sign in sign up
<<
Home , Agaricus arvensis, Amanita caesarea, Armillaria mellea, Clitocybe, Coprinopsis atramentaria, Craterellus

CORNWALL CONSERVATION COMMISSION AND TRUST COMMON EDIBLES AND THEIR TOXIC LOOK-ALIKES 10/2/20 Zoom Presentation Names from Audubon Field Guide to N. Am. Fungi: Lincoff

Slide 1. Introduction Slides 2-4 “Gaylord’s test” There are no reliable animal models. 5. Calvatia (Langermannia) gigantea; One of Clyde Christianson’s “Fool-Proof” Four. 6. Calvatia craniiformis, edible look-alike: Myth: All puffballs are edible. 7. Scleroderma citrinum; “Poison Pigskin Puffball”toxic. 8-9. button Look-alike to small puffball. 10. Amanita caesarea; (hemibapha jacksonii, #4) Edible for experts 11. Amanita rubescens. Edible for experts. 12. var. formosa, var. guessowii,) toxic lookalike. 13. A .muscaria hillside. Unpredictable GABA toggle switch reactions. 14. A. bisporigera / virosa: DEADLY . “Eat no Amanita” 15. Lepiota naucina/Leucoagaricus naucinus: Edible Look-alike to Destroying Angel. 16-17 Basket of dirty Honey . 18. mellea complex DNA evidence: Edible only if well cooked, toxic otherwise. 19. () illudens Toxic look-like to Honey 20. C. illudens as look-alike to . 21. C. illudens phosphorescent low 22. Gymnopilus spectabilis; () Neurotoxic Look-alike to Honeys. Myth: All mushrooms on wood are edible. 23. Flammulina velutipes; “Winter Mushroom” popular edible 24. Enotake; cultivated form of F. velutipes 25. Pholiota veris (Kuehneromyces marginellus). LBM and look-alike to Flammulina 26. Galerina autumnalis / marginata DEADLY look-alike to Flammulina contains amatoxins 27. hygrophoroides. Myth: All Milk Mushrooms are edible. 28. L. hygrophoroides’ white sweet milk: Edible and Choice. 29. L. volemus: white sweet milk, brown stains, fishy smell: Edible and Choice. 30. L. volemus: Fishy odor disappears when cooked. 31. Panel: Three Lactarii with white astringent milk, all considered toxic. L. piperatus, deceptivus, subvellereus 32, 33. Lactarius vinaceorufescens: Yellow milk, Toxic look-alike to hygrophoroides. 34. “Lactarius deliciosus complex”: 25+sp red-orange milk. 35. campestris / bisporus/ porphyrocephalus: “meadow mushroom”,” pink bottom”, Edible variant of commercial mushroom. 36. "Agaricus arvensis" / fissuratus ‘Horse Mushroom” Myth: All pink bottoms are edible. 37. Agaricus placomyces: toxic look-alike to campestris 38. comatus “Shaggy Mane” “Edible “Fool Proof” No Fungi ID’s are Fool Proof 39. “Coprinus atramentarius” / atramentaria: Potentially Deadly look-alike to comatus. Alcohol-acetaldehyde pathway similar to /Antabuse. 40. Two “Inky Caps”, comatus and atramentarius side by side. 41. Clitocybe () clavipes: Toxic alcohol reaction. 42, 43. Tricholomopsis platyphyllum / Megacollybia rodmani Toxic to some. 44. , complex: ‘Edible’ in earlier texts, now considered Toxic. Text Errors. 45. Cortinarius armillatus: 1,000 species of Corts.in America: Only half described. Eat No Cortinarius: Orelanine --> nephrotic renal failure. 46. Pluteus cervinus: Deer Mushroom. Edible but ‘moldy’ Pink free gills →generally edible. 47. Entoloma sp. Pink attached gills → generally toxic. 48, 49. exception to rule, Edible: Armillaria/Entoloma aborted development 50. nuda / ‘Blewit” edible and choice 51. Hebeloma crustuliniforme “Poison Pie” Toxic look-alike to Blewit. 52. Lepista print > Pinkish Buff; Hebeloma > Rusty Brown. 53, 54. cibarius “Fool Proof” Edible and Choice. 55. floccosus/ floccosus variable, Toxic Look-alike to chanterelle. 56, aurantiaca: “non-poisonous” Lookalike to chanterelle. 57. Clitocybe illudens/ : Toxic look-alike to chanterelle. 57, 58, 59, 60. Lesson in color saturation of fugal images. 60. Cantharellus cinnabarinus Small edible. 61, 62. fallax/cornucopioides: Black Trumpets: Edible and Choice. 63. lactifluorum “ Mushroom” Edible/Choice if on /Lactarius 64. Hypomyces hyalinus: on Amanita! This “white lobster” is potentially deadly. 65, 66, 67, 68. . ostreatus: “Oyster Mushroom” “Fool Proof” 69. Pleurotus/ Pleurocybella porrigens: “Angel Wings” Potentially Deadly Oyster Look-alike. 70-74 “Tooth Mushroom” Spines point down → generally non-toxic. 70. Hericium erinaceus: “Satan’s Beard” “Pom-Pom” Hedgehog” Edible and Choice. 71.+ Hericium americanum / coralloides /ramosum". ‘Pom-Pom” Edible and Choice. 72. Dentinum (Hydnum) repandum “Sweet Tooth”: variable, edible and sometimes choice. Effect of substrate? 73. Hydnellum spongiosipes Inedible Look-alike of D. repandum. 74. Steccherinum Climacodon septentrionalis tough, inedible 75, 76. “Coral Mushrooms” Spines point up → Difficult to ID, Best to avoid. 75. Ramaria aurea: Ramaria sp. may contain organoarsenic compound homoarsenocholine. 76. Ramariopsis kunzei: Edible, but field ID identical to the deadly R. lentofragillis. 77. Morels: a ‘Fool-Proof” Edible, if well cooked; Toxic if not. Genetic complexities. 78. ‘esculenta’. “Blonde Morel” light ridges, diagnostic interior. 79. Gyromitra fastigiata /brunnea/korfii complex: Deadly Monomethyl Hydrazine MMH 80. Mixed Basket of morels and false morels. 81. edulis complex: Edible and Choice: Myth: All are edible. 82. complex: reticulation and pore color and stain. 83. Boletus huroniensis: very toxic, potentially deadly. Look-alike to B. edulis. 84. Boletus [Baorangia] bicolor (edible) and B. sensibilis (toxic to some) Look-alike complex w different pattern. 85. "Boletus [Neoboletus] subvelutipes" complex: Red tube mouth + blue stain →Toxic group 86. Leccinum Myth: all Leccinum are Edible. Avoid red/orange capped Leccinum. e.g. L. aurantiacum, L. atrostipitatum, L. insigni See https://leslieland.com/2009/07/wild- mushroom-warning-the-scaber-stalks-leccinum-species-may-no-longer-be-considered-safe/ 87.+ Polyporus/ Grifola frondosa “Hen of the Woods” Edible and Choice. Mid Sept. . 88. Polyporus giganteus/ Meripilus sumstinei: frondosus look-alike, bitter, tough non-poisonous 89. Polyporus/ Laetiporus sulphureus, (and cincinnatus) Sulphur Shelf, “Chicken’ mushroom. Myth: All Sulphur-shelves are edible Edible on Oaks. L. huroniensis on Hemlock toxic. 90. NAMA Poison Control Data: Many “Edible” species of mushrooms cause toxic reactions. 91. There are old Mycologists. There are Bold. Mycologists. There are no Old and Bold Mycologists. 92. On-line mushroom articles by Bill Bakaitis may be found at Leslieland.com, Fungikingdom.net, NAMA’s Mycophile and several newsletters of mycological organizations in the northeast.

September 2020, Bill Bakaitis THE RULES OF MYCOPHAGY There are old mushroom eaters, and there are bold mushroom eaters, but there are no old and bold ones!

Consider for a moment that there are thousands of species of fungi that fruit in any given area. Some may appear nowhere else in the world. Some are edible, some toxic, and some are so variable that they are at times edible and at other times toxic. Often there is no good way to differentiate between species without hours or days of long tedious chemical and microscopic work. Furthermore, the toxicity of mushrooms is unknown until they are actually eaten by fellow mushroom collectors. There are no good animal models.

Consider also that the edibility of mushrooms is often contingent upon the particular biology of the mushroom eater. Some mushrooms are edible to some but poison to others. And being like meat in composition, mushrooms are subject to rapid bacterial decay. While the heat of cooking will destroy some of the toxins, other toxins will survive, especially if the cook attempts a delicate presentation, such as a light sauté or stir-fry!

Consider further that some mushrooms, edible in themselves, contain substances that interact with other foods making them poison! Perhaps the most well-known interaction of this is the way certain mushrooms interact with alcohol. Alcohol consumed for up to a week or two after the meal cannot be fully metabolized and toxic metabolites accumulate in the body in amounts sufficient to cause extreme discomfort or death.

Mushrooms also differ with regard to the speed with which their toxins operate. Some go to work immediately, while others have reactions delayed by hours, days, weeks or months. In addition carcinogenic compounds which presumably would not show their true effect for years are known to be present in mushrooms, even in the common store-bought variety.

You can see then that the eating of wild mushrooms, however tasty and tempting this might be, is not accomplished without risk. Here then is a set of Rules for the Eating of Mushrooms that the prudent Mycophage might employ.

1. DO NOT EAT ANY MUSHROOM UNLESS YOU ARE 100% CERTAIN OF ITS IDENTITY AS A SAFE SPECIES. CHECK IT OUT IN RELIABLE TEXTS. 2. TEST YOUR OWN REACTION TO A MUSHROOM BY EATING ONLY A SMALL PORTION OF A SINGLE SPECIES AT A TIME. REPEATE A FEW DAYS LATER TO TEST FOR DEVELOPED ALLERGIC REACTIONS. 3. MAKE SURE THE MUSHROOM IS THOROUGHLY COOKED BEFORE YOU EAT IT. 4. DO NOT CONSUME ANY ALCOHOL WITH THE MEAL OR FOR A FEW DAYS AFTER. 5. KEEP A FEW UNCOOKED MYSHROOMS IN THE FRIDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION SHOULD A TOXIC REACTION DEVELOP.

NY STATE POISON CONTROL NETWORK 1 800 222-1222 BILL BAKAITIS 845 677-3185 Sumer 2020