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Morecambe Bay Partnership Headlands to Headspace

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Morecambe Bay Partnership Headlands to Headspace MORECAMBE BAY PARTNERSHIP HEADLANDS TO HEADSPACE THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF BIRKRIGG FELL: ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT AND SITE VISITS JUNE 2017 The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 7 TRAINING, RESEARCH AND REPORT INFORMATION ................................................................ 7 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Circumstances of Project ........................................................................................... 8 1.2 The Purpose of the Desk-Based Assessment ............................................................ 9 2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Documentary Sources ............................................................................................... 9 2.3 Site Visit ................................................................................................................... 10 3 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Location, Topography and Geology ........................................................................ 10 3.2 Archaeological and Historical Background ............................................................. 12 4 PrevioUs archaeological Works ....................................................................................... 17 5 CARTOGRAPHIC AND PICTORIAL SOURCES ..................................................................... 20 5.1 Mapping ................................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Aerial Images ........................................................................................................... 25 6 SITE VISIT ......................................................................................................................... 28 7 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 36 7.1 Summary and recommendations ............................................................................ 36 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 39 8.1 Primary Sources ....................................................................................................... 39 8.2 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................. 39 8.3 Websites .................................................................................................................. 41 APPENDIX 1: HERITAGE ASSET GAZETTEER ............................................................................ 42 APPENDIX 2: FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 56 The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES FigUre 1: Site location Figure 2: Detailed site location FigUre 3: Location of heritage assets FigUre 4: Location of walkover sUrveys PLATES Plate 1: Image from Google Earth showing limestone pavement Plate 2: Extract from Speed’s Map of Lancashire, 1610 Plate 3: Extract from Yate’s Plan of Lancashire, 1786 Plate 4: Extract from Greenwood’s Plan of Lancashire, 1818 Plate 5: Extract from Hennet’s Plan of 1829 Plate 6: First Edition Ordnance SUrvey Map, 6inch to 1 mile scale, 1850 Plate 7: Second Edition Ordnance SUrvey Map, 1890-1, 25inch to 1 mile scale Plate 8: Third Edition Ordnance SUrvey Map, 1913, 25inch to mile scale Plate 9: Google Earth imagery, 2003 Plate 10: Google Earth imagery, 2014 Plate 11: Bing Maps imagery, nd Plate 12: Dr Richard Newman and volUnteers at the site of the Stone Circle (5) on Birkrigg Common, looking north-east Plate 13: VolUnteers examining the ditch/trackway (79) to the north of the stone circle, looking soUth-east Plate 14: Inspecting the site of a possible ring cairn (60) discovered by Brian Hardwick, looking north-east Plate 15: VolUnteers standing on the bank of the north-eastern enclosUre (1A) to the north- west of Appleby Slack, inspecting the cleared interior, looking north-east Plate 16: VolUnteers standing on the cleared barrow moUnd (1C) Plate 17: VolUnteers braving the weather dUring sUrvey training/walkover sUrvey at the site of the stone circle (5), looking soUth-east Plate 18: VolUnteers inspecting the site of a former qUarry and the remains of a limekiln (34), looking north Plate 19: VolUnteers identifying the stone bank of the larger (soUth-western) enclosUre at Appleby Slack (1B), looking soUth-west The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment Plate 20: Stone recorded at St Michaels StirrUp (49), located and sUbmitted by Mervyn Cooper Plate 21: VolUnteer recording the large depression noted within the enclosUre (1B) at Appleby Slack The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment SUMMARY This report provides a sUmmary of a research project, Undertaken by Morecambe Bay Partnership and volUnteers, focUsing on the archaeology of Birkrigg Fell. The project was rUn as part of the Heritage Lottery fUnded Headlands to Headspace scheme, an initiative motivated by a commUnity desire to protect and celebrate Morecambe Bay’s rich heritage. A key aim of the scheme is to improve oUr Understanding of the natural and cUltural heritage of the Bay significantly and help conserve this heritage for fUture generations. This report is an oUtcome of this project, to record and promote the rich heritage of the Bay. 5 The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment “From the top of Birkrigg the view of Furness, and of the surrounding coast, is singularly beautiful. Lancaster, with its castle, appears to great advantage, set off by the high mountains that seem to hang over it. From south to east a coast presents itself to the view, in many places bold and steep, in others sloping and cultivated, or flat and woody; distinguished and adorned with a contrast of woods, villages, towns, castles, rocks, cultivated fields and rich meadows, stocked with herds and flocks, and yellow harvest in the autumnal months. From the east to the north-west, the scene is alpine. Furness-fells appear as descending from the clouds in all the wild magnificence of nature”. (Thomas West in 1774, qUoted in West 1805, 25) 6 The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Morecambe Bay Partnership and Wardell Armstrong Archaeology woUld like to thank the staff at CUmbria Record Offices, particUlarly to SUsan Benson at Barrow, for assistance dUring the research phase, as well as Mark Brennand at CUmbria CoUnty CoUncil for providing information from the Historic Environment Record. Thanks are also extended to SoUth Lakeland District Council and the Crown Estates as managers and owners of the Common. Special thanks is given to all the volUnteers who attended the training, contribUted to the research and participated in sUbseqUent walkover sUrveys inclUding Claire Asplin, Marnine Calvert, Mervyn Cooper, Astrid Hardwick, Brian Hardwick, Lynsdey Harrison, Annette Hoover, Collette Lawlor, SUe Lydon, Roger Kingston, Liz Kingston Andy Pringle and Ian Boyle. The fUnding received from the Heritage Lottery FUnd for the Headlands to Headspace Landscape Partnership Scheme has enabled the volUnteer training and this research to be Undertaken and is gratefUlly acknowledged. TRAINING, RESEARCH AND REPORT INFORMATION The training was led by Richard Newman and Cat Peters of Wardell Armstrong Archaeology, and the overall project managed by LoUise Martin of Morecambe Bay Partnership. The initial site visit was gUided by Richard Newman and Cat Peters of Wardell Armstrong Archaeology, with sUbseqUent focUsed walkover sUrvey led by Richard Newman. The docUmentary research and an additional walkover sUrvey was Undertaken by Morecambe Bay Partnership and volUnteers following the initial desk-based training sessions. The report was produced by LoUise Martin, with contribUtion by Cat Peters and Richard Newman, who also co-ordinated the reporting phase. The figures were produced by Adrian Bailey of Wardell Armstrong Archaeology. All photographs images were taken by LoUise Martin, apart from where specifically stated in the captions. 7 The Archaeology of Birkrigg Fell Desk-Based Assessment 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Circumstances of Project 1.1.1 This report provides a sUmmary of a research project assisted by volUnteers, thoUgh professionally-led training, focUsing on the archaeology of Birkrigg Fell. The project was rUn by the Morecambe Bay Partnership as part of the Heritage Lottery fUnded Headlands to Headspace scheme (H2H), an initiative motivated by a commUnity desire to protect and celebrate Morecambe Bay’s rich heritage. A key aim of this scheme is to improve the Understanding of the natural and cUltural heritage of the Bay significantly, and help to conserve this heritage for fUture generations. 1.1.2 An initial phase of the Headlands to Headspace
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