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The Protestant Graveyard in Tunis: a Catalogue of the Inscriptions, 1648–1885

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The Protestant Graveyard in Tunis: a Catalogue of the Inscriptions, 1648–1885 The Protestant Graveyard in Tunis: A Catalogue of the Inscriptions, 1648–1885 Denys Pringle INTRODUCTION Tradition maintains that the Protestant graveyard which lies outside Bab Carthagene in Tunis was established on a plot of land given by Hammouda Pasha Bey (1631-59) to the British consul Thomas Campion around 1645 (Flad 1902; Darmon 1930: 133). Unfortunately no contemporary record of the gift survives; and, although Campion was himself buried in the graveyard in 1661 (no. 3), he had only been appointed consul in 1655. The consul in 1645 would have been William Woodhouse (Macleod 1928; Fisher 1957: 307-8), who would also have been in post when the earliest dated interrment, that of Samuel [?W]ebbe, was made in October 1648 (no. 1). Twelve tombstones survive from the 17 th century. Most of them record English dead, though they also include a Frenchman, a Dane and a Portuguese. In 1804 the wall of the burial ground, by then know as St George’s, was repaired by the agreement of the consuls of Britain, the United States, Denmark, Sweden and ? (Rawlinson 2001: 7). The ground was consecrated by the bishop of Gibraltar on 9 May 1852. In 1853, a plan of the graveyard was made by the British Vice-Consul, showing 83 graves in all, including 29 English, 7 French, 12 Swedish, 6 Danish, 3 American, and 26 unattributed (Rawlinson 2001: 8). The first Protestant church to be established in Tunis was St Augustine’s. This was a small iron building sited on the west side of rue d’Espagne near the fish market south of the Sea Gate, on land obtained by the British Consul, Sir Richard Wood, who was himself a Roman Catholic (Rawlinson 2001: 11-15). The present Anglican church of St George was built in 1899-1901 on part of the old cemetery, which had not been used for burials since 1885, when a new evangelical section was opened in the municipal cemetery for Europeans at Bab al-Khadra (Soumille 1971: 146, 166-8). Those tombstones that lay in the way of the new church were moved and arranged around the boundary walls (Rawlinson 2001: 15-21). DISCUSSION Table: Summary of information on the gravestones No Name Birth Death Age Origin Profession Relations 1. Samuel (1626/7) 6.10.1648 21 Eng. Merchant [W]EBBE 2. William 19.11.1649 Eng. Merchant HAINES 3. (Thomas) 1.10.1661 (Eng.) Consul CAMPION 4. Barnabas 13/23.12.16 (Eng.) Sea captain HOLDIN 61 1 St George’s Anglican Church, Tunis 5. Richard LEAR 23.4.1663 Eng. Consul’s chancellor 6. Dominico 7.6.1667 Portugal? PORTUGESE 7. Iohannes DE (1641/2) 21.4.1668 26 Sweden, Surgeon WERT b. Stock- holm 8. Henry VEASY 28.10.1668 9. William HULL 22.7.1673 (England) Sea captain 10. Rosslif 24.2.1675 Denmark, ANDRESEN b. Copen- hagen 11. Theophilus (1657/8) 10.8.1679 21 England, BARRINGTON b. Essex 12. André SÉ[R]RÉ 10.1.1690 France, rel. of 15? Mérindol 13. John (7.3.1669) 9.7.1711 42.4 England Consul GODDARD 14. Anon. Early 18c. 15. Henri SÉRRÉ 23.7.1714 France, rel. of 12? Marseille 16 Thomas (1686/7) 9.7.1717 ns 30 England Agent & bro. of LAWRENCE consul (18 &) 21 17. Thomas 18c. THOMSON 18. Elizabeth (1672/3) 8/19.6.1732 59 England sister of LAWRENCE 21 (& 16) 19. John ARCHER 22.1.1707 22.7.1734 (27.6) England, Seaman Scar- borough 20. Anna Maria 2.4.1727 21.9.1745 18.5 Sweden, d. of (30 RÖNLING b. London &) 32 (sis. of 25 & 33) 21. Richard 29.10.166 27.6.1750 81.8 England, Consul (bro. of LAWRENCE 8 b. near 16 & 18) Truro 22. Christopher (1723/4) 21.1.1765 30 (Eng.) Seaman KEEN 23. Franci[s (1670/1) 20.10.1756 85 (Eng.), b. …TECA] os Tangiers 24. Betty KIFF (1675-6) 25.7.1756 80 (Eng.), b. Tangiers 25. Iacob RÖNLING (1716) 24.3.1758 41.4 Sweden (s. of 30 & 32?) 26. Ludolf 4.11.1696 1.5.1759 62.5 Norway, Consul of HAMMEKEN b. Bergen Nor./Den. 27. George Robert 19.3.1759 3.5.1759 1.0 (Britain) (s. of 31) GORDON 28. Iacob HANSEN 2.1.1762 Norway, Captain Arendal 29. Andreas 11.6.1763 Sweden, Consul’s HERTMAN b. Stock- chancellor holm 30. Olof RÖNLING 5/9.12. 25.2.1764 (82.2) Seeden, b. Consul f. of 20 1681 Stock- (& 25?) holm 31. Charles 1765 Britain Consul (f. of 27; 2 St George’s Anglican Church, Tunis GORDON h. of 36) 32. Maria Bengdts 4/10.8. 23.1.1766 (74.5) Alingsås, (w. of 30; RÖNLING 1691 Sweden m. of 20, 25) & 33 33. Ionas RÖNLING (1730/1) 5.5.1768 37 Sweden, s. of 30 b. London (& 32; b. of 20 & 25) 34. Maria (1735/6) 21.6.1770 34 (Scand.) (m. of SWENSON 35?) 35. Maria Elizabeth 30.10.176 14.11.1770 (7.0) (Scand.) (d. of SWENSON 3 34?) 36. Margaret (1735/6) 6.4.1776 40 (Britain) w. of 31 GORDON (m. of 27) 37. James TRAILL (1721/2) 8.10.1787 65 Britain Agent & consul general - Henry (10.5. 23.6. 1‹8›24 1.1 England son of Theophilus 1‹8›24) proconsul Alexander CROWE Note: Information in brackets is deduced from the other information on the stone or derived from other sources. CATALOGUE In the catalogue that follows, the texts are arranged in chronological order, according to the date of death, and are numbered consecutively. The following conventions are used in editing them: [ ] letters missing due to damage or defacement. ( ) letters missing due to deliberate contraction or to a fault of the inscriber. a uncertain reading. The dimensions of the stones are given as follows: width × length × thickness. 1. Samuel [W]ebbe (1626/7-48) Tufaceous limestone (0.59 x 1.75 x 0.16m), with a drafted margin, 6cm wide and 1cm deep. The lettering is in capitals, carved in relief. Samuel [W]ebbe me[r cator anglic[us obiit sexto die octobris anno domini mdcxlviii 5 aetatis suae xxi 6 Samuel [W]ebbe, English merchant, died 6 October AD 1648, aged 21. 3 St George’s Anglican Church, Tunis Reference: Rawlinson 2001: 5; Register, 47. 2. William Haines (d. 1649) Tufaceous limestone (0.62 × 1.80 × 0.14m), with a drafted margin, 6cm wide and 1cm deep. The lettering is in capitals, carved in relief (letter heights 3.6–3.8cm). in memoriam m(agist)ri Gulielmi Haines mercatoris angli- ci. Qui obiit Tunisiis xix die novembris 5 mdcxlix 6 In memory of William Haines, English merchant, who died in Tunis, 19 November 1649. Reference: Register, 89. 3. Thomas Campion (d. 1661) Tufaceous limestone (0.57 × 1.83 × 0.143m). The lettering is in capitals, carved in relief (letter heights 2.9cm). depositum consulis Campion obiit primo Octobris mdclxi The grave of Consul Campion. He died 1 October 1661. Thomas Campion acted as English consul during the absence of Thomas Browne, from 1655 to 1658 (Fisher 1957: 308). Reference: Rawlinson 2001: 5; Register, 221. 4. Barnabas Holdin (d. 1661) Tufaceous limestone (0.61 × 1.88 × 0.135m), with a drafted margin, 7cm wide and 1cm deep. The lettering is capitals carved in relief (height 5-5.5cm). hic iacet Barnabas Hol- 4 St George’s Anglican Church, Tunis din dux navis Amititiæ obiit in porta Utica 5 x]xiii decemb ri]s An o. Do. mdclxi 7 Here lies Barbabus Holdin, captain of the ship Amity (or Friendship ). He died in the port of Utica, 23 December AD 1661. The records of the High Court of the Admiralty mention the Amity of St-Valéry as a prize vessel around 1708-12, though it is perhaps doubtful whether this could have been the same ship (PRO, HCA 32/50(1) & 74; Bromley 1987: 491 n.90). The spelling of the name Amititia (line 4), instead of the more correct Amicitia , however, would appear to support the idea that Holdin’s ship was named Amity (or Amitié ), rather than Friendship . The ancient Phoenician city of Utica (line 5), located near the mouth of the River Medjerda ( Bagradas ), was a rival of Carthage and sided with Rome in the Third Punic War. Its site was finally abandoned only in the seventh century AD , perhaps slightly before the conQuest of North Africa by the Muslim Arabs (cf. Lézine 1970: 33). The phrase in porta Utica could possibly refer to the Quarter of Tunis that lay inside the city gate facing Utica (Bab Souika or Bab Carthagène), though in that case one would expect the text to read in porta Uticae . It seems more probable, however, that the reference is to the port (portus ) of Utica rather than the gate. In the early seventeenth century Utica was sometimes identified with Bizerta (Gramaye 1634: 347). However, the site of the ancient city was still known; and much closer to it lay Porto Farina, a fortified maritime base and Andalusian settlement that was established beside the lake of Utica by the corsair Usta Murad between 1638 and 1640, in an attempt to prevent Christian powers making use of the anchorage (Lézine 1970: 33 n.39). The result of this was that in 1654 a sQuadron of the English Republican Navy, commanded by Admiral Blake, entered the lake and defeated there the forces of Hammuda Bey of Tunis (Guide Bleu 1971: 210). It was probably at Porto Farina therefore that Barnabas Holdin died. The English merchant Edward Holden, who is mentioned in French consular correspondance as being established in Algiers in 1732 (Plantet 1889: II , 162; Fisher 1957: 294, 302 n.3), might perhaps have been a member of the same family.
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