goes on to express a wish that "God and our Lord |esus Christ, by the intercession of the afore-named Holy Queen Margaret, and the supplications that shall be poured forth, may have pity on the souls of the persons for whose behoof the gift was bestowed." In a confirmation charter granted in r 184 by I'ope Lucius, there were no less than 23 acres of land connected with the Church. l)r Ross states that "the records relating to the chinches of that early period were full of contests. These lights were hardly m a single instance owing to disputes about doctrine; they were almost without a single exception over the loaves and fishes." In i,i°5, by a decree arbitral, proceeding on a submission liciweon IIR' A bbe )' ol I Minfernilme and William (lug)', jKTpcliial Vicar of 1nveikeithing, it was decided that a tcnlh of the corn grown both in the fields and gardens '2 t of Tnvcrkcitliing should be drawn by the Abbot: and Monks of Dunfermline. In 1314 the Vicar of Tnvcr- kcitliing was found liable for eight merks to the Abbey of Dunlermline. For non-payment of the eight merks, it was ordained by the Abbot anil Monks of Diinlenn- line, in chapter assembled, that the Vicar of Invcrkeith- ing should lie excommunicated. The exactions by the ecclesiastical authorities of 1Hmfermline Abbey seemed to have been continued without stint and without mercy, for in 1330 we find John de Ivinros, perpetual Vicar of Inverketlhing, representing to the Abbot and Convent of Dunfermline that Inverkcithing was too much exhausted by exactions and contributions, both apostolical and royal, and that sufficient funds were wanting to repair llie choir of the Church. The Abbot, and Monks of I hnifermline admitted the force of the representations, and they agreed to pay half the expense ol llie repairs on I nverkeil lung Church Choir. It is difficult to find any incidenl bearing on monastery lile in Inverkeilhing in these lar oil' days; but here is one item which may be rend with some interest. It appears that about 1530, John Cray, a son of Lord Cray, went to Inverkeithing and prolesseil and look the habit ol St. Francis lie. lived a l I nvci keithing until the Reformation riots oi 1 ijfio, when he relived to Brussels. lie was murdered there in the Church ol the Franciscans by the Prince ol Orange's orders, alter I Ion |ohn of Austria had abandoned IJrussels. The Civyfriars' and lilaekliiars' convents were destroyed during the Reformation struggles.

The Church of St. Peter. About two hundred yards to the east, ol Oueen Anna- bella's Palace the thoroughfare forks, one branch running eastwards into Church Street, and the other striking in a south-easterly direction past the Townhouse and the Cross Let us first turn into Church Street and take a peep at the Established Church. The Church, all but the weather-battered tower, is a comparatively modern building. The original building was burned in 1825, and a reconstructed building, which cost ^1400, was opened in 1S27. The following minute, dated 21st October 1825, of the Town Council is interesting:— "This day the Auld Kirk took fire, and was entirely gutted by the burning element, which was occasioned by the plumbers sorting the roof." The minute goes on to state that the business of the meeting had proceeded "thus far" when "it was discovered that the Church had taken fire, and the meeting immediately adjourned till to-morrow." Another minute, dated 2nd June 1827, sets forth thai " Bailie Gray reported to the Town Council that a meeting of the heritors of the Parish had been called for Monday first, to take the Church, which is now finished, off the hands of the contractors, and to divide the scats among the different heritors." The original building, as already mentioned, was dedicated to St. Peter, and must have been built somewhere about 1139, for in that year it was bequeathed 10 Dunferm- line Abbey by Wakleve, son of C.ospatrick. The middle pointed western tower is all that remains of the pre-Rcformation church. Kntrance to the church of 1827 is obtained through the tower, and the tower itself has been capped by a modern clock spire. The clock was the gift of Mr James T. Smith, Duloch. Mr J. Russell Walker, the author of " I'rc-Reformation Churches in Fifeshirc," writes :—" The middle-pointed , \ l

CJ 13 x ti 23 western tower is all that remains of the original church. It is square, and of three stages, and terminates in a modern wooden polygonal spire, rising within a plain parapet resting on heavy corbals arranged at regular intervals. Two long buttresses, with chamfered angles and plain sloping heads, finishing rather higher than the commencement of the first stage, are placed at the angles. At the south-east corner there is a belfry turret, appearing externally as a Isold semi-octagonal projection divided into stages and finished off in a steep pyramidal stone capping, whose point reaches within two feet of the corbal course. The belfry stage contains a pointed window with somewhat curious tracery on the head, and the second and lower stages have each a small lancet-headed light. The lower stage has a large modern dour in the western face. The belfry turret is entered from the outside by a square-headed door, and small square-headed openings light the stair, The bell is a good one, and is dated 1(141. The font is a fine and perfect example of needle-pointed date. The bowl was discovered in 1807 when the lower part of the tower was mined into an entrance porch. It had evidently been buried thereto save it from destruction. The pedestal or shaft had been lying about the outside of the church without attracting any attention up till the lime the bowl was unearthed, when their connection became plain. It was then re-creeled in its complete slate inside the new porch, where it remained for some years, but was ulterwauls removed to a spot near the pulpit, where it now stands, and is regularly used lor baptisms. The bowl is hexagonal, and carries at each angle an embattled cylindrical shall, terminating in a eorkil head. Kach of the panelled laces is filled in with an 24 angel holding a blazoned shield. The orifice is spherical, and has a bottom drain. The pedestal is formed of line filleted rolls, alternating with a small triangular-shaped member between. Each roll has a foliated cap and beautifully moulded base." A move- ment lias this year (1:899) been set cm foot for re-seating the church and for carrying out oilier internal alterations.

A Forced Indue!ion and its Results. In the history of the Church of Scotland, Invcr- keithing has gained a reputation as the scene in 1752 of the forced induction of a minister. On the 8th March 174(1 the Parish of Inverkeithing became vacant by the death of the Rev. Allan Huchanau, who was ordained in 1744 and who died at the early age of 27 years. Captain Philip Anstrulher presented the Rev. Andrew Richardson, minister ol l!iou;,;hlon, in Ihe I'lV'.hylt.Ty of PiiV.gar, lo Ibe vacant charge. Mr Rich- ardson was loiind salislaclor y by I he Presbyleiy as far as morals and coiupelcncy wer ei1.11 mean In pie vent it. The Rev. I >i U 111l.i h a m MaekeU le, in hr, " Annals and Sl.il isl n •;," ol i he lliiilnl l'ic.1lyleilan ( !hun b, says :

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l-tAi"ri;'.MAL KOM'l.' IN [NVKKI'.IOT I 1111(i,,i'A||,lI I U (! i'-i'l'AI ( I i 1 1 i mittee of ministers to meet with the elders and Town Council of the burgh, and converse with them with the view of promoting peace and harmony. This Committee met at Inverkeithing on 31st July. The elders first waited upon them The session consisted of nine members, two of whom were upon voyages at sen. Messrs Henry Arnot, Henry Brown, George Dundas, James Gibson, John Bnrron, and DvrvjclCurrie, told the Committee that they were not prepared to receive Mr Richardson for their minister, and Mr Andrew Turnbull was the only elder who said he would do so. The Town Council next waited upon the Committee, when ten Councillors declared their continued opposition to Mr Richardson, and only one, the Deacon of the Weavers, said he was willing to submit to his ministry. The other two Councillors were at sea. After hearing the Committee's report the Presbytery agreed :—' That their admitting Mr Richardson in the present circumstances of the Parish would be of hurtful consequences to the interests of religion within their bounds, and that the matter is attended with such difficulties as they cannot get over; and, therefore, they resolve humbly to request the very reverend the commission of the General Assembly to take such methods for their relief, as to them, in their great wisdom shall seem meet.' Against this finding the Town-Cleric protested, and appealed to the Synod of lH'ife. The Synod ordered Mr Richard- son's settlement Instead, however, of respecting the Synod's mandate, the Presbytery agreed to represent to the commission of the General Assembly, which was to hold its meeting soon after, 1That it gave them extreme concern that they should be straitened to obtemperate the appointment of the venerable commission and Synod, which they would judge their indispen- sible duty not to shift, when they had freedom of mind to execute it ; but '.hat such are the difficulties which lie in their way, and such the consequences that in their view would follow thereupon, affecting not only the interests of religion in that corner, but also more extensively that they rather choose to represent this their strait to the venerable commission, and submit to their displeasure, than to proceed in such an embarrassing situation.' The commission disregarded this representation, and peremptorily ordered the Presbytery to admit Mr Richardson as minister of Inverkeithing on the third Wednesday of January 1752. Only three ministers met on the day appointed, and five having been constituted a quorum by (he commission, they were obliged to separate without proceeding to the work assigned them. For this disobedience five members of the Presbytery were censured, and another, the ReV i homas Gillespie of Carnock, deposed." Dr Mackelvie adds that no reason was assigned for Gillespie being visited with a heavier "infliction" than the others Although no reason was assigned there can be no doubt that the action taken in the case of Gillespie was due to the fact that he was regarded as the leader of the Presbytery. The six members of the Dunfermline Presbytery were called successively to the bar of the Assembly and each asked if he adhered to the memorial presented. Five of the ministers contented themselves with indicating simple adherence. In addition to adhering to the memorial Mr Gillespie presented a paper affirming his views. By a majority of 46 it had been agreed in the Assembly that to punish the contumacy of the Dunfermline Presbytery in delaying to obey the orders of the supreme ecclesiastical courl, one of the members should be deposed. In a vote by 56 members, 52 voted for Gillespie being made the scapegoat. "The whole affair," says Mr Beverid"<.- in "The Ochils and the Forth," "seems to have been carried through wiih scandalous haste. The sentence of deposition was pronounced on a Saturday, and the same day Gillespie returned to Carnock. It is said that it was late at night when he returned, and his wife, not expecting him, had retired to bed. When he knocked at the door for admittance she rose, went to the window, and desired to know who it was that was seeking entrance at so unreason- able an hour. 'The deposed minister of Carnock,' was the reply." The deposition of Gillespie led to the- formation of the Relief Church. Mr Richardson was inducted at Inverkeithing by the remnant members of

Presbytery on the 18th June I7S2, the parish having been vacant for three years. The great body of the parishioners withdrew immediately after from the Estab- lished Church,

Before and after the Dfsputed Settlement. Mr Andrew .Richardson, whose call to the parish brought the Relief Church into existence, was the eleventh minister of the parish between 1567 — Refor- mation times-and 1752, The following is a complete list of the ministers who occupied the pulpit after the Reformation :—John Burne, a reader in Dimfermline in 1567, took up duty in Inverkeithing on November i57°- Me had also charge of Rosyth and Torrie. Me continued minister till 2nd April 1.61:1. In consequence of the extent of the parish in those days, Robert Elehino, A.M., the eldest son of Elchine of l'iUl(lm lllL! invorluMlhing part of luirdell estate—-was called to the second cluir.no of Inverkeiihing, In i(,r^ Mr Klchino was promoted to the Hishopric of Dowac and Connor, lie died at Ardquin on 17th July 1635. Rolieri Roche, M.A., followed Mr Burne. ' He was ordained on July 30th, 1611, and had the advantage of assistants. In 1616, Rosylh was conjoined to Invcrkoithing "until ane competent stipend suld be provydii to die minister theriil." The "competent" stipend was not forthcoming in the ease of Rosyth, and, as already indicated, the Parish of Rosyth and Inverkoithini' were uniled in 1636. Mr Roche died on 23rd June iO,|o. The incumbent who followed Roche, was Waller l'.msse, M.A., who was presented to the parish by Charles I. on 14th May 1641. Charles I. was bom at Dunlemilinc on lyth November 1600, and 28

succeeded his father, James VI., in 1625. The Long Parliament had just commenced its sitting when Charles presented Mr Brusse to Inverkeithing, and the King had entered on the troubles which, in 1649, ended in his death on the scaffold at Whitehall. The late Rev. Donald Fergusson, the minister of 1896, made a special study of church matters of early times, and in notes left behind him he states that Brusse was deposed on 26th June 1650 "for gross neglect in the special duties of the ministrie." Brusse was restored on 1st April 1651, and died on 27th January 1680. On 17th March 1673—the year of the Test Act which broke up the Catholic-Presbyterian Cabal—Robert Scott, youngest son of Sir William Scott, was presented to the parish by Charle.s II. He was translated to the Cannongate in 1676. David Lander, M.A , Aberdalgie, succeeded Scott. He died in November 1681. Alexander Irvine, M.A., minister of Greyfriars, was admitted early in 16S2 ; but was deprived of the living by the Committee of Estates of the Realm for not reading a proclamation of nth April preceding, and not obeying the same by praying for their Majesties, William and Mary. The William here referred to is William III., who was married to his cousin, Mary, the elder daughter of the Duke of York. Robert Hodge, M.A. was ordained on 22nd November iCcSS, on a supplication from the Magistrates, heritors, and inhabitants. He was allowed by the Committee of Estates to exercise his office on iolh May 1689. He died on nth April 1691. Samuel Charteris, M.A., was ordained on 25th August 1692, and died on 28th June 173,5 Mr- Charteris' son, Thomas, was licensed by the Presbytery on 16th September 1730, and was ordained assistant and successor to his father at Inver- keithing on 28th October 1731. He died in February 1744. Allan Buchanan was licensed by the Presbytery of Dunfemiline on 14th March 1744, and in August of that year he was presented by the Hon. General George Preston ot Valleyfield, and ordained on 8th November 1744, It may be interesting to state that General Preston was the son of Sir George Preston, the first baronet of Lowvalleyfield. In the rebellion of 1715 General Preston had the command of Edinburgh Castle entrusted to him, and he held it despite the threat of the rebels to go across the Forth and destroy his family mansion by lire. Just a year after General Preston had presented Allan Buchanan, the Jacobite insurrection of 1745 broke out, and the General was again called on to defend l'klinburgh Castle. Allan Buchanan died in March 1 74.9. Andrew Richardson, whose settlement has been fully dealt with under the heading "A Forced Induction," followed Allan Hueluuian. Mr Richardson was inducted 011 18th June 1752, and died on the 25th December 171)0. lie published sermons in book form. Andrew Robertson, the schoolmaster of the Burgh of Culross, was presented on 27th May 1791. Mis election met with some opposition, but he was ultimately ordained on 8lh August 1792. lie held ollicc until he died in May 1845. The old church was destroyed by lire during Mr Robertson's incum- bency. Peter M'Morland, who is to this day spoken ol by old residents "as an earnest minister," was inilui-ied in 1845. lie was translated to St Luke's, K.dinhurgh, in 1853, and alierwurds went to North Berwick. lie was the author of " Poems on the Kenyhills." James Maekay, one of the most eloquent of preachers and genial of men, was ordained on ist January 1854. lie was called to Glasgow on November 3° 186s. Mr Mackay was succeeded by Alex. Macgregor, M.A.., minister of Haggs, Denny. Mr Macgregor was inducted on 28th June 1866, and died in 1S72. On 6th November 1873, John Glendming Robertson, B.D., who was an assistant at Lasswade, was presented to the parish. Mr Robertson, who was a scholar of great ability, died on 10th September 1895. A memorial tablet, subscribed for by the congregation and friends, has been inserted in the south wall of the church. Donald Fergusson, M.A., to whose notes the writer is indebted for some of the details given under this head, was ordained on 19th March 1896. Mr Fergusson was one of the most earnest and lovable of men. He had little more than entered on what seemed to be a career of great promise when his health broke down, and to the deep regret of young and old in the parish, be died on 12th July 1897. The Rev. R. Menzies Kenmsson, I.o^ic, a brother of deceased, compiled a work, "A Student of Nature: Memoirs of the late Rev. D onald Kurgusson, M.A.," which is highly prized by many friends of the late minister in and outwith Inverlieithing. The Rev. William Stephen, M.A., B.I)., Aberdeen, (he present pastor, was ordained on 16th

The Secession Church and its Ministers. The parislumeis who withdrew from (he Estab- lished ('lunch on the induction of Mr Richardson, met in the U;uri'.h ami discussed the situation. The indig- naliiiu at llie deposition of Cillespie, and the forced settlement of Richardson was strong, and it was agreed to lorm a di.'.scuting congregation. The dissenters applied to tin- Associate (Burgher) Presbytery of Dunlermline for supply of sermons, which was granted. In 1753 an THh, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHUECH 3* old barn, which was situated near the East Loan, was purchased, and on the site of the old grain store was erected what the seceders called " A Meeting House." The church of 1753—of course a good many alterations have been made—is the United Presbyterian Church of to-day. In the closing days of 1754, the congregation called the Rev. David Forrest of Tor- phichen. Mr Forrest was ordained in January 1755, but was suspended by the church courts in 1772 for contumacy. The contumacy of which Forrest was accused, and for which he was suspended, was defiance of the Church Courts. It was alleged that he had accused the Rev. Robert Campbell, Stirling, of fre- quenting the playhouse while in London ; and with having baptised children at Stirling whose parents protested against Campbell's settlement and declined his ministry. It was also alleged that he had libelled the Rev. John Smith of Dunfermline for not fulfilling a promise to serve tables at Inverkeithing Communion. For these acts against Campbell and Smith the Presbytery admonished Forrest on nth June 1771. He declined and defied their admonitions, and on these grounds was suspended in December 1772. It appears that Mr Forrest had had the support of some of the members of the congregation in the attitude he adopted. In 1778—-two years after his death—there appeared a volume entitled "Memoirs ol the life and contendings ot the late Rev. David Forrest, etc., etc., published at the desire of his congregation, who adhered to him to the last in opposition to the sentences passed against him." In the God's Acre adjoining the Established Church there is a stone which bears these words : — " Under this stone rests the dust of the Rev. David Forrest, the noblest work of God, deposed by the Burgh Nwcdurs in the close of the iSth Century." The "contendings" whicli took place over Mr Forrest's deposition did not improve the position of the sceeders, and Christinas of 1776 had come before the Rev. .Adam Selkirk of Blackfriars, Jedburnh, was ordained to (111 the post vacated by Mr Forrest. The diliiculties of the sccedcrs evidently did not end with the disposition and death of Mr Forrest. Shortly after Mr Selkirk's ordination he refused to collect for the Synod Fund, and forthwith the Presbytery took proceedings against him which terminated in his suspension. Mr Selkirk died in 1779 in the third year of his ministry, tn April 1780 a call was given to the Rev. Khenezer Brown of I lad(linjj,ton. Mr Brown accepted the ("ill and was ordained on 24th May, and with his ordination many years of pence and prosperity were inaugurated He wan a son ol ihe Rev. |ohn Brown ol 1 hiddiiij'Jou. lie was only 22 years ol nj.'.e when he aivi'plrd lli< charge al ]nvi-rk< 11ii 1 NJ:,, and In- had 110I lu-i-n settled

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I >I*!',:HI lo led thai they had ;•,• >I hold ol the i ir.hl man.

U'iKin:; ol Ins yoiiu:1,!1! < I: i \ •. a liji iiMapher :.a\'.: "'A sW'Tl, a s.iinllv • .1 >1< • 1111111 \ mi 1 .|m'ail Ins a-.perl as he stood ii[i lo iniiii'.li'i lii-lnrc llh' ,i:..'.i'iiilil\', ami wlulr In- pleached the 1111111;•,•; (it inrn v, ill1, kink, lie; vnici-, his whole appearance, were like (lid:,.- o| mie who, II.UMK; luinsi'll li-.li'd that the l.iml was :;iaci; I; • 11! ah'.nihcd 111 li'ily earnestness ilia! oilier;; also 1111: • 11; partake u! tin- divine •.. 11 v. 1111111 " In addi lion In I In • usual jilibiii -.en'iees d( I he Sniida\', I|(K

II 1st 1! lit (•( I .111 evt-nill" -f] 11 ii 111, ,tinl llolll llie ei ^1 let I It ins al the eveiim:; .seniees the e\pili.e 1 il i'i Ilieal III;; lllllly children, whose parents were in iinli^eiil eiKannslaiiecs, 33 was annually defrayed. He also instituted discourses on the first Monday of every month, and held weekly meetings for children. While yet a young man, Fbenezer Brown of Inverkeithing was known throuahout Scotland. In 178S he was called to Stirling; in 1708 he was asked to go to the city of Aberdeen, and in 1800 he had a call to go to Glasgow. All these calls he declined and he went on labouring in the little burgh of Inverkeithing until March 1836, when he fell " on sleep." Just four months previous to that the Rev, John Fleming, son of the Rev. William Fleming, West Calder, had been ordained as his colleague and successor. Of the practical work now done by all denominations in connection with Home and Foreign Missions, it may be interesting to state that in May 1800 Mr Brown preached in London on behalf of the London Missionary Society, and in Inverkeithing he was the promoter of a Bible I'enny'a-week Society. Mere is a circular which he issued on behalf of native Indian Missionaries:

" Imwkiithing, April 32, /.fey. — Sl it, -I hope tlmt you are one of iliuse whose desire is, " That the whole earth be Tilled with [he i;lory of the Lord." You know the deplorable condition

"t uulliun:; ol heathens, our fellow-subjects, in the Knsl Indies. H is, however, comfortable to hear thul a considerable number of them have been brought lo faith in Jesus ; and thai some of these have been, with much advantage, employed as preachers. Many more, we are credibly informed, mi^ht be thus enured, wete there 'Uitticieu tfunds to suppotl them The employment of native missionaries has many recommendations. The elimale and the lan^uajje are their own With the manners and opinions of Ihe people they are perleelly familiar. It is found Ihat ten guineas a year will support one of those native preachers. What would you think of Ihe following scheme ? -That in each ol the parishes in Scotland a society mij.;lil be formed for the support ol a native Hindoo pieachcr. Of those who arc subscribers ol a C penny a week to Bible and Missionary Societies, there are a considerable number who might give more. To contribute a guinea annually might not be convenient for them, but twenty of them might give half a-guinea each ; and in this way Scotland might support NINE HUNDRED preachers of the gospel Might not each native preacher, too, have added to his name that of the parish in this country which supported him ? This would give the people here a peculiar interest in his success, and excite them to more fervent prayer for the spread of the gospel in that part of the world. Persons might pay either quarterly, half-yearly, or annually, as suited them. -I am, Sir, yours with sincere esteem, EBENEZER BROWN." A stone marks the spot where the remains of Mr Brown and his wife were laid in Inverkeithing churchyard. Mr Fleming laboured without stint and without ceasing in the burgh from December 1835 until April iK}5, when the Rev. Thomas Sclater, Sanday, Orkney, was called as his colleague and successor. Mr Fleming, who was born on 12th April 1810, died on nth Octo- ber tK95. Mr Sclater died at the age of 53 years on 4th December 1892, and was succeeded by the Rev. Peter LSryce, Dumbarton, the present minister.

The Author of " Rafo arid his Friends" and his "Uncle Ebenezer." T)r John Brown, the ntiLhor of " Rah and his Friends,'' was a nephew of Mr Brown's, and in his " Letter to Dr John Cairns," which appears in Horce S/.'/>SL>t:ivii', he tells some interesting stories of the Inver- keithing divine. Df Brown says:—"Uncle Ebenezer was always good and saintly, but he was great once a week ; .six days lie brooded over his message, was silenf, withdrawn, sell-involved ; on the Sabbath, that downcast almost timid man, who shunned men the instant he was in the pulpit, stood up a son of thunder. Such a 35 voice ! such a piercing eye ! such an inevitable fore- finger held out trembling with the terrors of the Lord; such a power of asking quest ions and letting them fall deep into the hearts of his hearers, and then answering them himself with an ' Ah, Sirs !' that thrilled and quivered from him to them. I remember his astonish ing us all with a sudden burst. It was a sermon upon the apparent plus of evil in this world, and he had driven himself and us all to despair—-so much sin, so much misery—when, taking advantage of the chapter he had read, the account of the uproar at Ephesus in the theatre, he said, ' Ah, Sirs ! what if some of the men who, for about the space of two hours, cried out, great is Diana of the Ephesians,' have for the space of eighteen hundred years and more been crying day and night, 'Great and marvellous are Thy works, Lord God Almighty ; just and true are all Thy ways thou King of Saints; who shall nol fear Thee, O Lord, and glorify Thy name, for Thou only art holy?' You have doubtless heard of the story of Lord Brougham going to hear him, It is very characteristic, and as I had it from Mrs Cunningharne, who was present, I may be allowed to tell it. Brougham and Denman were on a visit to James Stuart of IHinearn, about the time of the Queen's trial. They had asked Stuart where they should go to church. He said he would take them to a scceder minister at Inveikcithing. » They went, and as Mr Stuart had described the saintly •! old man, lirougham said he would like to be intro- i duccd to him, and arriving before service, time, Mr > Stuart called, and left a message that some gentlemen 1 wished in see him. The answer was that ' Maisler' jj Brown saw nobody before divine worship. lie then |i sent in Brougham and Deninan's names, ' Mr ISrown'.s 36 compliments to Mr Stuart, and he sees nobody before sermon,' and in a few minutes out came the stooping, shy old man, and passed them, unconscious of their presence. They sat in the front gallery, and he preached a faithful sermon full of fire and of native force. They came away greatly moved, and each wrote to Lord Jeffrey to lose not a week in coming to hear the greatest natural orator they bad ever heard. Jeffrey came next Sunday, and often after declared he never heard such words : such a sacred, untaught gift of speech. Nothing was more beautiful than my father's admiration and emotion when listening to bis uncle's rapt passages, or than his child-like faith in my father's exegitical prowess. He used to have a list of difficult p.issages ready for ' my nephew,' and the moment the (.'rack: gave a decision, the old man asked him to repeal iL, and then took a permanent note of it, and would assuredly preach it some day with his own proper unclion and power. One story of him I must give. My father, who heard it not long before his own death, was delimited with it, and for some days repeated it to every one. Uncle Kbene/.er, with all his mildness and general complaisance, was, like most of the Drowns, It'iiii.v /•/•{'/•usi/i, linn to obstinacy. He bad established a week day sermon at the North Ferry, about two miles iVoin his own town, Inverkcilhing. It was, I think, on Ibe Tuesdays. It was winter, and a wild, drifting, and dangerous day ; his daughters—his wife was dead — bes(>UL',ht him not to go; he smiled vaguely, but con- liniicd (jelling into his big coat. Nothing would stay him, and away he and the pony stumbled through the dumb and blinding snow. He was half-way on his journey, and had got into the sermon he was going to picach, and was utterly insensible to the outward storm : 37 his pony getting its feet balled, staggered about, and at last upset his master and himself into the ditch at the roadside. The feeble, heedless, rapt old man might have perished there had not some carters, bringing up whisky casks from the Ferry, seen the catastrophe, and rushed up, raising him, and dichtM him, with much commiseration and blunt speech — ' Puir auld man, what brocht ye here in sic a day?' There they were, a rough crew surrounding the saintly man, some putting on his hat, sorting and cheering him, and others knocking the balls off the pony's feet, and stuffing them with grease. He was most polite and grateful, and one of these cordial ruffians having pierced a cask, brought him a horn of whisky, and said ' Tak' that, it'll hearten ye.' He took the horn, and, bowing to them said, ' Sirs, let us give thanks !' and there, by the roadside in the drift and storm, with these wild fellows, he asked a blessing on it, and for his kind deliverers, and took a tasting of the horn. The men cried like children. They lifted him on his [tony, one going with him, and when the rest arrived at Inver keithing, they repealed the story to everybody, and broke down in tears whenever they came to the blessing. 'And to think o' askin' a blessin' on a tass o'whisky!' Next Presbytery day, alter the ordinary business was over, he rose up —• he seldom spoke — and said, ' Moderator, T have something personal to myself to say. 1 have often said thai real kindness belongs only lo true Christians, but'—and then he told the story of these men ; ' bin more true kindness I never experienced than (Yum these lads. They may have had the grace of God, I don't know ; but I never mean again to be so positive in speaking of this matter.' When he was on a missionary tour in the North, he one morning 38 met a band of Highland shearers on their way to the harvest; he asked them to stop and hear the word of God. They said they could not as they had their wages to work for. He offered them what they said they would lose. To this they agreed, and he paid them, and closing his eyes, engaged in prayer. When he had ended, he looked up, and his congregation had vanished. His shrewd brother Thomas, to whom he complained of this faithlessness, said, 'Eben., the next time ye pay folk to hear you preach, keep your eyes open, and pay them when you are done.' I remember on another occasion, in Bristo Church, with an immense audience, he had been going over the scripture accounts of great sinners repenting and turning to God, repeating their names from Manasseh onwards. I le seemed to have closed the record, when, fixing his eves on the end of the central passage, he called out abnipl.lv, 'I sec a man!' Everyone looked to that poiiu. ' I see a man of Tarsus, and he says make mention o[ me.' It must not be supposed that the discourses of ' Uncle Kbenezer,' with these abrupt appeals an<: sudden sums, were unwritten or ex tempore', ilu'V were carefully composed and written out—only iluv.r Hashes of thought and passion came on him suddenly when writing, and were therefore quite natural \tW\\ delivered—they came on him again."

Some Old Buildings. Leaving the church which was so long the scene ol the labours of the gifted Mr Drown, let us retrace inn steps and lake a hurried glance at some of the nilii'i- buildings which make UK appellation "Ancient lUugn ' a lining one for lnvcrkeilhing to this day. |usl opposite the Ksuibhshcd Church is a house with Trtii CLAVE it HOUSs 39 a projecting turret. At one time no family took a greater interest in all matters affecting the burgh than the Hendersons of FordeU, and this house belonged to them. (Of the Henderson family and their connection with Inverkeithing more anon). An old authority who writes of 1260 states that at that date " many of the nobility of Scotland " resided in Inverkeithing. The " nobility" like royalty have gone, and this old house is to-day occupied by l: puir folk," who make visitors welcome, and are always proud to point out the room in which James II. is alleged to " have sleepit" In one of the apartments the royal arms are carved above the chimney. It appears that this house and the one adjoining it on the west had at one time been united. The tenement is held off the crown in the same way as the palace : the Marquis of Tweeddale is the superior. Another house, which was situated a little to the west of the " Claver Hoose," and which formed a great attraction for antiquarian visitors was the " Gallow Tower." The local branch of the Clydes- dale Bank now stands on the site of the historic building. In view of the fact that the building has been supplanted by one of modern date—a writer, who has a reverence for things that are old, says that the new buildings erected recently give the burgh a "clooted" look—it is perhaps no use lingering about in the hope that some old stono will " cry out " and tell us something of the scenes that were enacted when the gibbet hung from the Tower, and when people were apt, in the most summary fashion, to be sent to their " long home " by a single word from the local magistrates, who had the power of " pit and gallows within their jurisdiction—that is the power of passing sentence of death by drowning or hanging. The rising ground 4O facing the town used to bear the name of the " Gallow- bank." Turning from the site of the Callow Tower the visitor might, with advantage cross the street and take a glance at a two-storeyed building which is now occupied as a china shop and which is situated at the point where High Street verges into Bank Street. On a stone above the doorway we have these words :— ,L GODS PROVIDENCE dd IS MV INHERITANCE I . B The house is known as the " Providence House." A little further to the west there is a hall which adjoins the Burgh Arms Hotel. It occupies the site of what was one of the finest old buildings in the burgh. The old building which bore the date 1664 was torn down in 1888. just a few doors down from "Providence House,'' in 1'nnk Street, there is another historic building. Above the doorway there is the following inscription :— 1 . x is. T EXCKPT . TUB LORD . BUILD . Till; . HOUS . THEY LAIiOUK . IN . VAIN . THAT. . I!UILD IT . l'SA . The latter part of the wording is worn out, but it may be filled up thus :—" PSA. CXXVII. VER. I." On a stone over the upper window we have these words :— CAIR . HOT . CAIK . NOT . IN OUD1NAKLIK . f'OR . AL . V AS . VTHICKIS . AND . VTII KRIS . VII, . HE . ETC . An authority thus render.-: the inscription :—"Care without CLUB. Not in ordinal lie—lor all us as others- and 41 others will be, etc." This house belonged to Bailie Greig, who was a large shipowner in Inverkeithing. His son, Samuel Greig, who was a celebrated Russian Admiral, was bora here in 1735. Admiral Greig acted as commodore of the Russian fleet during the war with Turkey in 1769, He was the designer of the fortifications of Cronstadt. Admiral Greig began life in the merchant service, and entered the Royal Navy, rising to the rank of lieutenant. In 1763 Russia made an application to Britain for the loan of some officers to help her in the remodelling of her naval armaments, and Greig was one of the British naval officers selected to go to Russia. The Inverkeithing man served the Russians with great distinction, and when he died in 1788 he was honoured by a state funeral. Admiral Greig married a Miss Charteris, of Burntisland, and had two sons, both of whom became distinguished officers in the Russian navy. Before turning to the Cross and the Townhouse opposite, the visitor might pass on to King Street and take a peep at Rosebery House. This house was for many years the Inverkeithing house of the Rosebery family. A little further down the street on the north there is a house which bears the following inscription :— THE.LORD ONLY . MY . DEL WEKEK . IILI ST . BE . VII . LOUD

A little further down the street are the "corn and flour mills," as they were called, which were creeled by the burgh as far back as i779. The milts, with cciuin water rights, were sold to Messrs Caldwell & Co. in 1S93, and arc now used by them in connection with 42

the filtering of the burn water before it enters the pipes leading to their paper mil).; at the harbour. Just opposite the grain mills are

The Tan Works. The works were established by Mr William Hay -not James Hay a.s stated in a paragraph under the heading of "changes"—in 1798, and a noteworthy feature is the fact that the tannery is still in the hands of the May family—the name of the firm is now James Ilay & Co. When the Inverkeithing Tan Work was established small tanneries were to be found in almost every liule town. Manyof the small concerns of a century ago have died out. While the doors of contemporary works have been closed labour lias gone on without interruption at Inverkeiihinf.;. The proprietors have all through adapted themselves to modern requirements, and in every depart- ment the class of material turned out to-day will compare favourably will) anything produced in Scotland. Amidst, much rejoicing the one liiuidi edlli anniversary ol the works was lasl year celehtated, when the employes were hand- somely entertained by tin: linn. Any visitor who may he favoured so lar as to net. admittance to the works should make a special ellorl lo see the up to date leather i:i ma-lunc m motion. While not u'.norin^ other d p nents ol the trade the him have alwavs ;;iveu much attention to the production ol the lines! butts. Turning Ironi the tan works and the banks ol the Kcilhint; the visitor ini^hl retrace Ins steps and again enter Townhall Street, where

The Town Mouse and the Market Cross are situated. The Town House does not dale so lar hack as some ol the old houses lelened to. It appears 43 from the minutes of the Town Council that in 1769 the minds of members had been a good deal exercised over the ruinous condition of the Old Tolbooth. The following minute was adopted in December, 1769 :— "The Council considering the ruinous condition of the Tolbooth agrees that the same should be taken down, widened, and repaired, and for that end appoints the Magistrates, or any of the Council that pleased, to give in plans against next Council day that the Council may consider and approve of any of them." On March 15, 1770, the following minute was adopted:—"The Council appoints the Magistrates to employ masons, quarriers, and other workmen for taking down and repairing the Tolbooth, now ruinous, in the best manner, and to provide all materials therefor." The work of rebuilding had evidenlly been gone about with expedition, for we find that the Council first met in the new building on September 1770. The pepper-box steeple is of a somewhnt earlier date than the Townhouse. It appears Iron) a minute of the Town Council, dated 1731, that the steeple then underwent repairs. One of the questions which was much discussed was whether or not a proposed new roof should take the same form "as it is just now or spear- ways." It was agreed that the roof should be put up spear ways. An idea of the uses to which the ISiirgh IHiilding.s were put will be obtained from the following minute of the Council dated 1743 : — "The Town Council let the Laigh Tolbooth to Andrew Tilloch to sell butter in ; but with this saving clause, vi/., that Andrew leave his shop when the Council meets." Dr liarbieri, the author of a "Descriptive and Historical (lazalteer of Kile, Kinross, anil Clackmannan," se.-ins to have been very much amused at the iacl thai the church was 111 juxtaposition to the jail- the "black hole ' as he called it 44

__and he writes that the circumstance re«niud« him of the following couplet :— »< lu .< Here stand the gospel * ' l ' )™< Wi' hell's hole atwecn the twn.

c,,s",nav lav, been unuuna,, ,„,«,,.. -r ..•UHMUI,,.,,,, . of that ,'™«,n, an,l c-nrU-l l,v .I.-" «.'",•.•., « u-,y feasible and not a. i.H i.upmld.l.- •..,,,,-«.•.". .•".'» w-« huttrcssal by the lu-ral-li." «.,.liur. "' '"" •»••'•'«•

Originally ,ross,-s had no doubl an ,v, I, -,„, .n,;d u,.i • inland one ran ,;.s,ly n abs, tba, ,!„• ,,..•„,.„ wh,,-h

WaSI1,adc ,.M.I.T .!»• shadow of .In- l.u.,-,1, - u\\,^-

fllu-l.u.,-,1,-MII.,,,.fros would b, doubly l.i.uli...',. As MM,.- «vn. un.hr

cross seems l<> have lost its .el^io.r. ,„.•...... ,.. and as an-u.llH.rily (Mr l»n.m.n..n.l, u4\, u, .1,, M.-.uu.t.,,,,

beean.e hanslonued inl.. an unhn.uv .u.uU.-l .•.,.«;,. Invrrkrithnn; was llu- ,;n-a« uu-U,. l-wn l..r W .--I I-.I-- for many yravs ,m-rrban,s , n,

all kinds of merrha,Hh:,e and ll.«- —,. was .!„• lu.ub quarter, lor the iKnwun .uaknu;. Tlu- lulUnv.n^mna 45 minutes anent the cross may be read with some interest :— 1796—"The Cross is in a ruinous condition, and danger of the long stone falling down." 179S—"The Magistrates received a letter from Mr Ronaklson, Surveyor to the General Post Office, Edinburgh, recom- mending that the Cross should be taken down, and sonic repairs made upon the street, now necessary on account of a mail coach being established." •799—"The Cross removed from its old site on the side of the High Street, and rebuilt on the space opposite the Town- house—cost of erection, ^14; cast iron railing, £12 6s Antiquities in the Town House. A profitable hour may be spent in the examination of some of the articles of furniture in the Town House. The old oak charter chest, with its wrought iron bars, is particularly interesting. Although it dates back to the seventeenth century the chest is in capital condition, and is still utilised lor the preservation of certain old documents. The chairs are of simple construction. They were made specially for the burgh in 1783—:r:i6 years ago—and there seems little to hinder them being of service to the burgh for another 100 years. The following minute throws some light on the chair purchase of 1783:—"George Mutton, wright,— paid his account fur Seven pounds sixteen shillings for making twenty- four big chairs for the Council Chamber." The old halberts will bear inspection, and an ellwand of the sixteenth century should not be overlooked. Educational Buildings. There are two schools in the burgh. The old Parochial or Grammar School, which adjoins the Established Church, is used as an infant school, and 46

the senior scholars are taught in a neat modern building which was erected at the " Hack <>' the Vards" after the passing of the Eduealion Act of 1872, The foundation stone of the infant school was laid in 18 ly and the building cost the heritors £fio. A sketch is given of the neat little Grecian-like building as ii originally left the hands of the architect. To meet the demands of the Education Code considerable additions have been made in recent years to the building. Mr Wardrop, the head muster of the senior school, was appointed to the post of teacher in the grammar school on September 1849. lie will iheivlme eeli-biah- the fiftieth anniversary of his teaching days in Inverkeithing on September of the present year (I.SIIU). "Panting lime" seems to toil after Mr W'ardmp "in w.in." lie still teaches with all the si. ill and 1 nlliiisia.'.in of his earlier days, and plays a wonderful game ul J;I,|| un the Kerryhills. Miss (aiiimngliam is the In-ad mii.i IC:>S of the infant school.

The Ports of Days >>;one by.

Iliverkcilliilli; wa1- one ol the M-.ip.nl1. nl Sriilhllld which, by Ae| u| I'.nli.niienl, i\.r, mili'ieil in luve "polls (il slanc and lymc." Thr pml-, "I ! iiinln inline were torn down bclwrri 1'/;;.: .mil I '/i'o,. unl alln ihc city ports I tad licen rciiiuvcd 11 appi.n-. 1h.1i lln- Tnwn (loimeil of Invei'kcitlnu:.' lieealne iinllin uilb a de:>ue to follow the example ol linn cilv iii -i:;bl»nil:.. All agitation against the polls emir,I m .m >MI

Inverkeithing Harbour. In recent years a good deal has been heard at the Council Board of the ancient burgh about the repairing of the harbour. Because of the traffic having gone, and there being little prospect of a return to the busy times of old, the repairs are now naturally confined to work which may be said to be an absolute necessity. The cost of repairs in these modern days can only come out of the burgh funds. In 1666, when Invcr- keithing had the direct patronage of Royalty, and could boast of having visits from ships from many ports in Europe, things appear to have, been different. In the year in question collections were made at a great many churches in the district to defray the cost of repairing Inverkeithing Harbour, In the Session Records of Carnock, for instance, the following entry occurs:— "29111 Iuly 1666—There was a contribution intimate for repairing the Harbour of Inverkeithing." Upwards of roo years after this the Council do not seem to have felt that they had the same claim upon the church door collections as the harbour authorities of 1666 had, and they resolved to lengthen the pier by 60 feel, the funds for Ihe extension being raised in the burgh. In 1792 the Ballast Pier was built, and two beacon lights wen: ordered to be placed to direct vessels into ihe harbour. In 1825 it was found thai the harbour was quite inadequate for the traffic, and the Council agreed to lengthen the east pier by 150 feet. The work was carried out by John I'aterson, Crossgates, at a cost of ^,2So. In 1H40 a further improvement was effected by the erection of a retaining wall and sluices at the top of the harbour. The .sluices were found to be of great advantage in clearing the bcrthage of the harbour. 48

Parliamentary Representation.

The union of the Scottish I.'ailiamcnl will) lhal of England took place in 1707, and gave rise lo the first Parliament of Great Britain. To this Parliament, says Mr A. H. Millar, F.S.A., Scot., Fife sent three representatives—one for the county, one I'nr a group of burghs consisting of Pysart, Kirkealdy, llurntisland, and Kinghorn, and one for a seeund group of burghs including Anstruthe.r (Kusler), Ansinilher (Wester), Crail, Kilrcnny, and 1'ittenweein. Si Andrews and Cupar were uniled with I'eiih, Hundee, and Forfar ; Inverkcilhing, I )imii'i 1 nliiu•, and Smith

Queensferry were united with <'ulniv. ami Siiilinii. Ai a meeting of Inverko.ithiii|.; Tmvn ('cunieil in 1 y• • *> , u was unanimously agreed lo peiitimi ai'.amsl the nnmu,

and the Inverla'ilhing pfliit(in W,R; |u 1 •,>-Iii( ,i m i|,r Scottish I'arliameiH, When tin- Slnlni". rimip waf, formed in 1707, luvel keilliin;; iv.e; riilrird 111 die lull as ihe second Inirpji in tin- 1 h-.li ni 'lit nnli-i In mi'

Slirling, Inverkeilhini1;, I liinln inline, I "ul , .'-'.i.inli

OiH'en:;feny, Alexander Sp111.1l u| 1 .1-\-. .j11'i_11 w.r. i l | r• repreuenialive lur Invci !•: 1 • 1111111; • in tin- 1 ', m-, niinn ,,| ICslalus Iroin \liiU) ID Hniii; ,Mid In. en, |.nu,. ,

S[)itla,l, followed in llir S< . >i. I i |',n li. m••m ii,,ni UNJI, to 1707. (.'ololH'l |ollM r'.l'.k me ,,| ( .111111, I, w.i. llir first re[)rcsenlativr lor llir Smline 1 1 ,,| |;MI,.l,., The following are thr nainrsul ,unn ul il,, •nuKim-n who have rejiresented ihe Ilin-h.'. Am r liir )/m,,,, •

Colonel Jului I'lisk'iic, MI 1'.iiin• , K . S m Henry ('niiiiinj'liaiii of li,n|,iluu. (-.,,, ,.,

Capliiin Tliimias l'!r:.Kinr ,., ,,; .

Oqilaill I'clr-i ll.ill.ill, yi , 11! I'IIIII 1.mn. , •,, >n ,.| •,,, p,.|r, Ulllkill, w-lio Mil I..I I iiiiil, iinlnic- 111 lli,- •., -ir.li r.lllilllKill ... , , '/ .1-1 .| I 49

Colonel George HaHane. of Berccvofts ....1747-54 Robert Haitians, of Plean 1758-61 Admiral Francis Holbuurne 1761-68 Colonel James Mnsterton, of Newlon... .1768-74 Sir Archibald Campbell, K.B., of Inverneil 1774-80, ijSq-go Major James Campbell 1780-S9 Andrew Cochrane, son of eighth Earl of Dundonakl '791-97 Sir John Henderson, Bart., of Fordell.. 1802-03, and 1806-07 Alexander Forrester Cochrane. son of Thomas, Eighth Earl of Dundonald 1S00-02 atul 180406 John Campbell of Blairhall 1S1&-19 Francis Ward Primrose, of Uixley Hall, Norfolk, son of Neil, Third Earl of Rosebery 1819-20 James Johnston, of Straiton 1830-32 Lord DiUmeny, son of the Fourth Earl of Rosebery 1833-47 Sir James Anderson Glasgow 1S52-59 James Cairtl of Baldoon, son of James Caml of Stranraer.... 1859-65 Laurence Oliphant 1865-68 John Ramsay, of Kililnlton from April to November i8(i8 Sir Henry CampbcU-Riunieiman, 1868, and continues as reurcsenluUvu to date 1899

A Sehoolhouse Trajyedy of 1707.

The sehoolhouse of to day is one of the oldest: buildings in the lkirgh, and in ^07 it was the scene of a terrible tragedy. It appears that in (705 Robert IHirlcigh, the only son of the fourth Lord Hut'lcigh, had fallen in love with |anel Thomson, niece of Andrew Thomson, I he minister ol (he parish of Orwell. Janet was the beauty of t.he parish. She refused to many the young Master of liurleigh, and he was sent abroad in the hope that a lonjf absence would lead him to forget his nislii: beauty. Ho fore lie .set out on his foreign travels he had an interview with the (;irl. He warned her that il she dared to marry before he returned to the Cnslle lie would take the life of her husband, and he extorted a promise from the girl that during his absence she would wed no other admirer, Assum- ing that the threat was the threat of impetuous youth, the young woman married Henry Stenhouse, the schoolmaster of Inverkcithing. Whim the Master of Jiuvleigh, just two years from the date of his departure, returned and heard that his first love had been wooed and wedded by the schoolmaster of Inverkciihing, he, without a moment's delay, saddled his horse, and, accompanied by two attendants, rode to the (indent burgh. Entering the school the lower Hat of the present schoolhouse—he challenged him to fight him with pistols and on horseback. On Sienhouse remon- strating, Ikirleigh pulled out n pisiol from out; of his pockets and deliberately shot Stenhouse in the presence of the scholars. Stenhouse was shot right through one of the shoulders, and on 91I1 April, 1707 —just twelve days after the murderous allack the ponv man died from Ihe injuries sti'.lained. Mui'leigh made his escape, hut was apprehended and hied before. Ihe High Court of Justiciary mi .-.".ili July, 1•/,,,). M'l.aurin, in his "Remarkable C ases before ihe l h j;h Court nf [u.sliciary," says the indielmenl sel Innh; -

" Thai where, hy (ho l.iw n( Coil, and .,1 111i-. .unl nil nilwr e d well u;nverm:d leahns Ili ciinie of irntdei m in.ue.l.oi( ilei i-, a heinous anil allioeioiis eiinif, :>pei i;illy when emninineil upon \rl

purpose, anil lorelhoiu'hl felony, :nii| , m;; 111 IM ]U- ,(-vei rly puni.heil ; \ nei'eilliele-. il iv is of willy HKII lie, lial,iii|; nil ;ill Ir.w ,,(<;,,, nnil regard lo Her Majesty's nulhinily :inil l.uv., • 1 i• 1. upon ihe Qlh, ov one or nlhei- ol Ihe il.iy, .( Apnl, in ilu- ye.n r/u'/,

moved liy n mo.^l \slekeil anil miairntinlul'l, ninliee, emne !•• ||M- town (if Inveikeilhin;; mi hovsehaek, and MI nnie., willi lm, ,,[ lllrec allrililaiil';, anil liavini; ini|iiireil Im Mi llrniy 'iienhnu'.r, sclHinlmasler, andl ie appearin;;. h,- eii'pnied .il him il he W.N Mr lleniy Slenlioii'ie ; and lie havint; iiii'.weii-d he H.I., hi' ,i-.l,e,l

him if he knew him ; ,,nd he ausweiin;; no, he :,anl lo him he was the Masler ul l',inieii;h, and he had :,pake to his IUMHIV.III- tage. The real ground of quarrell, it ia said, was the schoolmaster's having married, while the master was abroad, a girl lie had Fallen in love with, and he must light him, or words to that purpose; to which Mr Henry made answer that he was not o£ his acquaintance and that he believed lie had scarce ever spoke of hioi, but he was sine ho. had never said anything to his prejudice ; but he continued saying, in these or like words, he must fight him with firearms on horseback, otherwise he would shoot him, pulling out at the same time a pistol, and bending it, where- upon Mr Henry did again make answer, excusing himself, and telling him that it was hard to oblige him to light a man that he had never injured ; and that he had neither horse nor arms, but was in his night-gown, teaching his scholars, and it was against his principles to light duels ; and he still insisted in these or the like words, he must light or lie shot to death presently ; and Mr Henry again excusing himself, he held (he pistol to his breast, and told him. if he would not fight him. that he would immediately shoot him dead ; and Mr Henry then said to him, if he must light or be murdered, ' I'll rather fight,' thinking thereby to gain SOME lime to be lid of him ; but immediately, and with (he same breath, he discharged Iiis pistol against the said Mr Henry, and shut him in the left shoulder with two balls, s;iying most insolently and cruelly, 'Take you lhat lo be doing wilh,1 or words to that purpose ; and withal observing ihut the said Mr Henry did not inimodintely fall down dead, he pulled out another pistol, saying, 'I have missed the dug ;' but the cry of the people arising, he instantly made his escape, nnd, liavir.g drawn his sword, rode away at the gallop, crying all the way, to aniusr the people, 'Hold the deserter' : of which shot and wound the said Mr 1 lonry, alur some days' languishing, and ihu the endeavours of two physicians and tluee chirurgeons bad proven inefleclual, died, about the 2ist of the s;iid month of April. Hy all which," &c.

The conclusion of the indictment is for the pains of de;:lh, uncl confiscation of movables. When ISurleigh's lii.il came on -July 28, 1709—lie plendcd not guilty, and liis counsel argued the crime charged did not amount to wilful murder, or from malice prepense, and therefore it fell under Her Majesty's general pardon. Thai it 52 was not wilful they inferred from no circumstance being libelled that could occasion malice prepense; on the contrary, it appeared from the charge that the parties were unknown to one another. The prisoner came to the town on a market clay openly. The wound, it was argued, was not in a mortal place, luit in the firm, which shewed the prisoner did not mean to kill, but only to frighten or correct. It was separately pleaded that the libel did not bear the wound was deadly ; on the contrary, it admitted the deceased hail lived several days after it, and the prisoner would prove wa/mn regimen ; and that the deceased was of a fielful, discontented temper. Answers were made for the drown, and the Court, after the debate, ordered informations to lie given in to the Clerk, in order to be recorded. The Court had a discretionary power of ordcrim1, inlnnnaiions or not, as it should see cause. The advisin};, which was dated August 3, 1 709, was as follows:

" Found I iho ill'lidlln-tlll i'li'vanl lo ililci 1 Iw p.iiir. lilirllril, luill repelled tht; ili-lt-uri- u( Ili'r M:ijc:.ly':. iiiilr-iniutv." The jury brought in the following vrrdii l :

" Auiuis! 4, r/ui) 'l'lli'y ilo liy I In- pluulily Hi vnii <••., lillil it proven, Thiit tin- s;iiil Rolieit, Mir.lri nt lun !.i[;!i, w.v, at the llll' Sl'lliuil dour of Mr Henry Slrliluur.c, '.1 lliiiilin.l'.li 1 jl ItlVi'l-

!vi'itllin;ji( willl pistols, n w u; 111 t-i 1 im IKM.I-! I.H K . .1! HI jlmul the

linn- liln-llol ; :iml hk'-niM- liiul il prn\rii, lli.il i In- .:ii, | KHIH-II, Musk-r of I'liult-ipji, iliil ili-.i-1i.ilj'<~ :i 1 li-.i 1 •! ;u'uir.t tin- -,;iiil Mr

Ilrnry SlcnhouM' ; as ah.n Inul il piuvni, Thai i!lr \.ii.| Mi I Ic-niy Stenhuusi; was wimmli-il in iwu pl.iri-s mi In-. !• M .uui, IH-IHW iln- shouliler; :md llial In- ilii-il williiu Iwrh-r . |.i y . .\ l l ci l ie w.is wuuiidcd : luil find H nut pinvrn, Tlial tin- .s,iM WIMIH I1. weir. jjivi-n liy the shut n| the pi-iiol ili-.^ li.u;;r.| l.y tin- tai.l Uuln-it, Masler ol liui'K-iLiJi."

It does not iipi>ear from the rcronl ihai miy exception was taken to this verdid on the part of 53 the prisoner, but the Court adjourned consideration time after time. The last adjournment—November 28, 1709-bears, "For several causes and considerations moving them," they delay sentence till tomorrow. Next day—November 29, 1709—they adjudged the prisoner to be beheaded at the Cross of Edinburgh on the 6th of January 1710, and ordained all his goods to be escheat, &e. The long interval between the date of sentence and the date of execution gave the young man time to mature plans for his escape. He escaped from the Tolbooth of Edinburgh on 1st January by exchanging clothes with one of his sisters. The condemned man's mother and two sisters had been admitted to the cells in the Tolbooth. For some time Burleigh succeeded in concealing himself in the woods near the Castle—a gigantic hollow ash was a favourite haunt of the fugitive —but he ultimately found his way to the comment, where he remained until after his father's death in 1713. He attached himself to the |acobitcs, and on a9l.l1 May, 17 r4, he appeared with a number of Jacobite noble- men at the Cross of Lochmaben and proclaimed the Pivtender as James VIII. The sentence of death passed upon him by the Court deprived him of all his property, and his connection with the |acobile plotters led In the attainder of the title. lUuicigh lived until 1757. lie spent the most of his latter years abroad and died without issue. The parish register of Orwell contains the lollowing entries : —

17115. Nov. 17. Mr Henry Skmhousr, Schoolmaster :U Inverkeithint;, and |aucl Thomson, niece o( Mi' Andrew Thomson, minister hen-, j^avc up llicir names to be proclaimed in outer to marriage S4 Nov. t8. Ditto, proclaimed pro primo. .) 25. Ditto, ditto, 2nd time. Dec. 2. Ditto, ditto, 3rd time. » 6. Mr Henry Stenhouse and Janet Thomson were married.

No trace can be found of the young widow after the tragedy. The minister, her uncle, died in September 1715, and, strange to say, he was succeeded in the parish of Orwell by James Bathgate, who was Sten- house's successor as schoolmaster at Inverkeithing.

The Convention oi Burghs and Inverkeithing. In 14S7 the Convention of Royal Burghs was ordained by Act of Parliament to be held yearly at Inverkeithing. Here is a copy of the Act:— " That Commissures of Burrowes compeir togidder anis in the zeir in Innerkeithint^." " Item : It is statute ami ordained be the haill three Estaites that /.urly in time to mm, cm lain Coinniissauis of all Bun'owes, Uiilh south and nnvih, cuiivLvnr and gadder togi>lder ani.s ilk zeir in the liuvy.li of IniKikeithint; on the Mornc after Saint James Day (July 25, nld style, or 7tli August, new style), with full commission : and thuii to commoun and treate upon the weilfare nl nierrhaudicc the JUIDE ruir nnd statutes for the commun profit of ISumiwes,—- And to piovidc lor remcid upon the skaith and injuiiea sustc'med within the liuvrowes And quhat l!ui<;h that compeiris not the said daie be theif Comniissaics, to payu to the coastes of the Cnniimssares five jioumls. And /c-irly to have our Soverign Lordis letter to clisslrcinzie iicrefore and for the inbvinging of the samin."

Despite the passing of this Act it is really doubtful if ever the Convention met at Inverkeithing. Dr Manvick, in his preface to the Convention Records, says that "No record of uny meeting in Inverkeithing is now extant, and the practice of holding annual Conventions there, if such a practice evev existed, seems to have been 55 speedily discontinued, for an Act of Convention held at Edinburgh on 4th April, 1552, referring to the old statute merely as a matter of understanding, appointed the whole burghs of the realm, by their provosts or commissioners, to convene annually, on the last day of July, in such place as might be appointed." During the sixteenth century Acts were passed con firming the practice of members fixing the time and place of meetings, and no mention is made of any meeting being held at Inverkeithing. Although Culross is honoured by a meeting of the Convention in the seventeenth century, Inveikeithing appears to have been passed by. The custom of ignoring the claims of Tnvcrkeithing seems to have given rise to some irrita- tion. A tradition has been handed down, in the Burgh, from general ion to generation to the effect that the plaee of meeting was the Callow Tower. A stone was taken out of the Callow Tower when the building was torn down, which bore the dale 1613. The Callow Tower was evidently built in 1612 by H arie Kinglassie. An inscription reads: "Cod blis Ilark- Kinglassie -and I.essie lirown —their posterity—and all their friends" I! 1611; is the date when the Callow Tower was luiill Ibe tradilion of associating the building with MH'clhu'.s ol the Convention held immediately alter the passing of Ibe Act of 1.1X7 must go by the board. In July i fiS^ the Convention met in Kdinhurgli, and at I lie close of the business the members appointed the next general convention to be held in the same cily. The records show lluil, on Edinburgh being agreed on, the Commissioner for Inverkcilbing "pro tested that the ;i|ipoynling the general! convention to sitt at Kdinbtirgh or any oilier place might be but. prejudice of ane Act of Parliament in favonris of the said burgh of Inverkeithing anent the meeting of the burrowes at that burgh as he alledges." In July 17S5 a similar protest was lodged, but evidently without effect, for Dr Marwick tells us that from 1704 to 1866 — the first volume of the records was published on the latter date—the meetings were invariably held in Edin- burgh. When the first volume of the records was passing through the press in 1866 a minute examination was made of the Council records of Edinburgh, and also of an MS. volume in the Advocates' Library containing extracts made in 1570 from older records. Communications were also addressed to the town- clerks of Perth, Stirling, Dundee, Aberdeen, St Andrews, Haddington, Linlithgow, and Inverkeithing, asking them to make a careful search in the archives of the burghs. Writing of the search in Inverkeithing, Dr Marwick says :—" The minute books of the Town Council of Inverkeithing previous to 1689 are all lost. There are older sasine records, and the Guildry minute book goes back to 1580, but no truce can be found in them of any meeting of convention as having been held in the burgh. It was slated, however, that the house (the Gallow Tower) used to be pointed out where the early meetings of convention were held."

The "Sett" of the Burgh previous to 1833. Previous to the passing of the Act of William IV. in 1833, the "sett," or constitution of the Burgh of Inverkeithing, — "setts" were either established by immemorial usage or were modelled by the Con- vention of Burghs--was very uncommon in many details The provost, the two bailies, the treasurer, and the dean of guild were annually elected by the councillors and deacons of the trades. The councillors 57 were chosen from among the burgess inhabitants, the guildry, and even the members of the incorporated trades who still retained a vote in their respective incorporations. The five incorporated trades elected their deacons yearly as their representatives. The Town Council, including the magistrates, could not be under twenty, but, as Sibbald points out, it was not limited to any number above twenty, so that the whole burgess inhabitants might be made councillors. What was very singular was the fact that the councillors continued in office during life and residence. The Act of 1469 gave the old Council the right of appointing their successors. The same Act directed that when the new Council was chosen the members of it, along with the members of the old Council, should choose all the, office -beavers of the town. This "close system" was abolished in 1S33 by the- Act 3 anil 4 of William IV., 0. 76, by which the election of councillors was placed in the hands of male residents in the burgh or vicinity possessing certain qualifications. In burghs where a minimum number of councillors bad been fixed the number was reduced to the minimum provided for by I he old Act. The Act of 1833 still left Inverkeithing with twenty councillors. liy the Act of 1S53 the number was reduced to twelve -one provost, two bailies, and nine councillors—and the councillors of to-day ber twelve.

Rambles Round the Outskirts of the Burgh. The l.oveis' Loan is a i|uiel pathway, leading fmin the Quei'iislorry road to the IHinfermline voatl, which skirls I lie southern slopes of (he hill on which the Cemetery lies. In spring a charm is added to ihe walk by Ihe white blossom of the black thorn and 58

the golden flower of the whin, and in midsummer Che wild roses provide a blaze of colour. 1-caving the loan the rambler can make his walk a circular mii; by Inking the Shore Road, west toward Rosyth Castle, and returning by Castlandhill. The house and grounds of Casilandliill are the property of Mr R. N. H, Newton, and the tenant is Sheriff Giilespie. The Sheriff is exceedingly courteous in giving admission to visitors to the grounds. The view from the rock immcdiulely to the sotilh of the house is very extensive, commanding the upper reaches and the southern slopes of the Forth. Another circular walk is that to North Queensfeiry by the Ferry Toll. A pathway leads from the village by Carlingnose Ouarry to Port Laing, and after passing Cruickness the visitor will catch a delightful view of the ancient burgh. If the tide is (lowing beauty will be added to the scene. Another walk is that by the shore to the (juaint shipping purl: of St. .Davids Alter having a glance al the bays which lie to the east of St. Davids (In* visitor should lurn on to the road which lies between l.clliain Mill and the historic grounds of Donihristle. A l I l i l • -l e n d he will liiul a road leading to the lop of l.ethaiu Ilill, Irum winch a delightful view can be h;id, and wheie Ihi1 rein.iins of a Druidieal Temple may be seen. No vi.Mtor should stay long in Inverkeillmu; before he makes llie aequainlance ol the Malbealh Inverkcilbin;; Old W'.II'NN Road, The road was opened as a IKUSC i.iiUv.iy as lai back as 1783, and for many years the givalei part of the output of Halheatl), Townhill, and oilier pits were carried down the road and shipped al Inveikeiihini; Harbour and the Ness pier, a distance nf fnun live lo eight miles. As railway laeililies increased and ihc enals in some of the pits, which bad connection with the \\a;;un Road, became exhausted, the minerals carried aloiwt ue 59 old railway became less. Traffic was ultimately completely withdrawn, and for upwards of 18 years nature has had complete possession of the road from the Ilalbeath "Cut" to a point near the Great North Road at Inverkeithing. Nature has indeed been busy during the interval, and the Wagon Road lias been trans- formed into one of the prettiest walks of the district. From Ilalbeath to Inverkeithing the road abounds in bush and tree, and in the ever-changing seasons many scenes are provided among which the lover of nature delights to linger. The hawthorn—pink and white— the hazel tree, the rose bush and holly lend variety to the scene, and here and there charm is added by moss-covered bridges and many details which form attractions for the artist. The shrubbery and trees of the glens and the flats provide grand sheller for birds. Song birds are therefore in great variety, and in the season the roadway is lively with song. Here the piping notes of the blackbird are heard ; from yonder luish comes the song of the mellow mavis; there the hedge sparrow, the wren, the robin, the linnet, and other biids are twitteiing merrily, and from the woods in the uplands comes the voice of the cuckoo and the plaintive cry of (he pccwcep Under such ciicurnstuiiccs the happily expressed lines of Michael Bruce, in his ode to the cuckoo, press in upon one -

DuliuliU'iil visilant ! witU lliec 1 hail the tiini! nl lluw'rs, Wlu'n heaven is tilled with miisir sweel Oi liit'ils nwiunj; llu1 Uow'rs.

Hut ti'iii|iling as the theme is this must suffice for the Wagon Road. Mr R. A. Marr dealt sweetly with its beauties in Cliamlvn:' /ounnil on March nSya. 6o

A Glance at Burgh Life in the Olden Time.

In a speech in Edinburgh at the close of iSo.S, on "The duty of Public Service," Lord kosebery con- trasted the work of the parliamentarian of old wiih the work of the member of Parliament of to-day, anil wait on to say:—"Then there are the great municipalities —great and small. These, no doubt, have to .sumo extent always existed, hut not in their present form. A new spirit has been breathed into their somewhat dry bones. . . . They are chaiu'.ed allogelhei in spirit and in function. . . . The municipalities of to day are very different Imm the municipalities of my youth, and, 1 suspect, that il a town councillor of forty or fifty years ago were to present himself in a town council of today, he would regard their work

with astonishment, and they, perhaps, mij'Jil Inok at him with some surprise." Ah 1 nuij.'. l i it is quite imc, as Lord Rosehery indicates, thai our iminicipalitie:, have been subjected to enormous changes in it-eeni yean., yet il is a fact that the niiiniei|iali[ie\ nl c>M, likr the lucal governing bodies of today, bad a nund deal to do with the social lile of the people, and in ilmse mudi m days of change and of revolution, ii may |,r w,.|| ||U| people should now and again slip ihe eollai and li.uk backwards. Under the above headuij' the writei purposes giving a glance at social lile m I.it oil ,|ay, as revealed by the records of die Town Cuiunl and other public bodies. TIIIC Miuiu.isATioN Hi'- •nil'', in ri'.i-.N in cesium just before Mr Stead's "war a-ainM ,Var" ciir.ade was iiuuigiuated, we heard a good deal about the m. .1 .ili-..ui on ot the Volunteers ol our country, and of the neeev.tty ol putting ihe people in a good position ol "defence," it 6i not " defiance." An Inverkeithing Town Council record throws some light on the mode of mobilisation which the Government adopted in the fifteenth century. In a minute, bearing the date 1462, we are told that the Magistrates of Inverkeithing, along with other Magis- trates, were served with a copy of an Act of Parliament of Scotland ordering the burghs to provide themselves with "ane gude axe, and ane glide targit of ledden." The minute tells us that this precaution was taken to enable the burghs to " resist the schot of Englandc." HOW A FIRE RAISER WAS DISPOSED OF. When the authorities had the power of " pit and gallows;' it appears that they disposed of offenders in a much more summary fashion than they are now brought to justice. In 1469, a woman, Janet Anderson, was convicted of having been art and part in fire-raising at Rosyth, and the poor woman was ordered to be drowned. It seemed to be thought that seeing she had cost the laird of Rosyth so much by the fire, it would be absurd to allow her to be a burden upon the community for a single minute after sentence had been pronounced, and she was forthwith drowned in the Forth within the shadow of the spot where it was alleged she had helped to raise the conflagration. LAMMAS FAIR is an institution which is almost as old as the burgh. Hut the Lammas Fair of the olden time was a very different fair from that of modern times. As far bark as 1640 five fairs were held in the burgh—in March, May, June, August, and October. But these were fairs which were attended by vendors of all kinds of goods and of live stock, and the main streets were crowded with purchasers who hied themselves by boat and road from all parts of the country to Inverkeithing. In 1640, 62

Lammas Fair was held on the second Wednesday of August, and here is an extract from the minute of' the Council which bears the date 1753.'llul wtlidl !'ivrs au idea of what the fairs of old were:-"The Lamhmis Fair, formerly held the first day of August for all kinds of linen and woollen goods, and is now ami in all lime coming the second Wednesday of August new style, and the day following being Thursday for horses, eallle, and all kinds of merchant goods." Another glimpse of (he fairs of old is given by entries connected with the Lammas Fair of 1652, it appears from the burgh records that the fair of this date was a great day for " fun, frolic, fit races, ale, and drunken folks, gentle and seinple, and folks cam frae near and far to it.'1 Indeed, so much did the day figure in the life of the people of West Kile that young and old seemed to find their way In hirer- keithing, and the all-embracing phrase "genlle and semple," referred to in the ininule ipmied, seems in have included die Kirk Sessinn of the llurgli nl I >uiih-cinliiu-, for in the records of the session we have ihr lullnw ing naive confession:--" There was n.ir session ihis day because of Lammas l''air al I nvcrkciilim;', "

A DUNKHRMLINP', COI.LKl'TI nN Ink 1'iiul; HIM There is anothei entry in the I hml'ci inline K'.nk Session records which shows dial ihe "senile and sample" of the city did nol esacilv confine lliru interest in Inverkeilhing to the "lun and Imln" nl a Lammas Fair. The ininule tells us ih.il .1 p.111 ol the cnlleclion of one day was given in " hv,i pun men in

Inverkeilhing whose houses were Inuni donii." T11H TOWN COUNCIL AND !• I ilH'A'l ll IN Despite many vagaries, 11 is app.uent liom the minutes that the Town Councils imm Ihe railiest limes did a great deal for eduealion. One iniuule, 63 dated 1690, shows that the Council had declared the office of teacher of the Burgh School vacant, because the teacher " for sometime by-past had taken up his head with trad ins in malt and other things." A minute of a later date shows that the minds of the Councillors had been much exercised over the appointment of a teacher of music for the burgh. The Council had gone to the church for several Sundays and heard a Mr Moudie, who had presented, and on a vote being taken on Mr Moudie's fitness for the post the Council declared " that his voice is too low, and therefore not fit for the post." Boys, because of non-attendance at school, seem to have given the Council and the teachers a good deal of thought in 1695, and in order to encourage a larger attendance of boys at the burgh .school, the Magistrates enacted that "no schoolmistress shall leach lads, and restricted them entirely to lassies." The following minute of the same dale explains itself:—" ('ompeared Mr William 1,aw, school master, who for a testimony ol his dependence upon the Magistrates and Council laid downe to the old baileys the key of the schole (lore, that they might either continue or discharge him as they should find meet.. The new Magistrates and Council after consideration called in thi' said Mr Law to (he table and returned his key to him coul'uuiiug him in terms of his admission." For a long series of years this custom seems to have been kept up, arid the election of I'rovost and [Sallies followed the key ceremony with the teacher. In 17.|.|. Miss Ogilvie's school ''is repre sented to be at a low pass," and the Council ordered 50 shillings sterling to be given to her yearly for the Inline. Much as we have advanced in matters educational in recent years, we are evidently not much 64 beyond the ideas entertained by Tnverkeithing Town Council in 1785. In that: year the Council appointed a schoolmistress to teach girls "to sew white seams," and they bound themselves to give the teacher a " proper salary." The Council did not stop at technical education. At a later date we find them taking up sick nursing, and they voted £6 to be applied for educating a woman in midwifery, "as it is the opinion of the Council that an additional midwife would be required in the burgh." To people who are engaged in Sunday school work, the following minute will be particularly interesting:—"Bailie Walker reported to Council that it would be proper to appoint a Sunday school in the town, in order to keep children off the streets and from the shore on Sunday, The Magisirates lo meet and commune with Mr Paisley, the schoolmaster, on the subject.'1 The school was opened, and nourished for many years.

HAM WOMKN ANM STUU IV> UM a i A US. Women who were guilty of what was eimodeled lo be scandalous conduct were deali with, al the close of the seventeenth century, in a manner which might 10 have brought reform, if severity is c.dciil.iled lo Iniiig reform. It appears lmin a minute thai one woman had been reported for misbehaving,. The <'MMIICII met and passed an Act of banishment, oiderini1, ihe oflieeis to put her outside the poils by l i n k o | diuin, and calling upon the inhabitants ol the liiirgh, mi le.-ir of 1 "losing their liberties,' mil lo " har b o ur or resell'' her in any manner whatever. Alumi Ibis same time sturdy beggars seem to have become a pest lo the inhabitants, and, at a special niceling nl the Council, lIK: constables were ordered in n|ipichcni! all sturdy beggars and vagabonds, and it was agreed that if' fourpence be allowed the "constables for every "vaga- bond or sturdy beggar that they shall incarcerate in ye black hole of ye place." SINGLE WOMEN : BLEACHING CLOTHES. A minute, dated 1702, shows that single women were pretty hardly dealt with by the Council and the authorities. On this date the Town Council raii fieri all Acts made by their "predecessors anent forbidding and discharging any single woman to keep house by hersel' within the burgh and territories thereof, and landlords to let them houses." In 1728 the Council seemed to have been fully alive to the utility of bleaching in the production of snow-white dollies. At a meeting that year they ordered a bleaching green to be laid out in the " east and west loans, where there are two good wells," so that the burgesses may get " their clothes bleached, and to dry their linings " THE BURGH HANGMAN. It appears from a minute, dated 1731, that the Council had had a letter from the Clerk of the Regality of Dunfermline, asking Inverkeithing to join Dunfemiline in the maintenance of a hangman. The minute shows that for years the Council had had the idea in view of joining with Dunfermline, and, considering the fact that when the Magistrates had passed sentence for crimes of vice they could not get sentences "put into execution," it was agreed to join Dunfermline, and to pay a sum of £3 yearly to the hangman fund of the city. Just a year after the agree- ment had been entered into, die Dunfermline hangman presented a petition to the Inverkeithing Council praying that they should allow him to go to London on furlough to get into a charity hospital " to get cured of ane sare leg." The Council agreed to the 66 prayer of the petition on condition that all interested acquiesced. In two years after this a minute crops up, from which it appears that an account for £6—a two years' contribution—had arrived from Dunfennline. The Dunferraline hangman did not seem to have had much work in Inverkeithing, for, at the meeting at which the Dunfennline account was considered, the Clerk was instructed " to have no regard to the Dun- fermline demand." It was also agreed that an en- deavour should be made to be "free, if possible, of the two years' salary," and to intimate that the Council would have no further "use for the executioner." It was decided to make this intimation because the hangman had left the country, and from this it may be inferred that he got into the London Hospital to get his sore leg treated. The hangman referred to, a John Cummin, was the last hangman appointed by Dunfermline Town Council. Dunfennline prisoners charged with capital punishment were after this tried in Edinburgh, and from an Inverkeithing minute, dated 1735, '*• appears that a woman who was charged with child murder was removed to Edinburgh to be tried.

PRACTICAL SYMPATHY WITH AN OLD COUNCILLOR, A BAILIE AND OTHERS. An old minute shows that a James Hodge had been a member of the Council at one time. Not content with the ancient burgh as a field of business, James had gone to Dundee in the hope of pushing his fortune. Things cvH<>mly did not turn out particularly well with James in Dundee, for we have a minute which states that the Magistrates informed the Council that he lay in prison lor debt in the Tolbooth ot Dundee, and from his prison he wrote an episde to 67 his old friends in Inverkeithing stating that the Magis- (rates had agreed to liberate him on payment of ^10 Scots. The Magistrates, shortly after receiving the letter, had collected ^7 from the inhabitants. Hodge's case was carefully considered, and seeing James had at one time been a member of the Council, it was agreed to make up the balance of ^3 from the burgh funds. The practical sympathy of the Council was not by any means confined to such cases as the Dundee one, however. Very trying times were experienced between 1740 and 1760, and here is a minute dated 1744:—"The same day the Councile, considering that Thomas Anderson, ane old man, and a late Bailie of the Burgh, is now come to low and straitening circumstances, and his wife, the Councile therefore allow Dean of Gild Adam Turnbull to give him two pecks of oatmeal each Saturday night till he be slopet by the Councile." And here is another minute, dated 1753: "The. Councile orders Mr Rankine to give Isobel Addison hall" a boll of meal for the use of the orphan or foundling she keeps." A minute which follows throws some light on where these old fathers got. the meal to dispense on charity. Al. the very time that the Isobel Addison, here referred to, was gelling her half a boll of meal to help her to maintain the foundling, the Magistrates met, and a minute informs us that they purchased 210 bolls of pease from Mr Chalmers, "for the town's use, owing In the scarcity of provisions." Of course, all this meal was not ^ivi-n away on charily. The Council

made this purchase because of the. scarcity of food, and those who were able to pay laid down the cash-— a minute telling us that the Council "appoints the meal to be sold at one shilling staling per perk." Later on, in 1780 the Council's charily took. a. different 68 form. A charity ball, for raising funds for the poor, was held in the Townhouse, and the Council took twelve ticltpfs at as each. THE TRADES UNIONISM OF 1729, The Trades Unionists of 1729 evidently did not believe in the principles of free trade. In this year a great many "baxters" or bakers had sprung up in the burgh, and the bakers who had been in business lor a considerable time became very despondent over the opposition. So depressed did the firm of William & Charley Hodges become that they presented a petition to the Council setting forth that their trade bad been almost ruined by new bakers, and they begged the Council "not to allow any ' baxters' to set up in the burgh except they bad served their apprenticeship to a freeman of the burgh or were married to freemen's daughters." About the same dale the coal or peat carters from Crossgatrs ventured to add to their slender incomes by charging a little extra on f lic old fees for carting, and the ('uiuw.il I,,:, BE d themselves into a fury over the idea. The minute bearing 011 the question is so lurious dial 011c: n> almost driven lo ihe conclusion that hanging would be luo ^ood lor die poor carters who dared lo put a l ITT le on die price ol the hire for coals. A KAMI'AIIOIN' UAH,IK ANI IHIS UKU.V. In the year 1744 a terrible squabble i.eems to have arisen between the old Deacons and nine ol die Councillors, The, Deacons insisted on whal ibey eon- sidered to be their rights as volcis lor new ICouncillors,

and the Provost, Mr John < ('imn i IIGHAm, advocate, favoured the Deacons, while Hugh I irandr.on, die s oldest Bailie, was against diem, liailii: ('.randi. on bad taken the precaution to have a warrant Irom two Justices 69 of the Peace for the county preventing the Deacons from voting, and on the Provost asking them to go upstairs and vote, a terrible scene occured. The minute sets forth that Bailie Grandison stepped forward and said " that if they came up they would do so over his belly—the Bailie all the while rampaugin' and shaking his staff in a mobbish, riotous manner." The minute leaves us to infer the result of the fight between Bailie Grandison and Provost Cunningham, but considering the fact that the Bailie was armed with a document from two Justices of the Peace, one may assume that the " mobbish" attitude he struck was successful, and that the Deacons and the Provost feeling that Grandison's belly and stick "b'ocked the way' performed a feat, by retreating downstairs, similar to that of the worthy officer who with " Twice ten thousand men Wont up the hill and then eninc down N^SIIN."

now Tin.; DURUM WAS CI.EANKI:) IN 1700, If the Council were strong in charily in 1700, they do not seem to have been boiling over with enthusiasm for sanitary reform. They met in ]uly of lliis year in the middle of an old-fashioned summer—summers of the olden time were said to be much warmer Ihnn the summers of our day—and considered a number of complaints about "middens" lying on the street. They passed an act declaring " thai in all time coming the streets shall be cleaned by the inhabitants once every month; this 1.0 be intimated by tuck of drum."

•mi-: WKICMT OK IIKKAIJ. In 17.^,1 Kdinlnirgh bread seems to have been llic standard for Inverkeilhing bread. In this year a Mr Clinic was one of the liailie-s, and at some of t he street conieis some rellections had been made on the liailie's 70 bread The Bailie, evidently could not stand this, and we'find him representing to the Council that he "understands there has been several unjust reflections made against the weight of bread " in town being lighter than the Edinburgh loaf, and he suggested that the Council should procure a specimen of Edinburgh bread" for guidance of local bakers. TMK "LORD I'ROVOHT" OK INVI?,RKEITIIIN(i. In the records of 1689 the chief magistrate of the Burgh is designated Lord Provost, and frequently between this date and 1607 there are references to the Lord Provost of the burgh of Invcrkeithing. In 1697 the designation is dropped; but in no minute is there any explanation for reverting to t he old title of Provost. In all probability Inverkcithing's claims to the higher title had been contested in the Convention of Burghs with the result thai an order may haw been issued to the effect that the higher designation was to be discontinued. l TIIK llAl.llKATII WAi ON UOAIi: TlIK I'll!1'.'!' UMIIKI'.I.I.A. 'I he IlalluMlh Iuvcrlu'ilhiii|.; W.UMHI mad w;r; opened in 17K ?, and a minute tells us lhat the Conned, "eon sideling thai the Ualbealli Coal Company agrees to sum! down three wagoir. of coal lor two bonfire:,, and the remainder lo be disposed ol amonc the poor . . the Council appoints the Mai'j'.l ralcs lo enterlaiu ihe Gm'pany at the first coals coming down and lake a »l:iss with them." An old note which is dalctl 1786 states that umbrellas were fu:.t seen in Inverkeilhing this year. A William Walker was the list to march down the High Street in a poiirinr, ram one dav with a "gin:;ham" above his head, ;.iul the innovation is stated lo have brought out the people, and "made everie anc wonder, gigil, and lauch." What wondeilul changes time brings. If this fanatic of the iSth century could come back to the burgh of Inverkeith- ing the people would neither " gigil" nor "lauch" much although he walked down the High Street with a pink parasol above his head. THE TOWN'S PIPER AND DRUMMER. In the good old days the town could boast of a piper. The site of the Piper's Green—the play^ ground of the Infant School—is pointed out to this day. A minute dated 1701 shows that William Heart was engaged to be the town's piper at a salary of " five pounds Scots a year and a free hous." In 1785 a piper was brought all the way from Sutherland to fill the post of burgh piper—his emoluments being fixed at £2 2s a year. In 1817 the Council preferred a fifer to a piper, and the following minute appears under that ctate :—"The Council appoint John Gibson town officer, in room of the late John Grieve, and agreed to allow him a salary of ^7 10s sterling a year, for which he is also to go through the town with a life every morning and evening along with the drummer." A few years after John's appointment the Council issued a peremptory order calling upon the drummer and the fifer to go through the town morning and evening or they would he instantly dismissed.

AX OLD ELECTION. In the old days party spirit ran high at election limes, and candidates had their little failings cast in their teeth with painful candour. The election of 1760 was a .stormy one. The candidates for the provost.ship were Admiial Holhourn and Captain Robert Hakln.ne. There was a lot of protesting on both sides. Objec- tions were taken to a number of voters on the pica that they had been bribed, or had at various limes 72 been in receipt of charity. The vote of one man was objected to on account of his having " in a scandalous and unjustifiable manner embezzled the town's money," and it was alleged that " he is presently lurking and absconding for fear of action ready to be executed against him for debts to a great extent." It was alleged against Admiral Hol- bourn that his procedure had been " violent and illegal," that he had brought into the town "great number of armed men a-isuming to themselves the name of press-gangs," that overawed and intimidated the voters, many of whom had been obliged to desert their houses, whereby (as the recorder of the day puts it) "the freedom of election in this land of liberty has been destroyed." The gallant admiral's adherents denied these charges with indignation, and alleged that voters favourable to (heir interest "had bad their windows broken open under cloud of nicJit " by ilio opposite parly, "no doubt with no other intention I mt to have carried them off il ihcy had found them,"

- TUK NATION Al. _|1'IIII-I 'I-:.

The Jubilee of (Jem-;'/' lll.'s ascension was celebrated throughout the country with

HOW CHURCH COLLECTIONS AND BURGH FUNDS WERE APPROPRIATED. In Dunfermline Kirk Session Records, under date April 1654, we are told that intimation was given in Dunfermline of a collection of 5 lib " for tvva puir men in Inverkeithing whose houses were burnt," and in 1663 an entry occurs in which we are told that " 20 lib or y'by was collectit in the Kirk of Dunfermling for Wm. Flockart wha keepit the farm and had al his stacks of corn burnt." Under date 10th January, 1865, the following entry occurs in Dunfermline Kirk Session Records :—" This day intimat" was made of a contri- but" to be collectit for the ransom of two captives w* the Turks named Walter Gibbieson and John Reid, men of Inverkeithing." In 1690 the Magistrates ordered seven pounds Scots to be given to Win. Hell "for charity for helpeing to buye ane horse." A great dearth occurred in 1782, and the Court Room in the Tol- booth was fitted up to hold meal, &c, purchased by the town and corporation to .sell or give to the poor. In 1818 the female poor in the burgh were in a very destitute condition, and the Council resolved to purchase flax and employ them in spinning. The specu- lation, through some cause or other, was a bad one, and was soon abandoned. There were a few hand- loom weavers in the burgh between 1800 and i860, and in 184.S the weaving trade became so depressed thai, the Council employed the weavers at is per day to improve the West Loan.

•rill', TOWN COUNCIL AND (VUI-'.KN VICTORIA. The Town Council ordered Her Majesty's Corona lion Day to be "held and celebrated by ringing of bells, by music, and by fireworks.1' The orders were carried out to the letter, and a minute states that the 74

"Council and trades walked in procession, and in the evening a little business was done in ' spiritual matters,'" In 1840 the Town Council resolved to celebrate Her Majesty's marriage by a large bonfire at the Cross and a round of drinking in the Townhouse in the evening. In 1842 the Queen and Prince Albert passed through the burgh on their way north. Triumphal arches were erected and house fronts decorated. A platform was erected in the High Street, and IVom here a loyal address was presented to Her Majesty and the Prince, People poured into Inverkeithing from IHiulciTnliiu,' and other places in West Kile, and it was calculated that 15,000 people were in the High direct when the address was presented. HAD IIAUVKSTS 1791 was Ion;; known as "the wcl bain.I," and a great amount of grain lotted in the stunk:; in the district. In 1S01 another had harvest i:; recorded, and oatmeal sold as high as ^s '|d and ,;s ('d PER perk.

U MlSC'.Kt.l.AN I' H »l S, In 1799 the burgh contributed tin* sum ol t;o guineas to the .Stale lur the delenee ol the eoiinliy, A minute dated 1771) sets forth thai the people of

Inverkeithing were in a Male of :',ie.u eoiuuioiion and alarm by the arrival o( Paul lone:, and his crew at the mouth of the Kouh. In 1767 the ('oimcil ordered all back doors leading into the eluueliyard to be bmll up immediately, as it was thoii|;hl their existence had something to do with the number ol the chiii'h windows that got broken.

The Water Supply of (he Btir$>1i. The Burgh is in the position ol havini;, ,1 Mipplv of excellent water. The 1 Hnilermline water (the Clcn

75 sherup), was introduced in 1877. Previous to that year the inhabitants were dependent on local springs, and the supply was anything but satisfactory, Lands which once belonged to the burgh— Duloch and Cruicks. At one time the lands of the burgh were very extensive. They included Cruicks on the south side of Invcrkeithing Bay, Duloch, north of the Burgh, and Pratthouse near the village of Crossgates—a continuous stretch of about five miles. The lands of Cruicks were granted to the Burgh by William the Lion, and the charter conveying the property was con fumed by Alexander II. and Alexander III. The proposal by wealthy Jews to acquire Cruicks for the establishment of a "New Jerusalem" was set aside in 1370, but as in the case of many other old corporations tin: burgh lands were gradually alienated and feued out for what(1 seems nowadays very inadequate considerations. In 1729 what remained of the lands of Hnloch were sold to Mr J. Cant, for the modest sum of 7000 merles

Scots, equal to ^388 17s 9J/ui. Cruicks lands had also been disposed of. The lands extending from the northern boundaries of Duloch to Crossgatcs were I'Tgely composed of moorland, now partly ritlainu'd, and were feued out on small feu-duties and certain rights to the burgesses, ihe coal being about all that was reserved. The liurgl) still holds the superiority of Ihe lands of f'ruicks, Duloch, and Pratthouse, and the leu- duties are collected annually. Other payments are made to the liurgli, as the superiors, al stated intervals. Several changes of proprietorships have taken place in connection with all the liurgh lands sold in these far off days. Latterly the Cruicks was purchased liy the late Mr 76 •

A. Will, Dundee, and the estate is still in the hands of the Will family. Upwards of half a century ago Pratthouse was bought from the then proprietor by Mr Stenhouse of Fod. The present laird of Fod, Mr James S. Stenhouse, continues to hold Pratthouse. The little farm lies nicely to Fod, and makes a very desirable addition to the estate. Duloch was for many years in the hands of the late Lord Cunningham. Lord Cunningham was as well up in the management of land as he was in law, and he carried out many improvements on the estate. In 1844 his lordship built the present mansion house and carried out extensive improvements on the lands. People who are favoured with a glance at the estate cannot help feeling that great skill has been brought to bear upon the work of laying out the grounds. Shortly after the death of Lord Cunningham the estate was sold to Mr John Meiklem, and on Mr Meildem purchasing Gladswood, near Melrose, Duloch was bought by the late Mr Wm. Gibson, St. Andrews. The price paid was somewhere about _£,"26,ooo. The estate abounds in free stone and limestone, and for a long series of years lime and free stone were quarried on a very extensive scale. Long stretches of bmken ground on Upper Duloch shows that quarrying had gone on For miles in extent. The lime was burnt at kilns situated by the side of the wagon road in the centre of the estate. Duloch old house is still in a fair slate of repair, and is occupied by some of the employes on the estate. There is a very fine specimen of the old " tirlin" pin on the kitchen door, and an idea of the wealth of the first proprietor of the old mansion may be had from the fact that the floor of one of the rooms, leading off the kitchen, is laid with marble. 11 Some very fine beach trees surround the house, and the old Scotch fir is represented by several stately trunks. A more lovely situation than that occupied by the mansion-house erected by Lord Cunningham it is impossible to conceive. The estate is held by the mortification trustees of William Gibson, and for upwards of 25 years the mansion and grounds immediately adjoining have been let on lease to Mr J. T. Smith, who is well known in business circles throughout the county of Fife. Mr Smith keeps the house and grounds in the very pink of condition. The walls in almost every room in the house are brightened up by exquisite pictures—examples of Hugh Cameron, Mollinger, John Smart, Sam Bough, Ucnovan Adam, Sir Noel Paton, Colin Hunter, and oth-rs —and 1 he fawn, lying beautifully to the sun, to the south of the house is made doubly attractive by silver, birches, rhododendrons, gean trees, dark beeches, and holly. The avenue leading from the house to the Dunfermline and Aberdour road is one of the finest in the district. A magnificent view of the Forth is obtained from the grounds—a feature which no doubt weighed with Lord Cunningham when he selected the site. Mr Smith presented the clock, which is fixed in the steeple of Inverkeithing Established Church, to the burgh in 1SS3. On the occasion of the handin;, over of the cluck, Mr Smith was presented with the freedom of the burgh.

The Old Churchyard. The little God's acre which surrounds the Estab- lished Church was for centuries the principal place of burial for the whole parish. In 1850 it became apparent to some of the residents of the parish who took a 78 practical interest in matters affcetinf' (he health of die community that a new place of burial so much was the old churchyard crowded was an absolute necessity, t T and an agitation for a ceme ery was started. he sentiment of being gathered to (heir mother earth with their fotefathers makes communities slow to move in connection with burial grounds ; and so decided was the opposition to change in Inverkeitbinj.', that 12 years elapsed before the cemetery was opened. Tin: old churchyard is dotted with grave stones, and as the visitor looks around he cannot help bcim;, driven to the conclusion thai: if time is the universal beatililicr, it is also the universal destroyer. Here there arc stones whose inscriptions have been as completely wiped out by the bitter blasts of centuries as it the mason's chisel had been eiiiplnycd in ibr work ol defacing; there inscriptions, like tin memoi ics of ilmsc whose remains lie under ihe (ablei.s, arc f.• 11111;', away, and it is difficult lo inakr inu« h uf ;hr qu.iuu seven teenth and ei^hteeiilh cenluiy tributes. Many ni ibe stones are 0/ a very soil class ol slime, and the piupur tion of defaced inscriptions seem:, bitJMM than I:; ihe case in most old churchyards, Tin MNni•. Irmu the defaced stones, the visitor will find lie sluiie.', ciccleil to the memory of lii.sl miur.ieis ui llic :-.e< essioii Cluirch in a wonilcrlully :;uod sl.ilc u( |irrsci v.nmil. In the east wall, in a nicely shelteied s|n,i, ihnr is a tablet erected to the mnnoiy of Willi.ini May. ilie founder of the bivcikeilliinj; Tan Wml,, lleie and there simple stones mark the last leslin- plae,-. ,,| men who, durinu; the present century, bad imleil in ilie public interest at the Council lloaid. At ihc entiaiue to the ehurch)ard, a massive slunr iii.uks die s|«il where lie the remains of James Stuli, inasler R.N. 79 The inscription tells us that Captain Scott had for nearly 30 years been superintendent of the Quecnslbrry passage, and here are the concluding lines :~

Battles had seen, and sailed in various climes, Thousands of beings saw in latter times. Ferried in safety, back and fore to Fife, With Christian hope he crossed the sea of life.

The Cemetery—A Sad Incident of 1864. The new cemetery, which lies nicely to the sun on the slopes of a hill a little to the north of the Queens- ferry road, was opened in 1862. The plans for the ground were drawn by the late Mr W. Pringle, who was the inspector of poor for the parish for many years The cemetery cost £c1QO A proposal to close the old churchyard, except to old residents who had a « vested interest" in it, met with a good deal of opposition 1.he Parochial Hoard was compelled to ask the aid of the Sheriff in the matter, and from evidence laid before the Sheriff, it appeared thai nearly l0oo bodies had been interred in the churchyard a quarter of an acre -in tS years. The rest.lt of the struggle was that the churchyard was closed to the general public on July •864. Only one resident in the parish has this year li«W) a chum lor burial in ihe churchyard. On April 1864, the remains of Jane Watt Seaton, a domestic •savant who belonged to North (Jueeusfcrry, and who )md been murdered at Katho, were laid in the cemetery Ihe g.rl was employed as a nurse in a hou.se at Katho It appears that a companion servant was being ,omtcd by a young man belonging to Ratho. The man and the iwo guts had journeyed to Edinburgh to spend au alternoon in connect...,, with some lete, and it So was alleged that at night the man got the worse of drink. His lover gave him up, and rightly or wrongly the deserted man got it into his head that Jane Seaton had had something to do with her companion's change of manner. One night in April he tried to gel into the house because "Jeannie had called him u drunken blackguard." He went away after smashing a window ; but returned at half-past .seven in the morning, lurecd his way into the nursery of the house, and attacked jeannie Seaton. On Jeannie getting out of tiie mini's clutches, she rushed to the door. The man caught her ere she had gone far, however, and, pulling a razor from his pocket, he cut her throat, indicting such a wound that she very soon expired. The yo iil h was tried on a charge oi wilful murder al the High Court of Justiciary on May 31SI, iK(>.|. A verdiei ol guilty was relumed, and on ai.sl June he WAS hanged al the head ol IlihcrLon's Wyiid, Kdinbuig h 11, "in presence," says a chronicler of the times, "ol an immensec r owd of spectators. This was the lasi pulilic C\E tuiion which look place in Kdinbiirgh. A simple i.loiic, eieeied in 1864 in Inverkeithliig ccmelcry, heais lliese words: JANK SL'A I1 IN, Aged .'.\ yeais. 1 liimw () Imi'il llial Thy jmli-.uifiil . .m- ii|;lil.

Imo thim: lianil I (-11111111(1 my spiiii, I'll.HI h.i-.l n-iln nn-il uir O I.UNI Cud of mull I'sahu wxi., ';.

Kruciuil hy the chililrun ID WIIDIII slit- w.r. inie.r ,r. u iniuk CII

tlicii In>vi -.

The Freedom of the BUTR'HI. However lavish t he Council may have been in some things, they have been veiy eoiricrval ive over their burgess roll. The following minute occurs in the Council records under date 1823: -"Freedom of the Burgh.— Henry Brougham, Esq., M.P., and Thos. Dcnman, Esq., M.P., enter Inverkeithing from the east road, accompanied by James Stuart, Esq., of Duncarn, provost of the burgh, and the Magistrates conferred on the two illustrious strangers the freedom of the burgh, the Provost handing them their burgess tickets, when they made eloquent replies." The last name admitted to the burgess roll was that of Mr J. T. Smith, Duloeh, in 1883.

The Provost of the Burgh. In the good old days, so called, the Provostship of the burgh seems to have been much sought after by the nobility and gentry of Fife, if not of Scotland. In the ridings of the Scotch Parliament the Provost ol Inverkeithing was entitled to ride next to the Provost of Edinburgh. At a lime when members of Parlia- ment were elected by delegates from the groups of burghs, the Provosl was generally the delegate, and this political appointment added importance to i he post. The Earls ol Morton, Rosebery, and Dunferm line, Mr Ferguson of Haiti), and the Hendersons of Fordell all had houses in the burgh at one time, and ihe Roseberys and Hendersons were long cnnneeled wiih the Council. l!y a gram from Oiiceii Mary and Itumlcy, the representatives "I ihe Henderson family < la lined Ihe right of hereditary Provost and Sheriff. In ihe new statistical account of Scotland issued in 1845, tlie writer of ihe article on I nverkeithing Parish s says that "the I I aiders ins never exerci ed the vi;_' conferred on them by oiieen Mary." It is evident Iroln the minutes ol the ("oiincil thai aileinpls were at least made to exercise ihe right. In iiSott Sir John Sit

Henderson protested before the Council that he was the hereditary Provost of the burgh, and in tH13 another entry occurs, from which it appear;; that Sir John protested against the election <»f (\ neral Campbell. The minutes set forth that Sir John protected because he had a special grant froiu Queen Mary and Henry Darnley "conferring on his family ther ight of being perpetual Provost of Inverkoilhiug,"

A Parliamentary Election Incident of 1796, In early parliamentary fights the neighbouring burgh of Kinghorn obtained an extraordinary notoriety for intimidating the electors, In these days no town in Scotland oitside Edinburgh had singly the privilege of returning a member to Parliament. Kinghorn was

the returning burgh for the Kirkealdy Hindis. The

Town Councils of the (our huir.h:; comprising the »roup each elected a dolq;;il.-. »n.l H^ I'""' del.r,;ilcs chose a member of Parliament. Tl reluming burgh

had the easting vote. Whiggeiv, ii a]'pears, was asserting itself in Town ("ouncih; i e K irkeahly

Burghs, and John llutton, the town1lerl of Kinghom (who was also a ('niineillm ai I liuil'iruiline), and

Lucky Skinner, the hosics1, ot the piineipal inn, were employed, says the writer i.C A',n'.> IWt,;ih, to smooth clown the whiggery of die councillor., The tact displayed by the worthy pair could hardly be Mirp i'.sed.

Kay gives a notable example of this laett inder the pretence that the lives of the elei tor.-, would be in danger if they remained in Kinghom, Mr Mutton ami Lucky Skinner persuaded a, majority ol them one evening, when in their cups, to take llight for the mansion-house of Balearic;. Here the Kiiie-.hom Gum- cillors were entertained for several weeks, and only brought back in the nick of time to vote for a delegate in the ministerial interest. The success of this exploit greatly extented the fame of the town-clerk and the hostess. In 1796, when Inverkeithing was the returning burgh for the Stirling group, a fierce struggle for the seat in Parliament was waged between Sir John Henderson of Fordell and the Hon. Andrew Cochraiie Johnstone, afterwards Governor of Dominica. The result appearing doubtful, it occurred to the friends of the latter gentleman tltat the services of Mr Hutton and Lucky Skinner might be employed in furthering their cause. A party of Dunfennline Councillors were accordingly transported to Kinghom, and safely lodged in the inn. The following graphic account of the contest and its sequel are copied from Kay's Portraits, published in 1842 by Hugh Paton, Edinburgh :— " When the retreat became known, the circumstance:; crcitod great excitement in Dunfe nnlino. Crowds of people assembled, ami the shout ' to Kim'liom' behn; raised, a numerous body— including delalchmcuts of colliers from l''ordt'll, many of them tinned willi bludgeons — was speedily nn the march to capture t he electors. A blockade having been resolved upon, as the more prudent and effectual mode of procedure, the forces were brought to a hall within a short distance of the enemy's stronghold ; and by the jud'eious manner in which the line was extended-—reaching from the sea at 1 lorhinaloeh to Ihe (iullel-hridt;e at the lake, and from( lie lake lo (he well of Spaw, near IVIlynu* Harbour— no elecior could possibly escape without inr.p vlion. Thus secured at'aiust a soitie. after ma-iutaimtu1; the. position (or a day

or two, Colonel Krskine and several I'enlleinen from the west of l''ifi-', accompanied by a small detalclnuenl, entered K.in;;lioin in military airav, with lla^s and otlu^r insiniiia. of eleetioneerin:1; wulare displayeil. On arrivinj;- at the inn, Lucky Skinner, true to her trust, relused to i;ive an;' information concennin; the run- invay electors, but endeavoured to appease Colonel Krskine by inviting him into tire parlour lo tastu from the lauillaily'.s bolile, a kivviuess she invariably extended to strangers of respectable 84 nppcavancc Somewhat irritated, and wheeling precipitately round, tlve Colonel was about to retire, when Lucky, persisting; in her entreaties, laid hold of his coat tail, and, in the friendly encounter, left him, n-la Bailie Nicol Jarvie, denuded of a puvtioti nf his garment. Disappointed in procuring authority Cram a Justice of the Peace (Mr Rutherford of Ashinlully, thru resident in TCinjr. liorn), the Colonel and his party attempted to furec their way without the sanction of a warrant, into the apartment occupied by the electors And now came lilt' ' uij? nl w.u' in true 1 lonny. brook style. Attackim; the house in two divisions, one in front and the other in the rear, part of tire assailant!. ^allied the h ead o f the inside stair; but, being there gallantly met by the defenders, victory lor a long time remained doubtful. Anmni ;the combat. ants, the most conspicuous figures were those of Colonel Krskine and the renowned Mr Iluttou, In the lobby nt the foot of the stair the combat was valiantly sustained by a postilion of the name of llrucc. He was a nolcd pugilist and i'ud|;cl player, and on this occasion fully supported hi', reputation. Armed with the spoke of a carriage wheel, he coolly polled himself at the back door, and, with [jrcit deliberation, drul lhi'. Invimrn DM nil who approached, till, 'sprawling on the I'louud, wiili many n gash and bloody wound,' tlie number of the v.'iii<|iii'.lief! Miftii ieiitly intlirated vvho were the vietors. I'latimalfK, none ol Ibr wariiors

wei'i' actually slain ; but, ainoni; (hone wliov l.iir it wu1. to ' |j(. 1 on hoiKun's tvuclchvlied, Nt:il M'Milliin, a cbiiii iii.m luun l'Min- bui'L^h, was peihaps (he mnst lievrvely wnunded, br. NNSC h.ivin^ been completely deiuolished by a blow bum ibr lu-inir liniee. Anotht'r individual is said lo buvr hud bi'i n<'ek deeply cut by a broken bottle thrown during thr li|;bl. 'riiuuidi a sueeesslul resistance had thus been made to Colonel KisUine ami bis p:iily, s an attack from the whole body ul invndi -r, wan till In he

dreaded; and a jjeneral call Mi> anus' resounded tlitnii'di Ibe linrfjh. This was, however, only pjnli.dlj- nbrj-eil ; |,u many of

the inhabitants were personally hoslile In the 1.1wnili-iU, as well

as politically opposed (o the 1interest whirh he (".jt'iti'.ed. In (his dilemma one course only remained to be adopted by I In* eleetuis and their friends, and that was (he bold ultci n.itive of rullin^

their way through (he line ol the beseiiMu;; tniees. 'I'o ellerl this ai;ainsl such mipjily odds, more deadly weapons than slnllalahs were deemed necessary. A levy of lireaiut. was .icenidiiiidy resorted to; but Ihuinjh such a display had not been witnessed 35 since the weapon-schaws of former days, most of the arms available -save two pistols supplied by a tailor of the name of Goorge Pamey—were as likely to prove destructive to the posses- sor as to the onumy. Maugre all disadvantages, however, a formidable band was ultimately marshalled—those who had lire- arms Conning the advance guard, and the cudgel division bringing up the rear. In this way the sortie was made good in defiance of all opposition, and the electors were safely escorted to Dun- fei'inline, which was still in a state of great excitement Next morning—i6th of June—the day fixed upon for choofing a Com- missioner for the burgh, the Councillors, in the interest of Colonel Johnston, assembled early in the Council-room, and were 'waiting with patience,' as they expressed it, till the hour appointed for proceeding with the election, when, to their astonishment, William Weinyss, Esq., of Cuttlehill, followed by Alex- ander Law, messenger-at-arms, and assistants, entered with a warrant to apprehend the Councillors who had been at King- horn, on the ground that several individuals engaged in the late all'ray were not expected to recover from their injuries. Mix members of Council, including Mr llntlon, were accordingly hurried away to IiwerkoUhing, and there committed to durance in the common jail. The real of the Councillors having assembled at the horn of meeting, it was proposed by Mi John Wilson, that before proceeding to business Mr James Cibson VV,S. (imw Sir James Gibson Craig, Dart., of Riccarton), ' should be brought in to assist the Council with his advice at ihi. election, in order that it may be conducted in a regular manner, and all the necessary (onus be observed.' This mot ion was seconded by IJailio James Iliml, and eariied by n majority o( nine to six Mi' Andrew Adm then moved 'thai no election oi a delegate can lake place, on account of I'IOVOSI Mondic and other live of the Council having liucn carried oil by an ille'.',.d and improper warrant ; and then-lore insisted Uuit Mr )anics Home, W.,S,, be hriniglil into Council lo lake a proles! on (hat head; and llral no procedure whatever can takr place iinlil Ihese Councillors are reluiurd to Council.' This was seconded by Mr James Cowprr, but nogaliveil by nine voW-s lo six. Mr Adit- anil livr oilier members now left liie Ciiuucil- rooin, ami the rriuainiiiL; nine mi;iuimoir;]y rlrr.U-d Ml ^Vl•^l\l.ss o( Cutlli'liill ;b their Commissioner* lo vote at llic enwiiiy elei:- tiun. Thus Sir John 1lenderst-in's part)' were triumphant. A 86 desperate effort however, was made liy his nppntKMUs tti regain the fortunes of the clay. Proceeding on font (for waul nf a conveyance) to Cwmoiul Uritlyo, Mr Williamson, Advocate (nfter- wards Lord Balgiuy), drove from thence lo Kdinlniij;h where ho obtained an order, oil lodging the requisite Kcemily, for the release of the imprisoned elecloM; ami on relurii o( tlie party from lnvc!rkcithiii[.;, late til ni^ht, i lic PnivoKt iiiimritiately summoned a second meeting of the Council, which of course WAS o attended only by those in the interest of C lonel Jnhn>i|one. AND now for the Kei|uel to the ' Huitlc of Kiiif'honi'" : At IIIB election, which took place on the aolh June lyijrt, ihe Una. Andrew Coehrane. Johuslune was returned member for Ihe Inver- keithhijj; District of Unrolls, but not without u protest on the part of Sir John Henderson, Hurt., the delimited candidate, (n a petition presented to the House o{ Commons the latter complained that the elections of the delegates lor Stirling, CUIIOSK, and Queensfcrry, the three limy.lis oppuNed to him, 'were nil and each of them brought abnut by undue niraiis, iiiuilr by unquali-

fied persons; WIRRE illr[;id and ennliiuy In ihr -.1 a!uli-'. IIIIKIC ami provided for ic[;ulaliii;; llii' i-leelinns •<[ ( 'i numi-.;.il[|}>||

— Sir |[)lin very Mitlur.illy vntcd IM Sil b.lni. Tlin• hvn \nics welt! in l.ivnur and liner Mi'.iiir.l linn : liui. il MH ri •. .ln| jn

Sllikint,; (il lone nl Ihc l.lllri, lllr i.iliiij' \nlc ..MIIUMI bis 1 ulcCliull.' Till |niilin|l \\.l-. nlilcnil h> lie l.il 1j iuln c, nr,i,lri .1

lion; and, mi ihe I'/lh M.ueli I;'II'/. :i ••rh-n ,. niiiiiii [ c- nl ibe llulisc of Common?. \v,l , ;i|i| •• MIIII-. 1 In 'hy .onl ilr-N-i niiiif llic nicrils of llic saiil p-lilinii.' Ihr llmi rii.nlc LMIIC ln\ wiu, r nomiiialeil l») ihe liuiinil im ihe |n I il iniiei , .iml W.lh.uu i,i;intt Ks(|., by that nf ihe sillilli; llieillliel. liiy.ui I'Mw.iid'., .Ullllnr "I lihe 'lli-.luiy nl Ihe \V,-,i Indie,,' w.r, ••!.•, i,il rh;iiiniiin, Anuni", nlhci1 |iarlics Niiiiiiiinu, ,| l.rlmr ibc •,,•!,•, i , mnniil Ire wcie the. 'l'liwii-Cleik nl Kin",h,nM mid l.i,el.\ Skinnei We are unable lu [,;ialily mu UM.U-I. wiih ; in-pnil nl Ihe evidence, or

even an oiilline nl (lie eiuiniis f;U(n nU.niic.l in i|lr ,-, u, ,,• ,,( (|lc investigation ; Inn il is well Kimwn Ihii llic w.uy Inr.iei,:, came 87 off' with flyiiir: colours. The information sought to be elicited from Mrs Skinner of course related chiefly to the jollifications of the electors, as to what extent they had been entertained, and liy whom the expenses had been paid. Sir James Mackintosh, who was on the Committee, was the first to interrogate her. After the usual queries as to name and residence, he proceeded :— 'You keep an inn in Kin;;hiin ?' 'No. sir,' was the reply. 'A Tiiveni?1 'No, sir,' 'What, then - a public house or a place of enlerliiinment, it must lie?" ' JJnrie o' the twi o' them,' replierl Lucky Skinner, chuckling at the idea of having taxed the ingenuit" of her learned countrymen, ' for weel micht ye ken that in Scotland it's the man and no the woman that keeps the house.' Seeing how hev humour went, Fox tluv.i^hl lie would have belter success; and behu; very anxious to ascertain the amount of tin* election dinner bills, he bewail in a round- about way to quiz her on the subject:—'Had Mr Skinner sometimes particularly good dinners in his house?' ' Nut sometimes, but always, to Ihose who could pay for them ' ' H ad you a particular tjood dinner for the [Juuli'iinline parly ?' ' Very iniod ; an' they needed il, for the ^entlenu'ii had come far lo he out u llm way o' bchu; pestered.' ' What miidil n dinner cost lor a parly at the inn kepi by Mr Skinner ?' "Whiles mair mid H whiles less, just aceordiu;,; lo cireuinslunc' ,' was I lie <\NI!INUS answer. " Well, well, bill ean'l you li'll wiia1 ihe ciilerlniinnenl cost on Ihe occasion referred to? ' ' Indeed, sir. it's not Ihe i-iisiinn lur ^'UtU'incn. in our quarter in ask the /"/Vf," o' a ditiuci, uulcsv they mean to pay I'or't ' 'Come, now, sny what was the nimninl ol the bill?' 'Indeed, sir, I wonder lo hear a (.;enlleman o' your sense cxp'Tt me lo ken, or be able to lell. sic a piece u

my husband's business. Kb fy !' The examination of l.iicliy Skinner, which Mas brou:;hl (o a li-rniinalion without flu-itim.;

anything of ci!n-;ei|iienee, afl'ordi'il much lueiriuu-ut :o all parlies ; and huvui*.; su sluewlly evaded the queries put to her by lite nienib- is of the Select ('jnimilt.-e, she no doubl rlaim-d a due share ol Ihe honoiir acijiiiivil in ihe Iriumph ol her parly The ('omiuillee L;.ive inI heir reporl lo ill-- lloii.e of (Jomuions on ihe 301!: March 1797, lindinj; lhal the lion. Andirw Coclnaiie c Johustone was duly ele ted ; but that Ihe peiili if Sir |ului Henderson was nol (rnolnus or vexatious. I'oi many ytars alter this uienioialile contest, (lie fame ol Lucky Skinner's j'mniry lo lomlon, and the admirablo manner in which she ballled the 88 learned members of the Committee, lnmiglil numerous visitors to her house. She hud the knaek ol' setting nil' her narrative to the m-eatest advantage ; and since the days of i'ali" Ilinue the fanunis fiddler, and juhumu Stocku, the dwurf, wlm used in rntevlain the pusseiiRers detainal at the Ferry, the one wilh lib. umsie mill I he other liy dancing auiong the puni'li-linwlh. and t;lu:iM's on the ttilile, all as related 1>y the author of '"I'll" Cn:tille Slii-[ilu'iil,' Iho royal burgh ol Kinghorii has had nolliiui; hall' no uttmctivi: as the stories of the redoubted LimUy Skiimrr."

Hotels in the Bur^h. There arc three hotels in the lmn;h the Queen's, the Burgh Anns, and the Royul. The Queen's occupies the silc of an old building which was known as "The Ark." * :: i

.'. •'

% •* f

IV';!;; I, I ' 89

HISTORIC BUILDINGS <& GROUNDS NEAR THE BURGH.

RQSYTtt CASTLE. HT^HTS ancient Keep, which is about a mile west from X Invevkeithing, is entirely in ruins. It is evident that the Castle was meant as a. post of defence. Until the end of the seventeenth century the Castle, with the lands adjoining, and the barony of Rosyth belonged to a family of the name of Stewart, who traced their descent lineally from James Stewart of Durisdier, Dum- fries-shite. The Stewarts were at one time amongst the most powerful families in Fifeshire, and they held sway as the barons of Rosyth for nearly 300 years. It is difficult to state exactly the period of the building of the Castle. Originally the building consisted of a square Keep; lint in 156r large extensions were made by Robert Stewart, who succeeded to Rosyth in 11556, and who was one of the barons in the Parliament of 3561. Over the gateway, entering from the north, is a moulded coai-of-arni.s, surmounted by a crown with the letters M.R.— Maria Reginu—-and the date r5C)1. Mary Queen of Scots returned from France in 1561 to take possession of the Kingdom, ;ind the chances are that this shield was put up on (he occasion of a visit to her relatives at Rosyth shortly after her arrival in Scotland. On the stone bars of the great windows of the hall, which are evidently much more recent ihuu the original loopholes, are the letters " F.S." and " M.N.," the initials of James Stewart and Margaret 90

Napier, with the date 1739. On the left hand side of the entrance to the lower is a stone which at one time bore the the following inscription :— "In dew tymc draw yes cord ye bcl to clink, Ouhcs may vocu vru'nis to meat and drink," The words are now almost illegible; but Mr David Beveridge states that he can remember the lime when the letters were more easily deciphered. The family line of the Stuarts of Rosy ih became extinct in tC'ioo, when the Castle and property were sold, as Or Ebon- ezer Henderson puts it, to "a stranger." The estate was acquired by Archibald Primrose, the first Karl of Rosebery, in 1705, and it was because of his posscs- sions in the locality that he was created Viscount of Jnvcrkeithiiig, a title still home by his lopresetttau'vc, the present Karl of Rosebery. The entitle was nl(cr wards sold to the Karl of llnpeioim. The ('astle gut, in a ruinous state about 1750; and ln>m lhal dale ilm old Keep has now and again been made a i|uinry lor Stones for building purposes. There is a Ir.idiiinn that the mother of Oliver ('rumwell was bum in ihe Castle and that the I'mleetur visited hi:; mulln1's birih- place when he commanded ibe army in Seulland. The ground apartment, ol the ('aslle was occupied as dwell- ings for fishermen and their families when a li.hing Station was established in i,S(i.|. Mr I'.cveridge says that the " Loan head ol Rosyth" thai is lu sav ihe junction of the Kerry road with the lane leading duwn to the Castle—is said to haw been the seene ul the murder of Sir James Inglis, Abbot of Cuhuss, in 1 ••;i", by John l'.kn'kadik:r, laird of Tulliallan. The laller had conceived a grudge against Inglis lor grant ing a lease of some lands, and he lay in wail fur the Abbut,

and attacked and slew him. lSlackadder was e UIIDENMC d HOUSE 9' and beheaded in Edinburgh for the murder of Sir James, and one of the monks of Cuirass who had been concerned in the foul deed shared a like fate. THE ESTATE OF MIDDLEBANK. The compact little estate of Middlebank lies about a mile to the north of the Ancient Burgh, and three miles to the south-east of the city of Dunfermline. Middlebank originally formed part of the estate of Masterton. It fell into the hands of Colonel John Blackwood in 1769, and in 1784 it was purchased by Mr Robert Scotland, merchant, Dunfermline. Mr Alexander Colville became the owner in i8cs6, and he was succeeded by Mr Henry Russell. In 1837 the estate was purchased by Mr Tames Ker, manufacturer, Dunfermline, and it was retained by Mr Ker and his successors until it was purchased by Mr James A. Nasinyth, of Donibristlo Colliery, in 1H92. Middlebank is delightfully situated. The house stands on a slope, with a southern exposure, about 170 feet above sea level—just sufficient to keep it free of the mists that frequently gather in the valley to the south. Away to the north of the house the ground rises to a height of 300 feet. This protects the house from the north winds, and the woods of Fordcll and Duloch provide slicker from the bitter east winds. A park of eighteen acres is kt-pt in grass in front of the mansion. The view IVoni the lawn is one of the finest which can be had in the district. In a clear day a commanding view of the winding Forth from Hanibougle to Stirling is obtained ; away in the distance the eye lights on F.dinburgh Castle and the lion-crested Arthur's Seat ; and yet further on the I'entland Hills rise and make a fitting background to the charming picture. When 92 the estate fell into the hands of the present proprietor, he made a good many changes on the grounds surrounding the house; and such skill did he tiring to bear upon the work that it must be confessed that the changes are all for the better. Neat wrought-iron gates were introduced on the walks, and every step taken to preserve the trees and the shrubbery which surround the lawns. A very considerable addition was made to the house. The chief architectural features of die plain and substantial building are tin: pretty pointed windows—features suggestive of the style of the gifted Mr Adam of Edinburgh—and care has been taken to keep the new part of the building in complete harmony with the old. The vestibule is a bit of line work, and forms a tidy entrance to what must be a most desirable residence. There is abundance of water about the grounds, It springs from the limestone beds of the district, and is consequently somewhat hard, how ever. Mr Nasmyth has therefore had a supply ol the famous Glcnsherup introduced from the 1'iiieavie pipe. The charm ol a visit to the grounds will be added to by an hour's chat with the genial proprietor. 1It- invests everything he toutlies with poetry, and Ins artistic taste is as much in evidence on the walls in some rooms in the house as it is in the grounds ad joining the building. In the drawing room, the timing room, and the study there are among the puiures examples of the best work of the Naanyth:,. Thomson of Duddingston, the l'atous, Ik'iiovan Adam, die Camerons, and others.

THE ESTATE OH HORDI-I.L. As has already been shown under dillerenl headings the Hendersons of 1,'ordell for many years look a great 93 interest in much that concerned the burgh of Tnver keithing. The estate of Fordell is situated about two- and-a-half miles north-east of the burgh. Fordell has been the seat of the Henrysons, or Hendersons, since the beginning of the sixteenth century. As far back as 1511:, James Henderson, king's advocate and justice clerk, obtained a charter from James IV., unit- ing the lands of >• Fordell, which had previously been subdivided, into a barony. One of the proprietors was knighted by Charles I, and his successor (Sir John Henderson) was created a baronet by Charles II. Coal working had been attempted on the estate before Sir John's day; but it was left to Sir John to develop the mineral workings and to launch the day level scheme for draining the mines at a cost of from ^30,000 to ^40,000. The day level is to this day a means of drainage for Fordell and adjoining collieries, from 3,000 to 3,500 gallons of water being vomited per minute into the Fordell valley from the level. The Sir John Henderson who claimed to be the " perpetual Provost" of Inverkeithing was the fifth baronet, and was a member of Parliament for Fifeshiro or some of the burghs of the county from 1780 to 1807. In Sir fohn Henderson's time miners were slaves—they were bought and sold as part of the furniture of a colliery. They were excluded from the rights of the Habeas Corpus Act of 1701, which secured Lhe liberty of the subject. Sir John struck a blow at slavery among the miners by granting the Fordell miners their freedom, and it is this freedom which to this day is celebrated at Lhe village of Fordel) by the " annual parade." Mr A. II. Miller says that. Sir John left the estate of Fordell to his only child, who was married to Admiral Sir Philip Cnklerwood Durham, 94

K.C.B. In 1845 Fordell became the property of Lady Durham's cousin, George Mercer, who assumed die additional name of Henderson, Lieutenant (ieneral Douglas Mercer-Henderson, G, I>, succeeded to the estate in 1852, and the late Captain George William Mercer-Henderson followed. Mr Henderson died in 1882, and he was succeeded by his sister die Hon. Mrs Hamilton Hakhnc Duncan Mercer-llentU-rson. Mrs Henderson was married in iHfifi to the Hon. Hugh Adam Dalrymple Hamilton llaldane, who assumes the additional name of Mercer-Henderson. Mr and Mrs Henderson have an only daughter, who is married to the Karl of Huekiiiidiamshire. Fonlcll House was built; by Sir John Henderson in 1721. The House commands an extensive view. The grounds are lovely of situation, and make die visitor almost feel that since he had been admitted at one of the lodges he had suddenly been transported to 1'uirylaud. The old castle of I'Ymlell adjoins the gardens. The ensile is a grand specimen of an old Scottish liammnl mansion, and dates back to an early year in the sivleniili eentnry,

The castle was partially destroyed I))' lu e• in 1 i; d''i. A reconstruction scheme had been e.nried llirmii'.h by 1580. The colliery, established as l.ir li. u the days of Janie;; VI., is continued to this day.

QUAINT ST. 0AVID5. The hulk of the coals produced at Konlell Colliery have from time immemorial been shipped at the i|iiaint little port of St. Davids, for many wars the shippim1, facilities were somewhat meaj;re ; but when Sir Philip Durham succeeded to t he eslale lie set to work ami earned out extensive improvements at a cost of upwards of ^,'2000. The loading aeeommoilalion has ,1 'I 95 been extended and further improvements carried out since Sir Philip's day. A number of tidy cottages were built in 1850 and a lighthouse was erected in 1855. An ample supply of water is to be had from a fountain which was erected in 1857, In 1845 the coals were conveyed from the pits near Forclell village to St. Davids by a horse railway. The rails were formed of beech and fir woods. Sir Philip Durham found the wooden railway an expensive item ; and on the com- pletion of his harbour improvements, he had iron rails laid down instead of wood. In due time horses gave place to locomotives. Fordell Colliery is to-day one of the best appointed collieries in the country. At one time the bulk of the coals shipped to the Baltic were carried by small sailing vessels. In recent years the trade has been very largely diverted to steamers, and it is a common thing now-a-days to sec the loading berths occupied by steamers.

THE GROUNDS OP DONIBRISTLE. The historic grounds of Donibristlc, the property of the Earl of Moray, extend from St. Davids to Aber- dour. Admission to the grounds may be obtained by ticket on Tuesdays and Fridays. Visitors to the district who can secure the necessary permit from Mr Stewart, the factor, should certainly take advantage of it. Lovelier grounds it is impossible to conceive. Away in I lie ancient of days the lands of Donibrislle belonged to the Abbey of lnchcohn. Dohibrisile House is in ruins. The first caslli: was set on lire by the Earl of Hunlly in the sixteenth cenlury when the "Bonnie Karl of Moray" was foully murdered. The castle which replaced the building of 1592 was also reduced to ruins by lire, and the blackened gaunt walls which to-day stand near nmvituw; Point arc all that remains of the third Uunibrislle ITnusr The third house was destroyed by tirr on nth April, 1858, The liou.se was tlien usually occupied by Kurd John Stewart, afterwards twelfth Karl <>i Moray. It was in February, 1592, that the lv*nI of Iliintly. at du? head of an armed baud, journeyed tViutt Kd inl iiir!,!li to Doniln'istlo House. Muntly was the " Bonnie Karl's" mortal foe; and cm Moray IV(UMUU> to be taken prisoner Huntly ordered his men to living straw and set fire to the house. Moray took flight on realising that the house was on lire; Iml, as late would have it, his headgear caui;lH lite, and the lii;ht which he thus carried revealed him to his liloodihii^ty pursuers. On the rocks a little beyond the HOUSE Murav was shot down like a <1OR. "YOU have ;;poilt a IKIHIIHT fact! than your own" were the :.tuu'.nit1, wool-, uitcird to Huntly by the dyinp, Kail, The uld us>l:ul ilrurh of Halgeiy, now in ruiii'i, 'a,unli. mi \1»> -.hmr m-.n tin: centre of Dalj'.ety Hay. A new ciiuu-li, scurd to accommodate 500 people, wa1. nn leil mi a ale a little to the norlh ol the old Inulihiip, in I '>;IJ,

P1TRKAVJI- CASH.!-:. Pitreavie ('aslle lies about half way heiween Iuver keithinj; and Duufenuline, hall a mitr m !hnc;d)iut novth of the. railway, from wlm li ai .STM! points a glimpse of it may \n oblauied. I In- house nl 1 I'ilreavic is a I'mIilied mansion in laieS< >i1isli baronial Style, dalinij, Irom the eailnr p.m of Hie seventeenth century. The buililiii!1, h.e. Iu-i n reci'iitly enlarged and altered by ihe present pmpneioi, Mr Henry ISeveridge, who ;iei|iiind ihe ei.iaie in iM.S.|; but its chief features ol interest have been earclully I'lTRKAVLK 97 preserved. The 'house, in its original state, consisted of a plain front facing southwards with two small wings of a single room projecting to the north, and was, externally at least, perfectly symmetrical, right and left repeating each other, to the smallest detail. In the old house the north front alone possessed features of architectural interest. In the interior angles formed at the meeting of the wings with the main building should be noticed two small corbelled turrets, containing turnpike stairs, which gave the only access from the first to the two upper floors. These turrets are pierced by shot holes, and adjoining them, in the thickness of the wall, are guard chambers —also loopholed for defence. In the westmost of the wings, opening from the court, is the original entrance. Within the wooden door— originally of oak well fastened together with massive riveted nails—there still exists, in very good preservation, one of those heavy grills or yc/ls of wrought iron, curiously interlaced and welded, well adapted to resist any sudden assault1 unaided by powerful explosive appliances, wh'ch form a feature altogether peculiar lo the fortified mansions and castles of Scotland. The entrance doorway is adorned with finely moulded jambs, and a pediment above broadly carved and bearing the letters S. H. VV,, the initials of Sir Henry Wardlaw the builder of the house. In the centre of the norLli wall, between the two wings, is a panel bearing the Wardlaw arms with the motto, Tuimilias jirmat piclas. The ground Moor was uwr-arehed with stone vaulting, now removed. Within the old entrance, under the square staircase- which gave access as lar as the firs t IUKII1, is a small aivhed recess seated round its three sides with stone- benches, according to tradition, for the use of the recipients oi charity, a story the more likely to be true, as it immediately adjoins the kitchen, whose groat niched fire-place, measuring eleven feet across, is .still [(reserved. The ancient wrought iron grate it once contained may still be seen in the Antiquarian Museum in Dnnfi'miline Abbey buildings. Further worthy of mention is the old arched gateway of the courtyard ; it has long been removed from its original position to tin: north of the house, and now spans the c-ncriagc.: way some hundred yards to the west, Over the arch has been placed the tympanum of a dormer window bearing the letters IX E. W. (Dame Elizabeth Wardlaw), which no doubt belonged to the house previous to alterations carried, out at the beginning of the eighteenth century, when dormer windows, crow - stepped gables, and possibly also a bartizan, as affirmed by tradiiion, were removed and other alterations elfccied. The onlv oilier arehitcclural feature ol" interest thai remains to be mentioned is the sundial, which stands upon t he lawn. This is a line piece of design and workman:.hip ; il Mauds on lour halls, which rest on an m tui,;omi] base ; the shall, which is ol considciablc hcivjn and finely carved, bears the Wardlaw aims and also the dale io.|(>, The dial is also worthy ol notice "ii account n| the number ol faeeis-—no less than eleven in ,nidilinii tu the principal gnomon —each capable ol ICL;INICI UII; ihe hour by means of the suncast shallow.

The Barony of 1'itreavie

is not an estate ol very aneieni siandmi1,. The greater pan of the lauds were at one lime the properly ol t he church. Am.nig the I'IIM n.iues in ilie eliailulary of Dunfmnline Abbuv, Dunfermline Abbey; while Pitreavie proper, down to the reformation, appertained to the chaplainry of St. Nicholas in St. Giles Church, Edinburgh. In 1608 the foundation of the estate may be said to have been laid, Sir Henry Wardlaw, chamberlain to Queen Anue, wife of King James VI., having purchased Pitreavic proper, a small part only of the present estate, from James Kellock in that year. In 1617 he had acinjived, in addition, a portion of the lands of Masterton, Prim- rose, and other properties. Pitreavie was erected into a barony in 1614. In 1631 the second Sir Henry VVard- law was created baronet. About 1654, when the third Sir Henry Wardlaw succeeded, the estate seems to have reached its furthest extension ; it then included beyond its present limits St. Margaret's .Stone, Primrose, VVoodmill, the Soulhwaird of Gavvock and (?) Middle- bank. In 1703 Pitieavie was purchased by Loul Primrose and Dalmcny shortly alter erealed first I Carl of Rosebery—Iroin Sir Henry Wardlaw, who thereupon retired to Balmule, the original estate of the family. The wife of this baronet was Klizabelh Halkett of the I'ltfinane family, the reputed authoress of the well- known ballad of M ardyknut. In 1711 (he greater part of the estate became the properly o(' Sir Robert IMack wood, merchant and Lord Provost of Kdinbur^h, while the remainder of the estate, including I'lunrose perhaps because it bore the family name was retained by L ord Rosehevy. Pitreavie remained in the hands of the lilackwood family, who for the last hundred years of their tenure had been nonresident, until recently transferred to the present proprietor. Within a very short distance of Pilreavie lies TOO

The Village of Masterlon. well situated upon a rising ground and commanding an extensive view. Early in the seventeenth century Mastcrton, along with several oilier localities in the neighbourhood, was noted for its witches, who formed a serious care to the Magistrates of Dunfermlmc, whose duty it was to watch them, investigate their doings, and bring them to justice, Masterlon was also famous for the skill of its masons. Like many of our country villages the population of Mastertou has .suffered a very considerable diminualion during the present century, at present the population numbers from 70 to cSo souls. Masterton possesses an Episcopal Chapel, the gift of Miss Maddox Blackwood. the last proprietress of the Blackwood family. It is also the scat of a charity called Pitreavie's Hospital, founded in I'r/1;, for the residence and .support of lour poor widows.

THE BATTLE OF PITREAVIE.

BY H. BEVERIDQE, F.S-A., SCOT. The Battle of Pitrcavie, sometimes called Ihe Battle of Inverkeilhing, was fought: in the immediate neighbour hood of I'ilreavie in 1(151. Without being one of the famous battles of the period this balile marked never- thele-is one of the imporlant turning points of the war; of the Commonwealth. In 1650, shortly after the execution ol Clunies 1., disagreements having arisen between the Presbyterians of Scotland and the Parliament "I England, the young Prince Charles was received bv the Scottish leaders, and alter protracted negotiations and suffering many humiliations, he was at length crowned king of Scotland on 1st January 1651. Previous to this, Parliament had 101 already moved against the Scots. Cromwell himself had inarched to die north. A wearisome and irritating campaign had ensued against the ill-trained army of the Scots under Sir David Leslie, a most capable general, who, with patient skill and determination, maintained advantage of the ground so that the Lord Protector would not venture to attack. At length, however, the prudent tactics which had baffled Cromwell for weeks, and even threatened the ultimate Failure of his invasion, were abandoned—apparently at the instance of the ecclesiastical leaders of the Scottish Parliament. The Scots left their strong position to give battle before Dun bar; Cromwell's difficulties were now* cleared away; seizing his opportunity, his stroke was sharp and decisive; Leslie was defeated, and Scotland south of the Forth passed into the hands of the Lord Protector. The Scots now endeavoured to hold die line of the Forth without sea power always difficult to force. The key to i he defence was naturally Stirling, and to Crom- well, Stirling was a difficult nut to crack. Like a good '.'^'ini'al, lie determined duvefore to turn the (lank It was thus Ihut on ilie night of July t,|.lh, 1651, a force of pailiaincnlary (ruops, numbering some 1500 men, under Overtoil, iTov-.tM the l''orth from Hlaekness and landetl at. North Ouecnslcrry , and first surprising the 1ml lliere with five gun;, afterwards raptured other forts

with twelve gun> more ; he also took several vessels in lnveikeilhing liay laden willi salt and coal. Within twenty lour hours a line tor defence was drawn across the isllunus. During the next lew days reinforcements were sen! over, which pui Mapr Cieiieral Harrison in a position lo take I he field with about 5000 men, horse and loot. At this juncture a force o! some 3000 Scots troops, under Sir |olin Brown of Kordcll, (not the Fordell adjoining Inverkeithing), and Colonel Holbom of Menstrie, on the igth, had reached Dunfermline on their way to Burntisland, it is reported, to repel an expected attack by General Lambert, The generals, ranking some additions to their numbers, marched early next morning to meet the invaders. The account of the battle, which follows, has mainly been gathered from the dispatch of Cromwell announcing victory to Parliament, some particulars, however, being added from the somewhat loose accounts which have been handed down by .Scottish authorities. On Sunday morning, the aoth July, 1651, the Parliamentary troops marched out from behind their entrenchments to meet the Scottish advance. The foot were placed upon a hill concealed from lite advancing Scots, FolUnving the traditional accounts, this hill must have been on the east side of the I'inkerton Burn, which, as it passes Duloeh, close to the old wagon road, runs though a well -defined hollow, bounded at parts by sharply slopini1, banks.* The English horse advanced to meet the approaching enemy, and then retired enticing ihc horse ol the Scottish army to follow them. When they had fallen back so far as to rest on iheir own concealed infantry, the English horse turned to charge. A severe conflict took place at the sword's point, more especially between the left of the Kn<.;lish ;ind the light of the Scots. The I'arliaiueiilarians were for a lime hard pul to it, but were at leiu;ih relieved by the assistance

"This hollow |.;len, where I lie [u ineipal .'.lnijv.le limi tplaie, is now, uiiforUinately, imicli delnerd and ulleieil liy I lie i-xieir.ive

workings ol Ihc freestone <|iuri'ies --Irnm which niiien nl I'Miu- lmri^li is sail] to have been buill. as well as by (h- lonnaliun ol ihc wui^oa roiul mentioned above, both now disused. of Captain Bramstone's dragoons, who poured in an effective fire. At last the Scottish horse were broken, and fled. " The horse being beaten," the dispatch continues, "the foot: presently threw down their arms." The number of the Scots, according to the parlia- msntary dispatch, "was about 5000 like to ours; they were picked men, both horse and foot; there were about 2000 or them slain and seven or eight hundred taken." The remains of the Scottish army retreated towards Stirling The battle began " about three o'clock in the afternoon, and continued in its heat a quarter ol an hour." The ]ocai accounts of the battle and those from Royalist sources, are at times mistaken and inconsistent; it is thus not always easy to decide howm uch we may accept as authentic. The number ol S.r John Ilrown'H troops is ^iven as 2500 or 3000 to which law to he added too from Perth, 400 from Imvi-kcilhm;. and many untrained men from Dimferm- liue, say looo, making in all something iess tha.ii the Sooo DI C romwell's dispatch. The number of killed' and wounde.l ,Wces fairly well in the various accounts and SlVI"s "' indieale n sevce and protracted engagement In one account the combat, no the I'inkerlon Muni is said to ba«e lasted six hours, and to have been renewed ai?am al I'in civic for itvo lioius more. Here the Highlanders (500 M irlrans under the chief uf the clan), are said to h;1 placed iheir backs against the walls, calling upc.n the Virgin to anl them, and lun-ht desperately until " ilit* peopl • within threw IIDWII .stones upon Uiein from the bani/un " |n reiribuliun for this treacherous net " it «'as remarked in the country that Irom( !,;u day the Wardlaws weiu like smnv off a dylcc." The Mae- leans are said to |Uvc lallen almost to a man. The chid ol the M;,deans is s.id U, have been protected 104 by six of his sons, who, one after another, advanced with the cry, " Another for Hector," until the whole six had fallen in their father's defence. It is this incident which Scott has transferred to another setting so effectively in the Fair Maid of Perth. The Pinkerton Rum, where the battle began, we are told, "ran red with blood for three days" in consequence of the slaughter on its banks; ami, further, it- was reported that the field of battle was strewn like a "hairst field with corpses." The immediate consequences of this battle were important ; Crom- well himself, in his dispatch, goes so far as to call it "an unspeakable mercy." The parliamentary forces north of the Forth were largely increased, and Penh speedily fell into the hands of Cromwell. The position of the Scottish army at Slirling was thus rendered untenable. In these cireuinslanees u bold course was adopte d by the King, perhaps the only one ivally open to him, that of a descent upon Kngland. The way was clear before him; no army lay between him and London, and with a few days' slari and Ihe assistance he hoped for from the English Royalists, a great stroke was within the bound., ol possibility ; it was a forlorn hope, however, and with small delav the prospeets of royalty were crushed by the battle of Worcester for many years to come. ,11',

p-i r.t;

1:3 d re i-< O MUSIOSEU.ERS TO THtl QUEEH, DUNDEE.

for

av-e.il, cbinipaatz & Co. &cq la ditect attentian to- tacit, axtcttsixie assotimcnl of

and L-aitciqc CZ/'ianos su.ita.v-Ce. fo-t L^o-untlu Cslc&iclances.C C

. apaned a 6xatica in- C^e.it/1, C/lC, cb. & Cb . ate tiw in. a. pasitian to- aiue ptatn-pt alien- tia-n to- o-tdets jtatn a£f pcutts o.C l&c co-unttu.

29 OOUNTY PUAOE, PERTH. ;, 1 QnBYeniARS QAFIDEN, 8T ANDREWS 122 NETHEROATE,.DUNDEE. I 80 man STREET, NORTH BERWIOK. 60 REFORM STREET DUNDEE. $ 83 PRINOES STREET. EDINBURGH. THE VILLAGE OF NORTH QUEENSFERRY: ITS SURROUNDINGS AND HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS.

BY THE REV. A. S. WILSON, M.A., B,Sc. " The boat rocks at the nier o' Leith, Fu' IOIKI (lie wind blawa fiae the Ferry." N old saying runs—"If there's a bow o1 wind in A Fife, there are three firlots o't at the Ferry.1' To its airy position on a peninsula which juts out into the Forth, exposed to all the winds of heaven, the village owes its healthy bracing character. Few places in Scotland can show a lower death rate among children, and consumption is practically unknown among the resident population. The late Sir James Simpson, to whom the world owes the use of chloroform in surgery, was, we believe, in the habit of sending patients to recruit at North Queensferry. With medical climaiolu- gists, it is an accepted maxim that the vegetation of any district affords a very reliable guide to its healthiness, and there are not many places in Scotland whei"^ wild flowers are to be found in greater variety and luxuri- ance than on the Ferryhills. The views in the neighbourhood are not surpassed in this part of the country, and the picturesque surroundings induce eminent artists to make a lengthy sojourn in the village every summer. As in other places, however, one or two quaint old houses have been spoiled with modern cement fronts, which rob them entirely of their artistic beauty. One or two recent erections also are objection- able in point of design, as is apt to be the case when xo6

every man is his own architect. Fvery one who has an eye for the beautiful must share our indignation at the vandalism of the modern advertiser. Cocoa, marmalade, and mustard may be very line things ia thuii- way, but why should manufacturers literally proclaim their wares upon the house-tops? It is sincerely to be hoped that the good taste of those concerned will speedily lead to the removal of those huge advertisements on some of the roofs in the village overlooked by the railway, which are such an unsightly eyesore and disfigurement to the place. The Forth "Bridge is now a conspicuous object in the scenery in the West of File. Opinions differ as to whether or not it is an acquisition in the j artistic sense. One high authority in art has prnuoiinrocl it "the supreme specimen of ugliness." This verdict ] will not, we believe, be universally iiccepled ; for if not I exactly beautiful, the majestic symmetry <>i (his colossal I structure at least adds a new inieresi to ihe landscape, ! and to eyes familiar with it die elleet is not iinplcasing. The railway station is close to the mirth end of the Bridge, on the old road leading over the bill frn in Queeusferry to lnverkeihing. On the INVJI ground : adjoining a number of handsome new villas have ! recently been erected, and the ;;olf course is in the immediate vicinity. Descending Inwards Ihe village we pass the school, a commodious two slonyed buildi'iv on the brow of the hill; there an- some i i,o ehildrcn in attendance. The Free ('lunch, built in I.S'/.S, is situated at the foot of the bill where the old mail joins the new one. The late l)r James He;';' of Ncwingion, it may be mentioned, conducted the opening services.

Old Wells. North Queensferry is well supplied with Clensherup 107 water, which was introduced about sixteen j'ears ago. Prior to that time the chief supply was got from the old well at the church. Au analysis made by the late Dr Milne, analyst for File, showed this water to be of most excellent quality. It is the same that now supplies the trough beside the school, where a stone has been erected to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. There is no lack of sentiment in the inscription it bears—"This ancient spring was restored by lovers of the Ferry for the solace of way- farers, and in memory of sixty years of Her Majesty's reign happily completed, 1837 — 1897." Though one of the purest of natural waters, the supply was limited, and in dry summers it sometimes happened that additional supplies had to lie carried from the Ferry Toll, a mile: distant. On the stone front of the old well at the church is the date r8r6 and a rude carving of a ferry boat with hoisted sail. just behind tho well is a curious old iron casting with a rather line representation of Kumpa and the bull. Portions of an old causeway near the well indicate where the carriages were washed in the old coaching days. There is another disused and neglected well near the beach called Willie's Well, find Ihere was a saying current at one lime that any stranger who drank of Willie's Well would be sure to come back to the Ferry again. Under the County Council North Queensferry is now constituted into a special drainage and lighting district. At one time it belonged quoad civllia to the parish of I lunlei inluu' , i/aoad sacra to Inverkeithing. But this was altered by the boundaries Commission, and as ibe result of the exeambiiiiu the Ferry was joined to (nveikeilhing, while an out-lying part of Inverkeithing parish—Milesinark—was annexed to Dun- ro8 fermline. North Quecnsferry has a population of between 400 and 500, which in in the summer months considerably augmented by "sea bather.s," as summer lodgers are termed by the natives.

The Old Pier. Passing onwards through the village, the road runs out on to a substantial stone pier, bearing the date 1834. A part of the pier is, however, of much older date, The Queen and Prince Albert crossed I he Kerry and landed here in 1842, on which occasion the pier was carpeted with red cloth, and triumphal arches were erected in the village. There is a story told of the old Ferry superinlendent, who wine his hair in a pigtail as sailors commonly did long ago, being asked a question by the Queen as to the position of one of the islands. The old man, greatly |iul about, is reported (o have replied " It's; slraue.hl; [< 1 r11 <• n11 your Majesly." The Queen describes Ihe sail from I'oil I•".«1 • •..1r (n Kusylli and thence to the North Kerry in her hunk " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the 1 I ighl.mds." This pier, less used than formerly, is now a favourite promenade where one ean enjoy ihe cool bree/.es of the Forth, overshadowed liy die immense eanlilevers of the bridge. A wooden jelty extended at one lime from its outer end for the aeeommodalion of passengeis

landing from the Leiih and Stirling sh;mieis ; but as it did not insure sufficient deplh of waiei lor steamers calling at all states ol the tide, ii proved a failure and was removed. An incident related in the lile of I )r Robert Modal, the great African inissioiiaiy, transpired on this pier. In his younger days he worked as a gardener at Donibrisile ; but with the desire ol pushing his way in the world he lell. the place. On his 109

departure, his mother accompanied him as far as the Ferry to sec him off. Before taking farewell she desired her son to make her a promise, but like a cautious Scotsman he declined to do so until she told him what it was She then gave him a Bible as a keepsake with the request that he would promise to read a portion of it every day. Who can say how much this honoured servant of God owed to her motherly concern ! Perhaps Moffat's greatest work was the translation of the Scriptures into the language of the Bcchuana tribes, a task which involved years of severe toil. He turned his gardening experience also to good account. The mission station of Kuruman was originally a barren waste, but under Moffat's hand was made to blossom as the rose. I,)r Livingstone and others speak ol the garden at Kimuimn as an ideal place which became the model and parent of gardens all over South Africa. Here ii, may be mentioned that one of the earlicsl Scottish missionaries had been like Moffat a gardener in I loiubrislle. This was 1'cler (ireig sent out by

Ibe Scottish Missionary Society in 1796 to West Al'rica. Creig is the first missionary martyr of modern times," having been murdered by native traders of Koulah aftei being only a year in (ho country. At the head of the I1'01' is ;l '•'"•'"us "Id building uf octagonal form with a small lower. ll was the waiting room where travellers sheltered till they could Kel across the Kerry. [„ Hie upper Hat the truslces nut, and the eight-si.lod fable was supposed to imply Mm they were all ,,r equal thinly. The house is known as Mountl looly. The old ferry siipmiik-nde.il gave it this name on account of Ihe slow progress of the masons when it was build- "1>L>- I'ooly, an obsolete word signifying slowly or eannily, occurs in the proverb-" Houly and fairly no ' gangs far in a day." Mount Hooly is lite subject, of the following amusing lines, written by "A Visitor":—-

Mount Hooly stands most beitutilul, The joy of all the land 1 Both up the Forth and down the lAnili A view it cloth command.

It looks to cant, it looks to west, It looks in ilk direction ; Ami through its windows you may see All Nature to perfection.

When pretty maids walk down the pier To take a summer niring, Oil, how delightful 'tis to see The lovely creatures slaviiif.

And from this anrienl riladel )f passengers and i;oods, iiehold (hem proineuudini' In their new I'aviMrm lunnl;;.

Tin? ship [hat rides upon tin- wave e l''roni here you may dis tivei, An,I walch her us she near;, UUI shun* I U1 piesses iur -.UUIIIUT.

The little 110:11 ill. il skips ;il"i,|; Witti ei'cw nl buys ININILY Will linger lazy mi the 1i<1>• To le; ihi'in see Mount I looly.

''l'wus lu'lt' upon a winlci ni'-lil Tile fairies rank' luj.'rlhcl To hold a special ennlriI'nir Ami talk with one another.

And as each lilllr ellin Sal busy, husy thinl\iii|;, Old Uniiiy he louked out tn .M-C The "Johnny Deaiunoiil " siiildii).;. OS

Under its hospitable roof The traveller used to pause While wailing for iUe ferry boat To cross unto the Hawse.

And now when sunny evening falls, And work and toil are over, The Ferry folks go round its walls And roll aiming the clover. The Battery Hill and Coastguard Station. From the head of the pier the road sweeps round the shore for a short distance and ends at the base of a cliff just under the bridge. Mere nre two older piers adapted to the lowest tides. The reader will remember in the opening1 chapter of Scott's " Anti- quary" Sir Jonathan Oldbttek being detained at the Hawse Inn, unable to cross the ferry on account of the title. According to traditional report, the ferry boatmen at one lime lived on the top of the hill by the margin of the Kerry Loch. Two decayed oars were discovered in the peat moss, but no trace of the dwel- lings is now to be seen. It is said the stones of the houses were all taken to build the dikes in the adjoining fields. Until the present Great North ot Scotland Road was made about ninety years ago, the stage coaches between IVrth and Kdinburgh ran over the old road between Inverkcithiug and North QueonsfoiTv. Passengers on dismounting at the top o( the hill descended and embarked on the passage boat. At a later date the coaches were taken across in the Steamer. This was attended wilh some danger, for on one occasion the li'irses and stage coach ran into the sea at New Halls, and a lady, her daughter and gover- ness inside it were drowned. Crossing the bridge by the train is much more cuiivenieni, sale, and expeditious. 112

At the same time, ten minutes' .sail used often to he very enjoyable, and one had an opportunity to pick out acquaintances who happened to be nuking the journey at the same time. On the low level adjoining the battery piers there formerly stood the coastguard station, but most of the houses were demolished to make room for the foundations of die bridge.. The coastguard station now stands on the top of the Battery Mill overlooking the Firth. The hill receives its name from the circumstance that when the fortifications on Inch Garvie were strengthened in 1781 in view of a threatened French invasion, cannon were also placed on this hill commanding the channel between it and the island. Standing on the pier underneath the bridge one gels a good idea of its magnitude. The clear span from ihe rock on the north side to the island being 1710 feel or almost the third part of a mile; die railway level is 15O feet above the water. The I'rinee and I'rineess of Wales, accompanied by their two sons, visiled tin's spot on August 23rd, iHS.|., while the bridge was in course of construction. On ihe lop of die hill there is also a signal station; the pilots' hills at Us base, as well as the two landing slips, arc now enclosed in the yard of the Forth Bridge works. Vessels goin;1, up and down the Forth Lake on and put ashore their pilots at this poiiv. In old days, ii is also aid. a eertaiu amount (it smuggling was done. From no other poinl of view does the bridge seem so grand and impressive as from the Iiattery Mill. Looking to the east a magnificent prospect meets the eye. The Firth slivlehes away to the distant horizon, where it expands inlo ihe ocean. Both north and south shores are well seen, also the Oxcar Lighthouse. Inch ('-.line, Alu-rdour, Kinghom, the Isle of May, Inch Keith, the Bass Rock, Berwick Law, and Barnbougle. It is such a scene as Scott had in view when he penned the lines:—

" Yonder the shores of Fife you saw, Here Preston Bay and Berwick Law And broad between them rolled The gallant Firth, the eye might note Whose islands on its bosom float. Like emeralds chased in gold."

The eastern side of the Battery Hill is precipitous, and the water at its base of great depth; at certain states of the tide the current runs so strong that it is nearly impossible for a small boat to make headway against it. Between the Battery pier and Inch Garvie there is a depth of 220 feet of water; this is the deepest sound- ing in the Forth, and deeper than many parts of the (Ionium Ocean itself. The northern side of the hill is almost all quarried away; the boundary wall of the coastguard .station in fact stands on the edge of the quarry face, which has a sheer drop ol' 60 or 70 feet. Ret racing our steps we notice on the beach two old boat houses. There are people still living who can recall the time before steamboats, when passengers, cattle, and goods were taken across the ferry in rowing and sailing boats. At one lime a considerable number of boatmen were employed on the passage, as much as /'•ijoo yearly rental having been paid for the ferry passage. About the lime of Kalkirk Tryst was a busy season for the boatmen ; the roads were blocked with flocks and herds ; night and day for weeks the boats were busy ferrying over cattle. Tradition .speaks of more than one drover way-led and robbed on his way back at the Kerry. it4 The Ancient Chapel and Burying1 Ground. Coming back towards the village and entering an opening between the houses a few paces brings us to the old Ferry Burying Ground. It is quite in the centre of the village with houses close around, The graveyard is of small extent; it was probably larger once, for a number of skeletons were dug up in the adjoining lane j mostly sea-faring men and people connected with the passage seem to have been interred here. A high stone wall surrounds the burying ground, built by the sailors, as a stone at the entrance, with a rude inscription, testifies—"This is done by the sailers in North Ferrie, 1752." Few interments now take place, and as the churchyard is so near the dwelling-houses, the fewer the better. A neal iron gale has recently been put up by local subscription. On ONE of the gravestones occurs the following i|uainl epitaph:-— " Now here we lay a! nuchui Wilh ninny in our llrcl, III liopi-s ill llic l;isl ilay Our Admiral ('Inisl In niivt." The west wall of the burying ground is partly formed of the gable of the old Chapel of Norih Oueensfcrry, interesting as having been founded by King Robert the Bruce, 1306-1328. It was 110L unusual fur nobles in those clays to erect chapels in their estates. The reader will remember the piety of King Robert 1., evinced by his dying wish that his heart might be buried in |erusalem. The North Queensferry ('Impel was originally an appanage to the Abbey of IHmfermline. Kxistiug charters show that King Robert granted it to the monks on the understanding "that they were to find two chaplains ; to celebrate divine worship in it ; to keep it in repair, and to provide a chalice, vestments, books, and other orna- "5 merits suitable to and required in a chapel." Kings were rather generous to the church in those times, and each monarch on his accession ratified the benefactions of his predecessors. The deed of King Robert was thus confirmed in 1450 by James II., enacting among other things that the Ferryhill should belong to the monks of Dunfennline. James also confirmed the act of David I., conferring the customs of the Ferry passage on the monastery. It was thus "the sair saint" that handed over the Ferry passage to the monks. An entry in the records of St. Andrews relates to the chapel of St. James

at North Qucensferry in 1323 It is also on record that Henry Creighton, who was Abbot of Dunfermline from 1472 to r482, presented in 1479 a charter of the ancient chapel and chaplainry of the North Queens- ferry to David Story. In this charter it is stated that the chapel was dedicated to St. James ; the chaplain's salary was to IK; ten murks Scots, with a manse and garden near tin- chapel, two acres of land and the pasture of one horse yearly, with all the dilations of lhe altar of l LU: chapel except so much as served to lighi it up for divine service. In return the chaplain had 10 perform a daily mass for souls named in the charier of infeiidalion ; he was to reside con- slanlly in (he manse of the chapel; if he under- took any oilier cure or resided elsewhere, and the serviee suffered neglect, his office was to be declared vacant. lie had also to render an aceouiu regularly lo the Abbot, o| D unfennline of the money he had expended and the duties he had discharged. The chapel was much injured by the Knglish in ifi^i. It is not improbable that the gable now standing may lie part, ol the original building of Jlruce's day. There is a niullioned window, and until a few years ago a bell hung in it which now and again was tolled at funerals. Possibly the chapel may partly have been intended for pilgrims on their way to and from the shrine of St. Margaret at Dunl'ermline, this being a favourite pilgrimage previous to the Reformation, About a mile from South Queensferry, on the Edinburgh road, there is still to be seen the remains of the pilgrims' cross. The house in Inverlccithing known as the Inns was, it is thought, so named from the accommodation provided for people on pilgrimage. Tradition points to the rising ground beside the chapel, called, in old feu titles, the Kirkhill, as the site of ancient manse, A lane leads from the churchyard eastwards under the viaduct to a small harbour where vessels load with stones from the quarry. The whinstone is formed into causeway and dressed kerb stones, large quantities being shipped especially to towns on the cast coast of England. The rock is also broken up by steam crushers fur road metal and concrete, Within living memory the sea came close up to the houses at ihis point, The little bay was known as the Wee Sea ; a good part of it has been filled up with quarry debris. Near at hand is the old Ferry School, a low, one storied, red- tiled cottage aL the loot ol one ol the granite piers which support the viaduct. Immediately adjacent is an old building known as the I Icnins.', House, ll was a place for curing fish, but has not been used for this purpose in living memory.

The Carlin's Nose. Just above the church a road leads eastward under the northern viaduct, through whinslone quarries and round the cliff towards 1'ort I,aing Sands. The level of this road is about midway up the cliff. When the Forth Bridge viaduct was built it was at this level that the ironwork and girders were put together. The entire structure was then gradually raised to its present position by means of hydraulic jacks, the supporting granite piers being heightened from time to time as required. From beneath the viaduct the road winds round the lofty headland of Carlin's Nose.

"On the blue sea the Carlin's nose, Afar his gloomy shadow throws ; And stately ship or passing skiff Is dwarfed beside that towering cliff" To Carlinnosc farm Hugh Miller the geologist used to come for a month or two in summer. Old people remember the buirdly form of the editor of the Witness taking his walk and making notes on a scrap of paper which lie carried in his hand. The Ferry hills are almost entirely of whinstone which is of volcanic origin. At ii few places near the shore the underlying shales and sandstones crop out, and at the old station a section may be seen showing where the lava burst up through the sand.sLone which is much altered in consequence. Sir Archibald Gcikie in his recent work on the cxlinct volcanoes of Britain has illustrations taken from both Ibc Battery Hill and Carlinnose quarries, the former to show the column-like jointing and the latter as exhibiting in a remarkable manner the tendency of dole-rite, as this variety of whinstone is called, when exposed to the weather to break up inLo perfectly spherical masses. This concentric greenstone is well seen in an isolated rock in the middle of one of the quarries. The stone of the Oarlinnose quarry is at present being quarried to construct new eloeks at Leith. The land has now, however, been acquired by the Government, and new fortifications are about to be erected. Pennant, IIS describing his tour through Scotland in 1772, mentions that the atones from the quarry were then being taken to pave the London streets, The cost of cutting the stones he states at two shillings and eightpence, and the freight to London at seven shillings per ton. Many ships, he says, were waiting for cargoes when he passed. At one time quantities of this stone were shipped to Russia to build the fortifications at Cronstadt.

Port Laing; and Cruickness, Further on the pathway descends towards Port Laing Sands, which form a fine stretch of beach admirably adapted for bathing. The .semi-circular hillside enclosing the bay gives to the sands a peculiarly sequestered character. Above the beach is a beautiful carpet of soft turf besprinkled with wild flowers. There is a fine distant view of Edinburgh and Arthur's Scat, and the outlook seawards is only huiindcd by the offing where sea. and sky meet. A spring issues from an old boring here which was sunk in ihc hope of finding coal. It is hardly probable that coal exists here, as the rocks belong to (he lower carbonilcrous strata, and are too low down in the geological series for coal. Many exclusion parlies come here in summer, and it will be a great misfortune to the place if the lorlilications about to be put up prevent the public getting access to these beautiful sands which constitute one of the chief attractions of the Kerry. Beyond Port Laing the shore is thickly strewn with great boulders. Amidst these the ivy grows in wonderful profusion. The hedges along ihe pathway here are a charming sight in spring when the sloes are covered with snowy blossom. The point of laud in front is Quickness. As we approach it Inverkeithing Bay opens out to view. Here are a number of houses, several of which are enclosed in a high wall. On the site of the latter was formerly the lazaretto, a name recalling the fact that leprosy was at one time common in this country. Subsequently the place was used as a quarantine station, infected vessels being sent here from Leith. The Government, however, disposed of the property in 1835. Hereabout, too, the army of Cromwell was located for some days previous to the Battle of Pitreavie, when he defeated the Loyalists in 1651. The footpath now skirts the side of Inverkeithing Bay. At low water it is a flat expanse of mud, but when the tide is full the bay is very beautiful indeed. We get a line view of the town on the rising ground opposite. Outside the entrance on the other side of the bay is the quaint little hamlet of Si. Davids, with its white- washed houses, li is connected by a railway with the Donibrislli' Collieries, ami then: are usually several vessels in the harbour awaiting cargoes. Passing the brickworks, where the clay from ihe bed of the bay is dug and made into bricks, and Jamestown hamlet, the site ol an old magnesia work, now consisting of a number ol small red tiled houses, we come to Salt- pans. Here the pathway unites with the old road that ('losses I he hill, pusses under the railway bridge on the old I Hinl'rrmlini' and Oiiecnslerry line, and joins the Great North Road leading to Inverkeithing. We are now on ihe narrow neck of land which connects the Kerry peninsula with the mainland. The ground at this point is comparatively low. If the sea were to rise twenty or thirl)- feel it would convert the Ferryhills peninsula into an island. 120 St. Margaret's Hope. Following the Great North Road southwards we pass beneath one of the lofty viaducts leading to the Forth Bridge, and a little further on we come to the Ferry Toll and St, Margaret's Bay, with Castlandhill on the right and St. Margaret's on the left. There is a small wharf where stones from the Ferry Toll and Jubilee Quarries, which are close by, are shipped. The little bay opens out into St. Margaret's Hope, named after Queen Margaret, of pious memory, whose vessel was storm-stayed here. This was probably the scene of the Queen's first landing in Scotland. Half-way on the road to Dunfermline is a large stone at which tradition says the Princess Margaret rested on her way to King Malcolm's palace. It bears an inscription, and is known as Queen Margaret's Stone. Bui of Qhieen Margaret and Malcolm we shall have to speak presently. The commodious anchorage is much taken advantage of by vessels running up the Forth for shelter in easterly gales. Sometimes as many as a hundred wind bound ships may be counted, and in the days before steam had so largely displaced sailing ships there were often several hundred vessels to be seen riding ni, anchor in the Hope. The Channel Meet, when visiting the Forth, usually anchors in the Hope, and the stately line of battleships as seen from this point presents an imposing spectacle indeed. At the Ferry Toll the road turns suddenly to the left and runs eastwanI, rising in a gentle slope till St. Margaret's Lodge is reached. This part of the road had to be entirely reconstructed in consequence of the railway operations. The little plateau formed by the Ferryhills has been cleft in two by the deep cutting made when the Forth Bridge Approach Railway was under construction. This X2I

cutting, as it turned out, was not required, for the engineers discovered after a certain depth had been reached that the plan was impracticable, and a tunnel had to be driven through at a lower level. The cutting is hardly an improvement to the hill, however, and the mistake is the more to be regretted. A strange thing happened at the hollow spanned by the embankment at the north end of the tunnel. The weight of the embankment caused the .subsoil of fine stratified clay to bulge up, forcing the high road more than twenty feet above its former level, and pushing it about the same distance seawards. The field on the low side of the road was also elevated into a series of wave-like ridges. The road had to be entirely reconstructed in consequence. St. Margaret's. On the right we now pass the beautifully wooded grounds of St. Margaret's. Through the generosity of Mrs Klder these are open to the public every Thurs- day. Though not a large estate, great taste has been displayed in laying it out. The vista through the trees along the main avenue is particularly line, and the sea, with II.M. (/.Hardship appearing in the distance through a frame of foliage, forms a romantic picture. In the avenue the visitor notices a stone archway in which is a Latin inscription inculealing constancy—Ditat servaia fides—Faith preserved inakelh rich. The inscribed stone would seem to have been removed at one time from some older building, perhaps in Dunfermline or Culross. The extensive flower beds and shrubberies, the greenhouse and vineries, cannot fail to excite the admiration of visitors taking a walk through St. Mar- garet's, At a (urn of the road above the farmhouse of 122

Perry Barns the bridge bursts into full view. Many of the photographs of it are taken from this point. We are now above the old tunnel from which lines of rail emerge into a deep cutting and run out on to the railway pier, which is situated considerably to the west of those previously mentioned.

Antiquities. From the roadside just above the old tunnel a scar is seen on the hillside. This is the old Roman road, the army of Agricola having landed at North Queens- ferry in 83 A.D. They afterwards had a camp at Carnock. The Roman Fleet coasted along the shores of Scotland, and the battle of Ardoeh was fought in the following year. Agricola's son-in law, Tacitus, the; Latin historian, gives an account of the expedition. The Roman invaders believed in setting a stout heart to a stcy brae, for the mad pusses right up the hill, on Uie top of which there are other indications of ancient military operations. ('lose by is the Ferry Loch, now a ("harming bit of lovely sedge covered marsh. It is one of a number of dried-up lakes which occur in various parts of Kile. The last duel that was fought in Scotland took place on the Kerry Hills not far from this loch. The principals, their seconds, a doctor, and others crossed the ferry in IIn- passage boat together and repaired to this .seiinestered spot. One of the combatants—a Captain (loitrlay- was killed. Mis body was buried in Inverkeiiliiii^. The victor uvi.s glad to escape out of the country In the field beside the farmhouse of Ferry Darns, stone axe-heads have been found, but the most interesting prehistoric relics discovered in this neighbourhood are two clay urns now in the Edinburgh Antiquarian Museum, which were disinterred in 1857 near the front door of Craigdhu, where Mr D. Russell now resides, inimedintely to the west of t he railway pier. The tumulus which had been known as Cromwell's Mound was about forty feet in circumference;; it contained three stone cists in which the urns were found, along with a quantity of calcined human bones, These urns, which were in perfect preservation, are of baked clay, somewhat resemble flower pots, and are ornamented with elegant zig-zag patterns. It is difficult to say precisely to what period they belong, but they are undoubtedly prehistoric. About the same lime twu ancient canoes were found embedded in the sand at Tort Laing. They were hollowed out of trees, and resembled the canoes that have been dug up on the banks of the ('lyde and elsewhere NCM Pilrcavie, a lew years ago, a number of urns of .similar

Whales ani LI'I.SLIHIK'. Not very li'iif, ai'.ii the wnler was shown "lie ol the laii.;e verlebi.ie

UraM.n.Mnnuih, will, lien |.(llll(in,| illl(1 |!en ,A;fli Jn ^ lllsli""v- A '"•"• ''"'"I -'ver ||,e hill to the station is 111 <1»'>»1'"l'l:'ii"'i. li will ain.nl several choice sites l("' l"lll l|m«'^- Only goods trains are now run "" llK" " lll>' ;""' ""• "I'l -station at the head of the i;r llas l'l I" v.'.l.-d into a ,hvrllinn,|1()US0. ],-,,||()w. lllr n>: (l lh 1 "'- "' ' -' I"') I'etween the two piers wc t;i m K " " l " '" ""• villaj;r ; ,M(lr^ our rircuit of the

I'urry P.-MM.I;.. Srvrnl oldw ,,i,rs refer to a project l'»-'ned l,y some wealthy Jt.ws ,„ ,hc reign ol Alexander

HI., when SruHand was in a very prosperous condition, 111111 r'"'"'(l "" """:l1 '•"•ni.K-ivo with the Continent. 126

It was to establish a new Jerusalem upon the Ferry- hills as a commercial emporium and as a refuge For their wandering countryman. They proposed to fortify it, the situation favouring this design in a high degree, Whether from anti-Shemitic prejudice or other cause the scheme fell through. In the same reign a proposal was also made by Lombard merchants to establish a trading settlement on the Ferryhills, and Fordun reflects severely on the narrow policy of Alexander III., by whom their object was defeated-

Inch Qarvie. The central cantilever of the Forth Bridge stands on the west end of the island of Inch (larvie. Some of the piers on which it rests were sunk to a depth of ninety feet under water. A Mock of masonry on which the revolving light stands forms all thai was ever executed of Sir Thomas Hourhe's original plan for the Forth Bridge. The island is of small extent ; it is, in fact, a mere ridge of wbinstonc nut, There is nn old fort on it, and before ihc bridge was built its battle- ments and embrasures looked ralher picturesque-. A wind-gauge and oilier creel ions placed on it since it passed into the possession of the railway company have not improved its appearance. The island was ^ranted by James IV. to John Ihindas, with power to build a fort and the right to levy certain dues from vessels passing up the Firth. At one time it was a slate prison; at another time it was garrisoned by French soldiers. In 1550 it was dismantled, but must have been again restored, for it was held for a time against Cromwell in 1651. Its commander, Captain Roy of Aldivalloch, having only a garrison of twenty men, on learning that- General Monk was about to attack him with ^00 men 127

in boats, spiked his guns, blew up the magazine, and with his men, succeeded in reaching the northern shore' One of the ministers of Dunfcnnline—a Mr Kay, formerly of Dumbarton—was in 1654 imprisoned for some time on Inch Garvie by Cromwell's men for praying for the king. The fortifications were repaired and mounted with twenty-four pounders to resist the pirate Paul Jones, who appeared in the Firth in 1779. This audacious rover menaced several of the coast towns. To the Provost of Leith he sent demanding ^aoo.ooo ransom to be paid the following morning, otherwise he would burn the town. Of Shirra, the eccentric Secession minister of Kirkcaldy, it is related that, along with his fisher-flock, he knelt on the sands and prayed for a wind to drive the pirates away. Whether in response to their supplications or not, Paul Jones never got the ,£•200,000 ; a westerly gale sprang up during the night and blew the pinit.es on! of the Firth, where ti,ey never were seen again. A few years Inter, as already mentioned, the foil was put, into repair at: the time when cannon were placed on the HaUery Hill in tiew of a possible invasion from France. The island continued in possession of the DUNDAS family until it was acquired by the Bridge Company. About a mile west of Inch Carvic lies ISeamer Rock, or I'.imer, as some writers spell it. There is a large beacon on this rock, but many vessels having been wrecked on it a Hashing light has been placed on the top of the beacon. During the cholera plague it is said that sailors from the ships in the Mope were burietl by the side of lieamer. Other rocks in the vicinity are Long Craig, Du Craig, and Craig Murmur. Across the water a little east of Port Edgar pier, the training ship Caledonia lies at her moorings, the 128 guarclship being usually anchored nearer the Bridge. Admirers of R. L. Stevenson's works will remember the scene in Kidnapped where David Balfour is .shipped off to sea in the brig Covenant of 1 >ysart, at Queens- ferry ; also how the hero, on returning from his thrilling adventures, is ferried across from Limekilns in the dead of night by an obliging maiden.

The Perry Passage. The Ferry passage, as we have seen, belonged up to the Reformation to the monks of Dunfermline Abbey, on whom it was conferred by Queen Margaret's son, David I., the Sair Saint, as James VI. dubbed him on account of his lavish gifts to the monasteries. At the Reformation it passed into the hands of a joint stock company, and was divided into .sixteen .shares. Later on it was owned by the neighbouring proprietors, from whose possession il passed into the hands of the North lirilisli Railway Company, who now own all the foreshore. Kefore steamers were placed on the Burnlisland route there must have been a large Irallic across the ferry. Since lli er.rrrlii mu lthe bridge, it has very much dwindled down. The terry being a highway, the steamer cannot be entirely withdrawn without an Act of Parliament. At present the railway company subsidize the steamboat proprietor, and several mas are made each way every day, mostly fur the conveyance of carls and bicycles. There are many interesting historical notices regarding the Ferry passage. The ancient Gaelic name lor North Quecnsicrry was

Ardehinnechenam, regarding the meaning of which there was a discussion in the Scotsman a lew years ago. It is uncertain whether the name (^uecnslcrry was given to the passage in Queen Margaret's time or mil. In the I 2 () reiun of her youngest son, David I., it is described in the charter (H2,|) conveying it to the Monastery of Dunfeniiline as the Inverkeithing Passage (Passagium de I'nvcrkethin), But the name Queensferry must have come into use soon after, for, by and by, we find the Ferry called Pamigium Retinae, which is simply Queens- ferry translated into Latin. The town of"South Queensferry, too, was early known as Portus Regime. In a charter of Malcolm IV., dated 1164, a free passage is granted to the monks of Scone and their men, ad Porturn Retinae. Queen Margaret appears to have made frequent journeys between Edinburgh and Dunfermline. A low-lying rock, called the Binks, to the west of South Queensferry, is said to have been the place where she usually landed and embarked, [''mm her having bestowed on the town the privileges of a royal burgh, the South Qucensfcrry eoat-of-arms is a representation of a boat and the Queen descending a gangway lo lite rock, with Ihree sea mews as her aerial attendants. The charter of David, conveying the passage to the monks, stipulated that persons belonging lo the Court, the King's son, as also siiangers and messengers coining to and returning from him, should pass live. The monks do not, however, appear lo have enjoyed uninleiTiipted possession, for there is a iWvA from pope Alexander III, confirming their ri.nbl, in II<\;. to the hall part of the passage of Inverkeithiin.',. Robert I. also appears to have bestowed on Ihe monastery, in addition to the chapel, half of the Queen's passage, which formerly belonged lo Sir Roger iMoubiay ol Corairnie. These deeds also received (onlii'inalion Iroin various popes, who claimed a certain aulhoiity even in such matters. The monastery was richly endowed, and the abbot possessed in addi- lion the formidable power of excommunication. In 1343, Dundas, having forbidden the abbot's boatmen to land on certain rocks; on the south side to which he laid claim, fell under the dreaded censure of the Church. Before he was absolved, he was compelled to make humble supplication to the abbot upon the rocks in question, and to find security that he would not in future molest the servants of the monastery. In 1(147, the Session Records of Dunfcrndino take note of 205 pounds Scots being paid to Jean Moubray in North Queens- ferry for the freight of 1000 horses and their riders at 3s each, and 1100 foot soldiers transported over the water at Queensferry in her boat called the Rurgan, The army of Cromwell crossed the ferry in 1651, and appears to have landed at 1'ort l.aing. General Lambert's letters speak of the difficulties experienced in transporting the cavalry across in (lie boats.

The Story of Queen Margaret. Queensferry, us we have seen, is named alter Margaret, Queen of Malcolm ('aiimorc, whose palace was in Dunlennline. The story ol her lilc is al once a romance and an inspiration, TIIMMII, lijslmp of St. Andrews, was her confessor, and wrole her biography, This work has recently appealed in popular lonn and well repays perusal. Quern Margaret was born in Hungary, the land of another woman ^really celebrated for her piety Saint. Kli/.abclh. A : ;ia n d 1 niece of I he Knglish King Kdward the ( lonl'cssor, Margaret came of a religious family. In his youth her falher Kdward Atheling was exiled by Canute the Ilane with a view to prevent his succeeding to ihe ilinnie. In the king ol Hungary, however, be found a kind protector. Remaining at the Hungarian court Kdwaid married the princess Agatha, and throe children were bora of the marnagc, Margaret being the eldest, her brother's name being Edgar, and her sister's Christina. When Margaret was nine years of age the family returned to England to the court of the Confessor where she was educated in all the accomplishments of the time. It was the Conlessor's design that Edgar should succeed him but the lates were against it. Meantime on the murder of Duncan, Ins father, by the usurper Macbeth Malcolm sought refuge at the English court, and here he first made the acquaintance of his future bride. Time passed Malcolm returned to Scotland and succeeded in regain' ing his lather's throne. Then William the Conqueror landed in Kngland and the battle of Hastings was (ought m .066. Edgar, the last of the Saxon princes was lorced lo leave the country with his mother and sisters. They intended returning to Hungary, but through stress of wcalher ihcir ship was compelled to seek refuse in Si. Mm-aret's Hope. Hearing of the amval and dcsliiult: condition of his royal friends, King Malcolm hastened to assure them of his sympathy, mid hospitably euterlained ihem in his palace at Dunlenn- line. The kin,.;, so,,,, became desirous of making the 1'iinccss Mjr.r.arel his wife, but ;U first the proposal met with sln.ng opposition from her brother and his nobles, as well as from Margaret herself, who wished to consecrate her life to Cod in the cloister. Malcolm, however, succeeded in overcoming all their scruples,' 1111(1 Ihe marriage look place in I lunlemiline, the date being probably m(,,S. The queen afterwards founded the stan-ly church of ihe Holy Trinity in commemoration ol the event ; in alter years it was to be the last resting place of herself, her husband, and many of their descendants. To Caumorc the queen proved a loving helpmeet, her gentle influence mollified greatly his naturally fierce disposition, lie could not read; the queen was devoted to the study of die scriptures, and to show his appreciation ol her .studios the king used to ki.ss the books she used in her devotions, The copy of the Gospels used by Queen Margaret is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. It is written in Latin, and beautifully illuminated. A fac- simile has been published, of which a copy may be seen in the Carnegie Library, iHinfermlino. The queen was an accomplished needlewoman and did a great deal to improve the dress and manners of those around her. lie fore her time little regard was paid in Scotland to the .Sabbath, and it was largely the result of her efforts that the Lord's day came to be so generally observed by the Scottish people. She managed to put a stop to unlawful marriages and other abuses, Along with her husband, Margarei did her uliuosl lo improve, the condition and the mural and religions character ol the people, Her own children were carefully instructed and brought up in ihe tear of die Lord. Her charity was unbounded; it was her delighl lo attend in person to Ihe wauls of the sick and suffering, In these deeds ol mercy ihe king cheerfully joined. In Lent season Turgol lells us the royal pair redoubled llieir aels of charily, washing earh morning, the /eel of six poor persons and daily fi/eding ,(ou in one of ihe halls ol' the palace wailing upon Ihem themselves. The queen spent her substance in relieving the wauls of all who came near her so lhal she herself was as poor as her own subjects noi having the desire lo possess aught. When her own means failed, she was wont playfully to lake money from ihe king's purse which he pleasantly permitted, sometimes prelending when he *33

caught her in the act that he would have her arrested for these pious thefts. Little orphans were often brought to the queen's chamber and she fed them with her own hands. She specially interested herself in the captives taken in Malcolm's raids into England Queen Margaret's last, days were full of trouble The account Turgot gives of his last interview with her is touching and impressive. While she lay very ill her husband and her eldest son Edward were away fighting in England. A short time before her death Prince Edgar came in with the sorrowful news that they had both been slain. lie endeavoured to conceal the truth f rom his mother, but she insisted on being told and received the melancholy tidings with truly Christian

submission. Of (>>uecn Margaret and King Malcolm it may be truly said in .loath they were not divided, for she died within three days of her husband. Her death lllk l'larr '" l''unferiiilme Abbey. She was canoni/ed by Pope InnueeiH IV. in 1250, and her feast was originally observed on the K.lh oV November, llu; "univcr.aiy of her dealh, || was, however, altei- "•irds eliauged I,, ihe mil, of June, the birlhday of "T """• Ilei shrine |i>i eeiuune.s coulinued lo be an lh irl IV: Ol)J "'' i' " veiieiaiion ; bin at the Relonnalion it :|S 1 w''a 'I'""-' ''"'''! -mil pliindeivd. Relies of St. Margaret are said to have been taken In Edinburgh in Cuicen Mary's lime, and thence removed to Antwerp, and allerwaid.s lu Huuay, where all trace of them was ultimatelylu st. (Jucen Margaret is sometimes blamed lor having Rumum/ed Scotland. It is unfair, however, to estimate the character of a person living in the '34 eleventh century by the standard of enlightenment to which we have attained in the nineteenth. However faulty the farms in which the piety of those days expressed itself, Queen Margaret must have been a woman of singular worth and excellence to have left such a deep and indelible impression on the nation, that she divides the honour with St. Andrew of being patron saint of Scotland.

King1 Malcolm III. Malcolm is in many respects an estimable character; indeed, the Scottish kings as a whole compart,; favourably with those of other lands. Fii's treatment of the traitor who entertained designs against the king's life reveals a brave and generous nature. Malcolm and bis courtiers were out hunting, the traitorous noble being with I hem. The king, having been informed how matters stood, invited the disaffected baron to ride by his side ; and detained him in a thick wood while all the rest of the party rode off in pursuit of game. When [he two were alone, and the others out of hearing, Malcolm reproached the baron with his treachery, which In- said was more worthy ol an assassin than a soldier, and then and there offered to have it out with him in single combat. Overwhelmed by the magnanimity ol the king, the conscience-smitten knight dismounted and cast himself at Malcolm's feet, imploring lorgivenuess. On the promise ol' fealty being given this was granted, and lor the future Malcolm had not a more attached and devoted subject than the man who had sought to lake his life. Kor much of the historical information now given the writer is indebted to Chalmers' History of Dun- fcrmline. He has also availed himsell of liarbieri's

work, and of a paper by the Marquis of Bute on Queen Margaret in the Saltish Review for 1884.

THE FORTH BRIDGE. BY AND, S, CUNNINGHAM. The Forth Hiidge is the largest and most magnificent bridge in the world. Operations; in connection with the structure were commenced in 1882, and the bridge was opened by the Prince of Wales on March 4II1, rSyo. The engineers were Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin liaker. Messrs Tailored, Arrol & Coy. were the contractors.

Dimensions and Cost. Two spans, each 1710 feet; two spans, each 680 feel; depth of main girders at piers, 342 feet; depth of main giiders al eeul re, 50 feet; length of bridge at piers, 120 led ; width ol' bridge at centre, 32 feet; clear headway for navigation al high water, 150 feet; deepesl I'oiinilatiou below high walei, 80 feet; highest part ol bridge above hij'Ji water, 361 feet; depth of

waler in rcnlre ol channel, 2 t o leet; weight ol slcel used in constructi iHI, over (54,000 tons; tolal length ol livid);!', mchidiii;', approach viaducts, 1 mile 1)72 yards; total Iciij'.ih of '.led work, 1 mile K31) yards 2 feet 6 inches. The total ainoimi of conlraetion and expansion allowed is between (> and 7 feel, or al an average rale of 10 inches per 1000 feet. Upwards of 40 miles ol

steel plates iveie used in the construction of the tubes alone. I hunn; the woik of erection from 3000 to 5000 men were cmplovrd. The estimated cost ol the bridge was _/, 1,(njo,ooo, and the connecting lines ^,150,000. The cost of the bridge and the approach viaducts exeeeded _/,3,000,000, howevu. The Number of Trains Running' Yearly : The Painting. During the year ending March 1898 upwards of 26,100 trains were run over the up line on the bridge, and nearly 25,250 trains on the down line. This represented about 6,620,000 tons on the up line, and upwards of 6,700,000 tons on the down line. Under Mr Hunter, the resident engineer, a staff of about 50 men are continually employed on the bridge, Thirty- five of the men are daily engaged on the work of painting. The surface of the bridge is equal to about 120 acres, and the 35 men use from r5 to 16 tons of mixed paint yearly, and it lakes the squad 3 years- to go over the structure. At present the men are giving the bridge its third eoal of pahu. The avcram1 yearly cost for the maintenance of the bridge is about ,/,"r;ooo. Mr Hunter and his men have a steam launch in constant use. It may be comforting to timid people to be told that no aecidc-nl of any kind has occurred on the bridge in connection with pahscngrr Haltie. AN OV DUH1''KHMLINK CX)Ll< COUHS "E3 HOTEL Bridge Street, Dunfermline.

ISITORS to DUNFERMLINE will find the CITY ARMS V HOTEL Central, Comfortafrlr una well The BEDROOMS are Large, Airy, and Furnished in ihu most tasteful manner. COMMERCIAL ROOM, entirely set npurt for the use of Cum. mere.ial Gentlemen, mil Furnished with every Business Requisite, including Library. COFFEK ROOM replutu with every Onnl'iirl, mxl subslMitiiilly Furnitihed. LARGE HTt)CK ROOMS cx|nc»sly filled up fui Ilic purpose,

and luiviii|;; the iulvnntii|jn ofl irinj; mi I hr I'iciiiiscti.

PRIVATE HITTINC. ROOMS, Furnished with I'huui ,lur Hie use of Jindies.

A F.argc DtNINC! MALI, cnpiiblc nf iu"ri>imui>dntini; a luindrrd io.sl.s

A Splendid MLLJARI) TADLK on ll.r l-irmisrs.

HOTEL, OMNIIiUHKS ultend nil the Trniii.\ univinc aih\ depnrt- ilijf frum I)unleimlinc\ and ctjhvcy I'nM.cnjM'iri In llic Hold. Suitable (..lUIDKS always in rcadinrss m conduct Vi».ilois tc »the Old Abbey, Palace Ruins, Si. Mii-(;urft'n Cave nud oliior places of interest in D unfeu IDINE and l)i-.uU-t.

HOT, COLD, AND SMOWKK HATIIS.

POSTING In all ita bvanohoB In oonnootlon with the Hotel.

CHARGES STKK'TI.Y MOUKKATIC.

LAURENCE ANDERSON, Proprlotor. '37

OUNFERMUNE GOLF CLUB,

HISTORY OF THE CLUB AND DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE.

BY AND. S. CUNNINGHAM. •AMKS VI. and Charles I. were particularly fond of J the game of golf. It was while engaged in a game at golf on l.eith Links that the latter had a letter placed in his hands which gave him the first account of the insurrection ami the rebellion in Ireland. James was as much in love with the IWirgh of Dunfermline as

he was with golf. He was frequently resident in Drm- fcrmline Palace, and his Queen did much for the town. Charles I. was horn in the city, and so proud was he ol his I liinfeniiline conueeliun (hat just before he ascended ihe1 ln.nu- he writes of (he city "UH hjs am

tllim'" Tiadiiion tells us ihal both James and Charles

played golf in I'unleiinline, and the chances are that the tradition is eorrecl. What more natural than that in 1a tow n where J; s and Charles spent a good deal of their lime t hey should have set aside an occasional hour lor their favourite pasliine, which was then spoken of as a ••princely" game. What gives strength lo the royal golfing traditions is the fact that to this day we have a street in the city designated Colfdrum.

'''his street is built on a ridge, which, from time immemorial, has been named the Coif Mill, and it is upon tins mice where King James and his courtiers a"' said I.I have wielded ihe driver and followed the 1|:|H- Alter the royal course uf the sixteenth century came to he encroached upon by buildings, the ancient game seems to have been dropped, and there is no record of the existence of any club in the city from these far off days until the Dunfennline (Hub of to-day was formed. The First Meeting. On July 5th, 1887—the very time when golf began to increase its hold on communities throughout the world—a few Dunfcrmliuc votaries of the game, who spent an occasional holiday month on the greens of the East Neuk of the " Kingdom," met in one of the Committee Rooms of Si Margaret's Hall, under the presidency of Mr Robert Reid, manufacturer; and having constituted n club, a committee was appointed to secure ground which might be formed into a course. A lease was taken of fields on the estate of l''od between the villages of Ilalhcalh and '

The Ferryhills Lci.sc. In a happy moment it occurred to .some of the members, who took more than an ordinary interest in the club — Mr R. Reid, the president; Mr |. T. Spcnee, the secretary; Mr W. (.!. Aikman, the treasurer; Mr R.

139 W. Stewart, Mr W. Robertson, Mr J. W. Robertson, and Mi" I1. Goodall, the captain—that an effort might be made to secure a lease of ground on the Ferry- hills. Early in the autumn of 1890, a small committee visited the Ferry, and they were quite enamoured with the ground The weather was delightful on the. occasion of the first visit of the committee—there was charm in the views of the winding of the Forth—and the very air seemed to be impregnated with the game. The committee reported favourably on the site, and so admirably were ihe preliminaries managed that a nine-hole course was formally opened on 6th September 1890. The opening of this course brought a considerable increase to the membership, and the small wooden erection which at first did duly as a clubhouse soon gave place to the handsome structure which had formed the exhibitor's clubhouse of the Kdinburgh Exhibition of ISIJO. So much were the committee and a. hw members convinced that the ancient game had come to stay upon the Kcrryhills that they raised among themselves suflicienl funds to meet the cost of the clubhouse and the work connected with the laying out of the course, and they resolved lo take back the capital when the club could pay it without exacting any interest. So grcal was the rush lor membership that the capital was soon refunded. (>n May 1H02 an extension of the club's ground was obtained and an eighteen-hole course opened. A great increase in membership followed. The management soon found that the club's grounds were rather restricted, and on iitli November 1893 a nineteen years' lease- of the entire grounds of Cruicks was entered into. The house of Cruicks was let to a tenant, but an agitation arose lor the appropriation of the old mansion as a clubhouse. The clubhouse of 140 1890 was charmingly situated—it stood on the highest point of the Fcrryhills—liut it was fell, tlnU there was an entire absence of the comforts common to tin: modem golf clubhouse. On the expiry of the lease of the tenant of the Cruicks the proposed change took definite shape, and on 20th May 1897 Cruieks House was taken possession of as tin: dulihouse. The old clubhouse was sold to a South of Scotland Club. The rental paid for Cruicks is ,4180 a year, but the club has an income from gra/.ings of from ^,'70 lo .£,75. The maximum membership i.s.400, ami (hiring the past two years the secretary has at repeated intervals been forced to refuse admittance to applicants I'or membership.

The Officials and the Trophies. Among the first ollic.iuls of the elub were the following: President, Mr R. Knd ; seerciaiy, Mr J. T. Spciice ; treasurer, Mr W. (', Aikinan ; ••uptain, Ml1 P. (loodall. On April iSyj Mr R. \V. Slewarl succeeded Mr Reid, Mr |. \V. Roheitson Innk the placu of Mr Spence, Mr A. 11. D o n was appointed treasurer, and Mr R, II. RUIICIIMMI was elecii-d captain. iVIx Aikinan soon resumed Ins old position as treasurer, and in 1895 Mr Stewarl vacated ibe pri-sulcnt's chair in favour ol l)r Dow. In iKnH and IKIJIJ thr following were the ollicc -bearers elccU'd : l'ic:,ulciii, Mr Aikman; vice-president, Mr R. 11. I .iulrjolm ; i-apiain, Mr Alex. Macbeth; him. treasurer, Mr W. Reid; lion, secretary, Mr J. W. Robertson; anditoi, Mi R. A. Mair. Cloun- cil:—Dr Dow, Messrs Jas. Marshall, W. S. Speddmg, Jas. (lurrie Macbeth, R. Husband, and R. II. Robert- son, On Mr Aikinan resigning the treaMiiei ship in i Ki;tt he was entertained to dinner 111 the Royal Hotel, Edinburgh, and was presented with his portrait. Win. :. ^?.:.:I.IKS GOLF CLUB.

MR W C A . MaJ W. RO3ERTS0N. SECRETARY

R R. H. LITTLEJOHW VICE-PRESIDENT MR W. REID TREASURER. MR R. A. MARR, AUDITOR. I'auful is the greenkeeper and Mr and Mrs Allan hive charge of the clubhouse. Despite its youth the club can boast of a good many competition trophies The following are the principal competitions :~ fl1"'1' Caplain's Charm. Mil* Reid Medal, May and September Stewart and Wallace Medals •|UIU! l.ockharl Medal. Scl)llmll"'r Dick Shield. I'*01'" Opening Your Cup. I)cCl'mllcr llogie Compeiition.' Names and Distances of the Holes. Turning now from the dry facts connected with the nu:epl,on of the dub to the course, one cannot help thmk.ng that few players will he inclined to quarrel with ihe sialemcnl that the course is one of the finest for and for variety in the eastern district of

Sen Now 'I 'layer is negotiating a. series lu n I > i of I il-'";' ' "' « U'yiiK to find his way to a hole lip 1' ll, yonder a gaping quarry lies between liiin .- goal, and further on he is paying the penally in some hollow for having allowed himself to l)l" ll'l"l"'-'l IV ihe path mapped out by the finger- IM)S|! Tl11' Illlowin,. are the names and the distances holes : - I. Westivaul llo . :'S.S yh 10. The Ti ap 223 yds .'.. Cai'lhhill 11. < 'niickmss 275 ,,

12. Hanilinii i.de 306 ,, • |. Si. M i;;aivl.. a IJ. '['lie (iuidrn 1S1 ., S. The ILI'D!;,-:.. .•So l.|.. liiehi:uliii 170 ,. 15. The Dyke 1S2 ,, Th 16. S(, Davids 209 ,, Shn i.lr.. 1.S3 17. The l.niij,' Hole... 4,00 y llnli' i.S. The Home Hole. 240 These distances work out a total of 4610 yards ; but 142 it by no means follows that a player covers less; than three miles when he accomplishes a round on the Ferry- hills course. Some Hints to Players. The first hole is a somewhat trying one for a start, and when the wind is strong off ihe west, players will find that their best course is not to attempt the double hedges, which protect the Old Drove Road of the Ferry, before the third shot, The second hole derives its name from the fact that it is in juxtaposition to Garthhill, and the third bole is named the u Forth Bridge/' because only a short distance separates it from the huge structure. The driving lei; of the fourth hole _-"St Margaret "—is on the highest point of the Kerry Hills, and the green is situated on a peak which over- looksthe bay where Malcolm Canmore's queen landed in 1066. A missed drive is badly punished in an old dyke which lies across the slope leading lioin the tee, anil Ihe "foo/.ler" may find himself in 110 end of difficulties before he gels through the hedge which "blocks the way" lo the green. In a cle.u day he will forget his troubles, however, and will led ibal the view he obtains quite repays him for his " scramble." The Mill hole has been appmpriaidy named "The Hedges." In driving the player finds himsell face in lace wuh the Kerry Road hedges, and after lie gels dear he has yel another hedge to pilch over, or run thiough, before he reaches Ihe green. II the player is eaieful not to "pull" his ball he will find little difficulty in covering the distance between "The Hedges" green and " The Cap- lain." The seventh hole gels its name from ihe pottery which adjoins it. Here again the player must avoid "pulling." It pays to "keep lo the right," and the green is easiest of approach from a ball

Pole, winch follows, requires care, The strong player

vW^s absolutely ™rtah, of his drive^wlK, is abUut^ ?rtam °( ll.IH dnV0? "«"" B» straight over the mouth of

the Quarry m a lavourable wind ; but the ordinary player who does not care to risk the loss of a ball and wints to have a elumee of the hole, will do well to keen to

the hole,willdowelltokeentoIheright.If he lands on the plateau above the old

well, hew Inul a an easy matter to get to the greenIheright. thegreenthe tenth hole is situated in the bottom of an old quarry, ami it is designated "The Trap," because the shot lor home is apt to be trapped on its way to the

green.^ In wet weather the ball should he pitched from- the heights above on to the green ; but when the ground is hard and dry the ball which lands two yards short "' lht' "Y"I • !.«• Muany will be loimd to be the most d dra lv. In driving Iron,Ihr tee in "The Trap," players wh" lll'll);l11 "l;l hil "''«!'"'•' -In'vo right over the nnLe llnlnr(llalH>' m IV'""' l^vni alilmu,.h the drive in this lmi> S '•"""• ""• " " 'IH-Honablc if it is W()rlIl the

r'sk- ""''r" lillls "' ;' Villl|I>' wllidl '•««l»'"te beyond thr "•n"""1 '"• ' "'-I'''' !•>' Hie green keepers • and ;lllrr ;l lh |I "' " ••••' ••' '""• '« Hul indiealcd by U,e red liib | kMcHH |»,!t IS lll ;il ;1 " ir"»aHird I,,,,,, ihr riglu. ,\ d,.|ig|ufu| view "' ""' ii"1'1'1' "' '"v.-rk.-iihiM,., is ubiainnl fn.m the ^ • ^ • ' • •'• •l'"):l""«-|..,rkiM-v.." Many danorrs lie on the lll|"""l"- «-.v I., -I!.,, „!,, „,!,.•' iheuvdfih h,,le and

players will ,,„( nr „, k,T|,i.,,.., well tu ihe west. Once the Ill:lvtT w ""' lll! l"'' ""'"I I'M' a lew seconds off |i,e Kiiinc has ic.irhnl a | within ;i lew yards of the •''n'rn' ht" "n!'.hl '•lli1' a glance at the old easlle of "••"•»l»«'l-'.l'-i»»l in I'alincny W.MMIS, and look down upon 1.14

Port Laing, which lies immediately below the cliffs to the cast of the green. Tradition tolls us that Crom- well's army lauded at Port Laing, and to this day some visitors to the hay are alile to discover the remains of the very stakes to which Lambert and his men moored their boats. The management have named the thirteenth hole "The Garden." Disciples of the " Kailyairders," as Home writers arc called, per- sist in the designation, " The Kailyaird" The hole takes its name from the, t'arden close by. The pin at the fourteenth hole bears the name " tneheolm," —the eyes of the player fall upon the island on his way to the green. The fifteenth hole is named •"The Dyke," because ol its proximity to one of the fences; and the sixteenth takes the name of " Si, Davids." Knmi the).; roen a capital view of ihe quaint shipping pod is obtained. The " Long Hole'' and the ''llomo Hole" are ihe suggeslive names adopted for the lasl IWN hule1;. The seventeenth is the longest hole on ihe course, :md if care is laken In M get over ihe wall which |ir<>to < i s the I CCII, die player will experience lillle dilliculty in gelling home. The clubhouse is an exlreinelv coinloilalilo one, and Mr and Mrs Allan spare no pains in adding In Ihe coin- lorls of members and guesls One ol the houses adjoining the old mansion is appropriated by the greenkeeper as a workshop for club making and club repairing.

The Hazards and Penalties. In compliance with the request by some members of the club a little space is here dcvolcd lo the hazards of the course, and the local rules as applied to hazards. The crossing of a double hedge is a somewhat trying ordeal in the first hole. In the case u! a '. im ke coin- H5

petition a ball may be lifted out of the hedge and teed behind the hazard under a penalty of two strokes In a hole match, however, the hole must be mven un m.

the ball played. 1he same rules apply to the hedeeo.111111nilQ* and dykes all through. A ball which is "pulled" over the south wall at the third hole is not playable If the ball has been pulled from the tee a second'ball should be put down, the penalty being a stroke and distance. The same rule applies to a ball driven over the west hedge on the way to the fourth hole—" St Margaret." A ball which lands on the patch of fenced ground immediately to the north-west of the wicket of "The Hedges" is not in play, but a ball maybe played from t he road. A ball driven on to the road on the way to "The Captain" may be played ; but should it land on the Held beyond the road it is out of bounds and carries with it the usual penalty. No objection is urged by the tenants nf the |;md a(,njnsl U) cdub , ing nut of the "bad country " lying over the north wall between "The Captain" and " The Potteries," and the golfer who can liml his ball may play it without penalty. A lial1 S('nt into the garden from the tee from the "Short " hole mean:; the loss of a stroke and distance. A ball is not playable in the Muarry, but it may be played from the leneed patch of ground on the lop of the quarry. There is no hindrance to playing "pulled" balls on the way to "The Trap," A ball driven in the garden out from "Tin- Trap," however, means the loss of a stroke ami distance, ami should a ball over-run the "Cruiekness" (liven and go beyond the fence the penalty is two strokes. All the fields on the south of the fence leading to "The H arden " are out of bounds. In very wet weather a little lake is apt to collect at a point about 20 yards beyond the tee of the "long" hole. "Casual water" is not ti Inward on any green, and whether a ball, which 1ms been driven into the water is found or not, a ball should 1)0 dropped on to the grass behind the water without penalty. Water which collects in a hazard is different, II* a ball is lifted out of water which has collected in a recognised hazard a stroke is lost. Neither on the green nor through the green is "scraping" a ball allowed, but loose impediments within a club length of any ball may be removed.

FROM THE FERRYHILLS.

BY ROBRT A. MARK As the wayfarer strolls over ihe Kenyhills, and directs his footsteps lo the highest point, In: arrives at a spot which affords one of Ihe widest and most varied prospects that can well lie offered LO human sight. Forming, as these hills do, a pnunonlury julliug out into the Firth, and narmwin;', its wain:; al the Kerry, 1 they leave the Forth, or Srottii/i Snr a:; it was called in the time of die Oild. , "pen to ihe east, while to the west it gives the idea of a large and beautiful inland lake. The view is panoramic in its extent, and if the visitor be privileged with a e leai day, and an all-round prospect, lie will noi leadily forgel llie impression received. It is a picture of mountain and woodland, of cultivated field and moorland, of cities and hamlets, and of noble water. Muddcd with picturesque island:;, bearing craft of vaiicd lorm from all parts of the world Turn which way he may, it is difficult to say whal view entrances most. And the scene is as suggestive as il is e\icir.ivo. ll is a prospect of history and of mniance ; and, as the quiet rcstfulness of this vantage point s • 11 b•. on his mind, ,113 HOUSE H7 the wayfarer thinks of many a stoi'y that historic places recall to his memory. Looking to the south, we see that the view is bounded by the long range of the Pentland Hills, which, taking their rise near Edin- burgh, stretch themselves through Midlothian, over the north border of Peeblesshire, and dip away down south-west into Clydesdale. Lying between them and the Forth is a great expanse of undulating and hilly country, charming to the eye with its woodland, field, and peeps of hamlet and baronial estate; while from its valleys come thin streaks of white steam, indicating where the railway lines are, that link centres of interest and of industry together. Standing picturesquely in the foreground is South Queensferry, recalling Margaret, Queen of Malcolm Canmore, who used the passage, and gave the place its name. And we can clearly see the Hawes Inn, at which the Antiquary, Monkbarns, rested on his way to Fairport. To the east of the Forth Bridge lies bonnie Dalmeny, with its woods running down to sandy bays ; and, farther on, we observe Cramond with its cluster of white houses set in vivid greenery, where the River Almond casts its waters to the Forth. Hera Andrew Balfour, in his '• To Arms," brings Allan Oliphant, a prisoner of the Jacobites, who, after a rough journey, witnesses the Battle of Sheriffmuir. From there, the eye is carried to the capital of Scotland, with its busy ports, its ancient castle, and range of historic hills and crags, over which rises the commanding presence of Arthur's Seat. Beyond the eastern extremity of Covstorphine Hill appears Blackford, from which Mannion viewed a similarly wide prospect. Under the shadow of Arthur's Seat, and standing on prominent ground is the old ruin of St. Anthony's Chapel, reminding us of pre- I48

Reformation clays, when the marinuv, as he set out on his voyage and after his safe return, offered prayers and thanks to its patron saint. All along the coast line, lying found what appears to be the great bay that terminates the land view to the east, but which literally is a series of bays, various famous golf courses can be descried. Musselburgh, Luffness, Uullane, Muirfield, and North Berwick marked by its conical hill, are suggestive of the clear ring of the ball and of happy memories. Carrying the eye back from the Law near to Aberlady, we see Gosford House, the ancestral seat of the Earls of Wemyss, standing out prominently from amid its bosky woods. Nearer lies Prestonpans, where, in the rebellion of 1745, Colonel Gardiner lost his life, and where the Laird of Balmawhapple met his fate at the hands of the Dragoons, proving in the world of fiction that he did have brains. Sumo miles In the rear of this battlefield stands Carberry Mill, where Mary, Oueen of Scots, surrendered lo the <'onlrderaU- Lords. And for background to this eastern cnimlry, lies 1 he range of the Lainnicrmoor Hills, that lake their rise at St. Abbs; and, as we carry the eye westward along their moorland line, we arrive at Lammcrlaw and the pastoral slopes of the Mom-fools. Looking down the Forth, we cannot help feeling charmed wiih the prospect. It is impressive in its extent. It is a seene of beauty and of motion. Those islands that lloat,

"Like cim'i;ilil'i HUMMI in i;nM" have their many histories ; and they fascinate the eye

and help its dreamy gaze. Yonder, off the castmost point of land, stands the feather 1 iti/rncd Mass Rock, carrying one's thoughts far back to hermitage and dungeon, and reminding us of hoary Tantallnn Castle standing on the mainland opposite. Inehkeilh looks 149 out boldly with its flashing night-light, and Inchcolm,. with its old tower standing prominently amid ecclesi-, astical ruins, tells of the time when its abbey was, great, and its abbot all-powerful for miles arqund.. Inchmickery, noted for its oyster bed, is lying half way, between Inchcolm and Cramond Island; and those smaller rocks known under various pastoral names, such as the Cow and Calves, Oxcars, and Haystack, teem with many an incident in sea-bird life. And somehow, as we look on these waters, we cannot help thinking of the North Sea, with its tempestuous record, its history of communication between the many ports of this Firth and those of foreign lands. Then we think of more recent times, and see the fleet coming up in stately line and anchoring in peaceful order off the Ferry, where, in the moonlight, sounds of dancing were heard ere the bugles sounded and the lights went out. Pettycur is the limit of the east land view on the Fife side. Between here and Edinburgh smacks plied in the olden time. And over its promontory rises the smoke of Kirkcaldy, suggestive of the names of Adam Smith and Thomas Carlyle. Nearer, we see Burnt- island, busy with its shipping, and guarded in the rear by its stalwart hill, The Binn. Below those woods, where the thin blue smoke ascends, nestles in sleepy quietude romantic Aberdour. Still nearer, the eye catches the woods that skirt the shore belonging to the old estate of the Earls of Moray, Donibristle ; and that large bay which shelters the wild duck and nurses the heron on the tree top at its eastern extremity, has for human interest the crumbling walls of Dalgety Church, and the silent tenants that occupy its churchyard. Next comes the bay that takes its name from the estate,, and other two bays follow, bringing us to the yellow ates the eye, and permits imagination to roam over the mountain tops, recalling memories of many scenes, and bearing in its mountain air a world of romance There, to the left, is Ben Lomond, hearing his stately head over the Campsie Fells, and to ( he, right, stands Ben Ledi; and there are a great group of liens that lie between and beyond these two. To the north of Dunmyat, just over Menslrie (lion, stautls in regal state the towering form of lien Vorlich ; and among these mountains lie famous Scottish lochs—Loch Lomond, Lochs Katrine and Aehray with the Trossaehs lying between, Lochs Venachar and Lubnaig. Thus the outline of the prospect ; but what of the changing expression on the face of this magnificent scene as the seasons go round! On a spring day we may witness the sun playfully plying his brush across Ihc landscape, and dappling it with Heeling brightness as the clouds scud before the breeze In summer ii beams with beauty, and the distani hills lie SOFI and low in the bright sunlight; the autumn brines ils fulness, and the winter caps those western liens with an alpine beauty all their own. Whatever lie Ilie impression1, gained, one never forgets thai summer sunset, when, al'ler '.he fiery orb had dipped with great brilliant y uver those western hills, there were led the mani'.e tints that lingered and gathered up the mystery of the eventide. Then the light faded into a cold steels' grey, and in the rear to a deep blue, in which the lip.i slap; of the evening appeared ; and the only sounds Ihe wayfarer heard were the whistling notes of the plovers and the redshanks, as they followed the out !;oing tide HOW TO MAKE THE MOST OF LIFE.

Bv J. D, REID, THE FATHER OF THE CLUB,"

My Dear Mr Cunningham, You have asked me for a word on golfing. It seems as if you might readily have round a nimbler pen, and to write of golf in Scotland is like giving a dissertation on the merits of oatmeal porridge. Both are, or were not so very long ago, regarded as indigenous, In the first half of the: present century golfing was regarded, I think, as the game of the nation of the trouserless and the sporan. it seems now the game of civilisation, or, at least, of the British race. It is nosv sixty eight years since I lirsi handled a ;,;oH" club. I was then indebted to a kindly maker of chilis and golf balls named Ooutiay who h;id a small factory on the edge of [iruutslicld links. I knew his sons, and 1 used to watch him as he slulfrd Ihe slilched leat her cover of tho hall will) feathers. He liked me well enough to give me a hall, which then sold I'm1 twn and sixpence, anil a club In play will). So I played my liist game in iK^r, Three years thereafter I went In America, and gave myself up In my life labour, until in 1K80 I was appointed American t'ou'.ul to 1 Hinlenuliiie. With my advent to I hmli'iinline eauie the memory of the

BMv Ui-iil M,vu)urs A uiiujur juK.itiun in \\w rl\iU. Thai pusi- 111 m will In: III mill' ll]|.:|r] ,1< •'»] uiirll I .1.111 • (lull ill till- Illlllllll iif Miurli Iuiiniislii|i iiml i'i>-n|>wi:iiii.n :iir ni'Hf !.i>uj;hl iifii'v inn i]uii't-[;i>ini; (niivwime tl)iin Mr Kt-ii! '•;, :I I I . | I it MI MMT Ihal in, ci'tili ilmtiiin In this work will In1 RRIUL willi i;iniln I'lr.'r.mi' lliiin ll'r our which cullies TIIULI'T hi'i n.iinr. A. S ( ' fields and the green, When the Dunfermline Golf Club was organised I became one of its members. It became at once a joy to me. I was well up in years, but the hours spent on the Queensfcrry golf course, to which I often resorted, rejuvenated me. I grew younger as the years passed by; splendid exercise, noble grounds amid the finest of Scottish scenery, fresh air and grand and intelligent companionship, made my life, after sixty years of active labour in America, full of cheer and sunshine. A new youth came to me; it made the world and the men in it seem nobler and friendlier and better. I have yet to meet in the companionship of the 400 members of the Dunfermline Golf Club on the hills of North Qucensferry a man to whom I could refuse my friendly hand, and have felt the pressure of many a kindly grasp which gave me encouragement and honour. The game of golf it; simple yet full interest. On the (Queensfcrry hills the inspiration of the game is largely due to the grounds mi which it, is played, Kadi of the r,ix holds which onmpo.se the Course has its peculiar character. There are no dead levels and no rugged acehvilics. There is a wide find interesting oullook. O h cean, mountain, field, home- stead, village, and woodland arc all visible. The air" is Iresh, The grounds are admirably kept. The clubhouse has every convenience, The keeper is courteous and attentive. A large and ucll sclceinl library relieves the resting hour between game. These art:

good conditions in which to commence a game, The elements all favour self res pect. In the game itself, the first dement requiring notice is, the condition of your clubs. These should be blight and (lean. No good work of any kind can be rightly done with dirty tools. It disturbs the eye. Then you have to face '55 your partners. In u foursome you have one partner and two antagonists. They are called your antagonists, yet such is the friendliness of the game that one soon learns to cheer the skill that defeats. The atmosphere of the game is generosity. The game itself is full of lessons not without value in other spheres. For example, " Do not have your tee too high." When too high, as when .some orator begins his oration on too high a note, the ball, when struck, goes skyward and lands not far from where it started. It is pretty but not progressive. Then when the stroke comes to be made how good is the advice '' Keep your eye on the ball." Remember your text. It is a thoroughly intellectual business. The planting of the feel, the grip, (he direction of the swing, the wiggle of the wrists, the slow back, the delivery of the stroke, the Ilighl nf tin- ball as it curves through the air—in Ml these ihriv r. ;u\ demem u(' thorough enjoyment. Nut cinlv MI, bin .ill iIn- while the body in getting the benefit of a splendid Icv.un in biiilo<;y, Life, for the iniiinciil, i:. inien.e. Thc biidily tissues are all shaken. The livi-i i:. 'lined. A (MIIid breakfast shows itself. An hone:.I desire In excel euuies ill. And when the lull IIIIIIINL'. the aii at a finely exalted curvature, reaches mil I" i he distant green, and lies while and silent wailing your second stroke, there comes a sense of ijuiel elieer, e\lu Ln a! n in, and healthiness, which lew other pur. ml1, MI delirjiilully give. for mere health, no medieiiu-e .m ei|\ial ii, No study m ethnology seems emnplele wiilnnii ii. (If course gulling has its n temptat io s, and a link will sunn-limes jostle against Ihe mauilcr elemeni. Your ball will sometimes find a a hollow |ilaee wbeie M ii:r Inassey eaniiot easily reach it. The tool will .uiiietiines find ils way to help it to the level. It needs grace lo resist, Generally you have the article. It seems so harmless. Many will be glad if I win. Just an inch or two. Then you feel mean. You wish you had let this tiling alone. The devil sometimes finds the Ferry Hills. You wont do it again. But all through the physical enjoyment is of the best. I know of nothing equal to it. Of course, the Queensfcrry hills have an inspiration all their own, The 400 men who comprise (lie club are not to be easily matched elsewhere. Hut to me the game, even when, as I must often do, [day it alone, is full of inviyoration, of btallhy thought, of quiet animation and cheerfulness, and a splendid preliminary to repose. In its line, I know of nothing better or more useful to a man who wishes to make the most of life than a good game of golf, and a good sweet sleep when he gets home. I „ i IS.

X m LIMEKILNS, PATT1HSMUIR, & CHARLliSTOWN.

Bv W. Gi proms, JOPPA. THG VILLAC1B OF *UMHKU.N5.

TIMEKIt.NS is ill) .luciriit srjqiurt lying nil the norihtT NIKHT* of ilit* I''iit'ili, ami dhtmil f'rmn LHIN- ferrolinc, $}4 miles. Tin.* ^rc.ttor, ami dualities* mure s i y eventful period nl ii Ins wr jirrtaiii'i in ;i roimtic jnuit. Although the lii/j'i of centum1:; is ulisrurrd, .iml lir historic dour sliul, it may In* f'.tr ever, we can, nevcrllieloKN, K^11'1'* ilnou^h the nvenue ul' tiuir and CiitJtMVour I" touch the t.nn; ;»s;u hv ntnjrrtuiiiiM, to sonic extent fimn the • -i(u.«11->s* and MIIiiiniidirig'i, whfit its posiliuii v.".i'. liiimu: Ilir ;tj,;<"-, ttt.u hrtvr !lt"d, A( (1 IHHV iilikilnwn |ir-| t< M I, we rim l.iniV ,1 Very v few Kl rai'^hi n',, luiiirlf ; lull-, ctrctcd alnri;; its •ihoic, ;UK1 inlialnii'd hv uti<v i i nrhln rd i;.ini", I "iliin.itclv, the dc'icen- C t d.'intH ul III M- .ipi uim; I'r.hcimen i,;citiiij{ within die lii,'ht ol cis'ili/iiK', < ' >nnn<'i>'ial I-Mtt"t j>i \-,<\ nuurhing with il, and hccniiiiii)', pail ul the c-uunnnn wraith I•>• build ii)|,; and sai1l1im; '.hijis ncti and ftnthei alield, (interior * In citlior inunk, and Knyal |n-t•inii:H r1 gracing the Abbey and I'al.i'e UI I Miuici inline

himself and family where and how be pleased. There are no vestiges remaining of the railicsi houses, and

those of a later time left s landin;1,, andI where dates are discernible, do not reaeh hmder b.ick than ihc 171I1 century. There are, however, cnnueeied with, and at an early period forming an important part of, this ancient seashore village, several b.-.toiic buildings now in ruin::, which will be noticed as we proceed. Probably

Early in the 16th Century

the ancient chapel, the ruins of which stand in the churchyard, was destroyed, or eea-.cd In be ulili/cd as a place of worship, and those who were wnnt in pay their devotions within its walls had to make pilgrimage to Inverkeilhing, at that lime exercising, some authority over the eastward portion of Limekilns, and to Dun- 159

fennlinc for ecclesiastical privileges, When the secession from the Established Church occurred, the majority of the inhabitants threw in their lot with the Seceders and worshipped for a time in Queen Anne Street Church, Dunfermline, then under the pastorate of Rev. Ralph Erskinc, who was wont to come to Limekilns and administer baptism from the tops of

outside stairs, then prevalent to his sailor co gatmn. The distance, however, to their then place ol worship, prevented many from repairing to the city, and the rapidly increasing trade of the port constrained thorn to erect a. house for themselves. In 1782 they began to build a church, which was opened for public worship throe years later. The first minister was the Rev. Win. Hadden, who ministered to them

for over i I,iy v live years. From ,785 till 1796 the stipend of Mr lladden, ii may be interesting to mention, was only ,/,.'>'<>• Thin minislor was succeeded by Dr then Mr Win. Jolinsiune, and during the third year of hi* ministry ihe present church was erected where the »l«l "lilW si.,,.,1. For liftyouo years Dr |ohnstone was tin' iuruinhrnt of Limekiln."!. When he reached his il , . jul' 'v pul li.- servia: mis held in the church, con-

cluded |,y ||U. R,.V. |),. j()Im c:;iini«, Berwick. A ('inner was given in the school, the present Earl of ''^i'. m '11m lll(>'"li^"'- Among those present was the Very Rev. Dean Stanley, who took a prominent part in 1| "' proceedings. In (he evening a soiree was held "•'Hun 1he .-lunch. There were present, the Earl of Klgin, various members of the I truce family, and many nolal.iliiics; ih(. Rev. I >r M'Dougal, Alloa, presided. During the service D r Jolmslone was presented with ,£1000, a .silver epergno, and a set of jewels for Mrs Johnstonc. Owing u. the prominent position this divine ifjo occupied in regard to ecclesiastical progressive questions of the day, bis services in a great measure represents during that period the history of the church to which he belonged. For their third minister the congregation called the Rev. J. G. Crawford, under whose ministry they continue to prosper, and have reached a position never before attained. The Situation of Limekilns is one specially to be noticed, It lies open to the south and basks in the sun the year through. It may be represented nestling in the bosom of the high lands of Broomhall, which protect it from the biting northern blast, while the Ferry Hills break and temper the bitterness of the eastern gales that blow up the Firth from across the mid North Sea. The village has a beauty all its own, and there is no lack of the picturesque in its surroundings. From ils shore at full tide the prospect could hardly be excelled, sea and land, mansion and forest, islet and rock intermingle. Ships continually pass ils slum's, and the sun as it sinks behind the far western hills casts its beams across the waters and makes ihe loveliness of the whole scene enchanting. l'"or centuries, from near and far, invalids have had recourse to the health- giving virtues of Limekilns. Monks, members of the court circle, if not royaky itself have laved in its waters. Provosts, bailies, town councillors, weaver lords and weaver lads, (looking in ils old Basin, and diving from the rocks that gird its sides, make up memorabilia that has brightened shadowy worries and lightened the cares and sorrows of after life. Up till the i6lh century marine occupation more or less was engaged in, and with the rise and progress of 161

Commercial Enterprise ships were built that .sailed to every navigable sea. From a comparatively limited centre of marine industry it rose lo be probably one, the largest, on the northern

shore of the Forth. Although weaving, brewing, salt manufacture, and Fish curing wore actively carried on and over a, score of sloops belonged to the port, it wa.s the coal and lime from the not far distant pits and quarries that greatly tended to raise it to a more important position. A greater number of ships were required to export these products. These the inhabitants built, owned, and navigated. The number of ships then hailing from Limekilns has been given as 137 "loops, besides brigs and schooners. This state of prosperity <5unl inucdl ill the advance of steamship and railway enterprise. These combined drove the smaller craft t hen engaged in carrying coal and lime to northern 1( l; 1 1 1 d I " '. I " ' •'< i i" i hf produce ol Kilbagie, and Kennet- pans dislillen'c:. lo London and other places, while the lai-|.;er sailin;; '.hips had lo give way before the march

i'l ihe :.tcambnai. Not a lew of the ships that went in and out ihc old hailiours, and were wont to deck the village shore, woe allowed to perish without the using. Many ol ihe sailors that manned them were spirited awav lo I'anada, Australia, and other parts, when- ihey ami their descendants navigate sailing and steam ships along, far distant shores, and like other long lamiliar things, these olden days exist only or mostly in transmitted memories. When the field of commercial enterprise widened, the art of shipbuilding, as we have noticed, advanced, and an epoch of prosperity began. To ovcilake the increasing trade if! 3

Two Piers were built, which are now in ruins. When and by whom these were made is unknown. Probably they were fashioned and erected by the then feudal superiors about; the time when the ancient royal harbours, noticed further on, ceased lo lie a necessary and valuable appendage to the Abbey and Palace of Dunfermline. From Limekilns 1'ier, for over two centuries, shipments of lime and coal from the not far distant works were made. It would appear from frag- ments still existing that these products were conveyed to Limekilns by small waggons or hutches that ran on narrow gauged rails, which skirled what is now a southern portion of lirooinhall grounds. These t rucks were run across the then unwalled, probably unbounded, public road directly opposite ihe head oi the harbour, and when ships had not arrived, were deposited m a large walled in coal yard till shipped in place; along the coast and lo ports in the Low ('ounliies. This harbour, it: may he mentioned, was kept limn silting up by g water thai rushed out of a hu e, stiongly built reser- voir, named by ihe natives "The lluckel Pat," having a sluice situated at IL'I wester nhe.ul and near lo where ships, on ;nn\,il, deposited llii-ir ballast, and called the linllasl 11.ml; wheiemi the present school is creeled. The sluice was opened to admit ihe flowing tide, and closed during the ebb. When the harbour ran dry, u was t.u.ed, ;nnl the pent in water rushed mil through li e haiboiir, thus keeping the navigation free. Ship, entered this harbour between (ihnui•;, Ihe outei pmtinns of which remain, and shew them to he Imindcd mi the outlying rocks faced with hewn stone, ,-nid having, had ship LIMEKILNS 163 mooring posts firmly and deeply set along their surface. The east pier, called Capernaum, was probably made and break-watered about this time. This name very likely was taken from Bjblical record, and meant the foreshadowing of a new coal expanding era, destined to shed its influence as an opposition outlet for the shipment of coals, which came to the harbour by carts, and when ships were not there to receive them, were deposited in a yard similar to that at limekilns, some distance west from the pier. During the palmy days of Limekilns, there was no lack of amusement. Fairs, horse races, &c, were regularly held. Travelling theatrical companies, caravans, with giants and dwarfs, the wonderful crocodile, and Inia constrictors, were regular visitors. These, with travelling equestrian companies, who displayed tlirir feats of horsemanship on the Ballast Bank alreadv referred to, continued lonp; after the commercial stir had ceased to visit the scenes of former days. The ruling games at that period were shinty, quoits, and curling. The two former have in great measure been superseded by erieket and golf. There were, moreover, no lack of taverns in those days any more 11 i;m now. Hesides these taverns, there were several well appointed

Inns. Several of these were commanded by old sailor landlords, and were lamed far and wide. They have now been converted into dwelling-houses, and very little lingers about them to tell us of their interesting associations. These establishments had large public rooms where balls were held and dinners given. They were also utilized as reception halls, where itinerant showmen, conjurers, and ventriloquists displayed the mysteries of histrionic and secret arts. In addition to these large rooms, there were many private apartments where the ordinary wayfarer found ample accommodation. The larders and cellars belonging to these seaside hosieries were always specially looked after, and their contents often proved mid pronounced to be excellent. Very good though the contents of the former were, it was in the excellence of the latter that the greater interest was manifested. The thought of what these contained greatly tickled the fancy. The famous whisky from Kilbagie and Kennetpans distilleries were there, and the then well known strong ale from Brucehaven brewery had a first place Excellent though these beverages were, they had to bow before what in a greater degree seemed to sharpen the wit and set going the weaver and sailor tongue, vi/., enjoying with the sailor landlord in a quid way the southing influence

of America's ncgrohcad tobacco, AMi the nipping taste of tile dcleelablcs that came liom a< KINK the sea, which had been artfully smuggled before the not very vigilant eye ol the < u.toni house officer. i During the continental s nuggle there wne great scarcity of seamen, and ships ol war weic commissioned to scour the coasts in search of men to fill up the gaps made in the ranks of the fighting ship;. 1'orlions of their crews were regularly told off for this purpose. They were armed with cutlasses and wore the pigtail, and were called the press gang. Kiom the near lying war- ships these desperadoes would pounce on Limekilns, Charlcstown I'atlicsmuir and 1 tunlciinline. The newly ; arrived sailor and the able bodied weaver were roughly pressed into war service. Husbands were torn from wives and fathers from children, and dragged Ironi their homes. i6S The greater number never came back. They were either taken by the enemy, died in prison, shot while endeavouring to escape, slain while engaging the hostile men-ofwar, armless, legless, and headless, cast over- board, or sunk with their ships during some great battle. The greater number of the then sailors of Lime- kilns were Free Masons. During these war times to belong to the craft often proved to be of great value ; especially was this experienced by those who were taken prisoners. They received privileges from the French brotherhood, most of whom were greatly masonic, they would not otherwise have obtained, and not a few of those who were pressed with them, though not belonging to the craft, shared the benefit. The result of this treatment was often illustrated by the wrappage and over- alls of the sailors, soul and body. Many of the younger brotherhood were charmed into the secret circle and became volatile exponents of the far-reaching free masonic character with a knowledge and in a style not a little adorned with sailor humour, which was truly masterful.

The Ancient Buildings Connected with Limekilns, as we have said, are several ancient ruins. When the waves of revolutionary war spread over the country, these unpre- tentious buildings, humble though they now appear, formed valuable links of an unwritten past. They belonged to the chain that bound together royal and religious interests which finds a prominent place in our national story, and played an important part in the 166 history of the period. There still exists at the eastern portion of the village a building named the Panhouse. It probably derives its name from the large pans used for the manufacture of salt. It bears date 1613, and doubtless was erected by royal edict and under monastic surveilance and government; and here an Abbot had his seat About the centre of the village the oldest house now stands. It bears an early date of the 17th century. In proximity thereto, arc two ancient vaults, which had, at different periods, close 1 elation with Dunfermline. The most ancient of these was closely connected with royalty, when it had its seat in the near city. There can be but little doubt that this building was erected and for centuries governed by officials from the Abbey and Palace, It measures 64 feet in length, by 24, and 20 in height ami breadth, and is divided. Its walls, though nut massive, are thick. The lower poilion bein^ stnH)}.;ly roofed, and having stone constructed bins for bottles, elc, and a well of spring water. The upper portion has also a strongly arch roofed and earthen Homed over the lower. There was in those days considerable trade between the Kingdom of Kite and the Low ('ounlrics ; and I>rui;es for three centuries being the northern mart ol Kinope, as Venice was the southern, we can eonjeettue that this royal depot would lie the depository lor many rich and valuable importations such as bales ol Flemish cloth,

Russian furs, Spanish and I talia n Wines, Ovc,, lor the courtiers ot Dunlenulmc. Above the door that now forms the entrance to the upper poiiimi ol the building, and which is reached by a modem 11 shaped stone stair, is a shield haviiu; three stars and several jleur de /is, with the date i ySi. What these devices represent it is impossible to say probably they arc the monogram or armorial ensign of the person who may have altered the building at that date, as the erection itself appears to have been raised long prior thereto. We can suppose a place of such importance would not he without protection, and that within its walls at that time persons of more than ordinary note resided. This appears to be borne out from a portion of the upper floor having apparently been apportioned for such a residence, and from there being a private entrance thereto from the east In all probability, a direct road led from this storehouse through what are now the grounds of Broomhall to the Palace of Dun- feruiline. Dr Chalmers, in his "History of Dunferm- line," narrates that Robert Pitcairn, commendator of Dunfennline, died at Limekilns, and not unlikely in the royal cellar. Caldcrwood also, in his " History of Scotland," states that this person went to Flanders, and, get tin)*, seriously unwell, was, by petition, allowed to come to Scotland, and that Lymekylns was allotted to him as his place ot residence. Historical record, however, is silent leganling the origin of the vault, neither does it give any due as to when and how it came into its present position. We may conjecture, however, thai alter the destroying and revolutionary edict had gone lorth, the place was neglected; that might became right ; that it was taken over; and this ancient royal piovision depot may now be relegated to the same caicgoiy as the ruins of the Palace and Abbey of Dun- fennlnie. From the large south entrance to this vault a rough road, ages ago, led to the head of a harbour distant about 100 yards, and probably the only one then existing in these parts. It was strongly built on piles, puiiions ot' which in the early years of the present century could be traced. It ran well out into the ifuS

Forth, and would be considered at the period of which we write not less important than Blackness, the royal seaport of Linlithgow, on the oppositite coast. East about one mile distant lies The Lone Churchyard. It is an ancient meadow of rest. It seems to the mariner an ideal last harbour of refuge whete he hopes to be moored on all fours, secure from gale and lash- ing sea. Through the avenue of memories, loved and loving forms are conjured up, the remembrance of whom tighten round his heart, and though e.vquisitively and thrilingly painful is tenderly sweet, whether near to or distant far from its shimmering wave-laved shore. Time has dealt hardly with its tombs, and not a few of its stones are so lichened with age that over these memorials the poet, while standing in this ancient sleeping world of the dead, might well moralise and portray a life interesting and instructing picture. This churchyard is the burying place of i'attiesmuir, Limekilns, and Charlestowu. Its a;;e is unknown, and must date far back into the centuries. It apparently remained without, much, if any, wall enclosure till the end of the 17th century, when we learn from the Kirk Session Records thai a sum of money was advanced to repair damage done in the leueing by a cow having strayed into the sacred enclosure. Owing to the graveyard's isolated position and nearness to the rocky shore, there were but little to prevent the "howkers" of the dcul pursuing their ghastly trade. At high tide a boat could almost reach its southern side. It was notorious that these desperadoes seem to have been inlormed where the latest bodies were laid, and notwithstanding the vigilance of the inhabitants, they often were raised, snatched, boated, and carried down the Forth. So frequent did these thefts become, that there was built, and still existing, on its southern side a strong, heavily flagged roofed, and iron doored vault or dead-house, wherein coffined bodies were wont to be laid for three months prior to being buried. This precaution, however, did not prevent these marauders from attempt- ing further burglary. About the Burke and Hare period, a boat conveying a resurrectionist gang reached the outlying rocks and attacked the lone sea vault. They had succeeded in removing one of the roof flags, when some carpenters approached and prevented them from snatching the vaulted dead away. In the centre, what was in the earlier centuries the burying ground of L'attiesmuir anil Limekilns, Charlestown not then being in existence, stand the ruins of an ancient chapel. The entrance to this place of worship and ehiut hy.ml apparently must have been from the north-west. It is supposed by Dr E. Hen- dersoii to have been connected with the Abbey of Duul'ermliiie, and erected between 12-1400 A.I), With- out authenie lecord, however, it is impossible to determine when 01 by whom this ancient tabernacle was built. In the olden time a lord of a castle might erect and endow, with or without the rights of the mother cliureh, an independent chapel at or near his residence, and it is possible that these ruins are the remains of of such an edifice. Were we able to trace its history, probably moie than 1^00 years have passed away since the inhabitants ol' Pattiesmuir and Limekilns, then unnamed, began to worship within its walls. Whether wave after revolutionary wave [Kissing over the country destroyed it, or ii was allowed to crumble down from 170

uncared-for decay, there is no rune to whisper. The ruins, however, of its ivy-clad and now iron-clasped gable and grass-topped walls reflect an appearance •which is not yet entirely faded away, When the churchyard became over-peopled with its dead, the grandfather of the present Earl of Elgin, in 1812, gifted to the inhabitants of Limekilns and Charles- town and their posterity the piece of ground forming the southern portion, and, in 1827, that on the northern side. A monument erected in the centre therof records the gratitude of the people for the gift. .The present Earl has also gifted a further piece of ground, thus giving greater room for further interments. About 290 yards north-west from the chapel was the manse or church-house. It was surrounded by trees, which, after the building itself had disappeared, long .marked the spot where it stood. This house was erected on the east side of the pathway named Win- lawheads. Why the road received this name we have not been able to determine. This p.ith leads up to and crosses the Kerry highway "" to

THIi HAMLHT OF PATHHSMUIR. This hamlet is probably as aneieiit as Limekilns, and lor long held a first place in the district. It seems to have been at an early pern id a centre of agricultural prosperity, and, latterly, when- a considerable weaving industry was earned on. The village has also the reputation of having been .1 home of the gipsies. They are reputed to have had a palace here, •to which the tribes from near and far repaired to pay homage when the nomad sovereigns were being .crowned. The many gipsy squads that were wont, long after ami up to the present century, to collect and pitch their tents in close proximity to the village furnish grounds for this allegation. Down and along this Winlawhead road, and past the minister's house, the people from this ancient village came to church, and carried their dead, and during those changing times they would probably have to leave gifts for the repose of the souls of loved ones taken hence. Names of more than ordinary interest are associated with the seaport. George Thomson, the correspondent of Burns, first saw the light in Limekilns where his father was teacher. A descendent of Thomson's, it may be mentioned, became the wife of the celebrated novelist, Charles Dickens. On the old Capernaum pier young Pollock was wont to sit and muse. Over the health-restoring sen braes that lie east ot the village he often strolled whik- composing his great poem, "The Course of Time." It was on this pier, too, that Sir, thru Master Noel I'altin would sit sketching ship and mtisi, IMIIUII .HUI sail, .unl rising. In this harbour, also, he lcarni-d In scull and row a boat, and which tuition in alter life proved to lie, when his own and the lives of others were in jeopardy, not the least valuable of the great artist's many accomplishments. Among others associated with Limekilns may be mentioned the grand- lather ol tin- late 1 >r l.v Henderson, • who was a lc-.ideul, and who evinced great interest in its affairs. The Docitir himself, when writing his " Annals of Dun- fennlinc," lived lor some time in the village, and often ruminated over its braes and "daundered," as he expressed it, along the seashore. The parents also of the well known surgeon, Or Dewar, were connected with the village, and Mr Joseph Niel Paton, Dunfermline's eminent designer, was wont to pay frequent visits to the village by the shore. 172

THE VILLAGE OP CHARLESTOWN. The Origin of the Name.

It was during the reign of Charles I. that the Earl of Elgin was conferred on Thomas, Lord Bruce of Kinloch, and it was from Charles, the 5th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, that Charlestown derived its name. This nobleman was horn in 1732. In 1740 he succeeded his father to the Earldom of Kincardine, and in 1747 his kinsman, the Earl of Elgin and Aylcsbury in his Scottish titles, and was thenceforward styled Karl of Klj»in and Kincardine. His Lordship resided on the estate of Hroomhall, and was a nobleman distinguished by tlie* goodness of his heart, his amiable manner, and other virtues. He died in 1771, aged 39 years, and was greatly mourned throughout the district. On an old map, which I)r K. Henderson supposes to be dated 1620, the site where the village stands is named Whalebank. The name was probably derived from one or more whales, which occasionally visit the estuary, having been stranded on its shore. A little to the north west of this, it is named on the map Tourner's Hill, probably taken from the name "I some local resident. Several of the houses exist in;; Inn:; prior to the creation of Charlestown, still remain. These are named Courthill, Ironmill, Koothiesinill. Waulkmill, and Midmill. The former is near to the iron foundry. In its neighbourhood is what the natives call the Bore Well. This is a boring that was made when searching for minerals. in the early part of the century it was, probably is still, supposed by many to possess medicinal properties, ami numbers were wont 173 to resort thither and drink of its somewhat unpalatable water. The name Ironmill is probably taken from a large water wheel that was driven by the running Lyne past this place in its passage to the Forth. This wheel set iti motion a great hammer which was used

The Situation of the Village. Charlestown is situated about half a mile west of Limekilns at an elevation of fully 60 feet above sea level. It consists of an oblong square closely built on three sides wiili buildings of the same size, having a short double row of houses towards its east end. Kaeh house has a small piece of garden ground, and in the open hall of the village to the west is a large enclosed bleaching green, which is occasionally the scene of much jubilation during festive seasons. The whole village has a clean, modern, and picturesque appearance. Indeed, the situation of Charlestown is not without spectacular beauty. Among several pretty views may he mentioned that from the west end of Double Row eastward. This is a bit of scenery greatly c to be admired. A school, under the Dunfermline Parish School Hoard, has been erected in the village, and there is a post office with telegraphic communication. We must now notice an object of considerable interest that adds not a little beauty—especially when viewed from mid-Forth — to the landscape that incompasses the Elgin domain, the Gellet Rock. Higher than the 174 tall trees that surround it with a history running back into the centuries, the rock is left there to memorise the highest point of the great strata of limestone which has been worked out all round it. On this eminence, a large flag staff has been erected. From its top, on festive occasions, flags blow out gratulation, and half-mast high flutteringly wail the sorrows within the ancestral home of the Bruce. Standing on its summit, at an elevation of probably 1S0 feet from the sea, and looking Forthwards, Dunfermline and Inverkeithing lie to the left, and running out of the bottom of the hills is seen the Forth Bridge linking northern and southern lands into the world's highway. As you gaze over and along the the gliding river, landscape and seascape present bewililering beauties. Towns and villages encircle its bosom - South Qucensfeny, Ilopeioim, llridgencss, Blackness, with castle still solid, gloomy, and grim, Borrowslowness, (irangenioiith, up to Long Annet Point decorate its southern and western shores. In the distance Arthur's Scat ami tin• I'cutland Hills, and far away, west and north, Km Itill. I'm Lomond, Demyat, the Oehil range, and IIill ol Heath form an enchanting background to a p»ic t u i e1«.- thai makes the Forth, from this standpoint, seem an inland lake shut in by the Ferry Hills, on Ihe bosom of which sail to and fro ships of all nations varying in size form and rig, which render:, t HE who!1.- scene irresistibly fascinating. In commemoration ol Mueen Victoria's Jubilee a commodious building whu h has been named the Queen's Hall was erected by Lady Louisa Hruce, sister of the present earl, and her mother, and gitted by them to the inhabitants of Limekilns and Charles- town. The building is capable of accommodating 300 persons. It is divided by partitions. A portion of the building is used as a reading-room, and there are other apartments where games, &c, can be enjoyed. There is in connection with the hall a well selected library, a part of which is made up of that belonging the sister village. There is also a finely laid out bowling green in close proximity. Prom a small beginning the village at one time numbered 891 inhabitants The population is now probably 550. The Lime Works. The increasing demand for lime and coal from the Elgin works rendered it necessary that greater and less fettered facilities than could well be obtained at Lime- kilns should he had for exportation. The number of workmen, too, connected with Broomhall at that time, about. 400, made it important that greater house accommodation should In- given, consequently about the year 1756, Charles, the fifth Knrl of Elgin, already referred to, bq,',an to build 100 houses for his workmen, and to fashion and extend the harbour. Probably long before this Marl succeeded to the title the limestone quarries were in operation. It may be said, however, that he opened up more fully and extended them. He erected ]aij,;e kilns worth examining — facing the harbour, whence the famous lime was drawn. The exportation of this lime which is still going on and sent to all parts of the country by rail, created what for over a century was called the Tay-water and Moray Mirth trades, carried on by the ships of Limekilns. The properties of this mineral being so well adapted to resist the action of sea water, it became famous for dock and pier construction. The docks of Dundee and other places were built with it. Its I76 land fertilizing qualities, too, were much esteemed, and for long a preference was given to it by many over the Northumbrian produce, then much valued by northern and western lairds. The shipment of coal and lime which so long had held the field, and was wont to create so much stir at the old piers of Limekilns and Capernaum, were, with nearly all their belongings, diverted to the new, where an extensive railway system was set in motion, Large waggons, in lieu of the narrow gauged hutch, brought the minerals to the near approaches of the harbour, and were for long run down to the ships by ropes and gins. This harbour for over a century was one of the largest and most active harbours for coal and lime exportation on the shores of the Forth, and at different periods it was greatly extended. In r86o the harbour and railway was taken over by the West of Kife Railway Company, which was, I wo years later, almalgamaled with, and Conns part of, the North British Railway system, under whose inanai'c- ment it now is. ll only remains to add that where the famous limestone and lime were continually and so largely shipped in numerous ships, the < 'harleslown and Dunfenulinc Railway is laid and in active operation, over which the wayfarer now heedlessly travels, unmindful and probably ignorant of the Mining Charles- town harbour days that were. A limited liability company was recently formed in connection with the Lime Works, and a great amount of enterprise is being brought to bear on the work. BROOMKALL HOUSE 177

LORD ELGIN, K.G., AND HIS ANCESTRAL HOME.

BY AND- S. CUNNINGHAM. HOMAS, the seventh Earl of Elgin, and eleventh T of Kincardine, was the famous diplomatist who secured the " Elgin Marbles " while acting as Ambassa- dor-Extraordinary in Turkey. By his second marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of James Townsend Oswald of Dunnikier, he had a son, James, who succeeded him in 1841 Shortly after he succeeded to the title, he was appointed Governor-General of Jamaica. Lord Elgin filled the post with great distinction for four years, and on his return he was appointed Governor- General of Canada, lie was Ambassador to China in 1850 and i860, Postmaster-General in 1859, and Governor-General of India in 1860-63. He died in India in 18(13. Hc was succeeded in the title by his eldest son, Victor Alexander Bruce, the present Earl of Elgin, l.onl Elgin was born in Canada in May 1849. He received his early education at Glenalmond and Eton, and afterwards studied at Oxford, where he took his M.A. degree. From an early age Lord Elgin took a great interest in Fife County matters. In 1870 he was appointed Deputy-Lieutenant of the County, and on the death of Sir Robert Anstruther in 1886 he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant, which post he still holds. He was for many years Chairman of Dunfermline Parish School Hoard, and was the first Chairman of the Fife County Council. He is an Ensign-General of the Royal Company of Archers, and from 1882 to 1889 he was one of Her Majesty's Commissioners i , l' under the Scottish Educational Endowments Act and the Scottish University Act. St. Andrews University •I. ' ' conferred the degree of I.L.I). upon him in 1885, and ','•}, the following year he was Treasurer of Her Majesty's 1. Household, and for a short time First Commissioner of I ',', Works and Public Buildings, besides being a Privy Councillor. In 1893 Lord Elgin was offered the post I : of Viceroy of India. For family ami other reasons he i , declined to accept the post, but was ultimately per- ' suaded into acceptance by his friend and near neigh- l bour, Lord Rosebery. On his departure for India, i1 :. Lord Elgin was presented with the freedom of the I cities of Edinburgh and Dunlennline Lord Elgin ' returned from India in February 181 >l the Karl of Southesk, and has six sons and five (laughters by the marriage—the youngest of whom, the Hon. Victor, was born in India in 1897. His lordship's brother, the lion. Robert I'rcston Bruce, was member of Parliament for Fifeshirc from 1880 to 18X6, and for the Western Division of Fife from 18S6 to iS8(j. Mr Iiruce died in 1893, and his mother, Lady Mary Lmisia Lambion, a daughter of Lord Durham, died at liroomhall in 1898. In the same year, his Lordship's eldest daughter, Lady Elizabeth Mary, t8o •

married Mr Henry Babington Smith, C.S. I., his L ordship's private secretary, during his viceregal reign in India. Broomhall, the Fife seat of the Earl of Elgin, is prettily situated on the rocks which overhang the eastern part of the village of Limekilns. The mansion is a comparatively modern one, only dating hack to an early stage of the present century. The grounds surrounding the house are nicely laid out, and Lord Elgin takes a special pride in preserving the fine old beeches and other trees which were planted by his ancestors. A commanding view of the Forth is obtained from the house and grounds. Inside the i . , • house there are many treasures which are of more than , '»' ordinary interest to the antiquarian. Among the historic relics are a two-handed sword and a helmet. The sword measures 5 feet 1 inch, the blade alone being 3 feet 7J4 inches long. The sword and helmet were at one time preserved in ('lackmannan Tower as having belonged lo King Robert the Bruce, by whose successor- David II.- the Tower and the manor and other lands wen- granted, in 1359, to Robert de Billys, ancestor of the 1truces. Tradition tells us that Robert the Bm

FROM A PHOTO BY ELLIOT * FRY, •r1 H1 181 I the Earl is by Boehn, and the Countess by Mrs D. O. Hill. Among other items of interest are the following:—A pair of very handsome bronze storks, mounted on elaborately-carved pedestals, which belonged to the late Emperor of China, and which formed part ' \ of the "loot" from the Summer Palace; a gilt table, in the top of which is inserted an artistically-painted ' • } China plate, a presentation by the then King of Prussia on the occasion of the christening of the Hon. Frederick Bruce, son of Thomas, Earl of Elgin; a bust of the late General Bruce, who was tutor to the Prince of Wales; a clock, presented by the Queen to Lord Elgin on his marriage; a finely-carved walnut mantel- t piece in the dining-room, made from the bed of Queen Anne, wife of James VI. of Scotland, who lived in the |H Palace of Dunfermline. Among the pictures there are 41 many well-known works of art, and some of them «|| represent scenes of historical interest. Among the <§' finest works are examples of Velasquez, Raphael, .|' Leonardo Da Vinci, Correggio, Ostade, Teniers, Rem- '|, «| brandt, Andrea del Sarto, Murillo, Salvator Ross, i'' Vernet, Cigoli. In the entrance hall there are to be .|| \ seen examples of Greek sculpture work collected and ^j j brought home at the same time as the Elgin Marbles. Lord Elgin has brought back from India many mementos of his five years' Viceroyalty, which will doubtless find a place among the family heirlooms. Photographic \?

• OF

SOUVENIRS OF THE CITY

pother oj Cfear\ and ^

IN GUEA'L' VAKIHTY.

• • AT CLARK «T .SONS, HIGH STREET •:.«:;-

DUNFERMLINE. THE BURGH ARMS HOTEL AND POSTING ESTABLISHMENT

INVERKEITH ING.

ESTABLISHED OVER 100 YEARS,

This is the Principal and Largest Hotel in the Town. LARGE COMMERCIAL AND BILLIARD ROOM. Every Convenience for Family or Commercials.

SITUATED IN THE CENTRE OF HIGH STREET.

PROPRIETOR, JAMES SIM

•— THE QUEEN'S HOTEL, —• INVEREITHING. * * # "/GJOURISTS and COMMERCIAL MEN will find every accommodation at the above HOTEL, which is situated in CHURCH STREET, and is the nearest Hotel to the Railway Station. The Dining Saloons, Hedrooms, &c, are elegantly Furnished, and atv all well adapted to secure the comfort of Visitors.

There is a splendid Billiaid Table, with Latest Improve- ments, on tiie Premises.

. _• in all its liranches, including Close and Open

CHARGES EXTREMELY MODERATE. JOHN M'LEAN, Proprietor. MISSES CAMPBELL always in Stock a Large, Rich, and Varied Assortment of SOUVENIRS of INVERKEITH- ING, with PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS in Whitewood, Ivory, Bone, Crystal, Jet, &o.

Scrap and Mounted Photos of Town and District.

Special Attractions in IIIUTIIIIAV CAUHS and SKAKON-

AIII.K PKKKKNTS, \T.

An Excellent Selection ul Si A I K >NKK\ .

Hun,its, HYMNAKIKS, HiKTiinAN :iml 'li'Xi IUHIKS,

Al.lilTMS, GRATK ()RNAMKNTS, I'I )( K I I'.I'( IKS, l'lM

,(-,( OIROUL.ATING LIBRARY. ;. .

MISSES CAMPBELL. Bool!, Stationery «S jfancv c^oo?s I'Glnrebouse, •-I- HIGH STK I-:i;.T. -i > .(SX INVERKEITHING. WILLIAM HORNE, Boot and Shoemaker, TO WNHA LL STREET, INVERKEITHING.

-/s>C ESTABLISHED 178O s ALEXANDER ARNOT, jfamflj? <5rocer, Wine /iDercbant & -Jronmonger, INVERKEITHING.

Qrders called for and delivered hf van in (^ruicknesa, and f^orth (^ueensferry.

r- * •(•

Up-to-date List of Furnished Houses and Apartments for the District.

ROBERT TELFORD'S ©capeiry, Clofbing., And Owtfitftog; •:••'• HIGH STREET -i^ ^•A INVERKEITHING. ESTABLISHED 1865. TELEGRAMS—WATSON, INVERKEITHINQ. J. WATSON, Blender of Scotch Whiskies, Wine Merchant, Grocer, and Cycle Agent.

Specialty—Very Old Whisky, "(lien Keith."

The Whisky for the World--17/ per Gallon in Jar or Cask. 36/ per dozen Bottles. Carriage paid to any Railway Station in Great Britain in quantities of 2 Gallons or 1 doz. Bottles and upwards; Sample Bottle 3/, Postage od. I'm up in 2, 4 and 6 Gallon Jars, and in Casks 10, 12 or 15 Gallons and upwards. "Oien Keith" is a line mellow old whisky, and is very highly commended by tin- medical laculty. Ajjent for Melrose's Teas.

Agent lor llie lolluwin;', < VLRBIAIC* 1 ( 'yrlcs — I lumber, Swills, Royal Knlirltl, New Ihul-.nn, ROSS leighs. Speedwells, \'c

lumbers and Knlields hom ^,10 tos, be m time, large demand.

Have you seen the Roval Knlield ai, /, 1-• 12s, best value going.

Machines ott Hire, Moi/ernle (.'•;,:t:,ys. /-'",K'' Xf<'

List of I''urnislied Houses kcpl, ;i|ipli

Whiskies, "Scotland's Best."

Porters 4' Ales, "The Real Maoha,y."

TEAS, LZTNCHEONS, LOW PRICES. + _+_ HIGH QUALITY AND -<-_ PROMPT ATTENTION.

ANDREW BUTTON

y grocer ^ ~\$ine £ ^pirit ff^erc^ant

raper, Ironmonger ^(

LARGE STOCK OF BOOTS AND SHOES.

STATIONERY & NEWSAGENCY BUSINESS

CHEMISTS' SUNDRIES. &C. KEPT.

- -HM-e—

NORTH QUEENSFERRY.

List of Houses to Let. Enquirers please state Requirements All II IF Family Grocer and Wine Merchant,

Iftitcjieft'6 Jie6taurant3

AND -Ds- Wefre4/iment Tiocmd, LIMEKILNS (Opposite the Post Office).

BREAKFASTS, LUNCHEONS, DINNERS, TEAS, &c.

Parties visiting Limekilns should make this their rendezvous. * * * ,vi•••;: CHARGES STRICTLY MODERATE. Kek. ROBERT PURVIS, Bvcab ant) Biscuit Bahcr, -^- LIMEKILNS. ELGIN H OT EL, CHARLESTOWN, FIFE.

' Sitaated above Harbour. Five Minutes' walk from Station. II J.

M. GLANCEY, s/sX OLOTH/ER, KEX. 114 HIGH STREET, DUNPERMLINE.

TENNIS SUITS, CRICKETING SUITS, CYCLING SUITS, GOLFING SUITS.

BREECHES MAKER, LIVERIES, &c EVENING DRESS A SPECIALTY.

-Be Wiet.y It-outfc, •:*:> 15 BRIDGE STREET, DUNFERMLINE.

TF you want something nice for :i prirM-nl In tukc Immr, comu and have A look at the fxl uml i/ Views, K.uiry China Nick-Naclcs, all kinds. The largest and IH-M -clrrli.m of I'"ancy Goods in the City. All kinds ol IMKIIIH-I ILinhwm-, Cutlery, Baskets, &c. Jlotepaper of To-day.

CREAM WOYE, Bough & Smooth.

AZURE WOVE, Rough. In aJl the Fashionable Sizes

One Shilling Per Box of 120 Sheets. -^ Envelopes to Match One Shilling Per Box of 100.

OF ALL STATIONERS OR WHOLESALE FROM

WM. RITCHIE & SONS, ELDER ST., EDINBURGH.

J. G. COWNI E, 39 SOUTH BRIDGE, EDINBURGH, ONE STAIR UP.

TWEED SUITS from .... 52/- to 75/- DRKSS SUITS ,, .... 65/- to 85/- TROUSERS ,, .... 15/- to 25/- TAILOR-MADE LADIES' COSTUMES from 35/- to 65/-

AH Clothes made up in best style. 5 per cent. Discount for Cash. THE BOONS AND BLESSINGS. " They oome as a boon und a blessing to men, The Plokwlok, the Owl, and the Waverley Pan."— Otwm «mw. " They we a treasnte." —Standard. THE JOWL)— THE""~~-V "Ta« Patentees 4e- jp|CKWCf<-lcrgmn>vVAVERLEy / ««r« a National I r_ .™_^\ -M um V « r f Menjorial ftr their Excullont Inven- tions." — Dover Ex- prem. REOOMMENDED BY 3,007 NEWSPAPERS. X3\»

Go A/VO la pen Box. MACNIVEN & CAMERON, Ltd., WAYERLEY WORKS, EDINBURGH.

D &ILMOUR, - pbarmaceuttcal (Ibctnlst an& Sccbsman, -^• 40 BRIDGE STREET. -. :- -toX DUNFERMLINE. TELEPHONE 721. Sabbath Hours: 10 till 11 a.m., 12.30 till 2, 6 till 0.30 p.m.

Physicians' Prescriptions and Family RooipoB accurately prepared from Purest Drugs and Chemicals only.

HOUSE : HAZELBANK, GRIEVE STREET, X.K.

v^rx WHERE MEDIOINES OAN UC HAD IN OASTU OF SMCRQENOV DANIELTHOMSON,

Watchmaker and Jeweller,

131 tiiglj gtrfeet.

ALL KINDS OF REPAIRS IN

Watches, Clocks and Jewellery

CAREFULLY EXECUTED.

JOHN GOODALL, CARRIAGE HIRER, &c, QUEEN ANNE STREET, DUNFERMLINE.

The Largest POSTING ESTABLISHMENT in the City.

CAKRIM.;KS, WAUGONIITTKS, OMNIBUSES, &C, ON HIRE. CAREFUL DRIVERS.

NOTE THE ADDRESS— QUEEN ANNE STREET (NKAR QUKKN ANNE CHURCH). OF SMART APPEARANCE, SOUND MATERIAL, AND MODERATE PRICE, THAT win. PLEASE YOUR EYE, SUIT YOUR PURSU, AND m THE ENVY OF ALL YOUR FRIENDS,

Then we ask you to call at

Qqtzitahle

45 HIGH ST.,

They make you Welcome, Invite you to Inspoct their Stock, Show with ploiisuro their I'M ;'J J&51,, & H'f A i % M.

AND DON'T PRESS ANYONE TO BUY.

* K * MAKE THIS YOUR FIRST OALL. COMPLETE OUTFITTING ESTABLISHMENT,

Drapery, Dressmaking, Millinery and Mantlemaking.

Clothing, Tailoring, Liveries and Shirtmaking.

Glover, Hosier and Hatter.

29 to 3S HIGH STREET, DUNFERMLINE.

Dunfermline and Neighbourhood.

•4- 32 ~X?iews in Qave\f ^phots-reproduction—2s 6d

DUNFERMLINE ALBUMS

14 Views daintily hound in Art Canvas—is.

||cttiip6efl's j|ouvcmr W$ ,1 1 Chalmers Street, MUNVKRMI.1NE. Zhe Ctt\> Hrms posting HBatablisbmcnt, DUNFERMLINE.

"/^TOURISTS and Commercial Gentlemen will find themselves ^ admirably suited at the above Posting Establishment, which is situated in Bridge Street, in connection with the City Arms Hotel. Close and Open Carriages, Waggonettes, digs, Dogcarts, Job and Post Horses; Steady and Careful Drivers Special Arrangements for Excursion Parties. JAMES COVENTRY, 1'ROI'RIKTOR R. FIELDEN, Watchmaker and -Jewellev, 85 HIGH STREET, DUNFERMLINE (OPPOSITE BRITISH LIM-N COMPANV HANK).

A l.ARGK STOCK OK Watches and Jewellery of nvory Pnsoription to ohooso from. W. & J. M'Laren & Co., Wholesale and Rat/til Cash Drapers, 26, 28, and 30 Bridge Street, Dunfermline,

R always on bund :i Clioire Srlrclinn of Ladies' l'.I.ACK

and COLOURED DRESS CuiiDS. MANTLES, JACKETS, Vl''.IiVI':'l'l'',ENS, SILKS, I M .u V KS, SHIRTS, STAYS, RlliliONS, LACES, I'M UKI:i.1.AS, HATS, KLOWERS, EK.ATIIERS, CAl'KS, UL. A N UK T S, r'LANNELS,

COTTONS, SllEETlNCS, nl'll.TN fnVERS. TAULIO LINEN, HEARTH RUCS, &c. A!-.., ., ,.!,,- A•.snrlmem of Men's, Ynutlis' and Id.ys' KK UiY-MAI'I•: rioTlllNC, SCARES, TIES, CLOVES, HATS, (ATS. SIIIUTS I'.RACES,

COLLARS, KRONTS, MVKKI.ERS. ,\<. II,, w h,,l,- ,,| wlarh will 1)0 fmmil umsl Kxri'i'lionul X'.ilin- GOLF CLUBS!!! GOLF BAGS!!! GOLF BALLS!!!

Agents for D. M. Patrick; Lundin Links. SUPERIOR CLUBS. KAY & SAMPSON, D TJNFERMLINE. JAMES FERRIER, | MUSICSELLER, \ 105 HIGH STREET, DUNFERMLINE. .,

i PIANOS • • - from 17 Guineas. j ORGANS - from 6 Guineas.

Musical Instruments Tuned and Repaired

COUNTRY ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO

, -b A. J 0II .A' S A V MB E U S, K&~ (ESTABLISHED 1812)

CONFECTIONER I TI HIGH STREET AND 1 ~ -J: VICTORIA RESTAURANT ''" UPPER STATION ROAD,

I ...DUNFERMUNE.

LUNCHEON, DINING AND TEA ROOMS.

. • .< OIIDERS DY TRAIN OR 'BUS PUNCTUALLY ATTENDED TO. BOOT MAKING TO MEASURE. Ladies' Gent's and Children's Hoots OF EVERY DESCRIPTION MADE TO MJASURF.

The most approved system of Measurements, combined with long practical experience, ensures Perfect Fitting, Ease and Com- fort in Walking. No cheap inferior material used, nor cheap labour employed. My great aim in Bootmaldng being Flexibility, Durability, and Lightness, which can only be attained by combining the very Best Materials with a High Standard of Workmanship, and adopting the Best Principles of Modelling according to the requirements of the foot. All our Hand Sewn Boots and Shoes to Measure ARE cut, made, and finished on the Premises under my Personal Supervision, and by Thoroughly Competent and Skilled Workmen. Splendid Variety of Boots & Shoes of avery description always on hand.

Practical Bootmaker, D,8 HIGH STREET, DUKFtRMLINE.

TFLEPHONE NO, 778.

~\yarehousGmei| <>;" ~\vm(! tf^rcha

~;+ 18 BATH STKEET. -I :-

UNl-ERMUNE.

finest Qualil/ oj (^oml:) only kr;il ir| ('^locl^ i\

current fl^.-irkul '•prioo« uori:;i.-.|i:nl nilii rjualily'.

..< ORDEHS CALLED FOH WHEN HEQUEHTED ), ... VISIT

¥ea, *§rocery, If Aion offered, ,T

MAKK A TRIAL PURCHASE OF A GENERAL ORDER AND YOU WILL FIND A Saving of i/- to 2/6 in the £

IS AFFECTED BY DEALING AT THIS ESTABLISHMENT.

FIRST-CLASS SERVICE. HIGH-CLASS GOODS AT KEEN PRICES. ORDERS PROMPTLY DELIVERED.

Delivery of Goods by our own Van

INVERKRITHING & NORTH QUEENSFKRRY, every Friday.

15 ROOM HALL, CHARLESTOWN, LlNfEKILNS, PATTIESMUIR, ROSYTH & MASTEUTOWN, every alternate Wednesday. BAKER & CONFECTIONER. 91 HIGH STREET, PUNFERMUNE.

VANS GO— COWDENBRATH. MONDAY, WKDNK.S- UAY, and FRIDAY.

INVERKEITHING. TIIKSLAY. TIIUKS DAY, and SATURDAY.

WKLLWOOI), CASK X- T<>\YN1111,1.. ••- MONDAY ;IIU! IVRSI'AN.

CARNOCK, 'I'OKkVIUi kN. \- CkoSS- I'()R1). TllKSDAY illld I'KIDAY.

SALINJ1^.— Wr:nNi';sD.\Y and SATURDAY.

IJMIvKIl.NS & CHARM'ST< >\VN. WKDNKSDAY and SA'I'UKDAY.

Sole Maker in Dunfcrinline of itcrnmline Bread. FACTA NON VERBA.

Whiskies—From 1885. Standard Whisky—Bruce &. Glen's "Glenlivet." Brandies—From 1875, Malt Liquors. Liqueurs. /Crated Waters—Belfast, Edinburgh, local, &c Teas. Fruits—Dessert and Culinary. Jellies—Dessert and Invalids. Spices—Genuine and Freshly Ground. Indian Chutneys—Original packages. Champagnes. Clarets. Fine Provisions. Biscuits—Greatest variety.

BRUCE & GLEN, Importers of Wines & Brandies, DUNFERMLINE.

Business Premises Bonded Warehouse Queen Anne Street'. Carnegie Street

TELEPHONE 717. T H E HAT SHO P !^

The Newest & most Fanhionaliln ShapoH in SATIN and FELT HATS, Exclusive Designs in QENT.'S TWEED CAPS. All Sizes and SbapeB in C0L1AES, FEOMTS and CWFS. GEKT.'S HOSIBEY. &a., all Hakna. DENT.'S GLOVES.

THOMAS A. ROBERTSON, 99 HIGH STREET, DUNFERMLINE

ESTABLISHED 18SI4*

DAVID BLELLOCH, IKfltne /IDevcbant an& WHIMsRs BIcnbcr, 14, 16, 18, and 20 MAYGATE, : DUNFERMLINE. +-:-

SOLE PROPRIETOR OF

Ti t iI I I I I < :IIAM*.. Hirilucii. D llNI I IIMLINI '

I.,.C HAIRORESSSR AND TOBACOON/ST. ),„>

h'iisl Chi--'. I ,AM I' . ' .imI (IFNI '•, SAI.IINN'S liii.-.l wiih i-v.-iy < M- "I' in Iiii| i < <\ i'iii>'li!. I.AKII-S IIA1K CiiMlilM.S MAIH I'v IN I III- NKWFM ASH MII,'.I IMI'HI 'VK.H SI VI r. The Tea of the Century.

IN THE TERRIFIC RACK OF MODERN COMPETITION OUR Pure Indian 2/- Tea

Still stands an easy first, and we hold a 25 years' record against all competitors for Purity and Strength in Teas.

Our other Prices—1/8, 1/10, 2/2, 2/6.

The following places are msited fortnightly by our van as lolhnvs :— livery -Second TIUJRSDAV. ANNKIliU), MASTER- TON, INVERKEITHING, ST. DAVIDS, JAMESTOWN, HIM,END, and NORTH QUEENS KERRY.

K Every Second SATUKI>AV.— -( 'ROSS OR >, KUTHIES- MII.I,, WAUGIIMIU,, CIIARUiSTOWN, I.IMKKII.NS, IIII.'I'ON, 1'AT'I'IESMUIR, ROSVI'lI IIOLJSIiS, and GRANGE.

London & Newcastle Tea Co., 7 HIGH STREET Dunfermline. JOHN RUSSELL, Silk Mercer, Dress and Mantle Maker, 5 & 9 Bridge Street, Dunfermline.

ALWAYS ON HAND A FULL RANGE OF 3)i/nfermfme

AT WHOLESALE PRICES >,i\.

COMI'KISINO

TABLE CLOTHS, all Sizes; TEA CLOTHS, TRAY CLOTHS NAPKINS, TOWELS, DOYLIES, SIDEBOARD CLOTHS, &o.

A I,SO

A Choice Varioty of OPEN WORK LINEN, LACE am' LINEN, EMBROIDERED LINEN, and SILK (I0O0H /or Tabla Ihwonitian.

i«, •

SOLE AGENT V FDR IN 1)11 JAEGER'S DUNFEKMLINE v| iiANIIARY AND DISTRICT %' 4" WUULLtN CUOUS.

5 & 9 BRIDGE STREET, I )UN !• ICKM S.IN !•: DUNFERMLINE. •&-

"JFGFOR many years the Principal Hotel in the city; the ROYAL is also the most popular, not only with Residents, but with Commercial Gentlemen and Tourists.

The Hotel has recently undergone extensive alterations and additions. The Milliard-Room is thoroughly equipped, and excellent ventilaling arrangements have been introduced.

There is a spacious and well-furnished Hall, suitable for Kxeursion or Private livening Parties. The Accommodation otherwise is up to date, and a leuuirc ot the Kstablishment is Prompt and Careful Service- under Personal Supervision.

> /'•'..yfrits/:•(' /\ s/uig F-slitblishnifnt coinii'tii'd.

'BUS ATTENDS ALL TRAINS.

GEORGE INGLIS, Proprietor. li li IIINI Nu Vl\',. PHOTOGRAPHIC.

Photographic Ilford. Imperial. Photographic Plates Cadet. Plates (ALL SPEEDS.) Paget. (ALL SPEEDS). 11 ford. Photographic \ Paget. Photographic Solio. Papers. I Gravura. Papers. Yelox. Photographic J Hand. \ Photographic Cameras. { Stand. \Photogr and . j Cameras, Photographic f fPramea- ) Photographic Developing Tray«. Requirements. [ Lamps, &c, yw. J Requirements. Photographic Hypo.Pyro. I Photographic Chemicals. Gold. Chemicals. Sodii, &o. Photographic g Baths. | Photographic Developinf,! Baths. , Solutions. lopinf,! Baths. I Solutions

Dark Room for the use of Amatours on the Promises.

Photographic Chemist, 56 HIGH STREET, DUNFERMLINE. TtiE T DUNFERMLI RLE JOURMAL+ +

PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.

..Of..

. . AMD . . List of JVames of Visitors during the Summer and Autumn Months.

AGENTS INVKRKEITHING - Miss CAMPBELL. NORTH QUKKNSFKRRY - A. HUTTON. CHARLESTOWN - MRS REID. LIMEKILNS - Miss STEELE. SINCLAIR'S Cooling FootJPgwder

Heals and Prevents Sweating and Firing of the Feet

DIRECTIONS FOR USE : —A little to he Dusted into Socks or Stockings in the Morning.

SIXPENCE A TIN.

PURITY, : ; re. T/mw Essentials ACCURACY * w in Compounding and A 5c I'hysiciitns' Pri scriptions. SKILL. ' All of these you ;;iM when \UII li.ive vmn work done by R. H. SINCLAIR, CHEM IS 1, 117 HIGH STREET, Dunfermiine.

Business HonrH. H a.m. till H p.m. Salui'dnyH, H a.m. till 10 p.m.; SmuliiyK, i> till 10 a.m.; 12.HO till 2 p.m.; 3 till ti.30 p.m. ; WiHineiultt.yN, H a.m. till 1 p.m., and 6 till 8 p.m. ESTABLISHED 1839. ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH LAW LIFE ASSURANCE ASSOCIATION. Subscribed Capital, £1,000,000 (£980,000 Uncalled), Total Funds, £2,871,068.

DIRECTORS IN EDINBURGH. , ANDREW BEATSON BELL, Esq., Advocate, Chairman. G. T. BALFQUR-KIHNEAR, Esq., FLETCHER NORTON MENZIKS, of Cross, W.S. Esq., of Menzies. CHARLES COOK, Esq., W.S. J. A. ROBERTSON, ESQ., C.A. .

SUPERIOR ACCOMMODATION

. CYCLISTS & GOLFERS

, DiNNBRS, TBAS, AND COMPORTABLB BEDROOMS,

COMMERCIAL ROOM for th« use of Commercial Gentlemen and Furnished with every Business Requisite.

tltST-CL'ISS tilUU.-llili TABLE.

~i=* AH Charges Strictly Moderate. •

JOHN QARDINER, Proprietor.