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Sydney Harbour Background Report

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Sydney Harbour Background Report Sydney Harbour Background Report 2014 Report prepared for NSW Department of Primary Industries by the Sydney Harbour Research Program at the Sydney Institute of Marine Science April 2014 Sydney Institute of Marine Science ABN 84 117 222 063 Building 19, Chowder Bay Road Mosman, New South Wales, 2088 Sydney, Australia T: +61 2 9435 4600 F: +61 2 9969 8664 E: [email protected] harbourprogram.sims.org.au Document Control Version Status Date Author Reviewer 1 Draft March 2014 Dr Luke Hedge (Ecological Assets,Threats and Human Use) Prof. Emma Johnston Mr John Turnbull (Social Evaluation) Ms Caroline Hoisington (Economic Evaluation) Prof. Emma Johnston 2 Final Draft April 2014 Prof. Emma Johnston 3 Final April 2014 Dr Bob Creese, NSW DPI Dr Belinda Curley, NSW DPI NSW I & I (anonymous) NSW DPI RFU (anonymous) Transport for NSW (anonymous) University of Technology, Sydney (anonymous) Final Submitted Submitted June 4th 2014 Contents 1 Executive Summary 8 1.1 Agency acronyms and useful definitions . 11 2 Introduction 11 2.1 Context of this report . 11 2.2 Data compilation methods . 12 2.2.1 Synthesis of SIMS SoH Report (SHRP Review 2014) . 12 2.2.2 NSW Governement Agencies . 12 2.2.3 Synthesis of SIMS Report (Hedge et. al. Harbour Use Progress Report 2013) . 12 2.2.4 Data Availability . 12 2.2.5 Sydney Ports Coorporation . 13 2.3 Published Literature Overview . 13 3 Study Area Background 15 3.1 The City of Sydney . 15 3.2 Climate . 15 3.3 Sub-Catchments . 15 4 Estuary Characteristics 17 4.1 Bathymetry and Topology . 17 4.2 Hydrology and Circulation . 17 4.3 Flushing and Ocean Exchange . 18 5 Data on the distribution of ecological assets in Sydney Harbour 18 5.1 Sediment Systems . 18 5.1.1 Sediment `in-fauna' . 18 5.1.2 Sediment Microbiota . 19 5.2 Rocky Reef . 19 5.2.1 Rocky Reef algae . 20 5.2.2 Rocky Reef fauna . 21 5.3 Seagrass . 21 5.4 Pelagic Systems . 22 5.4.1 Pelagic Macrofauna . 22 5.4.2 Phytoplankton . 23 5.4.3 Zooplankton . 23 5.5 Fishes in Sydney Harbour . 23 5.6 Rocky Intertidal Foreshores . 25 5.7 Foreshore flora . 25 5.8 Foreshore fauna . 28 5.8.1 Avifauna . 28 5.8.2 Reptiles and amphibians . 29 5.9 Intertidal flora . 30 5.9.1 Mangrove . 30 5.9.2 Saltmarsh . 31 6 Distribution of threats, stressors, and `community use' in Sydney Harbour 32 6.1 Contamination . 32 6.1.1 Heavy metals . 32 6.1.2 Nutrients enrichment . 34 3 CONTENTS 6.1.3 Debris and microplastics . 36 6.1.4 Dioxin levels in fish in Sydney Harbour . 36 6.2 Dredging, infilling, land reclamation and artificial structures . 37 6.3 Non-indigenous species . 37 6.4 Fishing and Aquaculture . 39 6.5 Climate Change . 42 6.6 Distributions of other human activities in Sydney Harbour . 43 6.6.1 State, National and Local Government . 43 6.6.2 Unpowered on-water recreational usage . 43 6.6.3 Mooring, ramp, anchoring and other boating infrastructure . 44 6.6.4 Commercial shipping and ferries . 49 7 Synthesis of the current knowledge of the values held by the community regarding Sydney Harbour 51 7.0.5 Sources . 51 7.1 Stakeholders of the Harbour . 51 7.1.1 Organisational stakeholders . 52 7.1.2 Community Stakeholders . 52 7.1.3 Major community stakeholder groups in Sydney Harbour . 52 7.2 Values . 59 7.2.1 Social Values of Sydney Harbour . 61 7.3 Discussion and Gaps . 64 7.3.1 Maturity Model Extant Literature . 65 7.3.2 Social Values by Stakeholder . 65 8 Synthesis of economic benefit from various types of harbour use 67 8.1 Eight groups of economic values researched for Sydney Harbour . 67 8.2 Harbour Functions . 67 8.2.1 Sydney Ports . 67 8.2.2 NSW Roads and Maritime Services . 68 8.2.3 Military installations . 68 8.2.4 Harbour transport . 69 8.3 Tourism and Cruising industry . 70 8.3.1 Tourism . 70 8.3.2 Cruising Industry . 71 8.4 Major events on Sydney Harbour and its foreshore . 71 8.5 Land values and real estate prices close to harbour . 72 8.5.1 Higher residential land and/or real estate prices . 72 8.5.2 Higher commercial land and/or real estate prices . 73 8.6 Harbour attractions and businesses selling retail and offering services . 73 8.7 Outdoor and sporting activities on and around the harbour . 73 8.7.1 Boating . 74 8.7.2 Boating and other clubs on Sydney Harbour . 74 8.7.3 Recreational fishers from boats and from land { Sydney Harbour fishing survey . 74 8.7.4 Expenditure by recreational fishers . 74 8.7.5 Swimming at harbour beaches . 75 8.7.6 Snorkelling and SCUBA diving . 75 8.7.7 Picnicking and walking at harbour-side parks, and walking trails . 76 8.8 Ecosystem service values . 76 8.9 Biodiversity values, endemism . 77 8.10 Indicators of valuing environmental quality in NSW . 77 8.10.1 Valuing cleaner harbour water . 77 8.10.2 Civic Pride in a cleaner environment enticing charismatic animals (whales) . 78.
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