Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions

March 9-13, 2008 Ernest Morial Convention Center 2008 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

Register before February 11 at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html March 9-13, 2008 Ernest Morial Convention Center 2008 New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

TMS 2008 is bringing top materials scientists and engineers from around the world together to address some of today’s global challenges:

 Resolving technology and techno-management issues for the production of aluminum, metal castings, steel, automotive and electronic materials  Optimizing energy utilization and addressing enviromental impacts  Developing materials for high-performance applications  Achieving process improvement for a variety of materials under a variety of conditions  Preparing future materials scientists and engineers

These issues and more are presented in 56 symposia covering four major themes:

Light Metals Extraction, Processing, Structure and Properties Emerging Materials Materials and Society

TMS 2008 addresses these global challenges with traditional programming presenting new developments, such as . . .

9th Global Innovations Symposium Aluminum Reduction Technology Bulk Metallic Glasses Magnesium Technology 2008 Materials in Clean Power Systems III Ultrafine Grained Materials

. . . with new partnerships represented . . .

American Physical Society and TMS present Integrated Computational Materials Engineering symposia.

The Chinese Society for Metals delegation, led by Professor Liu Yongcai, deputy secretary general, and the Indian Institute of Metals delegation, led by Dr. Sanak Mishra, vice president and chairman of the ferrous division, provide perspective in the Materials and Society symposia.

LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions

. . . and new perspectives for discussion . . .

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Features leaders from the world’s largest aluminum companies: Alcan, Alcoa, BHP Billiton, Chalco and Hydro Aluminum

Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and Materials Processing Presents current and potential technology and methodologies for energy saving techniques

IOMMMS Global Materials Forum 2008: Creating the Future MS&E Professionals Highlights approaches from China, India, Japan and the United States

Materials for Infrastructure: Building Bridges in the Global Community Includes special guided tour for symposium attendees covering the geology of the Katrina disaster. See page 27 to learn how you can leave a lasting impression on New Orleans!

Role of Engineers in Meeting 21st Century Societal Challenges Addresses energy, transportation, housing, health and recycling issues

Sloan Industry Centers Forum: Techno-Management Issues Related to Materials-Centric Industries Considers aluminum, metal processing, steel, automotive, paper and wood

With 56 symposia, three short courses, six lectures, eight networking receptions, 130+ exhibitors, one free collected proceedings CD-ROM, and thousands of your colleagues from 70 countries, TMS 2008 offers you the opportunity to learn, network and advance global solutions for today’s materials challenges.

Table of Contents Symposia by Theme...... 4 Symposia Alphabetically...... 6 Lectures...... 11 Continuing Education...... 13 Networking Events...... 14 Exhibition...... 16 Especially for Students...... 18 Proceedings...... 20 Registration...... 21 Housing...... 23 Tours...... 25 Hands-On New Orleans...... 27 Register online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html 2008 Technical Program 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

Creating the ICME Cyberinfrastructure: an Interdisciplinary Light Metals Technology Forum Deformation Twinning: Formation Mechanisms and Effects on Alumina and Bauxite Material Plasticity – Experiments and Modeling Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies Aluminum Reduction Technology Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and Cast Shop Technology Materials Processing Characterization of Minerals, Metals and Materials Enhancing Materials Durability via Surface Engineering Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics Frontiers in Process Modeling Electrode Technology Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue Frontiers in Process Modeling in Structural Materials – from Macro to Nano Magnesium Technology 2008 Hot and Cold Rolling Technology Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and Hume-Rothery Symposium: Nanoscale Phases Experiments in Materials Science Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and Recycling Experiments in Materials Science Materials Processing Fundamentals Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure and Modeling of Ti and Related Lecture and Short Courses: Its Alloys • “Innovations in Steel Production – Animations for Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multicomponent Aluminium Technologies?” Materials Systems • Furnace Systems and Technology Minerals, Metals and Materials under Pressure • Grain Refinement of Aluminium Alloys: Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior Theory and Practice Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials • Greenhouse Gas Emissions Phase Stability, Phase Transformations and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII See page 12 for details. Pyrometallurgy Recent Industrial Applications of Solid-State Phase Transformations Recycling Extraction, Processing, Structure Refractory Metals 2008 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications and Properties Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium

3-Dimensional Materials Science 9th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Integrated Related Lectures: Computational Materials Engineering for Materials Processing • “Computational Modeling of Metals Processing: Past, and Manufacture Present and Future” Acta Materialia Gold Medal Symposium: Recent Developments in • “Smelting and Refining – Faster, Smoother, Cheaper, Rare Earth Science and Technology Safer” Advances in Roasting, Sintering, Calcining, Preheating and Drying • “High Performance Structural Metals: an Undervalued but APS Frontiers of Computational Materials Science Critical Enabling Technology” Aqueous Processing • Nanoscale Metal Silicides Biological Materials Science Bulk Metallic Glasses V See page 11 for details. Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy Characterization of Minerals, Metals and Materials Complex Oxide Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics

LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Symposia Listed by Theme

Emerging Materials Materials and Society

2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3-Dimensional Materials Science IOMMMS Global Materials Forum 2008: Creating the Future 4th Lead-Free Solders Technology Workshop MS&E Professionals 9th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Integrated Materials for Infrastructure: Building Bridges in the Computational Materials Engineering for Materials Processing Global Community and Manufacture National Materials Advisory Board Town Hall Meeting on Assessing Acta Materialia Gold Medal Symposium: Recent Developments in Corrosion Education Rare Earth Science and Technology Role of Engineers in Meeting 21st Century Societal Challenges Advances in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Sloan Industry Centers Forum: Techno-Management Issues Frequency Materials Related to Materials-Centric Industries Biological Materials Science Bulk Metallic Glasses V About Materials and Society Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy Many of the programs and activities fit broadly under the umbrella Characterization of Minerals, Metals and Materials of Materials and Society–from many symposia and presentations in Complex Oxide Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications the technical program to the community outreach that will be Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics performed on-site. Many invited speakers will examine Creating the ICME Cyberinfrastructure: An Interdisciplinary opportunities for the materials science and engineering community Technology Forum to proactively address the complex technological, professional, Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies educational, societal, environmental, infrastructural and economic Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and issues that challenge the sustainability of today’s world. We are all Materials Processing challenged to improve the world as we know it for those in Enhancing Materials Durability via Surface Engineering developing countries and to secure it for future generations. Frontiers in Process Modeling Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials – from Macro to Nano Hume-Rothery Symposium: Nanoscale Phases Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies Related Lecture and Short Course: Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and • “Design for the Other 90%” Experiments in Materials Science • Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multicomponent Materials Systems See page 11 for details. Micro-Engineered Particulate-Based Materials Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials Turn to the alphabetical listing of the symposia on the Phase Stability, Phase Transformations and Reactive Phase following pages for descriptions. Formation in Electronic Materials VII Recycling Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium

Related Short Course: • Nanomechanical Characterization

See page 13 for details.

2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties Advances in Roasting, Sintering, Calcining, and Applications Preheating and Drying …development, manufacture and application of functional …state-of-the-art in processing technologies nanomaterials • Iron ore • Functional applications of nanomaterials • Alumina • Nanostructure fabrication • Rotary kiln systems • Carbon nanostructures • Quantum-dots Advances in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials 3-Dimensional Materials Science …development, fabrication and application of …advanced characterization, modeling and microanalysis emerging technologies • 3-D visualization and modeling • Medical device semiconductors • 3-D microstructural evolution • Nanomaterials • Microscopy techniques • Photovoltaics • Microanalysis methods Alumina and Bauxite 4th Lead-Free Solders Technology Workshop …mining and refining of raw materials for aluminum production …TMS-Surface Mount Technology Association forum addressing • Alumina refinery design and development critical needs • Alumina refinery safety and integrity • Solder systems • Bauxite and digestion • Packaging technologies • Precipitation • Reliability • Legislation Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization 9th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in and Applications …advancements in aluminum for today’s marketplace Integrated Computational Materials Engineering • Alloy characterization for Materials Processing and Manufacture • Alloy development ...TMS-American Physical Society plenary discussions of • Aluminum products and applications advancements in materials modeling across length scales, and manufacturing impact • Nuclear materials Aluminum Reduction Technology …conversion of alumina to aluminum • Ceramics • Alternative processes • Aluminum • Anode design and operation • Nanomaterials • Cell fundamentals and phenomena • Environmental and plant improvements Acta Materialia Gold Medal Symposium: • Process control developments Recent Developments in Rare Earth Science and Technology …in honor of Karl Gschneidner Jr. • Single crystals Aluminum Reduction Symposium Organizer Martin Iffert: • Characterization and properties “(This symposium) has a strong focus on sustainability and • Novel applications environmental aspects in the aluminum smelting process. This • Recent advancements includes firsthand information about the European emission trading scheme and the influence on energy prices, smelter economy and environment.”

LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Symposia Listed Alphabetically

APS Frontiers of Computational Characterization of Minerals, Metals Materials Science and Materials …American Physical Society forum on progress in computational …techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of materials methods systems and processes • Characterization of mechanical and physical properties of materials Aqueous Processing • Characterization of processing of materials …recent progress • Characterization of structure across length scales • Alternative leaching processes • Precious metals • Process-stability relationships Climate Change and Greenhouse • New strategies and techniques Gas Emissions …industry leaders discuss progress and challenges for the Biological Materials Science materials industries …development of biological materials and biomaterial devices • Alcan • Biocompatibility • Alcoa • Mimicking biological systems • BHP Billiton • Bioinspired design • Chalco • Mechanical and environmental response • Hydro Aluminum

Bulk Metallic Glasses V Complex Oxide Materials: Synthesis, Properties …state-of-the-art development • Mechanical behavior and Applications …interdisciplinary forum bridging materials research • Characterization and application • Modeling • Novel functional oxide thin films • Processing • Nanostructures • Oxides for energy technologies Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy • Ferroelectrics, multiferroics, piezoelectrics and dielectrics (sponsored by TMS, American Iron and Steel Institute, and Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum) …state-of-the-art carbon dioxide metallurgical reduction and Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics …TMS-American Physical Society symposia on fundamental decreased use of carbon modeling methods and application for materials structures • Green production of light metals • Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) • Green production of steel • Microstructure properties and evolution • Carbon sequestration • Phase transformations • Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide • Nanoscale systems Cast Shop Technology …melting and metal treatment of aluminum Creating the ICME Cyberinfrastructure: • Sustainability and environmental issues an Interdisciplinary Technology Forum • Cast house operations and melting ...TMS-American Physical Society roundtable • Cast shop safety • State-of-the-art capabilities • Casting, solidification and microstructures • CyberDesign • Roadmapping development needs

Deformation Twinning: Formation Mechanisms Enhancing Materials Durability via and Effects on Material Plasticity–Experiments Surface Engineering and Modeling …recent advancements in surface engineering and modification for …progress in fundamentals of deformation twinning life enhancement • Texture, twinning and hardening • Coatings for environmental, thermal and wear resistance • Constitutive modeling • Residual stresses • Electron microscopy • Graded and novel structures • Flow and fracture • Modeling

Electrode Technology Frontiers in Process Modeling (formerly Carbon Technology) …advancing materials development …anodes and cathodes used in aluminum reduction • Hot-rolling technologies • Sustainability and environmental issues • Deformation of materials • Anode technology and production • Primary metal production • Carbon anodes • Inert anode materials Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials– Emerging Interconnect and from Macro to Nano Packaging Technologies …deformation and fracture mechanisms …advanced lead-free solder and packaging technologies • Single crystals • Electromigration • Mathematical modeling • Microstructures and characterization • Cyclic, static and dynamic loading • Processing and reliability issues • Damage evolution • Whisker growth, design and modeling

Help to celebrate Professor Hael Mughrabi’s lifelong Emerging Methods to Understand accomplishments at a dinner held in his honor on Monday, Mechanical Behavior March 10. …advanced characterization and analytical methods • Orientation imaging microscopy See the registration form on page 22. • Texture evolution • Nanomechanical testing • Static, dynamic and cyclic testing Hot and Cold Rolling Technology …advanced hot- and cold-rolled products Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and • Texture development Materials Processing • Process modeling …technologies to reduce energy consumption for • Surface quality material production • Energy and environmental conservation Hume-Rothery Symposium: Nanoscale Phases • Enhanced energy efficiency …fundamentals of structure and stability of nanoscale phase • Alternate technologies materials • Modeling, simulation and application experiences • Microstructural evolution and stability • Nano/tera scale integration • Microscopy • Nanowires, nanovolumes and nanocrystaliization

LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Symposia Listed Alphabetically

IOMMMS Global Materials Forum 2008: Materials Processing Fundamentals Creating the Future MS&E Professionals …design, synthesis and control of materials processes …global forum with speakers representing TMS, Association for and processing Iron & Steel Technology, Chinese Society for Metals, Indian • Solidification processing Institute of Metals, Japan Institute of Metals, and Mining and • Optimization of thermomechanical processing Materials Processing Institute of Japan • Numerical simulations • Pre-college/K-12 • Microstructural evolution • Innovative university education programs • Lifelong learning Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure and • International cooperation • Innovative use of technology Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys …progress towards predictive constitutive and damage models for titanium Magnesium Technology 2008 • Refinement and processing …all aspects of magnesium production, properties and application • Microstructural evolution • Primary production • Microstructure-property relationships • Alloy development • Modeling and property prediction • Performance • Global market Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multicomponent Materials Systems Materials for Infrastructure: Building Bridges in …performance-enabling interfaces across materials systems the Global Community and applications (sponsored by TMS, Chinese Society for Metals, and Indian • Metal-ceramics, metal-semiconductors and metal- Institute of Metals) polymer interfaces …forum devoted to infrastructure needs for the global community • Creep • Buildings • Electromigration • Public utilities • Dynamic and static performance • Bridges Micro-Engineered Particulate-Based Materials Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, …production, characterization and utilization Hydrogen, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies • In situ nanocomposites …in-depth coverage of advances in clean power • Corrosion and passivation • Fuel cells • Aluminum • Hydrogen • Stainless steel • Clean coal Minerals, Metals and Materials under Pressure Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of …interdisciplinary forum connecting theory and experiment • Pressure-induced phase transformations Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science • Simulations and modeling ...TMS-American Physical Society symposium advancing • High rate plasticity techniques and application of materials informatics • Damage and failure mechanisms • Titanium alloys • Superalloys • Neural networks • CyberDesign

National Materials Advisory Board Town Hall Recent Industrial Applications of Solid-State Meeting on Assessing Corrosion Education Phase Transformations …review current status and address future needs …utilizing phase transformations for new products • Effectiveness of existing engineering curricula • TRIP steels • Actions to enhance corrosion-based skill and knowledge • Friction stir welding base of graduating and practicing engineers • Nickel-based alloys • Magnesium Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior Recycling …progress in advanced materials characterization …recycling of engineered materials today • Mechanical response • Light metals • Thermal treatment • Electronic materials • Texture development • Precious metals • Microstructural evolution • Reducing environmental impact Refractory Metals 2008 …processing and performance Neutron Symposium Organizer Rozaliya Barabash: • Oxidation and thin films “The idea to put together two diffraction methods will • Processing and mechanical deformation demonstrate the uniqueness of both of them and mutual complementary possibilities.” Role of Engineers in Meeting 21st Century Societal Challenges Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects …AIME keynote session on energy, transportation, housing, health and recycling in Materials …experimental and theoretical radiation materials science • Damage evolution Sloan Industry Centers Forum: • In situ analysis Techno-Management Issues Related to • Radiation-induced diffusion Materials-Centric Industries • Nanoscale testing …in-depth coverage of business issues facing aluminum, steel, automotive, wood, paper and metal processing industries Phase Stability, Phase Transformations and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Materials VII Applications …thermodynamics and kinetics for phase stability …fundamentals and application electronic materials • Alloy design • Phase evolution and stability • Processing and fabrication • Electro- and thermo-migration • Microstructure-property relationships • Solder interfacial reactions • Applications

Pyrometallurgy Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International …advanced pyrometallurgical methods Symposium • Nonferrous pyrometallurgy …technological advancements in design, manufacture • Lead refining and application • Titanium production • Severe plastic deformation • Smelter improvements • Nanocrystalline materials • Thermal stability • Deformation and fracture

10 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Lectures

Women in Science Breakfast Lecture* Institute of Metals/Robert Franklin Mehl Lecture “Design for the Other 90%” “High Performance Structural Metals: an Undervalued but Critical Enabling Technology” Monday, March 10 • 7 to 8 a.m. Monday, March 10 • 12:30 to 1:30 p.m. Speaker: Cynthia E. Smith, Curator, “Design for the Other 90%” Exhibit, Smithsonian’s Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Speaker: James C. Williams, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University “Design for the Other 90%” explores a growing movement among designers to develop solutions for the 5.8 billion people across the This talk will describe some of the past advances in structural globe (90 percent of the world’s total population) not traditionally materials and outline some important opportunities going forward. served by the professional design community. Through local and The reality (or lack thereof) of some of the trendy topics also will be global partnerships, individual designers and organizations are assessed and some relative value comparisons will be offered. finding unique ways to address the lack of basic necessities faced by the poor and marginalized around the world. *Advance registration required William Hume-Rothery Award Lecture Nanoscale Metal Silicides

Young Leaders Tutorial Luncheon Lecture Monday, March 10 • 2 p.m. “Computational Materials Science & Engineering: What is it and how do we Speaker: L.J. Chen, Department of Materials Science and Take Advantage?” Engineering, National Tsing Hua University In this talk, an historical account of evolving roles of metal silicides Monday, March 10 • noon to 1:30 p.m. in the context of integrated circuits device applications will be presented. Epitaxial growth of metal silicides on silicon and Speaker: Katsuyo Thornton, Assistant Professor, Materials formation of amorphous interlayers in the metal/Si systems will be Science and Engineering, University of Michigan reviewed. In addition, synthesis and applications of metal silicide Recipient of the TMS Early Career Faculty Fellow Award nanowires will be described, and the future outlook will be addressed. This lecture will address why experimentalists and theorists should become familiar with and utilize many of the standard materials science and engineering computational tools. An overview of the available methodologies, their applications and case studies will be presented.

Note: An optional box lunch may be purchased on the registration form.

Show your support for the Leave a Lasting Impression upcoming leaders of our on New Orleans profession! Turn to page 27 to learn how you Attend the TMS Technical Division can help the city that has Student Poster Contest. welcomed the TMS Annual Meeting Monday, March 10 & Exhibition many times. 5 to 6:30 p.m.

Extraction & Processing Division Light Metals Division Luncheon Lecture* Luncheon Lecture* “Innovations in Steel Production–Animations for “Computational Modeling of Metals Processing: Aluminium Technologies?” Past, Present and Future” Wednesday, March 12 • 12:30 to 2:30 p.m. Tuesday, March 11 • 12:30 to 2 p.m. Speaker: Reiner Kopp, Professor Emeritus, Institute of Metal Speaker: Brian G. Thomas, Wilkins Professor, Mechanical Forming, RWTH Aachen University Engineering, University of Illinois; Director, Continuous Casting Consortium This lecture outlines some highlights of manufacturing new steel products and asks the question as to whether or not these This talk will recall the early days of process modeling as well as innovations in steel could be animations for the development of cover recent examples, including fluid flow, heat transfer and stress aluminium products. analysis of processes such as continuous casting of steel. The *Advance registration required future of computational modeling will also be contemplated.

*Advance registration required

Extraction & Processing Division Distinguished Lecture “Smelting and Refining–Faster, Smoother, For greater detail on any of the annual Cheaper, Safer” meeting lectures and speakers, visit Tuesday, March 11 • 2 to 2:45 p.m. www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html.

Speaker: David G.C. Robertson, Professor, Metallurgical Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla

The purpose of research and development in pyrometallurgy is to achieve at least one of the goals mentioned above (faster, smoother, cheaper, safer). This lecture will review how basic research at the university can contribute to meeting these important goals, using examples mainly from work carried out by the author and his colleagues.

12 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Continuing Education

Grain Refinement of Aluminium Alloys: Nanomechanical Characterization Theory and Practice Tutorial • Sunday, March 9 • 1 to 5 p.m. Short Course • Sunday, March 9 • 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Instructors Erica T. Lilleodden, GKSS Research Center Instructors Brad L. Boyce, Sandia National Laboratories Paul Cooper, London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Co. Douglas Granger, GRAS Who Should Attend Wolfgang Schneider, Hydro Aluminium GmbH • Scientists and engineers interested in mechanical behavior of Peter Schumacher, University of Leoben materials at small scales, particularly nanoscale and David StJohn, Cast Metals Manufacturing nanostructured materials and micro and nanoscale devices • Students, post-doctoral researchers, early career as well as Who Should Attend senior scientists and engineers involved in academic research • Professional or technical representatives in the aluminium and industrial applications of thin films and nanomaterials casting industry subject to mechanical loads • University researchers

Learn About Learn About • Current state-of-the-art test methods • Fundamentals of nucleation and grain growth • Emerging methods • Fundamentals of grain refinement with TiB2 and TiC • Nanoindentation-based techniques • Grain refiner alloys, grain refiner tests and grain • MEMS-based techniques size measurement • Influence of grain refinement on product quality • Practice of grain refinement in DC casting and shape casting • Influence of casting conditions on grain refinement Furnace Systems and Technology 3rd Annual Workshop • Monday Afternoon, March 10-Wednesday, March 12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Short Course • Sunday, March 9 • 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Presentations from 15 companies covering: • Basic combustion, energy savings and furnace Instructors productivity improvement Halvor Kvande, Hydro Aluminum • Melting furnaces Jerry Marks, J. Marks & Associates • Burners designs Alton Tabereaux, Consultant • Emissions and abatement • Recirculating process furnaces Who Should Attend • Metal circulation, cleaning and dross processing • HSE professionals • Casting • Aluminum industry operational employees • Refractory issues and practices • Others wanting to learn more about greenhouse gas • Contract engineering emissions and their reduction • Rotary delac/decorating systems

Learn About • Environmental challenges facing the global aluminum business Get additional details about these courses and • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from aluminum smelters register online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html • Anode effects in industrial electrolysis cells or see page 22. • Action plans and activities to minimize future negative environmental impact and achieve a greener future

President’s Welcoming Reception Sunday, March 9 • 6 to 8 p.m.

Seven Networking Receptions for Select Symposia Visit www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html for details.

137th TMS and AIME Honors and Awards Presentation With Installation of 2008 TMS President

Tuesday, March 11 • 6 p.m. Reception (Cash Bar) • 7 p.m. Dinner

Robert D. Shull Diran Apelian Dan Thoma 2007 TMS President 2008 TMS President 2007 AIME President

Join us as we honor those outstanding individuals who have contributed greatly to materials science and engineering through TMS and AIME. Following the awards presentation, the TMS 2007 and 2008 presidents will address the society. Order your tickets on the registration form.

About the 2008 TMS President Diran Apelian is Howmet professor of engineering and director of the Metal Processing Institute at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he has worked for more than 15 years. Professor Apelian’s research interests and expertise are in materials processing, and specifically, solidification and net-shape manufacturing. He is credited for pioneering work in various areas of solidification processing: molten metal processing and filtration of metals; aluminum foundry engineering; plasma deposition; and spray casting/forming. Professor Apelian has more than 400 publications to his credit and four books, which he has co-edited. He has served on, and chaired, several national materials advisory boards for the National Research Council. Professor Apelian has been an active member of TMS for more than 30 years and is the chair of the steering committee for this year’s materials and society symposia.

Society Awards

TMS Fellow Class of 2008 Bruce Chalmers Award • Tsu-Wei Chou, University of Delaware Alain Karma, Northeastern University • Campbell Laird, University of Pennsylvania • David E. Laughlin, Carnegie Mellon University Champion H. Mathewson Award • S. Lee Semiatin, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Adam Badri, Royal Dutch Shell

Alexander R. Scott Distinguished Service Award Early Career Faculty Fellow J. Wayne Jones, University of Michigan Katsuyo Thornton, University of Michigan

Application to Practice Award Educator Award Gregory Yurek, American Superconductor Robert L. Snyder, Georgia Institute of Technology

14 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Networking and Social Events

Institute of Metals/Robert Franklin Mehl Award Robert Lansing Hardy Award James C. Williams, The Ohio State University Ken Gall, Georgia Institute of Technology

John Bardeen Award TMS Foundation Shri Ram Arora Award Pallab Bhattacharya, University of Michigan Sasanka Deka, National Chemical Laboratory

Leadership Award William Hume-Rothery Award Bruce A. MacDonald, National Science Foundation L.J. Chen, National Tsing Hua University Division Awards

Electronic, Magnetic & Photonic Materials Division Light Metals Division

Distinguished Scientist/Engineer Award Distinguished Service Award Iver Anderson, Iowa State University Barry Welch, Welbank Consulting

Distinguished Service Award Light Metals Award Sung Kang, IBM • Sebastien Leboeuf, Alcan Inc. • Claude Dupuis, Alcan Inc. • Bruno Maltais, STAS Extraction & Processing Division • Marc-Andre Thibault, STAS • Einar Smarason, Alcan Iceland Ltd. Distinguished Lecturer David G.C. Robertson, University of Missouri-Rolla Technology Award Alton Tabereaux, Technical Consultant Distinguished Service Award V. Ramachandran, RAM Consultants Materials Processing & Manufacturing Division Science Award • Ortavio Fortini, Carnegie Mellon University Distinguished Scientist/Engineer Award • Richard Fruehan, Carnegie Mellon University Brian Thomas, University of Illinois

Technology Award • Alex Moyano, Codelco-Chile Structural Materials Division • Carlos Caballero, Codelco-Chile • Roberto Mackay, Codelco-Chile Distinguished Scientist/Engineer Award • Pedro Morales, Codelco-Chile S. Lee Semiatin, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory • Domingo Cordero, Codelco-IM2 • Jonkion Font, Codelco-IM2 Distinguished Service Award Marc Meyers, University of California, San Diego

Other Awards

2008 Acta Materialia Inc. Gold Medal Award AIME Distinguished Service Award Karl A. Gschneidner Jr., Iowa State University and Ames Alexander R. Scott, retired, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy AIME Honorary Member Robert H. Wagoner, The Ohio State University

Visit Science Avenue, Technology Avenue or Innovation Boulevard in the exhibition hall where 130+ exhibitors have the newest products and services you need to advance your work.

Exhibition Hours: Monday, March 10 • noon to 6 p.m. Tuesday, March 11 • 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Wednesday, March 12 • 9:30 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Enjoy a hosted grand opening reception on Monday, March 10, 5 to 6 p.m., and a snack break on Wednesday, March 12, 12:15 to 2 p.m., while you visit with representatives from these industries:

Light Metals Production and Processing • Cast shop technology: combustion and furnace technology, grain refiners/hardeners, molten metal filtration and pumps, refractory and insulation products • Industrial process control and automation, sensors • Primary production equipment and services: carbon technology and supplies, combustion and furnace technology, HF measurement systems, industrial gases

Materials Research and Development • Characterization equipment: analysis, instrumentation, measurement, microscopy, x-ray fluorescence • Emerging materials: biomaterials, fuel cells, nanomaterials • Materials for R&D: alloys, rare earths, precious metals, minerals, chemicals • Surface processes: coatings, thin films, surface modification

Products and Services for the Materials Science and Engineering Profession • Professional services: consulting, contracting, engineering, R&D • Publishers: journals, reference publications • Software Vendors: design, modeling, process simulation, thermodynamics, phase diagrams • Technology resources: collaborative programs and centers, national laboratories, nongovernmental organizations

To become an exhibitor or sponsor an event, contact: Joe Rostan • (724) 776-9000, ext. 231, or (800) 759-4TMS • [email protected]

Our Sponsors BP Coke...... Registration Counter Life Cycle Engineering...... Registration Bag Insert Burner Dynamics Inc...... Registration Bag Insert Mitsubishi International Company...... General Meeting Carbone Savoie...... Coffee Break Oxbow Carbon & Minerals LLC...... General Meeting ConocoPhillips...... General Meeting SEC Carbon (Sumitomo)...... Registration Bag Insert Elsevier Ltd...... Exhibit Hall Snack Sentech Precimeter Inc...... Registration Bag Insert GE Water & Process Technologies...... Lanyards SGL Carbon LLC...... Coffee Break Harbison-Walker Refractories...... Event Signs, Banner and Solios Environnement...... Registration Bags Information Booth TCP Petcoke Corporation...... General Meeting Hatch...... Coffee Break (Monday Morning) Thermo-Calc Software Inc...... Registration Bag Insert Jacobs Consultancy Inc...... TMS Today Newsletter (Tuesday) Vabco...... Coffee Break (Monday Afternoon)

16 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Exhibition

Exhibiting Companies Booth No. Exhibiting Companies Booth No. Exhibiting Companies Booth No.

ABB Analytical 606 Gouda Vuurvast 329 Opsis AB 220 Acuity VCT Graphite Engineering & Sales 209 Outotec Ltd. 321 (formerly Benchmark Automation) 232 Graphite Machining Inc. 332 Parker Hannifin 539 Alcan Group 309 Hamilton Research & Technology Pipeline Systems 127 Aleastur 704 PVT Ltd. 832 Pyrotek Inc. 301 Almeq Norway AS 428 Hauck Manufacturing Company 227 Resco Products 103 ALTECH SMV Ltd. 721 Heggset Engineering 238 Rex Materials Group 533 Aluminium International Today TBD Hencon BV 545 Riedhammer GmbH 121 Aluminium Times TBD Hertwich Engineering 708 Rigaku 815 Aluminum Corporation of China 222 HMR Group AS 339 SELEE Corporation 501 AUMUND Foerdertechnik GmbH 722 HRV Engineering Group 723 Sente Software 231 B&P Process Equipment Systems LLC 331 Hysitron 643 SenTech Precimeter Inc. 805 BHS Marketing/Western Briquette 345 iCrane Systems 632 Shenzhen Aida Aluminum Bloom Engineering 304 IMPEC AS 139 Alloys Co. Ltd. 809 Boreal Laser 136 Industries 3R Inc. 206 Shimadzu Scientific Instruments Inc. 344 Brochot 639 Innovatherm GmbH + Co. KG 631 SMV AS 720 Bruker AXS 114 International Magnesium Association TBD Solios Environment 513 Buehler Ltd. 806 Jayne Industries 101 Starcyl Cylinders/MAC 203 Burner Dynamics Inc. 110 JEOL USA Inc. 837 STAS 609 Buss ChemTech AG 631 Jervis B. Webb Company 725 Stellar Materials Inc. 700 C.A. Picard International 233 Kabert Industries 605 SUAL Group 131 Carl Zeiss MicroImaging 214 KB Alloys Inc. 621 Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press 819 Carl Zeiss SMT 212 KBM Affilips BV 715 Thermal Ceramics 507 Ceradyne Inc. 100 KEMPE International 620 Thermcon Ovens BV 804 Chongqing Runji Alloy Co Ltd. 814 L.P. Royer Inc. 221 ThermoCalc Software 444 CMI Novacast Inc. 113 Laeis GmbH 631 Thermo Scientific Niton Analyzers 107 Colt International 644 Life Cycle Engineering 115 Thermo Scientific-Scientific Instruments 106 CompuTherm LLC 820 Light Metal Age 205 Thorpe Technologies Inc. 308 CSM Instruments 712 Maerz-Gautschi 600 Urja Products PVT. Limited 713 Cytec Industries Inc. 731 Maruzen International Co. Ltd. 245 Wagstaff Inc. 521 Dantherm Filtration Inc. 239 McAllister Mills Inc. 625 Zircar Ceramics Inc. 711 Darco Southern 104 MECFOR Inc. 339 DMC Clad Metal Division 738 Mechatherm International Ltd. 626 EBSD Analytical Inc. 710 Metallurg Aluminium 320 ECL 312 Metallurgical Society of CIM 745 EDAX Inc. 707 Mid-Mountain Materials Inc. 213 Eirich Machines Inc. 211 MINTEQ International Inc. 118 Erico 705 Morgan AM&T/National FEI Company 730 Electrical Carbon 810 FFE Minerals 223 Murlin Chemical Inc. 201 GE Energy 322 N.A. Water Systems 821 GE Water & Process Technologies 324 Nalco Company 601 Giesel Verlag GmbH-Verlag für National Filter Media 739 Fachmedien TBD NKM Noell Special Cranes GmbH 527 Gillespie & Powers Inc. 831 North American Manufacturing Co. Ltd. 432 GLAMA Maschinenbau GmbH 613 Novelis 300 GNA Alutech Inc. 724 Olympus Micro Imaging Division 109

Register online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html 17 2008 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Students - Don’t miss this opportunity! TMS 2008 is a perfect opportunity for materials science and engineering students to learn how to prepare for a career in the materials field, make important professional contacts, and share enjoyable times outside the classroom with fellow students and professionals.

Students who are Material Advantage members may attend the technical sessions, lectures, exhibition and all student activities listed on this page for an advance registration fee of only $25. The advance registration fee for students who are not members is $50, which includes a free year of membership in the Material Advantage Student Program.

Sunday, March 9 2nd Annual Materials Bowl Preliminary Elimination Rounds • noon Championship Match • 8:30 to 9 p.m.

Team Registration Deadline: December 15, 2007

A total of $3,500 in prize money is awarded in this “Jeopardy”-style knowledge and trivia competition as well as the Materials Bowl Trophy! Currently, the trophy resides with the 2007 champions, Florida International University. Student chapters are invited to select a team of four chapter members to represent its school for the 2008 Materials Bowl. Eighteen teams will compete in preliminary elimination rounds, with the winners moving on to semifinal matches. The championship match will culminate at the Student Networking Mixer. View the official rules online and register your team early to be part of this exciting competition!

Orientation • 2 to 3 pm. Find out all you need to know about student activities at TMS 2008 and meet other students with similar interests.

Career Forum • 3:30 to 5 p.m. Representatives from key materials industries will provide personal insights on career preparation strategies, offer tips on how to develop and foster rewarding careers, and answer your questions.

Career Tips Session • 5 to 6 p.m. Discover what human resource representatives are looking for when reviewing resumes and interviewing candidates.

Student Networking Mixer • 9 to 11 p.m. This networking mixer provides a relaxed, casual and fun atmosphere for students, faculty members, and government and industry representatives to make connections and share experiences of professional growth.

Monday, March 10 TMS Technical Division Student Poster Contest • 5 to 6:30 p.m. Deadline to Apply: January 10, 2008

Both undergraduate and graduate students are encouraged to participate in this dynamic and interactive event. Each of the TMS technical divisions is awarding $500 to the best undergraduate poster and $500 to the best graduate poster. A top prize of $2,500 is awarded by TMS for the “Best of Show” poster.

Ambassador Awards Judges will select two student authors from among the poster award winners to receive the TMS Student Ambassador awards. The “ambassadors” will receive sponsorship from TMS to represent the society at a 2008 international conference. Two alternate ambassadors will also be chosen in the event the initial award winners are unable to attend the conference.

Visit www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html and click on the student page from the menu for full details about any of these student events.

18 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Especially for Students

Subsidize the Cost of Attending TMS 2008

Become a Student Monitor! Deadline to Apply: December 29, 2007

Student monitors are assigned to attend technical sessions to assist as follows: • Record the number of attendees for each paper presented in a given session. • Report any malfunctions of audio/visual equipment to appropriate staff. • Aid presenters with operation of room lights.

Monitors receive $40 for each one-half day session monitored. Monitor positions are filled as applications are received.

For more information about submitting an application: • Visit www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html and click on the student page from the menu. • Contact Cheryl Moore, technical programming assistant, at (724) 776-9000, ext. 252; (800) 759-4TMS; or [email protected].

Apply for Travel Reimbursement! Each Material Advantage chapter is eligible to receive $500 per calendar year in travel reimbursement for members to attend the TMS annual meeting. The travel reimbursement form must be submitted with original receipts by March 28, 2008. Visit www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html and click on the student page from the menu for the form.

Donate a Door Prize Student chapter members are asked to donate school logo items to the cache of items TMS will be donating for door prizes at the Student Networking Mixer. The more prizes donated, the better your chances to win! Let TMS know what you plan to bring to donate by e-mailing Bryn Stone at [email protected].

Collected Proceedings CD-ROM To provide added value for attendees, those registering in the following categories receive a free CD-ROM containing select proceedings: • Members • Nonmember Authors • Nonmembers • TMS Senior Members • Exhibitors Full Conference

The CD-ROM will include: • Multiple symposia proceedings • Keynote presentations • Links to additional resource information • Table of contents

Each symposium will be presented as an individual publication on the CD-ROM, with its own table of contents, standard publication reference numbers, and copyright information. Please visit www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html for a complete listing of the symposia to be included on the CD-ROM.

The CD-ROM is also available for purchase in advance on the registration form or on-site during the annual meeting. The cost per CD-ROM is $150; student price is $75.

Printed Proceedings For those interested in purchasing printed copies of individual symposia, arrangements can be made before, during and after the annual meeting. To order in advance or after the meeting, contact: TMS Customer Service • (724) 776-9000, ext. 256, or (800) 759-4TMS • E-mail [email protected]

Arrangements may also be made at the meeting by visiting the TMS Publications Sales area.

Site Features: 6 Online Communities of Learning Articles Education News Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Discussion Boards Lead-Free Solders Digital Resources* Magnesium Publications Materials for Nuclear Power Conferences Superalloys Visit www.materialstechnology.org today! Share your knowledge with colleagues and benefit from theirs, and utilize resources specific to your technical interest. *Exclusive to TMS members

20 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Registration

Two Ways to Register 1. Online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html with our secure form 2. Complete the form on the next page and mail or fax with your payment.

Your registration includes these valuable learning and networking events: 1. Technical Sessions (Monday through Thursday) 10. President’s Welcoming Reception (Sunday) 2. ICME Technology Forum* (Sunday) 11. Networking Receptions 3. Lead-Free Solders Technology Workshop* (Sunday) 12. Exhibition (Monday through Wednesday) 4. Women in Science Breakfast Lecture* (Monday) 13. Hosted Grand Opening Reception in Exhibit Hall (Monday) 5. Young Leaders Tutorial Lecture+ (Monday) 14. Snack Break in Exhibit Hall (Wednesday) 6. Institute of Metals/Robert Franklin Mehl Lecture (Monday) 15. Collected Proceedings CD-ROM 7. William Hume-Rothery Award Lecture (Monday) 8. Student Poster Contest (Monday) *Please sign up to attend on the meeting registration form as space is limited. +Young Leaders lecture is free. You may order lunch on the meeting 9. Extraction & Processing Division Distinguished Lecture registration form. (Tuesday)

Location All conference events, including registration, technical sessions and the exhibition, will take place at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center; all committee meetings will be held at the Hilton New Orleans Riverside Hotel.

Advance Registrant Check-In and On-Site Registration, Hall J: Sunday, March 9 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. Monday, March 10 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Tuesday, March 11 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Wednesday, March 12 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Thursday, March 13 7 to 10 a.m.

Policies

Registration Policy All attendees and meeting participants (authors, exhibitors, etc.) must register for the conference. Badges must be worn for admission to technical sessions, the exhibition and social functions.

Americans With Disabilities Act TMS strongly supports the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) which prohibits discrimination against, and promotes public accessibility for, those with disabilities. In support of, and in compliance with, ADA, we ask those requiring specific equipment or services to contact TMS Meeting Services in advance.

Audio/Video Recording Policy TMS reserves the right to all audio and video reproductions of presentations at TMS sponsored meetings. Recording of sessions (audio, video, still photography, etc.) intended for personal use, distribution, publication or copyright without the express written consent of TMS and the individual authors is strictly prohibited. Contact TMS Technical Programming at (724) 776-9000, ext. 212, to obtain a waiver release.

Photography Notice By registering for the conference, all attendees acknowledge that they may be photographed by TMS personnel while at events, and that those photos may be used for promotional purposes.

Questions? Contact: TMS Meeting Services • (724) 776-9000, ext 243, or (800) 759-4TMS

Register online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html 21 AM08-ADV 2008 adVaNCE REGiSTRaTioN FoRM Payment must accompany form. March 9-13, 2008 • New Orleans, LA advance Registration deadline: February 11, 2008 Forms received past this date will be processed at the on-site fee.

www.tms.org/AnnualMeeting.html 1. Member of:  TMS  AIST  SME  SPE Member Number: ______Web registration requires  Dr.  Prof. credit card payment.  Mr.  Mrs.  Ms.______Last Name First Name Middle Initial USA: (724) 776-3770 Informal First Name to Appear on Badge:______Date of Birth:______Fax registration requires mm / dd / yyyy credit card payment. Employer/Affiliation:______Title:______Address:  Business  Home______Return with TMS Meeting Services City: State/Province: Zip/Postal Code: Country: payment to: 184 Thorn Hill Road Telephone: Fax: ______Warrendale, PA 15086 E-mail: ______

2. Registration Fees: Advance Fees On-Site Fees 6. Social Function Tickets: Fee Quantity Total Through 2/11/08 After 2/11/08 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Dinner ...... $70 _____ $______MD  Member...... $555 M...... $655 ML Mon. Mon.

3/10/08 “Women in Science” Breakfast...... $0 _____ $______SB  Nonmember Author *...... $645 NMA...... $745 NMAL  Nonmember *...... $705 NM...... $805 NML TMS-AIME Banquet ...... $70 _____ $______AD  Recent Graduate Member ...... $395 RG...... $495 RGL  Student Member ## ...... $25 STU...... $50 STUL Tables of 8...... $560 _____ $______AD8  Student Nonmember ## * ...... $50 STUN...... $100 STUNL Table Sign to Read ______Extraction & Processing Division Luncheon...... $45 _____ $______EP  TMS Senior Member...... $395 RM...... $495 RML Tues. 3/11/08  TMS Retired Senior Member...... $100 RS ...... $495 RSL Tables of 8...... $360 _____ $______EP8  Exhibitor Full Conference...... $555 E ...... $555 EL Table Sign to Read ______ Exhibit Only...... $50 EO ...... $50 EOL Light Metals Division Luncheon ...... $45 _____ $______LM Registration TOTAL $______Tables of 8...... $360 _____ $______LM8 Table Sign to Read ______Wed. 3/12/08 * Includes TMS membership for 2008 ## Students must attach a copy of school student identification card. Social Function TOTAL $______For any special dietary needs, please contact Meeting Services at (724) 776-9000, ext. 243.

3. Publications/Collected Proceedings: 7. Tutorial Luncheon Tickets: Those registering at the member, nonmember author, nonmember, TMS senior Monday 3/10/08 Fee Quantity Total member and exhibitor full conference levels will receive a free TMS 2008 collected The Young Leaders Tutorial Lecture is free. proceedings CD-ROM. You may purchase the optional box lunch for ...... $35 _____ $______EM The CD-ROM may also be purchased below. Note: CD-ROMS will not be available after the meeting.They must be picked up at the meeting; none will be shipped.

Attendee Student Quantity 8. 2008 Membership Renewal: For current TMS members only  Professional Member...... $105 FM  CD-ROM $150 $75 ______ Recent Graduate (2006 or 2005)...... $52.50 JM Publications TOTAL $______ (ACerS/AIST/ASM/TMS) Material Advantage Student Member...... $25 ST

Visit the Publications Sales area at the meeting to purchase CD-ROMs or print volumes of selected symposia proceedings.After the meeting, individual symposia proceedings volumes may be purchased online at the TMS Knowledge Resource Center, http://doc.tms.org. 9. Hands-on New orleans Service Project: amount  I wish to participate in the service project on Saturday, March 8...... $0 HOP  I wish to contribute financially to the TMS Foundation for project costs...... $25 TFP

4. Continuing Education: Advance Fees Through 2/11/08 Member Nonmember  Grain Refinement Short Course* (Sunday) $475 $560 10. Payment Enclosed:  Greenhouse Gas Emissions Short Course* (Sunday) $475 $560  Check, Bank Draft, Money Order  Nanomechanical Characterization Tutorial (Sunday) $100 $125 Make checks payable to TMS. Payment must be made in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank.  Credit Card Expiration Date______Conference Registrants Nonregistrants Card No.______ ICME Technology Forum (Sunday) $0 $50  Visa  MasterCard  Diners Club  American Express  Lead-Free Solders Technology Workshop (Sunday) $0 $50 Cardholder Name ______Continuing Education TOTAL $ * Includes meal Signature ______

5. Furnace Systems and Technology Workshop: 11. ToTaL FEES Paid...... $______Monday 3/10/08-Wednesday 3/12/08 Member Nonmember Total Refund Policy: Written requests must be mailed to TMS, post-marked no later than February 11, 2008. $200 $250 $______A $75 processing fee is charged for all cancellations. No refunds will be processed after February 11, 2008.

22 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE 2008 Housing 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

Receive a special reduced rate by reserving your hotel before January 28, 2008.

Two ways to reserve your hotel: 1. Visit www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html and click on “Housing” from the menu. 2. Use the form on the next page.

About the Hilton New Orleans Riverside Hotel The Hilton New Orleans Riverside Hotel is the headquarters hotel for this year’s conference. It has a prime location with restaurants, shopping and entertainment close by. Located on the banks of the Mississippi River, the Hilton gives you the best New Orleans has to offer – all within easy walking distance.

Connected to the Hilton is the Riverwalk Marketplace, with more than 140 stores and a great food court. The historic French Quarter is a mere three blocks away, and the famous Aquarium of the Americas and the IMAX Theater is only one block away.

For Your Convenience TMS has contracted a block of rooms at the Hilton New Orleans Riverside Hotel, and at an additional 15 hotels available through Travel Planners, to ensure attendees are able to obtain housing at reduced rates. Therefore, TMS has assumed a financial liability for any and all rooms in the block that are not reserved. TMS asks that you reserve your room at these hotels in order to limit financial liability for the overall success of the meeting. Thank you.

Guest Hospitality A special guest hospitality area will be hosted each day from 7 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. in the Hilton New Orleans Riverside Hotel. TMS will sponsor a continental breakfast for the convenience of guests of meeting attendees.

Airport Shuttle For discounted airport transportation, visit Airport Shuttle online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html and click on “Housing” from the menu.

Register online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html 23 HOUSING RESERVATION FORM Mail or fax this housing form to: Travel Planners Inc., 381 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10016 2008 FAX: (212) 779-6128 • PHONE: (800) 221-3531 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition In local New York City area or international, call (212) 532-1660. March 9-13, 2008 (CHOOSE ONLY ONE OPTION.) Ernest Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, LA Making a reservation is easier than ever through Travel Planners’ real-time Internet reservation system! Just log on to www.tms.org/AnnualMeeting.html, and click on “Housing Reservations.” View actual availability, learn about hotel features and services, and obtain local city and sightseeing information. Most importantly, receive instant confirmation of your reservation!

Reservations must be received at Travel Planners by: Monday, January 28, 2008

Arrival Date Departure Date Last Name First Name MI Company Street Address City State/County Zip/Postal Code Country Daytime Phone Fax Additional Room Occupants E-mail (Confirmation will be sent via e-mail if address is provided.) Nonsmoking Room Requested Special Needs

Indicate 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hotel choice: Type of Accommodations: (check one) In order to ensure that rooms n Single 1 person/1bed n Double 2 people/1bed n Twin 2 people/2 beds are available for attendees, TMS 1. has contracted a block of rooms n Triple 3 people/2 beds n Quad 4 people/2 beds at the headquarters hotel, Hilton 2. New Orleans Riverside Hotel, If all three requested hotels are unavailable, please process this along with each of the hotels 3. reservation according to: (check one) n ROOM RATE n LOCATION listed. TMS assumes financial liability for any and all rooms that are not reserved in the blocks. Therefore, attendees are strongly encouraged to reserve rooms at the hotels listed. This will help HEADQUARTERS to limit undue expenses and se- Hilton New Orleans Riverside Hotel Loews New Orleans Hotel cure the success of TMS 2008. $209 single/double $237 single/double Thank you. $287 Executive Towers single/double Confirmations: A confirmation is e-mailed, Marriott New Orleans at the Convention Center faxed or mailed from Travel Planners Inc. once the Best Western St. Christopher Hotel $249 single/double reservation has been secured with a deposit or credit card. The hotels do not send confirmations. $139 single/double If you do not receive a confirmation within seven Residence Inn by Marriott Downtown days, please call Travel Planners Inc. Country Inn & Suites Convention Center $189 single/double Changes/Cancellations: All changes $139 single/double and cancellations in hotel reservations must be made with Travel Planners Inc. until five business Courtyard by Marriott Convention Center SpringHill Suites by Marriott Convention Center days prior to arrival and are subject to the individual $179 single/double hotel’s cancellation policies. Cancellations and $179 single/double changes within five days of arrival MUST be made with the hotel directly. Many hotels impose fees Embassy Suites New Orleans Convention St. James Hotel for early departure. This rate is set by each hotel $149 single/double and may vary accordingly. Please reconfirm your Center Hotel departure date at the time of check-in. $189 single/$209 double The Pelham Hotel Reservations/Deposits: All reserva- $139 single/double tions are being coordinated by Travel Planners Hampton Inn & Suites Convention Center Inc. Arrangements for housing must be made $169 single/double through Travel Planners Inc. and NOT with the W New Orleans hotel directly. Reservations via Internet, phone $199 single/double or fax are accepted with a major credit card only. Hilton Garden Inn New Orleans Housing forms and written requests are accepted $175 single/double with a major credit card or deposit of one night’s Wyndham Riverfront room and tax payable to Travel Planners Inc. $199 single/double (formerly Holiday Inn Select) Check must be drawn in U.S. funds on a U.S. Hotel New Orleans bank. No wire transfers are accepted. Deposit $159 single/double policies are set by each hotel and are outlined on the hotel confirmation. Please read all hotel information prior to n n n n n n completing and submitting this form to Travel Deposit Payment: Check American Express MasterCard VISA Discover Diners Planners Inc. Keep a copy of this form. Use one form per room required. Make additional Account Number Expiration Date copies if needed.

Cardholder Name Authorized Signature

24 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE 2008 Tours 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

City and Katrina Sunday, March 9 or Monday, March 10 • 1 to 4 p.m. • $35 per person

Explore all that makes New Orleans America’s most European city. As you ride by beautiful Jackson Square, your tour guide will reconstruct the first days of the old French City. The sights and sounds of the mighty Mississippi River, St. Louis Cathedral, Cabildo and Pontalba buildings are some of the highlights of this area. You will continue past the French Market and the U.S. Mint.

Then, to New Orleans greatest challenge, the tour will proceed by the three levees that “breached” as the tour guide provides a chronology of events leading up to Hurricane Katrina and the days immediately following the disaster. You will travel through parts of the Ninth Ward and Lakeview, some of the hardest hit areas of New Orleans as well as witness the revival of the city by citizens who refuse to give up.

Next is Esplanade Avenue, the outermost boundary of the French Quarter, where you will see a stunning display of the many fine Creole homes with delicate wrought iron fences and balconies. Passing by one of the city’s oldest cemeteries, you will learn about the unique above ground burial system. Across Bayou St. John is the spacious city park with its lush greenery and scenic lagoons. Located on the park’s grounds is the New Orleans Museum of Art set among the overhanging oak trees and Spanish moss.

Continuing toward the lakefront, which was also affected by the hurricane, you will see Lake Pontchartrain with its lovely setting for exclusive residences, water sports, outdoor activities and many fine seafood restaurants. Following the crescent of the river to the old town of Carrollton and the route of the St. Charles streetcar, you will pass Tulane and Loyola Universities as the ancient oaks of Audubon Park come into view. The heart of uptown showcases some of the city’s loveliest neighborhoods, while the Garden District is distinguished by its Greek revival architecture and splendid gardens.

Houmas House Tuesday, March 11 • 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. • $40 per person

One of the most visited antebellum plantation homes near New Orleans is the Houmas House Plantation. With spectacular gardens, Houmas was used as the filming location for “Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte,” starring Bette Davis.

Located in the small river community of Darrow, Houmas sits on a few acres on the Mississippi River, much smaller than the 20,000 acres that it once had. The house was built in 1840 by Col. John Smith Preston on land originally owned by the Houmas Indians.

The preservation of this home is superior, and the furnishings are period appropriate. It is lived in and entertained in, even today. Your guides, dressed in period costumes, make the history of this plantation home come alive for you!

Jean Lafitte Swamp Adventure Wednesday, March 12 • 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. • $50 per person

Enjoy a journey by boat, Cajun style, into the heart of Louisiana’s beautiful and natural swamplands. Your boat will travel deep into the swamps and meandering bayous of this exciting region. Be sure to bring your camera as you may encounter exciting and beautiful animals at any time–alligators, snakes, nesting eagles, egrets, white-tailed deer, mink and nutria. Your guide will be a native of the area who will bring history alive by recounting the exploits of pirate Jean Lafitte and his band as they plied these waters. Louisiana’s mysterious waters, moss-draped bayous and the adventure of Jean Lafitte await you!

Register online at www.tms.org/annualmeeting.html 25 TOUR REGISTRATION FORM Type or print clearly. Copy the completed form for your records. Return this form with appropriate fee to: 2008 MAIL: DMI-Conventions, Laura Swann, 4220 Howard Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70125 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition March 9-13, 2008 FAX: (504) 592-0529 / E-MAIL: [email protected] / TELEPHONE: (504) 587-1604 Ernest Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, LA Registration Deadline: February 27, 2008 All tour prices are in U.S. dollars and include all taxes, gratuities, entrance fees, etc. You will receive notification from DMI confirming availability of the tours you have selected. See below for refund cancellation policy.

Tour Attendee Information:

Last Name ______First Name______

Street______City ______

State/Province ______Country ______Postal Code______

Home Telephone ______Work Telephone______

Fax______E-mail ______

Name of Hotel in New Orleans ______

Tours: Hours No. of People Cost Total March 9, 2008 City and Katrina Tour 1 to 4 p.m. ______x $35 = $ ______

March 10, 2008 City and Katrina Tour 1 to 4 p.m. ______x $35 = $ ______

March 11, 2008 Houmas House 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. ______x $40 = $ ______

March 12, 2008 Jean Lafitte Swamp Tour 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. ______x $50 = $ ______

Total (in U.S. dollars):$ ______

Payment Information: Credit card orders will be charged to your account upon receipt of your tour registration form.

VISA Credit Card Number ______

MasterCard Expiration Date ______

Name on Card ______

Signature (required)______

REFUND/CANCELLATION POLICY Cancellations received by February 27, 2008, will receive a refund less a $5 per tour administrative fee. Cancellations received after February 27, 2008, will not receive a refund. Should a catastrophic event occur that adversely affects the overall conference, written notice must be received by DMI Conventions for a refund subject to a $5 administration fee. Cancellation requests must be made in writing and addressed to: DMI-Conventions, MMM308, 4220 Howard Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70125, or faxed to (504) 592-0529. Refunds will be made via check following the conference.

SOCIAL PROGRAM INFORMATION Tickets will be distributed at the social program registration desk at the ENMCC, Hall I, for all preregistered guests. Early registration is recommended in order to guarantee your space. DMI has the right to cancel any tours if the minimum number of attendees is not met. If a tour is cancelled due to lack of minimum attendance, registrant will be notified by DMI after the registration deadline, and the registration fee refunded in full, unless an alternate choice is selected by registrant.

26 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE You Can Make a Difference in New Orleans

Volunteer with TMS and “Hands On New Orleans” on Saturday, March 8, to make a direct impact on a community affected by Hurricane Katrina.

The city of New Orleans and the surrounding Gulf Coast region continue to recover from the effects of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. TMS is partnering with Hands On New Orleans to take a team of volunteers into a community still rebuilding from the hurricane. You can help in one or more school renovation projects, such as enhancing science and math classrooms, painting science labs and classrooms, or landscaping.

Hands On New Orleans is affiliated with the national Hands On Network and specializes in developing and implementing high impact service projects. Since the hurricane, the local organization has leveraged the power of more than 4,000 visiting volunteers who gave more than 500,000 hours of service to the recovery and rebuilding of the Gulf Coast.

Saturday’s Schedule • Continental breakfast and project orientation • Volunteers transported to project site with equipment and supplies provided • Lunch on-site • Evening reception

To be part of this special event, sign up on the conference registration form. Space is limited. You can also show your support by contributing $25 to the TMS Foundation to help offset the project costs.

Corporate sponsorship opportunities are also available by contacting: Joe Rostan • (724) 776-9000, ext. 231, or (800) 759-4TMS • [email protected]

Leave a lasting impression on the city that has welcomed the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition many times.

All contributions to the TMS Foundation are tax deductible in the United States. Pennsylvania residents may obtain the official registration and financial information of the TMS Foundation from the Pennsylvania Department of State by calling, toll-free within Pennsylvania, 1-800-732-0999. Registration does not imply endorsement. 2008 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Room PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Micro-Engineered Micro-Engineered Materials Materials Materials Materials Particulate-Based Particulate-Based Informatics: Informatics: Informatics: Informatics: Materials: Materials: Enabling Enabling Enabling Enabling Session I Session II Integration of Integration of Integration of Integration of Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Experiments in Experiments in Experiments in Experiments in

271 Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Informatics and Informatics and Informatics and Informatics and Materials Property Combinatorial Materials Theory Cyberinfrastructure Design Experiments and and Modeling Materials Characterization General Abstracts: General Abstracts: IOMMMS Global Materials for Materials for The Role of Extraction and Extraction and Materials Forum Infrastructure: Infrastructure: Engineers in Processing: Processing: 2008: Creating Building Bridges Building Bridges Meeting 21st Session I Session II the Future MS&E in the Global in the Global Century Societal 272 Professional Community: Community: Challenges Session I Session II -- AIME Keynote Session Ultrafine-Grained Ultrafine-Grained Ultrafine-Grained Ultrafine-Grained Ultrafine-Grained Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth Materials: Fifth Materials: Fifth Materials: Fifth Materials: Fifth Materials: Fifth International International International International International International Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: 273 Modeling, Theory, Processing and Stability, Properties Deformation Structure and and Property Materials Technology, and Mechanisms Evolution Property 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Properties, and Properties, and Properties, and Properties, and Properties, and Properties, and 274 Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: CNT Nanomaterials Device Application Random Topics Theory Synthesis Emerging Emerging Emerging Emerging Emerging Emerging Interconnect Interconnect Interconnect Interconnect Interconnect Interconnect and Packaging and Packaging and Packaging and Packaging and Packaging and Packaging Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Pb-Free Solders: Pb-Free and Advanced Pb-Free Solder: Pb-Free Solders: Pb-Free Solders Fundamental Sn-Pb Solders: Interconnects Tin Whisker Reliability and and Other 275 Properties, Electromigation Formation and Microstructure Interconnects: Interfacial Mechanical Development Microstructure, Reactions and Behavior Modeling, and Phase Test Methods Transformations Hume-RotheryPRELIMINARY Hume-Rothery Hume-Rothery Hume-Rothery General Abstracts: General Abstracts: Symposium - Symposium - Symposium - Symposium - Electronic, Electronic, Nanoscale Nanoscale Nanoscale Nanoscale Magnetic, and Magnetic, and

276 Phases: Phases: Phases: Phases: Photonic Materials Photonic Materials Session I Session II Session III Session IV Division: Division: Session I Session II Complex Oxide Complex Oxide Complex Oxide Complex Oxide Complex Oxide Complex Oxide Materials - Materials - Materials - Materials - Materials - Materials - Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Synthesis, Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Properties and Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications:

277 ZnO Novel Functionally Epitaxial Oxides: Scaling, Ferroelectric/ Nanostructures Functionality from Cross-Coupled Ferroelectric, Dynamics, and Dielectric Oxides and Thin Films Complex Oxide Heterostructures Dielectric, and Switching Heterointerfaces (Electro-)Magnetic Thin Films

28 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Program-at-a-Glance Room Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Advances in Advances in Phase Stability, Phase Stability, Phase Stability, Phase Stability, Semiconductor, Semiconductor, Phase Phase Phase Phase Electro Optic and Electro Optic and Transformations, Transformations, Transformations, Transformations, 278 Radio Frequency Radio Frequency and Reactive and Reactive and Reactive and Reactive Materials: Silicon- Materials: Phase Formation Phase Formation Phase Formation Phase Formation Based Compound in Electronic in Electronic in Electronic in Electronic Optoelectronics and Semiconductors Materials VII: Materials VII: Materials VII: Materials VII: Microelectronics and Beyond Session I Session II Session III Session IV Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Mechanics and Kinetics of Kinetics of Kinetics of Kinetics of Kinetics of Interfaces in Interfaces in Interfaces in Interfaces in Interfaces in Multi-Component Multi-Component Multi-Component Multi-Component Multi-Component

Materials Materials Materials Materials Systems: Materials Systems: 279 Systems: Systems: Systems: Interfacial Joint Session Mechanics of Nanoscale Mechanical Microstructures with Advances in Adhesion, Friction Structures and Properties of and Effects on Semiconductors, and Fracture Simulations Interfaces Mechanical and Electro Optic and Physical Radio Frequency Properties Materials Recent Recent Recycling: Recycling: Recycling: Recycling: Developments Developments Electronics Micro-Organisms Light Metals General Sessions in Rare Earth in Rare Earth Recycling for Metal 280 Science and Science and Recovery Technology - Acta Technology - Acta Materialia Gold Materialia Gold Medal Symposium: Medal Symposium: Session I Session II Advances in 9th Global 9th Global Aqueous Roasting, Innovations Innovations Processing - Sintering, Symposium: Trends Symposium: Trends General Session: Calcining, in Integrated in Integrated Aqueous

Preheating, and Computational Computational Processing 281 Drying: Materials Materials General Abstracts Advances in Engineering Engineering Thermal for Materials for Materials Processing Processing and Processing and Manufacturing: Manufacturing: Session I Session II General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: Materials Materials Materials Materials Materials Processing and Processing and Processing and Processing and Processing and 282 Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Division: Division: Division: Division: Division: Solidification and Composition Composition Films, Coatings, Forging, Forming, Casting Structure Property Structure Property and Surface and Powder PRELIMINARYRelationships I Relationships II Treatments Processing Materials Materials Materials Materials Pyrometallurgy Processing Processing Processing Processing - General

Fundamentals: Fundamentals: Fundamentals: Fundamentals: Sessions: 283 Solidification and Process Modeling Powders, Smelting and Pyrometallurgy Deformation Composites, Refining Coatings and Measurements Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization of Minerals, Metals, of Minerals, Metals, of Minerals, Metals, of Minerals, Metals, of Minerals, Metals, of Minerals, Metals, of Minerals, Metals,

and Materials: and Materials: and Materials: and Materials: and Materials: and Materials: and Materials: 284 Emerging Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization of Extraction and of Microstructure of Microstructure of Microstructure of Microstructure of Microstructure Techniques Processing and Properties of and Properties of and Properties of and Properties of and Properties of Materials I Materials II Materials III Materials IV Materials V

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Room PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Emerging Emerging Emerging Emerging Emerging Emerging Methods to Methods to Methods to Methods to Methods to Methods to Understand Understand Understand Understand Understand Understand Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical 285 Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: Electron Behavior: Imaging Methods Digital Image Indentation and Subscale Methods and Neutron X-Ray Diffraction Correlation Dynamic Methods Diffraction 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: ONR/DARPA Large Datasets Large Datasets Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and Modeling and

286 Dynamic 3-D and and Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Digital Structure Microstructure Microstructure across Length across Length across Length across Length Program Representation I Representation II Scales I Scales II Scales III Scales IV Recent Industrial Recent Industrial Frontiers in Frontiers in Energy Energy Applications of Applications of Process Modeling: Process Modeling: Conservation in Conservation in Solid-State Phase Solid-State Phase Metallurgical Casting and Metals Extraction Metals Extraction Transformations: Transformations: Reactors General Modeling and Materials and Materials

287 Superalloys and Alloy Design, Processing: Processing: TRIP Steels/ Microstructure Session I Session II Automotive Steels Prediction and Control Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Computational Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics and Kinetics: and Kinetics: and Kinetics: and Kinetics: and Kinetics: and Kinetics: and Kinetics: and Kinetics: Poster Session Defect Structure I Defect Structure II Phase Field Functional Phase Integrated Diffusion and 288 Crystal Materials Transformations Computational Phase Stability Materials Engineering Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Magnesium Wrought Alloys I Wrought Alloys II Wrought Alloys III Advanced Corrosion, 291 Plenary Session Magnesium Surface Finishing Materials and Joining Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Technology 2008: Primary Thermodynamics Casting Alloy Creep Resistant 292 Production and Phase Microstructure Magnesium Alloys Transformations and Properties Aluminum Alloys: Aluminum Alloys: Aluminum Alloys: Aluminum Alloys: Aluminum Alloys: Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Fabrication, Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization Characterization

293 and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: and Applications: Development and Processing and Modeling Alloy Corrosion and Composites and Applications Properties Characterization Protection Foams PRELIMINARYCarbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reduction Reduction Metallurgy: Metallurgy: Metallurgy: 294 Mechanisms Ferrous Industry Electrolytic Methods Sustainability, Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Cast Shop Climate Change Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: and Greenhouse Sustainability in Casthouse Melt Handling and Foundry Ingots Casting Modelling 295 Gas Emissions the Casthouse Operation Treatment and Alloys Processes and Reduction: Quality Analysis Responsibility, Key Challenges Alumina and Alumina and Alumina and Alumina and Alumina and Alumina and and Opportunities Bauxite: Bauxite: Bauxite: Bauxite: Bauxite: Bauxite: HSEC Equipment Bauxite Additives Operations Precipitation/ 296 for the Aluminum Industry Conclusion

30 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Program-at-a-Glance

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Room

PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM

General Abstracts: General Abstracts: Electrode Hot and Cold Aluminum Light Metals Light Metals Technology Rolling Reduction Division: Division: Symposium Technology: Technology: Session I Session II (formerly Carbon Session I Reduction Cell 297 Technology): Anode Modelling Manufacturing and Developments

Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction

Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: Technology: 298 Sustainability and Cell Development Process Control Aluminum Fundamentals, Cell Development Environment Part I and Industry in Low Melting Part II Operations Mid-East Electrolytes, New Technologies

Electrode Electrode Electrode Electrode Electrode Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Symposium Symposium Symposium Symposium Symposium

(formerly Carbon (formerly Carbon (formerly Carbon (formerly Carbon (formerly Carbon 299 Technology): Technology): Technology): Technology): Technology): Carbon Anode Raw Cathodes Raw Cathodes Inert Anode Sustainability Materials and Materials and Manufacturing and Environment Properties Properties and Aspects Developments

Deformation Deformation Deformation Deformation Twinning: Twinning: Twinning: Twinning: Formation Formation Formation Formation Mechanisms Mechanisms Mechanisms Mechanisms

and Effects on and Effects on and Effects on and Effects on 383 Material Plasticity: Material Plasticity: Material Plasticity: Material Plasticity: Experiments and Experiments and Experiments and Experiments and Modeling: Twin Modeling: Modeling: Modeling: Formation and Twin Effects on Twinning and Twin Effects on Growth Material Associated Defect Material Mechanisms Deformation I Structures Deformation II

Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Behavior, Behavior, Behavior, Behavior, Behavior, Behavior, Microstructure, Microstructure, Microstructure, Microstructure, Microstructure, Microstructure,

and Modeling of Ti and Modeling of and Modeling of and Modeling of Ti and Modeling of Ti and Modeling of Ti 384 and Its Alloys: Ti and Its Alloys: Ti and Its Alloys: and Its Alloys: and Its Alloys: and Its Alloys: Processing: Phase Phase Microstructure/ Microstructure/ Physical/ Design, Control Transformation Transformation Property Property Mechanical and Optimization and Microstructure and Microstructure Correlation I Correlation II Property Prediction PRELIMINARYDevelopment I Development II Minerals, Metals Minerals, Metals Minerals, Metals Minerals, Metals and Materials and Materials and Materials and Materials under Pressure: under Pressure: under Pressure: under Pressure: New Experimental Shock-Induced Electronic, High Pressure 385 and Theoretical Phase Trans- Magnetic and Phase Transitions Techniques in formations and Optical Properties and Mechanical High-Pressure Microstructure of Materials under Properties Materials Science High Pressure

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Room PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM Hael Mughrabi Hael Mughrabi Hael Mughrabi Hael Mughrabi Hael Mughrabi Hael Mughrabi Hael Mughrabi Honorary Honorary Honorary Honorary Honorary Honorary Honorary Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Symposium: Plasticity, Failure Plasticity, Failure Plasticity, Failure Plasticity, Failure Plasticity, Failure Plasticity, Failure Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in and Fatigue in and Fatigue in and Fatigue in and Fatigue in and Fatigue in and Fatigue in Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Materials - from Materials - from Materials - from Materials - from Materials - from Materials - from Materials - from

386 Macro to Nano: Macro to Nano: Macro to Nano: Macro to Nano: Macro to Nano: Macro to Nano: Macro to Nano: Dislocations: High-emperature Dislocations: Cyclic Mechanical Mechanical Cyclic Work Hardening, Mechanical Work Hardening, Deformation and Properties of Properties of Deformation Patterning, Size Properties: Creep, Patterning, Size Fatigue of Metals I Ultrafine-Grained Ultrafine-Grained and Fatigue of Effects I Fatigue and Effects II (UFG) Metals I (UFG) Metals II Metals II Thermomechanical Fatigue General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: General Abstracts: Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Materials Division: Materials Division: Materials Division: Materials Division: Materials Division: Materials Division:

387 Mechanical Mechanical Structure/Property Novel Issues Microstructure/ Microstructure/ Behavior of Behavior of Relations in Materials Property Relations Property Relations Metals and Alloys Materials Processing in Steel I in Steel II Enhancing Enhancing Enhancing Enhancing Materials Refractory Metals Refractory Metals Refractory Metals Materials Materials Materials Durability via 2008: 2008: 2008: Durability via Durability via Durability via Surface Engineering: Processing Characterization Properties of Surface Surface Surface Novel Surface Refractory Metals Engineering: Engineering: Engineering: Durability Approaches

388 Residual Stress Steel and Other Superalloy Effects on Alloys Surface Surface Durability National Academies Durability Durability Corrosion Education Study Commuity Town Hall Meeting Particle Beam- Particle Beam- Particle Beam- Particle Beam- Particle Beam- Particle Beam- Induced Radiation Induced Radiation Induced Radiation Induced Radiation Induced Radiation Induced Radiation Effects in Effects in Effects in Effects in Effects in Materials: Effects in Materials: Materials: Materials: Materials: Carbides, Materials: 389 Metals I Metals II RIS and Ceramics and Semiconductors Nanostructures Multilayers Nuclear Fuel and Other Materials Non-Metals Biological Biological Biological Biological Biological Biological Biological Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Materials Science: Mechanical Implant Bioinspired Scaffold Functional Mechanical Implant

390 Behavior of Biomaterials I Design and Biomaterials Biomaterials Behavior of Biomaterials II Biological Processing Biological Materials I Materials II Neutron and Neutron and Neutron and Neutron and Neutron and Neutron and X-Ray Studies for X-Ray Studies for X-Ray Studies for X-Ray Studies for X-Ray Studies for X-Ray Studies for ProbingPRELIMINARY Materials Probing Materials Probing Materials Probing Materials Probing Materials Probing Materials Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: Behavior: 391 Resolving Local Diffraction at Phase Transitions Recrystallization Stresses/Strains Scattering and Structure Small Dimensions and Beyond and Structure Understanding of Materials Properties Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Materials in Clean Power Systems Power Systems Power Systems Power Systems Power Systems Power Systems Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, III: Fuel Cells, III: Fuel Cells, III: Fuel Cells, III: Fuel Cells, III: Fuel Cells, III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Hydrogen-, and Hydrogen-, and Hydrogen-, and Hydrogen-, and Hydrogen-, and Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Clean Coal-Based Clean Coal-Based Clean Coal-Based Clean Coal-Based Clean Coal-Based Clean Coal-Based

392 Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Technologies: Plenary Session Gas Separation Solid Oxide Fuel Metallic Metallic PEM Fuel Cells Hydrogen

and CO2 Capture Cells: Metallic Interconnects in Interconnects and and Solar Technologies Interconnects SOFCs: Oxidation, Sealing in SOFCs Technologies Protection Coatings

32 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Program-at-a-glance

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Room

PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM

Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic Bulk Metallic

Glasses V: Glasses V: Glasses V: Glasses V: Glasses V: Glasses V: Glasses V: 393 Structures and Structures and Structures and Structures and Glass Forming Structures and Processing and Mechanical Mechanical Modeling I Mechanical Ability and Alloy Modeling II Properties Properties I Properties II Properties III Development Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural Aluminides for Aluminides for Aluminides for Aluminides for Aluminides for Aluminides for Aluminides for Elevated Elevated Elevated Elevated Elevated Elevated Elevated 394 Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications: Applications Mechanical FE and Other Processing and Phase and New Class of Environmental Behavior Alumindes Microstructure Microstructure Gamma Alloys - & Effects and Control Evolution - Poster Session Protection Sloan Industry Sloan Industry Centers Forum: Centers Forum: Techno- Techno- 397 Management Management Issues Related to Issues Related to Materials-Centric Materials-Centric Industries: Industries: Session I Session II APS, Hall A Frontiers of Computational Materials Science: Session I

Poster Sessions:

2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications

Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics

General Poster Session

Hael Mughrabi Hall I 2 Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure PRELIMINARY and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano

Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium

2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: Application...... 274...... Tues PM...... 207 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: CNT...... 274...... Mon AM...... 59 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: Device...... 274...... Tues AM...... 152 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: Nanomaterials Synthesis...... 274...... Mon PM...... 101 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: Poster Session...... Hall I 2...... Sun PM...... 39 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: Random Topics...... 274...... Wed AM...... 260 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications: Theory...... 274...... Wed PM...... 308 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Large Datasets and Microstructure Representation I...... 286...... Mon PM...... 102 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Large Datasets and Microstructure Representation II...... 286...... Tues AM...... 153 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and Characterization across Length Scales I...... 286...... Tues PM...... 209 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and Characterization across Length Scales II...... 286...... Wed AM...... 262 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and Characterization across Length Scales III...... 286...... Wed PM...... 309 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and Characterization across Length Scales IV...... 286...... Thurs AM...... 355 3-Dimensional Materials Science: ONR/DARPA Dynamic 3-D Digital Structure Program...... 286...... Mon AM...... 60 9th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Integrated Computational Materials Engineering for Materials Processing and Manufacturing: Session I...... 281...... Mon PM...... 104 9th Global Innovations Symposium: Trends in Integrated Computational Materials Engineering for Materials Processing and Manufacturing: Session II...... 281...... Tues AM...... 155 Advances in Roasting, Sintering, Calcining, Preheating, and Drying: Advances in Thermal Processing...... 281...... Mon AM...... 62 Advances in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Compound Semiconductors and Beyond...... 278...... Mon PM...... 104 Advances in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Joint Session with Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi-Component Materials Systems...... 279...... Wed AM...... 296 Advances in Semiconductor, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials: Silicon-Based Optoelectronics and Microelectronics...... 278...... Mon AM...... 63 Alumina and Bauxite: Additives...... 296...... Wed AM...... 263 Alumina and Bauxite: Bauxite...... 296...... Tues PM...... 210 Alumina and Bauxite: Equipment...... 296...... Tues AM...... 156 Alumina and Bauxite: HSEC...... 296...... Mon PM...... 106 Alumina and Bauxite: Operations...... 296...... Wed PM...... 311 Alumina and Bauxite: Precipitation/Conclusion...... 296...... Thurs AM...... 356 Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications: Alloy Characterization...... 293...... Tues PM...... 211 Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications: Composites and Foams...... 293...... Wed PM...... 312 Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications: Corrosion and Protection...... 293...... Wed AM...... 264 Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications: Development and Applications...... 293...... Mon AM...... 64 Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications: Modeling...... 293...... Tues AM...... 157 Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications: Processing and Properties...... 293...... Mon PM...... 107 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Aluminum Industry in Mid-East...... 298/299...... Wed AM...... 266 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Cell Development Part I and Operations...... 298...... Tues AM...... 159 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Cell Development Part II...... 298...... Thurs AM...... 357 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Fundamentals, Low Melting Electrolytes, New Technologies...... 298...... Wed PM...... 313 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Process Control...... 298...... Tues PM...... 213 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Reduction Cell Modelling...... 297...... Wed PM...... 315 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Sustainability and Environment...... 298...... Mon PM...... 108 Aqueous Processing - General Session: Aqueous Processing General Abstracts...... 281...... Tues PM...... 214 Biological Materials Science: Bioinspired Design and Processing...... 390...... Tues AM...... 160 Biological Materials Science: Functional Biomaterials...... 390...... Wed AM...... 267 Biological Materials Science: Implant Biomaterials I...... 390...... Mon PM...... 110 Biological Materials Science: Implant Biomaterials II...... 390...... Thurs AM...... 358 Biological Materials Science: Mechanical Behavior of Biological Materials I...... 390...... Mon AM...... 66 Biological Materials Science: Mechanical Behavior of Biological Materials II...... 390...... Wed PM...... 316 Biological Materials Science: Scaffold Biomaterials...... 390...... Tues PM...... 215 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Glass Forming Ability and Alloy Development...... 393...... Wed AM...... 268 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: ProcessingPRELIMINARY and Properties...... 393...... Thurs AM...... 359 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Structures and Mechanical Properties I...... 393...... Mon AM...... 67 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Structures and Mechanical Properties II...... 393...... Mon PM...... 110 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Structures and Mechanical Properties III...... 393...... Tues PM...... 216 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Structures and Modeling I...... 393...... Tues AM...... 161 Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Structures and Modeling II...... 393...... Wed PM...... 317 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy: Electrolytic Methods...... 294...... Wed AM...... 270 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy: Ferrous Industry...... 294...... Tues PM...... 219 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy: Mechanisms...... 294...... Tues AM...... 163 Cast Shop Technology: Casthouse Operation...... 295...... Tues AM...... 164 Cast Shop Technology: Casting Processes and Quality Analysis...... 295...... Wed PM...... 319 Cast Shop Technology: Foundry Ingots and Alloys...... 295...... Wed AM...... 271 Cast Shop Technology: Melt Handling and Treatment...... 295...... Tues PM...... 220 Cast Shop Technology: Modelling...... 295...... Thurs AM...... 361 Cast Shop Technology: Sustainability in the Casthouse...... 295...... Mon PM...... 112 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Extraction and Processing...... 284...... Mon PM...... 113

34 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Session Listing

Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of Materials I...... 284...... Tues AM...... 166 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of Materials II...... 284...... Tues PM...... 221 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of Materials III...... 284...... Wed AM...... 272 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of Materials IV...... 284...... Wed PM...... 321 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of Materials V...... 284...... Thurs AM...... 362 Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Emerging Characterization Techniques...... 284...... Mon AM...... 69 Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications: Epitaxial Oxides: Ferroelectric, Dielectric, and (Electro-)Magnetic Thin Films...... 277...... Tues PM...... 222 Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications: Ferroelectric/Dielectric Oxides...... 277...... Wed PM...... 322 Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications: Functionally Cross-Coupled Heterostructures...... 277...... Tues AM...... 167 Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications: Novel Functionality from Complex Oxide Heterointerfaces...... 277...... Mon PM...... 114 Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications: Scaling, Dynamics, and Switching...... 277...... Wed AM...... 274 Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and Applications: ZnO Nanostructures and Thin Films...... 277...... Mon AM...... 70 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Defect Structure I...... 288...... Mon AM...... 71 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Defect Structure II...... 288...... Mon PM...... 116 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Diffusion and Phase Stability...... 288...... Thurs AM...... 364 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Functional Materials...... 288...... Tues PM...... 223 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Integrated Computational Materials Engineering...... 288...... Wed PM...... 323 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Phase Field Crystal...... 288...... Tues AM...... 168 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Phase Transformations...... 288...... Wed AM...... 275 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Poster Session...... Hall I 2...... Sun PM...... 42 Deformation Twinning: Formation Mechanisms and Effects on Material Plasticity: Experiments and Modeling: Twin Effects on Material Deformation I...... 383...... Mon PM...... 117 Deformation Twinning: Formation Mechanisms and Effects on Material Plasticity: Experiments and Modeling: Twin Effects on Material Deformation II...... 383...... Tues PM...... 225 Deformation Twinning: Formation Mechanisms and Effects on Material Plasticity: Experiments and Modeling: Twin Formation and Growth Mechanisms...... 383...... Mon AM...... 73 Deformation Twinning: Formation Mechanisms and Effects on Material Plasticity: Experiments and Modeling: Twinning and Associated Defect Structures...... 383...... Tues AM...... 169 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Anode Manufacturing and Developments...... 297...... Tues PM...... 225 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Anode Raw Materials and Properties...... 299...... Tues AM...... 171 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Carbon Sustainability and Environment Aspects...... 299...... Mon PM...... 119 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Cathodes Manufacturing and Developments...... 299...... Wed PM...... 325 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Cathodes Raw Materials and Properties...... 299...... Tues PM...... 226 Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly Carbon Technology): Inert Anode...... 299...... Thurs AM...... 365 Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: Advanced Interconnects...... 275...... Tues AM...... 172 Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: Pb-Free and Sn-Pb Solders: Electromigation...... 275...... Mon PM...... 119 Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: Pb-Free Solder: Tin Whisker Formation and Mechanical Behavior...... 275...... Tues PM...... 228 Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: Pb-Free Solders and Other Interconnects: Microstructure, Modeling, and Test Methods...... 275...... Wed PM...... 326 Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: Pb-Free Solders: Fundamental Properties, Interfacial Reactions and Phase Transformations...... 275...... Mon AM...... 74 Emerging Interconnect and Packaging PRELIMINARYTechnologies: Pb-Free Solders: Reliability and Microstructure Development...... 275...... Wed AM...... 277 Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior: Digital Image Correlation...... 285...... Mon PM...... 121 Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior: Electron and Neutron Diffraction...... 285...... Wed AM...... 278 Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior: Imaging Methods...... 285...... Mon AM...... 75 Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior: Indentation and Dynamic Methods...... 285...... Tues AM...... 173 Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior: Subscale Methods...... 285...... Tues PM...... 229 Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical Behavior: X-Ray Diffraction...... 285...... Wed PM...... 328 Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and Materials Processing: Session I...... 287...... Wed AM...... 279 Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and Materials Processing: Session II...... 287...... Wed PM...... 329 Enhancing Materials Durability via Surface Engineering: Novel Surface Durability Approaches...... 388...... Tues PM...... 231 Enhancing Materials Durability via Surface Engineering: Residual Stress Effects on Durability...... 388...... Mon AM...... 77 Enhancing Materials Durability via Surface Engineering: Steel and Other Alloys Surface Durability...... 388...... Mon PM...... 122 Enhancing Materials Durability via Surface Engineering: Superalloy Surface Durability...... 388...... Tues AM...... 175 Frontiers in Process Modeling: Casting and General Modeling...... 287...... Tues PM...... 232 Frontiers in Process Modeling: Metallurgical Reactors...... 287...... Tues AM...... 177

Frontiers of Computational Materials Science...... APS, Hall A...... Mon AM...... 78 General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division: Session I...... 276...... Wed AM...... 280 General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division: Session II...... 276...... Wed PM...... 331 General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: Session I...... 272...... Mon AM...... 78 General Abstracts: Extraction and Processing: Session II...... 272...... Mon PM...... 124 General Abstracts: Light Metals Division: Session I...... 297...... Mon PM...... 125 General Abstracts: Light Metals Division: Session II...... 297...... Tues AM...... 178 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Composition Structure Property Relationships I...... 282...... Mon PM...... 126 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Composition Structure Property Relationships II...... 282...... Tues AM...... 179 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Films, Coatings, and Surface Treatments...... 282...... Tues PM...... 233 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Forging, Forming, and Powder Processing...... 282...... Wed AM...... 282 General Abstracts: Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division: Solidification and Casting...... 282...... Mon AM...... 79 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Mechanical Behavior of Materials...... 387...... Mon PM...... 128 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Mechanical Behavior of Metals and Alloys...... 387...... Mon AM...... 81 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Microstructure/Property Relations in Steel I...... 387...... Wed AM...... 283 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Microstructure/Property Relations of Steels II...... 387...... Wed PM...... 332 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Novel Issues in Materials Processing...... 387...... Tues PM...... 234 General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: Structure/Property Relations...... 387...... Tues AM...... 180 General Poster Session...... Hall I 2...... Sun PM...... 44 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue of Metals I...... 386...... Tues PM...... 236 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue of Metals II...... 386...... Thurs AM...... 333 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Dislocations: Work Hardening, Patterning, Size Effects I...... 386...... Mon AM...... 82 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Dislocations: Work Hardening, Patterning, Size Effects II...... 386...... Tues AM...... 182 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: High-Temperature Mechanical Properties: Creep, Fatigue and Thermomechanical Fatigue.....386...... Mon PM...... 129 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Metals .I...... 386...... Wed AM...... 285 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Metals II...... 386...... Wed PM...... 367 Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from Macro to Nano: Poster Session...... Hall I 2...... Sun PM...... 49 Hot and Cold Rolling Technology: Session I...... 297...... Wed AM...... 287 Hume-Rothery Symposium - Nanoscale Phases: Session I...... 276...... Mon AM...... 84 Hume-Rothery Symposium - Nanoscale Phases: Session II...... 276...... Mon PM...... 131 Hume-Rothery Symposium - Nanoscale Phases: Session III...... 276...... Tues AM...... 184 Hume-Rothery Symposium - Nanoscale Phases: Session IV...... 276...... Tues PM...... 237 IOMMMS Global Materials Forum 2008: Creating the Future MS&E Professional...... 272...... Tues AM...... 185 Magnesium Technology 2008: Advanced Magnesium Materials...... 291...... Wed AM...... 288 Magnesium Technology 2008: Alloy Microstructure and Properties...... 292...... Wed AM...... 289 Magnesium Technology 2008: Casting ...... 292...... Tues PM...... 238 Magnesium Technology 2008: Corrosion, Surface Finishing and Joining...... 291...... Wed PM...... 335 Magnesium Technology 2008: Creep Resistant Magnesium Alloys...... 292...... Wed PM...... 336 Magnesium Technology 2008: Magnesium Plenary Session...... 291/292...... Mon AM...... 85 Magnesium Technology 2008: Primary Production ...... 292...... Mon PM...... 132 Magnesium Technology 2008: Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations ...... 292...... Tues AM...... 186 Magnesium Technology 2008: WroughtPRELIMINARY Alloys I...... 291...... Mon PM...... 133 Magnesium Technology 2008: Wrought Alloys II...... 291...... Tues AM...... 188 Magnesium Technology 2008: Wrought Alloys III...... 291...... Tues PM...... 240 Materials for Infrastructure: Building Bridges in the Global Community: Session I...... 272...... Tues PM...... 242 Materials for Infrastructure: Building Bridges in the Global Community: Session II...... 272...... Wed AM...... 291 Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies:

Gas Separation and CO2 Capture...... 392...... Mon PM...... 135 Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: Hydrogen Technologies...... 392...... Thurs AM...... 368 Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: Metallic Interconnects and Sealing in SOFCs...... 392...... Wed AM...... 292 Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: Metallic Interconnects in SOFCs: Oxidation, Protection Coatings...... 392...... Tues PM...... 243 Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: PEM Fuel Cells and Solar Technologies...... 392...... Wed PM...... 338

36 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Session Listing

Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: Plenary Session...... 392...... Mon AM...... 86 Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Metallic Interconnects...... 392...... Tues AM...... 189 Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science: Informatics and Cyberinfrastructure...... 271...... Wed PM...... 339 Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science: Informatics and Combinatorial Experiments and Materials Characterization...... 271...... Tues PM...... 244 Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science: Informatics and Materials Property Design...... 271...... Tues AM...... 191 Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science: Informatics and Materials Theory and Modeling...... 271...... Wed AM...... 293 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Powders, Composites, Coatings and Measurements...... 283...... Tues AM...... 192 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Process Modeling...... 283...... Mon PM...... 136 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Smelting and Refining...... 283...... Tues PM...... 245 Materials Processing Fundamentals: Solidification and Deformation...... 283...... Mon AM...... 86 Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys: Microstructure/Property Correlation I...... 384...... Tues PM...... 246 Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys: Microstructure/Property Correlation II...... 384...... Wed AM...... 294 Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys: Phase Transformation and Microstructure Development I...... 384...... Mon PM...... 138 Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys: Phase Transformation and Microstructure Development II...... 384...... Tues AM...... 193 Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys: Physical/Mechanical Property Prediction...... 384...... Wed PM...... 340 Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling of Ti and Its Alloys: Processing: Design, Control and Optimization...... 384...... Mon AM...... 88 Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi-Component Materials Systems: Interfacial Microstructures and Effects on Mechanical and Physical Properties...... 279...... Tues PM...... 247 Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi-Component Materials Systems: Joint Session with Advances in Semiconductors, Electro Optic and Radio Frequency Materials...... 279...... Wed AM...... 296 Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi-Component Materials Systems: Mechanical Properties of Interfaces...... 279...... Tues AM...... 194 Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi-Component Materials Systems: Mechanics of Adhesion, Friction and Fracture...... 279...... Mon AM...... 89 Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi-Component Materials Systems: Nanoscale Structures and Simulations...... 279...... Mon PM...... 139 Micro-Engineered Particulate-Based Materials: Session I...... 271...... Mon AM...... 90 Micro-Engineered Particulate-Based Materials: Session II...... 271...... Mon PM...... 140 Minerals, Metals and Materials under Pressure: Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Properties of Materials under High Pressure...... 385...... Tues AM...... 196 Minerals, Metals and Materials under Pressure: High Pressure Phase Transitions and Mechanical Properties.....385...... Tues PM...... 249 Minerals, Metals and Materials under Pressure: New Experimental and Theoretical Techniques in High-Pressure Materials Science...... 385...... Mon AM...... 91 Minerals, Metals and Materials under Pressure: Shock-Induced Phase Transformations and Microstructure...... 385...... Mon PM...... 140 National Academies Corrosion Education Study Community Town Hall Meeting...... 388...... Tues PM...... 232 Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior: Diffraction at Small Dimensions...... 391...... Mon PM...... 141 Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior: Phase Transitions and Beyond...... 391...... Tues AM...... 197 Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior: Recrystallization...... 391...... Tues PM...... 250 Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior: Resolving Local Structure ...... 391...... Mon AM...... 92 Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials Behavior: Scattering and Understanding of Materials Properties...... 391...... Wed PM...... 341 Neutron and X-Ray Studies for ProbingPRELIMINARY Materials Behavior: Stresses/Strains and Structure...... 391...... Wed AM...... 297 Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: Carbides, Semiconductors and Other Non-Metals...... 389...... Wed AM...... 299 Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: Ceramics and Nuclear Fuel Materials...... 389...... Tues PM...... 251 Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: Metals I...... 389...... Mon AM...... 94 Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: Metals II...... 389...... Mon PM...... 143 Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: Nanostructures...... 389...... Wed PM...... 342 Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: RIS and Multilayers...... 389...... Tues AM...... 198 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII: Session I...... 278...... Tues AM...... 199 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII: Session II...... 278...... Tues PM...... 253 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII: Session III...... 278...... Wed AM...... 300 Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII: Session IV...... 278...... Wed PM...... 343 Pyrometallurgy - General Sessions: Pyrometallurgy...... 283...... Wed AM...... 301

Recent Developments in Rare Earth Science and Technology - Acta Materialia Gold Medal Symposium: Session I...... 280...... Mon AM...... 95 Recent Developments in Rare Earth Science and Technology - Acta Materialia Gold Medal Symposium: Session II...... 280...... Mon PM...... 144 Recent Industrial Applications of Solid-State Phase Transformations: Alloy Design, Microstructure Prediction and Control...... 287...... Mon PM...... 145 Recent Industrial Applications of Solid-State Phase Transformations: Superalloys and TRIP Steels/Automotive Steels...... 287...... Mon AM...... 96 Recycling: Electronics Recycling...... 280...... Tues AM...... 201 Recycling: General Sessions...... 280...... Wed PM...... 345 Recycling: Light Metals...... 280...... Wed AM...... 302 Recycling: Micro-Organisms for Metal Recovery...... 280...... Tues PM...... 255 Refractory Metals 2008: Characterization...... 388...... Wed PM...... 346 Refractory Metals 2008: Processing ...... 388...... Wed AM...... 303 Refractory Metals 2008: Properties of Refractory Metals...... 388...... Thurs AM...... 369 Sloan Industry Centers Forum: Techno-Management Issues Related to Materials-Centric Industries: Session I...... 397...... Mon PM...... 147 Sloan Industry Centers Forum: Techno-Management Issues Related to Materials-Centric Industries: Session II...... 397...... Tues AM...... 202 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: Applications...... 394...... Mon AM...... 97 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: Environmental Effects and Protection...... 394...... Thurs AM...... 370 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: FE and Other Alumindes...... 394...... Tues AM...... 203 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: Mechanical Behavior...... 394...... Mon PM...... 148 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: New Class of Gamma Alloys...... 394...... Wed PM...... 347 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: Phase and Microstructure Evolution...... 394...... Wed AM...... 304 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: Poster Session...... 394...... Wed PM...... 349 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications: Processing and Microstructure Control...... 394...... Tues PM...... 255 Sustainability, Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: Responsibility, Key Challenges and Opportunities for the Aluminum Industry...... 295/296...... Mon AM...... 99 The Role of Engineers in Meeting 21st Century Societal Challenges -- AIME Keynote Session...... 272...... Wed PM...... 351 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Deformation Mechanisms...... 273...... Wed AM...... 306 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Modeling,Theory, and Property...... 273...... Mon AM...... 99 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Poster Session...... Hall I 2...... Sun PM...... 50 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Processing and Materials...... 273...... Mon PM...... 149 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Properties...... 273...... Tues PM...... 257 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Stability, Technology, and Property...... 273...... Tues AM...... 205 Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Symposium: Structure and Evolution...... 273...... Wed PM...... 352

PRELIMINARY

38 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE 2008 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

9:30 AM Wet Chemical Synthesis of Highly Aligned ZnO Nanowires with Optical 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Properties: Jean-Claude Tedenac1; Mezy Aude1; Ravot Didier1; Tichit Didier1; Applications: Random Topics Gerardin Corinne1; 1Institut Gerhardt Universite de Montpellier 2 Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, ZnO nanowires have a great commercial stake, due to their physical and and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee chemical properties. Many methods have been employed for the growth of ZnO Program Organizers: Seong Jin Koh, University of Texas; Wonbong Choi, Florida nanomaterials (sputtering, chemical vapour deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, International University; Donna Senft, US Air Force; Ganapathiraman Ramanath, metal-organic chemical vapour deposition) which greatly improve the crystalline Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Seung Kang, Qualcomm Inc quality. However, low cost and simplicity of the synthesis processes are required for commercial applications. The wet chemical synthesis route seems to meet Wednesday AM Room: 274 these requirements, enabling the preparation of high crystal quality and proper March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center growth orientation of ZnO nanowires. Nethertheless, control of the ZnO size, Session Chair: To Be Announced morphology, dimensionality, and self-assembly remains a very important stake, due to their tight influence on ZnO properties. Efficient control of both nanostructure dimensionality and assembly is obtained by using appropriate 8:30 AM Invited synthesis parameters during the seeded growth process. The synthesis of well Optical Assembly of Nanomaterials: Paul Braun1; 1University of Illinois at aligned nanowires with a perpendicularly growth to the substrate and a high Urbana-Champaign crystal quality is useful for the study of their physical properties. The assembly of nanomaterials into higher order functional structures has remained a challenge, even as routes for the synthesis and chemical 9:45 AM functionalization of nanomaterials has exploded. As a potential solution, we Characterization of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Al-Mg Powders: 1 1 1 1 believe optically directed assembly may prove to be a powerful route for the Fereshteh Ebrahimi ; Mahesh Tanniru ; Sankara Sarma Tatiparti ; University assembly of nanomaterials into higher order complex and functional structures. of Florida Through optical holography, we have assembled semiconductor quantum dots Nanocrystalline aluminum-magnesium alloys were fabricated in the powder and various ceramic nanoparticles into predefined 2 and 3 dimensional patterns form using electrodeposition technique. The electrolyte was oganometallic within polymeric and multifunctional hosts. Also through optical holography, we based and the synthesis was conducted in low oxygen argon atmosphere. XRD have formed three-dimensionally patterned polymers and oxides. In both these profiles showed that these powders consist of supersaturated fcc-Al(+Mg) systems, the resolution and 3-D control of structure obtained far surpassed that and hcp-Mg(+Al) phases. Compositional analysis using EPMA revealed that obtainable through conventional lithographic routes. In a related project, we have the fcc phase can accommodate up to 20at%Mg, however the hcp phase may utilized laser tweezers to manipulate and assemble ZnS and Au nanoparticles dissolve as high as 40at% of Al. SEM observations indicated that the hcp-Mg inside of a self-assembled photonic crystal, giving us the ability to controllably phase develops over the supersaturated fcc-Al phase. TEM studies showed that place individual defect states within an ordered photonic lattice. both phases consist of nanocrystalline grains. These powders were developed for hydrogen storage applications. Selected powders were hydrogenated at W 9:00 AM various temperatures and high pressures. In this presentation the results of E Alkaline-Earth Metal Hexaboride One-Dimensional (1D) Nanostructures: characterization before and after hydrogenation will be presented. The financial Synthesis and Characterization: Syed Amin1; Shu-you Li2; John Roth3; Terry support by NSF through grant DMR-0605406 is gratefully appreciated. D Xu1; 1University of North Carolina, Charlotte; 2Northwestern University; 10:00 AM N 3University of Illinois, Chicago In this presentation, we report our recent progress on synthesis and Influence of Processing Mode on the Nanostructure Development of Flux E Melted Ag-40at%Cu Alloy: D Aujla1; C. Davy1; P. Kalu1; K. Han2; T. Shen3; characterization of alkaline-earth metal hexaboride (MB6, M=Sr, Ba) 1D S D. Alexander3; R. Schwarz3; 1Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University- nanostructures. The MB6 1D nanostructures are appealing candidates for 2 D applications such as thermoelectric energy conversion, nanocomposites and Florida State University-College of Engineering; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; 3Los Alamos National Laboratory A nanoelectronics. Catalyst-assisted growth of MB6 1D nanostructures was achieved by pyrolysis of diborane (B 2H ) over alkaline-earth metal oxide (MO) The need to generate higher magnetic field has led to renewed research Y 2 6 into the development of high strength conductor materials. This paper presents or alkaline-earth metal carbonate (MCO3) powders at elevated temperature (~890-960°C) and low pressure (~165 mTorr). Nickel, gold and palladium are a comparison of the microstructure, texture and strength in Ag-40at%Cu alloy fabricated by two methods: drawing and cold rolling. The AgCu alloy A effective catalytic materials. The as-synthesized MB6 1D nanostructures were M characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, was initially produced by flux melting technique and cast into 25.4 mm rods, and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that the MB nanostructures are single and then severely deformed by either method to a true strain of 4.6. Several 6 techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and crystalline with preferred growth direction along [001]. The MB6 nanostructures are several tens of nanometer in diameter and up to ten micrometer in length. Nanoindentation were utilized in analyzing the material. It was found that both The growth of these nanostructures involved the vapor-solid growth mechanism. processing method produced nano-composites with alternating Ag and Cu PRELIMINARYlaminates on the order of 60 to 200nm in thickness. A correlation was made Thermal stability of MB 1D nanostructures has also been studied. 6 between the microstructure and strength of the material. The general effect of 9:15 AM processing mode on the mechanical properties of the material is discussed. Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures of Trititanate Thin Films on a Titanium Metal Flake: Sun-Jae Kim1; Yupeng Guo1; Nam-Hee Lee1; Hyo-Jin Oh1; Cho- 10:15 AM Rong Yoon1; 1Sejong University Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Anatase and Study of the One-dimentsional (1-D) layered trititanate nanotubes, nanoribbons films and Kinetics among Phase Transformation and Coarsening as a Function of 1 self-assembled spherical aggregates were prepared by hydrothermal reacting Ti Heat Treatment Conditions: Leonardo Gonzalez-Reyes ; Isaias Hernández- 2 3 1 metal flake with concentrated NaOH solution. A combined TEM, SEM and XRD Pérez ; Francisco Robles Hernandez ; Hector Dorantes Rosales ; Elsa Arce 1 1 2 investigation of the reaction products as the functions of reaction temperature, Estrada ; Instituto Politecnico Nacional; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; 3 duration, concentration of NaOH solution and post treatment conditions revealed Transportation Technology Center, Inc. that the 20-50 nm wide and ca. 1µm long nanoribbons with a 5 mol dm-3 NaOH The present paper shows that nanostructured anatase can be produced by aqueous solution at 140°C for 12 h. The 6-8 nm wide and several hundreds sonochemical synthesis with an average particle size of 6.4nm and a specific nanometer long nanotubes are prepared by using 10 mol dm-3 NaOH. Titanate surface area of 300m2g-1. The results of microstructure coarsening evolution sheets growth, split and roll-up model for the formation of 1-D titanate thin films as well as phase transformation of nanometric anatase to rutile subjected to was proposed. different heat treatment conditions are presented. The rates of transformation

260 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

from anatase to rutile, critical particle size of transformation anatase to rutile magnetic systems can lead to favorable changes in coercivity, remanence and and coarsening are directly related to heat treatment temperature, which in turns domain reversal mechanisms. For an off-stoichiometric Fe41Pt59 system, we allows developing a mathematical model to predict particle size evolution. The have shown that individual nanodots have higher coercivity (3200 Oe) when developed model can be used to precisely predict particle size for anatase and/or compared to a continuous thin film (2250 Oe). Improved coercivity for the rutile using exponential like equations similar to those described in the LSW nanodot system was attributed to the transition to single domain state. Another theory. The exponent of the LSW-like equations went from ~1/8 to ~1/4 as unique feature of this study is the integration of the FePt nanodots with Si (100). heat treatment times increase from 8 and 72 h respectively. This research was Remarkably, we achieved FePt growth along the magnetically hard c-axis using supported by means of BET, TGA, XRD and TEM. epitaxial TiN as a template buffer. Cross section and plan view TEM analysis showed that the FePt nanodots have an average size = 20 nm and thickness = 10:30 AM 5nm. The magnetic storage density of such a system can potentially exceed 1 Initial Grain Growth Behavior during Sintering of Nanosized Powders: Tbit/inch2. Hongtao Wang1; Zhigang Fang1; 1University of Utah It is well known that rapid grain growth occurs in the final stage of the sintering 12:00 PM of coarse powders. However, in the case of nanosized powder, notable grain Atomic-Scale Segregation and Fluctuations in FePt Thin Films: Karen growth has taken place during initial and intermediate stage of sintering, leading Torres1; Sundar Naga2; Jennifer Thompson2; Richard Martens1; Gregory to loss of nano-structure. So it is critical for nanosintering to control initial grain Thompson1; 1University of Alabama; 2West Virginia State University growth in order to get full densification with final grain size on nanoscale. This A series of atom probe and transmission electron microscopy studies have been paper is trying to understand enhanced grain growth behaviour during initial stage performed to investigate how compositional fluctuations in FePt contribute in the of sintering of nanosized powders from experiments observation to theoretical A1 to L10 phase transformation and grain coarsening. FexPt1-x and (FexCuy)zPt1-z analysis by considering the unique issues of nanostructure such as high ratio thin films have been sputter-deposited onto Si substrates. The addition of Cu of surface/interface area, non-equilibrium defects (vacancies, dislocations). The lowers the ordering temperature but also accelerates the grain growth in films results show that the enhanced grain growth is related to recovery process during during the phase transformation. Atom probe specimens were analyzed in an relaxation of excess energy in nanostructured materials. Imago Local Electrode Atom Probe (LEAP). The atom probe reconstruction showed small levels of Pt segregation and clustering at grain boundaries in the 10:45 AM Break as-deposited films. These results provide experimental verification of modeling 11:00 AM Invited predictions that Pt will segregate to free surfaces in FePt to lower the total Magnetic Nanomaterials for Energy Efficient Systems: Raju Ramanujan1; free energy of the system. The effect of different times and temperatures on 1Nanyang Technological University segregation, ordering and grain morphology will be addressed. Nanostructured magnetic materials are being intensively studied for novel 12:15 PM energy efficient systems. Giant energy product magnets, high temperature Millisecond Regime Flash Annealing of FePt Thin Films: Amanda Cole1; magnetocaloric nanomaterials and high permeability soft magnetic nanomaterials Ron Ott2; Timothy Klemmer3; Chandan Srivastava1; James Harrell1; Gregory for innovative permanent magnet MRI systems, solid state cooling and low Thompson1; 1University of Alabama; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 3Seagate loss transformer systems, respectively, are focus areas of our work. Exchange Technology coupling at the nanoscale can be used as a common guiding principle to improve W A pulsed-thermal-processing technique using a high density infrared plasm the magnetic properties; efficient coupling requires optimum microstructural arc lamp with a radiant spectrum of 0.2 to 1.4 µm was used to facilitate the E control. Hence, mechanisms of nanocrystallization were studied for melt spun A1 to L1 phase transformation in FePt. The 20 nm and 100 nm films were ribbons and powders using DSC, XRD, CTEM, EDX, VSM and in situ TEM 0 D annealed using single and multiple 100 or 250 ms pulse widths. XRD, TEM techniques. Synergistic compositional changes at the crystal:matrix interface N and AGM characterization confirmed that the time-temperature exposures were found to play a key role in determining the crystal morphology, crystal studied were able to achieve L1 ordering. TEM micrographs confirmed that E size and nucleation density. Microstructural control, and associated change of 0 the mean grain size grew slightly with increasing time or temperature but was S magnetic properties, of specific magnetocaloric materials, nanocomposites with within the standard deviation of the as-deposited grain size. At lower annealing high energy product and high permeability magnets based on FeCo-B, Fe-Ni- D temperatures, a shoulder to the A1 {111} XRD peak was observed and indexed Mo-B and Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu alloy systems will be described. A as L10, consistent with the nucleation of the L10 phase as a first-order phase

11:30 AM transformation. At elevated temperatures, the L10 shoulder was not prevalent Y Co-Rich Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Ribbons with Improved Mechanical but the {111} peak qualitatively narrowed, consistent with the growth of the Strength: Maria Daniil1; Todd Heil1; Matthew Willard1; 1Naval Research L1 phase. 0 A Laboratory 12:30 PM Co-rich nanocrystalline have great technological interest due to their excellent M Hydrogen Uptake Properties of Nickel Doped Titanate Nanotubes: Nam- response at high frequency magnetic fields and high temperature magnetic Hee Lee1; Hyo-Jin Oh1; Yeong-Ung Yun1; Yupeng Guo1; Kyung-Sub Lee2; Sang- behavior. In this work we examine the crystallization behavior, crystal structure Chul Jung3; Sun-Jae Kim1; 1Sejong University; 2Hanyang University; 3Sunchon and mechanical properties of (Co,Fe,Ni) Zr B Cu and (Co Fe ) Zr M B 88 7 4 1 0.95 0.05 88 6 1 4 National University Cu1 (M = Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta) nanocrystallinePRELIMINARY ribbons. According to the X-ray Ni doped titanate nanotubes were hydrothermally synthesized using titania diffraction measurements, the amorphous as-spun ribbons crystallize partially (TiO ) nanoparticles with rutile phase as a starting material in 10M NaOH into a very fine mixture of FCC and BCC phases (7-8 nm) at low temperature, 2 aqueous solution with NiCl . It was fully characterized by various techniques, whereas at higher temperature it transforms into coarser FCC (20-28 nm) and 2 including SEM, TEM, ICP, FT-IR, BET, and P-C-T test that conversions from Co Zr grains. The lattice size of the BCC phase is ~2.828 Å, which is larger 23 6 nanoparticles to nanotubes were achieved at various temperatures and times for than the bulk (Fe,Co)-BCC phase. Bend test experiments showed a significant hydrothermal reaction. The Ni doped TNTs were found to be a multi-walled improvement of the fracture strength in samples with the highest Co content (83.6 layered structure with an average outer diameter of ~ 10 nm, an inner diameter at.%), whereas M substitutions for Zr add an extra small improvement. These 2 ~ 4 nm and ~ 0.75 nm interlayer distance under optimized conditions. The results will be discussed in correlation with the fracture surface microstructure. hydrogen uptake amount of the Ni doped TNTs was shown more than 2.0 wt% 11:45 AM into many mesoporous adsorption sites of interlayers and interiors of nanotube Magnetic Properties of FePt: A Comparison between Nanodots and at room temperature under 20 atm. Continuous Thin Film: Gopinath Trichy1; Jagdish Narayan1; 1North Carolina State University We report on the synthesis and magnetic properties of L10 ordered FePt nanodots using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Size reduction to nanoregime in

12:45 PM aggregate were measured. The lattice strain measurements were then used to Preparation of Hexagonal Barium Ferrite Nanoparticles by Carbon compute the lattice strain distribution function (LSDF) which is the elastic Combustion Synthesis: Karen Martirosyan1; Long Chang2; Dan Luss1; Dmitri strain tensor field over crystallographic orientation space. Using the LSDF and Litvinov3; 1University of Houston, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular anisotropic elasticity, the crystal stress distribution over orientation space was Engineering; 2University of Houston, Department of Electrical and Computer computed and its evolution was monitored at different points in specimen life. Engineering; 3University of Houston, Department of Electrical and Computer 9:10 AM Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Realistic Microstructure Based 3D Indentation Modeling of Heterogeneous We used high efficient carbon combustion synthesis method to produce well Materials: Arun Sreeranganathan1; Arun Gokhale1; 1Georgia Institute of crystalline hexagonal barium ferrite nanoparticles (50-100nm). In this method Technology exothermic oxidation of carbon nanoparticles ~5nm with surface area 80m2/g Instrumented indentation, which provides a continuous record of the generates a thermal reaction wave with temperature of up to 1000C that propagates indentation load P as a function of the depth of penetration h of the indenter through the solid reactants (oxides and/or carbonates) mixture converting it to the into the material, is a widely used technique to study the mechanical behavior of desired complex oxide product. The carbon is not incorporated in the product and small microstructural volumes. Indentation modeling of heterogeneous materials is emitted as a gas CO from the sample. A stable self-propagating reaction front 2 such as particulate reinforced composites is of interest so as to study the effect can be obtained only at carbon concentrations exceeding 6.5wt.%. A complete of the second phase particles on the indentation response of the material. In conversion to hexagonal structure was obtained only for carbon concentration this contribution, we incorporate realistic 3D microstructures of particulate exceeding 11wt.%. Solid-state interactions between the components and the reinforced metal matrix composites, reconstructed from serial sectioning data, in nucleation of the nanoparticles started in the early period of combustion and finite element based simulations of microindentation. Effect of microstructural continued in the post combustion zone. The magnetic properties Hc~2800Oe parameters such as the reinforcement volume fraction, spatial distribution etc. and Ms~80emu/g of the compact sintered ferrites compared well with those on the indentation response will be reported. produced by other synthesis methods. 9:30 AM 3D Evolution of Precipitates in Binary Aluminum-Lithium: Martin Glicksman1; Ben Pletcher1; James Lebeau2; 1University of Florida; 2University 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and of California, at Santa Barbara Characterization across Length Scales II Phase coarsening in overaged Al-Li alloys is a diffusion-controlled process. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Large particles grow by dissolution and mass transfer from smaller particles. Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee Eight binary Al-Li alloys were aged for times between 3-240 h, to yield various Program Organizers: Michael Uchic, US Air Force; Eric Taleff, University of Texas; distributions of δ’ (Al3Li) precipitates. Transmission electron microscopy was Alexis Lewis, Naval Research Laboratory; Jeff Simmons, US Air Force; Marc DeGraef, used to image 10-100 nm diameter, spherical δ’ precipitates via centered dark- Carnegie Mellon University field techniques. TEM images were then autonomously analyzed using a novel Matlab function to process and provide good statistical 3D results. Computer Wednesday AM Room: 286 analysis provides objective characterization and fast image processing, allowing W March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center E practical access to larger sample sizes. Results, including the particle size Session Chairs: Mike Groeber, Ohio State University; Martin Glicksman, distribution and maximum particle size, agree with predictions from diffusion D University of Florida screening theory. N 9:50 AM Break E 8:30 AM 10:10 AM S Finite Element Modeling of the Deformation of 3D Polycrystals Including 3D Microstructural Theories and 3D Experimental Techniques: Martin 1 1 1 D the Effect of Grain Size Distribution: Wei Li ; Nicholas Zabaras ; Cornell Glicksman1; Paulo Rios2; 1University of Florida; 2Universidade Federal University Fluminense A A finite element analysis of the large deformation of 3D polycrystals is Traditionally, materials scientists developed microstructure theories that Y presented using pixel-based elements as well as elements conforming with grain relied on experimental quantities measured from planar sections. With the boundaries. The macroscopic response is obtained through volume-averaging advent of 3D simulation of microstructures, and some recent advances in 3D A laws using a recently developed homogenization model. A constitutive characterization, this situation changed dramatically. Specifically, it is now framework for thermo–elastic-viscoplastic response of single crystals is utilized possible, and desirable, to test microstructure theories with 3D data. Two M along with a fully-implicit Lagrangian finite element algorithm for modeling theories will be examined along with the measurements required to test them. microstructure evolution. The effect of grain size distribution is included by First, a proposed extension is presented of Johnson-Mehl, Avrami, Kolmogorov considering a physically motivated measure of lattice incompatibility which theory to situations where phase nuclei are not randomly located. This theory provides an updated shearing resistance within grains. A domain decomposition requires measurement of the Gaussian curvature of the interfaces, which may approach is adopted for parallel PRELIMINARY computation to allow efficient large scale be extracted from the 3D microstructure. Second, a recent treatment of grain simulations. The computed mechanical properties of polycrystals are shown to growth kinetics is presented in terms of its metrical and topological properties. be consistent with experimental results for different grain size distributions. In this case, measured quantities include the distribution of grain volumes 8:50 AM and/or the distribution of the number of faces per grain. Again, these require Measuring the Evolution of the Crystal Scale Stress State in Polycrystalline microstructural measurements are only available via 3D characterization. Copper during Cyclic Loading: Jun-Sang Park1; Matthew Miller1; Alexander 10:30 AM Kazimirov1; 1Cornell University Flow in Mushy Zones Using 3D Measurements of Microstructure: The micromechanical response of polycrystalline materials under cyclic Dongchoul Kim1; Roberto Mendoza2; Peter Voorhees3; Katsuyo Thornton2; loading is not well understood. Due to complicated microstructure and 1Sogang University; 2University of Michigan; 3Northwestern University anisotropic single crystal mechanical properties the stress state of the crystals Dendritic microstructures that form during solidification modify fluid flow in the polycrystalline material can be significantly different from that imposed in a complex manner. While there have been investigations relating the solid on the polycrystalline aggregate. In our study, cyclic loading was applied on volume fraction and other microstructural characteristics to permeability, recrystallized copper specimens. The loading was paused to perform high energy a fundamental understanding of fluid flow in complex microstructures has x-ray diffraction (XRD). Using XRD, the lattice strains and their evolution with not been fully developed. Using experimentally obtained three-dimensional respect to specimen life for many crystallographic planes of the crystals in the reconstructions of microstructures, we determine the steady-state flow field

262 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

using the Navier-Stokes equation and the permeability using Darcy’s law. The calculated values of permeability are compared to those predicted by previous investigations. This approach provides a method for assessing the empirically Alumina and Bauxite: Additives and theoretically obtained permeabilities and the limits of their applicability in Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, realistic solidification microstructures. TMS: Aluminum Committee Program Organizers: Sringeri Chandrashekar, Rio Tinto Aluminium Limited; Peter 10:50 AM McIntosh, Australus Management Services Porosity Distribution and Effective Elastic Modulus in ZrN as a Surrogate for PuN: Comparisons between 2-D and 3-D Measurements and Models: Wednesday AM Room: 296 Manuel Parra Garcia1; Sung-Ho Park2; Kirk Wheeler1; Pedro Peralta1; Ken March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center McClellan3; 1Arizona State University; 2Gyeongsang National University; 3Los Alamos National Laboratory Session Chair: Songqing Gu, Chalco A serial sectioning process was used to develop a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the microstructure of a ZrN dense pellet sintered in Argon at 8:30 AM Introductory Comments 1600°C. Twenty five two-dimensional (2D) images of the microstructure obtained by imaging with an optical microscope at 200X (slides spaced 2µm apart from 8:35 AM each other) were used as a basis for reconstructing the 3D microstructure of the New Crystal Growth Modifiers for Bayer Process: Dimitri Kouznetsov1; ceramic for modeling using Finite Elements (FE). This representation allows the Jianjun Liu1; Kevin O’Brien1; James Counter2; John Kildea2; 1Nalco Company; quantification of the spatial distribution of porosity in the samples as well as the 2Nalco Australia creation of a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) that accounts for the In Bayer process, Crystal Growth Modifiers (CGM) help to increase alumina presence of pores. The porosity distribution, Young’s modulus and stress-strain trihydrate yield and improve quality. Recent work aimed at mechanistic issues behavior of the reconstructed volume were predicted from the 3D model of the has led to the development of a second generation of CGM. Traditional, first microstructure and correlations with existing two-dimensional (2D) models and generation products were well known to impact three critical process areas, experimental results obtained at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are trihydrate particle sizing, oxalate stability, and oxalate morphology. While some discussed. Work supported under DOE/NE Agreement # DE-FC07-05ID14654. plants utilize all three properties to enhance and control trihydrate precipitation, it has long been recognized that all three properties are not always desirable and 11:10 AM that products with a more selective impact could provide even greater benefits. Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Composite Materials with The development of the second-generation CGM product range has focused not 1 2 2 Multifunctionality: Hsun-Yi Chen ; Yongwoo Kwon ; Peter Voorhees ; Katsuyo only on developing products that are more effective, but also products that are 1 1 2 Thornton ; University of Michigan; Northwestern University more selective in their properties. Results on a range of new formulations are Multifunctional materials are of increasing interest because they facilitate presented. the design of compact systems able to perform a variety of tasks. Composite materials are inherently suited for multifunctionality since desired properties can 9:00 AM be achieved by hybridizing different materials. In recent research, microstructures The Effect of DSP Structure on Impurities Removal from Refinery Liquors 1 1 W having minimal-surface morphologies have been found to optimize simultaneous and Efficiency of Alkali Recovery: Andrey Panov ; Alexander Suss ; Anatoliy transport under certain symmetrical constraints. However, fabrication of Lapin1; Natalia Kuznetsova1; Alyona Kuvyrkina1; 1Russian National Aluminium- E microstructures with minimal-surface morphologies is challenging, often Magnesium Institute D requiring special materials processing techniques. We find that bicontinuous The influence of temperature and sulpho-, carbo-, chlorid ions containing N structures resulting from coarsening after phase separation possess transport in alumina refinery liquors on formation of different modifications of sodium properties similar to those with minimal-surface morphologies. Our finding hydroaluminosilicate (desilication products - DSP) obtained as a result of E demonstrates that spinodal decomposition and other phase-separation processes bauxite digestion was investigated. To solve the problem of impurity anions S may provide a plausible route to inexpensive self-assembly of three-dimensional removal from recycled liquors the relation between adsorptive properties of DSP D two-phase composites with highly optimized multifunctionality. and conditions of its formation was examined. The effect of DSP structure and composition was studied in terms of alkali recoverability in the course of red A 11:30 AM mud treatment with lime. The possibility was shown of recovery up to 96% of Y Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization of Porosity in High Performance alkali. Sintered Steels: Jason Williams1; Casey McClimon1; Nikhilesh Chawla1; 1Arizona State University 9:25 AM A Sintered steels are becoming attractive in replacing wrought alloys in many Performance Appraisal of Evaporation System with Scale Inhibitor M applications, particularly in the automotive industry, due to their low cost, high Application in Alunorte Plant: Ayana Oliveira1; Juarez Moraes1; Jefferson performance, and near-net shape manufacturing. Porosity in these materials Batista1; Jorge Lima1; Ricardo Diniz2; Emiliano Repetto2; 1Alunorte; 2Cytec Do controls mechanical behavior. In this talk we report on 3D visualization of Brasil Ltd. porosity using a serial sectioning technique.PRELIMINARY The model revealed extensive Any alumina refinery plant has problems with sodalite scaling in heater interconnectivity among the pores, which was not readily apparent in two exchange and pipes that promote a reducing in the life time of the evaporation dimensions. Finite element modeling was conducted to elucidate the effect of 3D train and other losses. Alunorte in conjunction with Cytec Industries Inc., has porosity on the local stress state in the material. The influence of the 3D porous performed a plant trail with a bayer process scale inhibitor like a alternative structure on the micro- and macroscopic behavior of the steel will be discussed. action to reduce these losses in the process. This paper reports the plant trail results where the scale inhibitor achieved significant results like: increase the life time of the evaporation train, stability of the heater transfer coefficient, increase the availability of the evaporation and the condensate rate, improving on the operational maintenance safety. Additional benefits of this new polymer are currently under investigated. 9:50 AM Cost Savings by Improved Filtration and Washing of Al-Hydrate Product: Juergen Hahn1; Reinhard Bott1; Thomas Langeloh1; 1Bokela GmbH A new generation of pan filters enables filtering and washing of Al-Hydrate product with improved capacity, reduced maintenance and operation cost. Modern pan filters have many innovative features like the Forced Feeding

System, fast flow cells or the effective heel re-slurry system. The even filter cake and the excellent hydraulic improve cake washing and reduce wash water consumption by 25% which leads to significant evaporation cost saving. Steam Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and can be used to improve cake washing and reduce cake moisture. The effective Applications: Corrosion and Protection heel re-slurry system increases cycle times between filter cleaning and improves Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, cloth lifetime. Thus, energy and operation cost reduce 10-15% compared to TMS: Aluminum Committee conventional pan filters. Another promising option enabled by the new filter Program Organizers: Subodh Das, Secat Inc; Weimin Yin, Secat Inc technology is to replace the first washing step on pan filters by more compact and more efficient disc filters and re-slurrying the filter cake with wash filtrate Wednesday AM Room: 293 from the pan filter. March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center 10:15 AM Break Session Chairs: Subodh Das, Secat Inc; Weimin Yin, Secat Inc; Yansheng Liu, Secat Inc 10:30 AM Autoprecipitation Control with HXPAM Technology: Qi Dai1; Scott Moffatt1; Morris Lewellyn1; 1Cytec Industries Inc 8:30 AM Autoprecipitation poses serious problems to alumina refineries, such as more Naval Structural Aluminum Alloy Research: Catherine Wong1; 1Naval raw material consumption, alumina loss, scaling of equipment, unstable process, Surface Warfare Center lower liquor productivity, etc. Cytefc’s SUPERFLOC HX® has been used as a Recent focus on light-weight, high-speed naval ships has caused the Navy to main settler flocculant for over 1½ decades. It is known that the HX flocculant re-evaluate aluminum as a structural material. Aluminum alloys generally offer reduces autoprecipitation and settler scale in the presence of red mud solids. good strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, which are both important In fact, all hydroxamic acid-containing polymers of varying molecular weights properties in Navy ships. Light weight ships offer both higher speed and increased can reduce gibbsite autoprecipitation. One particular product, SUPERFLOC payload capacity, expanding mission capabilities. Although aluminum has been HX-800, shows enhanced performance in reducing auto-precipitation in both widely used in Navy patrol craft, small ship hulls, deckhouses, hydrofoils, and settlers and washers. This paper presents laboratory results of HXPAM as an many other applications it has not been without problems. These problems autoprecipitation inhibitor. resulted in the initiation of several programs which focus on understanding and coping with the four key aluminum material issues: reduced as-welded strength, 10:55 AM low corrosion-fatigue strength in unpainted structures, in-service sensitization, Descalent and Corrosion Prevention Chemical for Korba Alumina Refinery: and strength reduction during fires. This paper will present an overview of these P.K.N. Raghavan1; 1Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd., (A Unit of Vedanta programs. Resources Plc.) During Alumina production by the Bayer Process, the bohemitic bauxite ores 8:50 AM are dissolved with Caustic Soda at elevated temperatures to extract the Alumina Effect of Grain Size and Substructure on Sensitization in 5083 Al Alloys: Hydrate. Most of the liquor Silica content recrystallizes out as part of the Red Kinga Unocic1; Michael Mills1; Glenn Daehn1; Paul Kobe2; 1Ohio State W Mud while the remainder is retained in the supersaturated Sodium-aluminate University; 2Alcan Rolled Products E solution used for hydrate precipitation. Subsequent to hydrate precipitation, This study focuses on the effects of microstructure on the intergranular corrosion the Spent Liquor is recycled via a series of Heat Exchangers for reheating and (IGC) resistance of modified 5083 aluminum alloys. Previous research has shown D use in further bauxite digestion. Consequently, Spent Liquor heating in Heat that small additions of Cu and Zn to AA5083 can improve the resistance to N Exchangers readily promotes scaling. Sodiumaluminosilicate scale formation in IGC. Our present research shows that the same Cu and Zn modified composition E Heat Exchangers leads to serious tube-side fouling with a significant reduction in can become susceptible to IGC following sensitization if the microstructure is S heat transfer efficiency and liquor throughput, resulting in increased energy and altered. To demonstrate this effect, the material was heavily rolled then subjected Caustic Soda consumption, higher labour demand, costly cleaning programme to various sensitization heat treatments. For example, following a sensitization D and loss of productivity. The Scales formed in the metal surface of Alumina treatment at 150°C for 20hrs the heavily worked microstructure was virtually A Refinery, are generally removed by acid cleaning which is time consuming and resistant to IGC. When compared to a sample that was given a short heat Y causes acid corrosion. treatment in order to alter the heavily deformed microstructure, followed by the same sensitization heat treatment, resulted in IGC. Mg-rich grain boundary 11:20 AM phases were identified through TEM characterization methods and were linked Application and Performance Characteristics of Superfloc TF-8000 a A to the decreasing resistance to IGC. New HX Based Hydrate Flocculant: Franklyn Ballentine1; Scott Moffatt1; Pat M Clement2; 1Cytec Industries Inc.; 2Ormet Alumina Company 9:10 AM HXPAM’s emulsions have been shown to be very effective in improving The Effect of Grain Boundary Character on the Intergranular Corrosion overflow clarity and underflow flowability in tertiary trays, however the need Susceptibility of 2124 Aluminum Alloy: Lisa Chan1; Anthony Rollett1; Gregory for specialized equipment to invert the emulsions coupled with the need for Rohrer1; Hasso Weiland2; Soonwuk Cheong2; 1Carnegie Mellon University; high dilution in most applicationsPRELIMINARY has previously made them less convenient 2Alcoa Inc. to use. Superfloc TF-8000 is a HX based polymer designed for application in The objective of the research is to find a correlation between grain boundary tertiary trays. It can be applied neat or pre-diluted with spent liquor. Application character and intergranular corrosion in a 2124 aluminum alloy. In the present of Superfloc TF-8000 in secondary trays has also been very successful because study, the alloy was subjected to different solutionizing temperatures and of its ability to significantly improve the flowability of the hydrate. This has corrosion tested with full immersion in a sodium chloride and hydrogen peroxide expanded the possibility for application in other hydrate handling areas where solution according to ASTM G110 standards. The samples that were heat treated flowability is a concern. This paper provides laboratory data comparing the at 40°C above the standard solutionizing temperature of 500°C have shown performance of Superfloc TF-8000 to dextran as well as other HX polymers. susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. The grain orientations of the corroded The paper also summarizes the results obtained when applied to the secondary samples were then obtained from automated Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction trays for several months at Ormet. (EBSD). Preliminary results on the relationship of grain boundary character and intergranular corrosion will be presented.

264 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

9:25 AM 10:50 AM Solution and Aging Heat Treatment of a Cast Al-Si Alloy: Sergio Haro Comparative Analysis of the Corrosion Susceptibility of Al–Zn Alloys in De- Rodriguez1; Julian Ramirez1; Enrique Martinez2; 1Universidad Autonoma de Ionized Water, Rainwater and Seawater: Ndubuisi Idenyi1; C. Okeke2; Israel Zacatecas; 2Instituto Tecnologico de Zacatecas Owate3; S. Neife4; 1Ebonyi State University; 2University of Nigeria, Nsukka; In the present paper the influence of solutionizing (504-545°C) and 3University of Port Harcourt, Choba; 4Enugu State University of Science and aging(154-200°C) temperatures on microstructure and mechanical properties of Technology the A319 (Al-6.5Si-0.86Fe-2.3Cu) cast aluminum alloy has been reported. The A study of the corrosion behaviour of aluminium – zinc alloy systems exposed effect of these heat treatment parameters has been investigated with reference to de-ionized water, rainwater and seawater has been carried out. Test coupons to microstructure and mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy of four (4) grades of Al alloys with differing weight percentages of Zn were (SEM) of tensile fractured surfaces was carried out to investigate the influence prepared and immersed in baths containing each of the environments separately. of solutionizing and aging temperatures on the mode of fracture. Finally, the heat They were allowed to stand for a 30-day period with a set withdrawn every treatment parameters to obtain the better mechanical properties are presented. 5 days for weight loss measurements and subsequent corrosion rate profile evaluation using standard equations in mm/yr. The results obtained showed that 9:45 AM samples exposed to seawater were more susceptible to corrosion and that the The Corrosion Behaviour of Al–Zn Alloys in Abakaliki and Port Harcourt degree of severity increased with increased zinc content. This is attributed to the Rainwater: Ndubuisi Idenyi1; Israel Owate2; Cajethan Okeke3; 1Ebonyi State presence of dissolved salts and other complexes in seawater and increased grain University; 2University of Port Harcourt; 3University of Nigeria boundaries in the alloys as more zinc was added; both conditions that favour A study has been carried out on the corrosion behaviour of Al–Zn alloys corrosion attacks. exposed to rainwater sourced from Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, a highly residential urban town and Port Harcourt, Rivers State, a highly industrialized urban town, 11:10 AM both in Nigeria. Corrosion test coupons of four (4) differing alloy grades of The Effect of Zinc Additions to the Corrosion Rates and Tensile Strengths varying Zn concentrations produced at First Aluminium Plc., Port Harcourt of Aluminium System: Israel Owate1; Ephariam Chukwuocha1; 1University of under carefully controlled atmosphere were immersed in beakers containing Port Harcourt each of the rainwater separately. The setup was allowed to stand for 30 days Zinc oxide concentrations of 0.2778, 0.3012, 0.3821, 0.4942 and 0.5915 with a set withdrawn 5-daily for corrosion rate evaluation using the normal wt % were added to a mixture of the composition of an aluminium system. procedures. Results showed that all the alloy grades followed the usual corrosion The designed component systems were produced into rectangular flat sheets of trends associated with passivating metals, but that samples exposed to Abakaliki aluminium products measuring about 5mm thickness. Standard corrosion tests rainwater were more severely attacked possibly due to the heavy presence of by weight loss method was applied to the samples under acid and base-media clouds of carbonate particles in the atmosphere generated from predominant environment for 740 hours. Thereafter, the rates of corrossion, damages caused quarrying works in the town which must have made the rainwater somewhat and tensile strengths were determined. The results obtained indicated progressive acidic as compared to the possible presence of flared glasses in Port Harcourt increase of corrosion rates from deionized water, base to acid medium. Whereas resulting from petrochemical refining operations that predominate the town. the tensile strengths decreased in the reverse. In addition, the corrosion rates increased relative to zinc concentrations except sample C which deviated from 10:05 AM the trend. Sample C showed high values of tensile strengths and lower corrosion W The Corrosion Susceptibility and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy rates when compared to other specimens. This initial result presupposes that of Al-Cu-Mg-Zr New Aerospace Aluminum Alloy: Sheng Yang1; Sujuan Yao1; E controlled zinc additions could be applied to achieving lower corrosiveness. Danqing Yi1; Huiqun Liu1; 1Central South University, School of Materials D Science and Engineering 11:30 AM N In order to evaluate the degree and severity of Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy in The Role of Segregation in the Eutectic Modification of Hypoeutectic Al- 3.5%NaCl corrosion solution, the pit corrosion susceptibility and electrochemical Si Alloys: Kazuhiro Nogita1; Masato Yoshiya2; Hideyuki Yasuda2; Arne Dahle1; E impedance spectroscopy(EIS)of Al-Cu-mg-Zr alloy with different corrosive 1University of Queensland; 2Osaka University S grades was studied to analyze the dynamic process of corrosion behavior by Modification of the eutectic silicon in hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys, which D TEM and electrochemical. Compared with 2524-T4 aluminum alloy, Al-Cu-Mg- causes a structural transformation of the silicon phase from a needle-like to Zr alloy is good in corrosion property, Cu-rich particles are the main influence a fine fibrous morphology, is carried out extensively in industry to improve A factor of pitting corrosion behavior. The impedance of EIS is characterized by mechanical properties. It is known that the fibrous silicon phase in chemically Y a high frequency capacitive arc which gives information on the performance modified alloys is heavily twinned. This impurity induced twinning has been of the unattacked surface. At lower frequencies, a diffusion control is apparent explained by a twin plane re-entrant edge (TPRE) model. However, there are A suggesting the specific contribution of the surface in which the localized attack still some questions and contradictions that remain. In this paper, we discuss takes place. the micro-process and the influent mechanics of interface reaction the mechanism of impurity induced twinning and modification in light of M and the electrode surface condition are studied by EIS and equivalent circuit. experimental data obtained by electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation, as well as predictions by first-principles calculations. 10:20 AM Break 11:50 AM 10:30 AM PRELIMINARY The Effect of Chromium on Aluminum Base Alloy: Hua Shen1; Guangchun The Effect of Fe-Rich Intermetallics on Sliding Wear and Mechanical Yao1; Weidong Yang2; 1Northeastern University; 2Shengyang Institute of Properties of Piston Alloy: Dheerendra Dwivedi1; Mohit Dhiman1; 1Indian Chemical Technology Institute of Technology, Roorkee Aluminum was noticed for its good characteristics of low density, high stress, During the processing of cast piston alloys, iron frequently enters into easy machining and rich resource etc. But its application was limited by poor the melt as an impurity and causes porosity and needle shaped Al-Fe-Si corrosion-resisting, hardness and mechanical strength. In this work, Cr was intermetallics. Literature however didn’t reveal many reports on the effect of added to Al-Mg-Mn-RE complex alloy. Then it was compared with aluminum Fe and its intermetallics on wear behavior piston alloys. Therefore to increase and Al-Mg-Mn-RE alloy in hardness and mechanical strength, finally the better the understanding in this area, an investigation has been undertaken to explore property was found. This was because Cr had particular character in aluminum the effect of Fe (0.2 to 2.0) and consequently Fe-rich intermetallics and “Fe base alloy by observing the microstructures of alloys. Hardness and mechanical correctors” such as Mn in different Fe/Mn ratios. Sliding wear behavior was tests were carried out at room temperature. The results showed that the property evaluated on pin-on-disk tribometer in the range of normal loads (1-4kg) at 2.0m/s of aluminum base alloy was improved. speed. Metallurgical characterization of alloys were done by using image analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDAX and EPMA. Sliding wear behaviour have been discussed in light of microstructure, particularly Fe-rich intermetallics and mechanical properties with and without the presence of “Fe corrector”.

12:10 PM aluminum smelter near Irkutsk, equipped with Rusal’s new 400 kA cells. Also Influence of Aging Time of Fracture Toughness Mechanisms of Al-Li Alloys: other Greenfield and Brownfield projects are under way in Siberia. Yongxin Wang1; Zheng Chen1; Ri Ma1; Yanli Lu1; 1Northwestern Polytechnical 10:00 AM Break University, State Key Laboratory of Solidification The fracture toughness mechanisms in aluminum-lithium alloys aged for 10:20 AM Invited different time was studied. Based on semi-quantity statistical and analytical Rusals Expansion Based on Hydropower: Horst Peters1; 1ATC results, we specially discuss the effects of aging time and the condition of stress Since March 2007 United Rusal is ranked by Primary Production the on delamination. The results show that the percentage of delamination increase, largestAluminum Producer in the world. The majority of this Primary Production the percentage of dimples decrease and little of quasi-cleavage can be found at is located in Sibiria with the smelters Bratsk and Krasnojarsk each 1 Mio.t/a the beginning zone with aging time prolonged. The maim fracture features is production as well as Sayansk with 850.000 t/a and Irkutsk with 300.000 t/a delamination at crack stable growth zone and is quasi-cleavage in near unstable production. Energy basis for all of these smelters is Hydropower from the huge crack growth zone. The percentage of delamination is increase at crack stable Jennisei and Angara river system. The installed capacity is 25.000 MW.More growth zone and decrease in near unstable crack growth zone with aging time can be developed. prolonging. The aging time and the crack growth stage can take apparently effect 10:50 AM Invited on delamination percent, the longer aging time, the earlier delaminating, and DX Technology: The Development and the Way Forward: Abdulla Kalban1; those influence the effect of extrinsic toughness mechanism further. Yousuf Alfarsi1; Abdelhamid Meghlaoui1; 1Dubai Aluminium Company Limited Dubai Aluminium Company Limited (DUBAL) developed and implemented Reduction Cell technologies, D18 (185kA), CD20 (200kA), D20 (240kA) Aluminum Reduction Technology: Aluminum Industry between 1990 and 2007 for six Brownfield expansions which increased production from 135,000 t/y (1979) to 940,000 t/y (2008). DUBAL continued in Mid-East in the path of high amperage Reduction Cell development, and introduced the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, DX technology as its latest in-house technological development. 5 DX prototype TMS: Aluminum Committee Program Organizers: Martin Iffert, Trimet Aluminium AG; Geoffrey Bearne, Rio Tinto cells were commissioned from September to December 2005 at an operating Aluminium Tech amperage of 325 kA. In 2007, through a series of improvements to the cell design and components, anode configuration, shell, process control, busbars, Wednesday AM Room: 298/299 superstructure and operational practices, and based on a learning curve associated March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center with the 5 Prototype Cells, an improved version of DX cell targeting 340–350 kA was designed and a section of 40 cells is currently under construction to Session Chair: Abdulmunim Binbrek, DUBAL be commissioned during the first quarter of 2008. This paper summarizes the design features of the DUBAL DX Reduction cell technology, and operation performance of the five prototype cells for two years. 8:30 AM Keynote W ALBA’s Vision on Sustainable Development: Mahmood Daylami1; 11:20 AM 1Aluminium Bahrain Alba Line 5 Expansion - Solios Solution for a Better Environment: Thierry E Abstract not available. Malard1; Maxime Depinoy1; Fabienne Virieux1; 1Solios In spring 2003, Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C.(c) (ALBA) undertook to expand D 9:00 AM Invited the capacity of its Manama Plant (Line 5). Solios has been awarded contracts N Aluminium Smelting Greenhouse Footprint and Sustainability: Jeffrey for the supply of green anode plant, foundry, fume and gas treatment plants. Keniry1; 1Alumination Consulting Ltd E Supported by its experience in the aluminium field and with the help of ALBA The continuing growth of smelting capacity in the Middle East and Russia, Engineer’s professionalism, Solios Environnement has been in charge to supply S and the concurrent decline in Europe and the USA, demonstrate the vital economical solutions to minimize smelters emissions. This paper, focused on D importance of low-cost power in underpinning the industry’s competitiveness. environmental challenges, recalls the project parameters including capacity and More recently, the greenhouse footprint of the smelter adds another dimension A leading requirements, highlighting some specific solutions used for Gas Treatment to competitive advantage, which will have increasing economic significance Y Centre (pot gas). Pot room atmosphere study has been carried out in the frame as concerns for global warming intensify. In this context, the power source of a cooperation agreement between ALBA and SOLIOS ENVIRONNEMENT. itself may confer a competitive advantage well beyond the supply cost to the Benefits from the installed over suction system “YPRIOS” are described, and A smelter. Direct greenhouse gas emissions from best-practice smelters are in the key factors to optimise such system efficiency are discussed. range 1.6-2.0 tonnes CO -e per tonne of aluminium, while the indirect emission M 2 attributable to power generation imposes an additional zero (hydro and nuclear

sources) to as high as 16 tonnes CO2-e for power sourced from low-grade coal. The implication of this indirect greenhouse footprint on the future competitive advantage of alternative smelting locationsPRELIMINARY is discussed. 9:30 AM Invited Development of Aluminum Production Capacity in the Middle East and Siberia: Halvor Kvande1; 1Hydro Aluminium AS Aluminum production is expected to grow outside the US and Europe. New capacity is being developed in areas with available and affordable energy and small domestic markets. The Middle East is an area of particular interest for both Brownfield and Greenfield smelters. Both Alba and Dubal have expanded their production in Bahrain and Dubai to above 800 000 tpy. Construction of Greenfield smelters has started in Qatar and Oman, and there are plans to build new smelters in Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia. The Qatalum project in Qatar will be one of the largest primary aluminum plants ever built, with 585 000 tpy in the first step. The site and infrastructure are planned for expansions up to 1.2 million tonnes. Qatalum will then be a mega plant, with a very competitive cost position. Another area with available energy is Siberia, and the world’s largest aluminum producer, UC Rusal, has announced the construction of the Taishet

266 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

under 1.5 T MRI (T1). Various combinations of plastic/(glass)-titanium-plastic/ (glass) and titanium-plastic/(glass)-titanium row of seeds were identified in a dog Biological Materials Science: Functional Biomaterials prostate and the calculations verified the distance to the center of the titanium Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials seeds. The developed marker is referred to as an Encapsulated Contrast Agent Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Marker (ECAM) and can provide a novel targeted magnetic resonance imaging Committee for brachytherapy application. Program Organizers: Ryan Roeder, University of Notre Dame; Robert Ritchie, University of California; Mehmet Sarikaya, University of Washington; Lim Chwee Teck, 9:50 AM National University of Singapore; Eduard Arzt, Max Planck Institute; Marc Meyers, Targeted Dual Therapy for Disease Treatment by Multifunctional Coated University of California, San Diego Magnetic Nanoparticles: Raju Ramanujan1; Sibnath Kayal1; S. Purushotham1; 1Nanyang Technological University Wednesday AM Room: 390 Coated magnetic nanoparticles have a wide variety of important, novel and March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center unique bioengineering applications. Multifunctional materials for combined drug targeting, triggered drug release and MRI imaging in the context of human Session Chairs: Ming-Yong Han, National University of Singapore, cancer treatment will be presented. Chemical synthesis was used to prepare core- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Raju Ramanujan, Nanyang Technological University shell structures of magnetic nanoparticles coated with a shell of thermosensitive polymers and anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. Heating these particles in an external AC magnetic field results in combined dual therapy of hyperthermia 8:30 AM Keynote and triggered drug release. Iron oxide nanoparticles were coated with thermo- Size/Composition-Tunable Quantum Dots and Their Bioapplications: Ming- sensitive polymers based on PNIPA and doxorubicin. The temperature rise and Yong Han1; 1National University of Singapore, Institute of Materials Research drug release during AC field heating was examined for various magnetic particle and Engineering sizes, concentration and external magnetic field strength. Our results show that Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) have attracted great temperature control is feasible and controlled drug release can be accomplished attention for their distinguished roles in fundamental studies and technical by this novel technique. MRI imaging, in vitro and in vivo studies in a buffalo applications such as biological labeling and optoelectronic devices. In the last rat model will be discussed. two decades, the main efforts have been focused on the preparation of size- tunable binary or core-shell nanocrystals with different emission colors. In our 10:10 AM Break research, we also focus on the development of highly luminescent composition- 10:20 AM tunable quantum dots across the whole visible spectrum. The successful Magnetic Nanocarrier for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery: Qiang Yuan1; preparation of high-quality composition-tunable quantum dots makes the new Rajesh Venkatasubramanian1; Devesh Misra1; 1University of Louisiana class of nanomaterials very promising as multicolor biological nanoprobes for The primary challenge in the delivery of a drug to a tumor site is to target imaging, sensing, and drug delivery applications. There is an emphasis on the the anticancer drug specifically in and around tumors and at concentrations that development of ultrasensitive imaging/spectroscopic detection for multiplexed would decrease the growth rate and/or viability of the tumors. An excellent analysis at cellular or tissue levels. Quantitative multi-parameter analysis of vehicle to achieve targeted delivery of anticancer drug in and around tumors is W multianalytes is being carried out, which could provide a direct way to identify magnetic nanocarrier. We describe here that the magnetic nanocrystals hooked E sets of genes and proteins correlating with certain diseases. with anticancer agents and encapsulated with novel stimuli-responsive polymer D 9:10 AM (temperature and/or pH-responsive) are viable drug carriers. The specialized Biomimetic Assembly of Functional Nanomaterials onto Polymers: Song synthesis of the nanocarrier and in-vitro experiments are described for its unique N Jin1; 1University of Wisconsin-Madison drug delivery properties of effective and controlled release of drug at the targeted E We employ a bottom-up, biomimetic strategy to assemble functional nanoscale site. S inorganic materials into microarrays under low temperature, benign chemical 10:40 AM D conditions following principles derived from biomineralization. Our approach Antibactericidal Function of Composite Nanoparticles Consisting of involves the selective functionalization of polymer surfaces to create regions of Doped-Titania Photocatalytic Shell and Nickel Ferrite Magnetic Core: A differing surface energy. By carefully controlling the surface functional groups Rajesh Venkatasubramanian1; Devesh Misra1; 1University of Louisiana Y heterogeneous nucleation can be promoted in designated regions but suppressed Titania is a potential photocatalytic material in applications involving killing in others. We have demonstrated the arrays of CdS thin films and ZnO nanorods of bacteria and cancer cells. While it can be directly used for bio-applications, A using a variety of engineering polymers. CdS materials assembled this way can it cannot be extracted because it is an electrical insulator. However, the removal be used as arrays of high performance photodetctors yet retains the low cost roll- of titania can be facilitated with the help of a small magnetic field, if we can M to-roll solution processing on flexible polymer substrates. We will also report synthesize composite particles consisting of magnetic core and photocatalytic our success in using nanoscale self-assembled block copolymers and sequenced shell. The paper describes enhanced antibactericidal function of doped-titania biopolymers to assemble nanoscale functional materials. composite nanoparticles. The modification of the band gap of titiania by dopants PRELIMINARYminimizes the probability of electron-hole recombination process and enhances 9:30 AM Encapsulated Contrast Agent Marker (ECAM) for MRI Prostate the effectiveness of destroying bacteria. Brachytherapy: Karen Martirosyan1; R. Jason Stafford2; James Bankson2; 11:00 AM Invited Steven Frank3; 1University of Houston, Department of Chemical and Inkjet Printing of Biopolymers and Cells: Paul Calvert1; 1University of Biomolecular Engineering; 2University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Massachusetts Department of Imaging Physics; 3University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer We are using inkjet printing to deposit patterns of silk, collagen and ionic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology complexes of polypeptides. These guide the growth of cells deposited on We report a novel Co2+-based contrast agent marker that provides high the patterns. Yeast has been printed onto agar and the effect of overprinted signal intensity in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) by shortening the spin biopolymer layers on the growth of yeast is being studied. Human fibroblasts lattice relaxation time (T1) of water protons. This contrast agent can be used to and mesenchymal stem cells can also be printed and subsequently grown. This identify the radioactive titanium seeds used in prostate brachytherapy. Magnetic allows organized structures of differing cells and biopolymers to be printed in characterization of the contrast agent shows superparamagnetic properties with order to study cell-cell interactions. a large magnetic moment. Plastic (acrylic) and glass seeds with Co2+-based aqueous solution (1-10%) with amount ~2 microliters were well visualized by MRI with a relative signal intensity ranging from 10751 to 32767 in a phantom

11:30 AM Synthesis, Patterning and Characterization of Biocompatible Parylene Coatings: Varshni Singh1; V. Gunda1; Jost Goettert1; 1Louisiana State Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Glass Forming Ability and University Alloy Development Microfabrication techniques and scale-up by replication have fueled advances Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials in micro analysis chips and sensor systems for BioMEMS, medical, health, Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee chemical and life science applications. The present and future technology in Program Organizers: Peter K. Liaw, University of Tennessee; Wenhui Jiang, University such areas is driven by the need for “miniaturization” without losing absolutely of Tennessee; Guojiang Fan, University of Tennessee; Hahn Choo, University of in terms of biocompatibility. In fabricating device(s) and their parts for these Tennessee; Yanfei Gao, University of Tennessee applications, it is extremely difficult to employ only such materials that are Wednesday AM Room: 393 biocompatible and inert. Therefore, it is crucial to have a biocompatible coating March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center (such as Parylene), conformably deposited on/in these devices, which is inert and has an excellent biocompatibility. Parylene coatings are known to possess Session Chairs: Wenhui Jiang, University of Tennessee; Hahn Choo, the essential characteristics that includes excellent adhesion, conformal, pinhole University of Tennessee free, smooth, lubricious or low friction coefficient, inert, autoclavable, thin, penetrate and coat complex surfaces and able to deposit at room temperature. Present study will discuss the synthesis, patterning and characterization of 8:30 AM Invited Parylene Coatings in perspective of BioMEMS devices. Glass-Forming Ability as a Function of Various Factors: Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic: Dmitri Louzguine1; Akihisa Inoue1; 1Institute for Materials Research 11:50 AM Several parameters and factors have been applied so far to predict the Novel Nanocomposite Biomaterials Based on Hydroxyapatite and glass-forming ability of bulk metallic glassy alloys, and none of them can be Polyvinylidene Fluoride Ferroelectric Polymers: Vladimir Bystrov1; Yuri treated yet as a comprehensive one to predict the glass-forming ability upon Dekhtayr2; Natalia Bystrova3; Ekaterina Paramonova4; Andrei Kholkin1; solidification of a liquid phase. In the present work various factors influencing 1University of Aveiro; 2Riga Technical University; 3Institute of Theoretical and the glass-forming ability are discussed and separated as intrinsic (belonging to Experimental Biophysics; 4Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology a glass itself) and extrinsic (depending upon external conditions) factors. Actual The development of novel multifunctional composite materials is very glass-forming ability can be significantly limited by the extrinsic factors. These urgent for biomedicine and nanobiotechnology. Ferroelectric Polyvinylidene factors should be also taken into consideration to predict a real glass-forming Fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers are the most suitable for these aims owing ability of the alloy. their physical properties and compatibility with many organic and biological molecules. The creation of nanoscale polarization pattering of thin PVDF films 8:50 AM Invited was shown. Novel nanomaterial PERCERAMICS (http://www.perceramics. Improving Glass Forming Ability of Zr50.5Cu38.5Al11 Alloy by Suppressing vip.lv/) consisting from hydroxyapatite (HAP) was developed. This material the Precipitation of CuZr Phase: S.T. Deng1; Z.Q Hu1; H. F. Zhang1; 1Chinese is one of the most wide used in medicine (implants) and biotechnology. The Academy of Sciences W interface between HAP biomaterials and living cells is improved, if the HAP Based on Zr50.5Cu38.5Al11 alloy, substituting Cu with Ni and Ag can E surface was charged (polarized) and nanostructured. Further development of improve glass forming ability greatly. The content of various elements in CuZr PVDF composites consists of the polarization-driven assembly on a patterned phase is analyzed with energy dispersive spectrometer of scanning electron D ferroelectric surface HAP clusters and lipids. The formation of created PVDF- microscope. The XRD patterns verify that adding Ag is very helpful to restrain N composites are explored experimentally and by computational modeling. CuZr phase from precipitating. Especially, with the increment of Ag content in E Obtained data are used for development of novel nanocomposite biomaterials Zr53.5Cu29.5-xNi5All2Agx alloy, the proceeding of suppressing CuZr phase S for biomedical applications. Work is supported by INTAS-05-1000008-8091 precipitation is shown in the XRD patterns of arc melted ingots. Chemical and Portugal FCT projects PTDC/CTM/73030/2006, SFRH/BPD/22230/2005. interaction among various atoms plays an important role in affecting glass D forming ability. From ternary alloy to quinary alloy, considering that Ni and Ag A 12:10 PM have similar chemical and physical properties with Cu, the additions of Ni and Antibacterial Effects of Copper Vermiculite against E. Coli, K. Pneumoniae Ag cause competitions of Ni and Ag with Cu for Zr and this kind of competition Y and S. Aureus: Bowen Li1; Jiann-Yang Hwang1; Susan Bagley1; 1Michigan weakens the interaction between Cu and Zr atoms. Technological University Copper vermiculite is a new material with excellent antimicrobial ability. 9:10 AM A 1 In this study, the antibacterial effects of copper vermiculite against E. coli, K. Enhanced Thermal Stability Amorphous Aluminum Alloys: Timothy Wilson ; M pneumoniae and S. aureus were investigated by diffusion method, respectively. Jianming Bai1; Hahn Choo1; 1University of Tennessee The results show that copper vermiculite is efficient to inhibit the reproduction Amorphous aluminum alloy powders with compositions of Al85 Y7Fe8, of these common bacteria indicators. The antibacterial mechanism of copper Al83Y7Fe8Ti2, and Al79Y7Fe8Ni3Ti2Nd1 were developed with crystallization vermiculite is discussed. temperatures of 342°C, 400ºC, and 457ºC, respectively. In-situ high-temperature PRELIMINARYsynchrotron diffraction results were correlated with differential scanning calorimetry studies to investigate the structural evolution of the alloy during the crystallization. The results show that, through microalloying with Ti and Nd, the onset-of-crystallization temperature was increased by 115ºC without increasing the melting temperature, and the resulting crystalline products changed from a

mixture of fcc-Al and an intermetallic phase in the case of Al 85Y7Fe8 to only intermetallic phases. Pair distribution function studies have revealed insight into changes in the local atomic order. 9:25 AM An Investigation of Viable Pathways to Achieve Highly Tunable Fe-Based BMG Composites: Hesham Khalifa1; Kenneth Vecchio1; 1University of California-San Diego Fe-based BMGs are an intriguing member of the metallic glass family on account of their impressive mechanical properties and reasonably low price. A new Fe-based glass forming system is introduced of the form Fe-Mo-Cr-W-C-

268 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

B. Alloys of varying compositions within this system were subjected to several temperature range studied. The intermetallic compound layer thickness reached heating and cooling treatments resulting in a broad spectrum of microstructures. 4um after 10 hours of aging at 393 K. The apparent activation energy for growth Comprehensive mechanical, thermal, and XRD analyses indicate that extremely of total intermetallic compound layers was 98.35 kJ/mol. fine control over phase nucleation and crystal size is achievable uponheat 10:45 AM Break treatment from the amorphous state or alternate cooling pathways from the molten state. The presence of Molybdenum is unique to these Fe-based alloys 10:50 AM Invited and plays a critical role in the phase nucleation cascade of re-heated amorphous Transition Metal Microadditions and Glass Formation in Rapidly-Quenched 1 1 1 alloys. Furthermore, Molybdenum rich second phase particles that form upon Al88Y7Fe5 Alloys: Kenneth Kelton ; Lydia Longstreth-Spoor ; Nicholas Mauro ; cooling slowly from the molten state offer tremendous reinforcement to the Karyn Spence1; 1Washington University surrounding matrix and exhibit Vickers hardness in excess of 2500. Studies of the influence of 3d transition metal microadditions on glass formation in Al Y Fe are reviewed. Rapidly-quenched ribbons of Al Y Fe show glass- 9:40 AM Invited 88 7 5 88 7 5 like x-ray and transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns, but Microstructure, Mechanical Properties of Mg-Ni-Zn-Y Bulk Metallic Glass do not show the expected nucleation and growth peak in isothermal differential Matrix Composites: Keqiang Qiu1; Qingfeng Li1; Wenhui Jiang2; Yinglei scaning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of primary crystallization to α-Al. Ren1; Xiaoguang Yuan1; 1Shenyang University of Technology; 2University of The transformation kinetics, measured by DSC, TEM and electrical resistivity, Tennessee are analyzed assuming both diffusion-limited nucleation and growth, and Mg-Ni-Zn-Y bulk metallic glass (BMG) matrix composites were prepared particle coarsening. Microalloying with any of the 3d transition metal elements by copper mold casting method. The microstructure, the mechanical properties improves glass formation and stability in this alloy, but to different degrees; were investigated by SEM, mechanical tester with different diameters. Compared the most effective element is Cr. High-q x-ray diffraction studies and EXAFS with Mg-Cu-Zn-Y BMG matrix composites, Mg-Ni-Zn-Y BMG composites measurements made on Al Y Fe and Al Y Ti show that the microaddition exhibit high fracture strength and lower mass density. The reinforcement was 88 7 5 87.5 5 0.5 induces structural changes in the liquid/glass structure, raising the nucleation characterized as Mg solid solution flake of less than 5µm in thickness. The barrier for α-Al. Schematic TTT diagrams that reflect DSC measurements of the microstructure and mechanical properties vary according to diameters of the change in devitrification pathway with microalloying are presented. samples. The high fracture strength and plastic strain are discussed in term of amorphous phase effect and ductility of Mg flakes. 11:10 AM Invited Synthesis and Properties of New Cu-Zr-Based Glassy Alloys with Unusual 10:00 AM Glass-Forming Ability: Wei Zhang1; Akihisa Inoue1; 1Tohoku University Stabilization of Clusters in Metallic Glass Forming Melts: Xiufang Bian1; Addition of Al to Cu-Zr-Ag alloys increased the stabilization of supercooled 1Shandong University liquid and the reduced glass transition temperature, leading to remarkable We propose a new concept, the stabilization of cluster in metallic liquids enhancement in the glass-forming ability (GFA). The quaternary glassy alloy described by the parameter B = dr/dT, for the prediction of the glass-forming samples of over 15.0 mm in diameter are formed in the composition range of 35 ability (GFA) before their quenching, from the viewpoint of classical to 45 at% Cu, 40 to 50 at% Zr, 5 to 10 at% Ag, and 5 to 8 at% Al. The best GFA homogeneous nucleation theory. Metallic liquids with low B value possess high is recognized for Cu36Zr48Ag8Al8 alloy which is close a eutectic composition GFA, i.e., strong stabilization of clusters benefits to glass formation. When the in the quaternary alloy system. The glassy alloy samples were successfully W value of B is lower than 1, the metallic liquid can be prepared into a metallic fabricated in the diameter range up to 25 mm by an injection copper mold casting glass. The results of sixteen kinds of metallic liquids investigated by a high E method. The addition of a small amount of Pd to the quaternary alloy is effective temperature X-ray diffractometer demonstrates that the stabilization ability of for the further increase in GFA. The glassy sample diameter of over 30 mm was D clusters determines the GFA. fabricated. The bulk glassy alloys exhibited excellent mechanical properties and N 10:15 AM high corrosion resistances. E Nanocrystallization of a Bulk Metallic Glass in the Zr-Al-CuNiCo System – 11:30 AM S Structure and Mechanical Properties: Rohit Satapathy1; Rainer Wunderlich1; Structural Changes in Bulk Metallic Glasses Induced by Compression: Arnaud Caron1; Indranil Manna1; Hans-Jörg Fecht1; 1Ulm University D Wojciech Dmowski1; Takeshi Egami1; Yoshihiko Yokoyama2; Akihisa Inoue2; A controlled two-phase mixture in terms of volume fraction and morphology Bogdan Palosz3; Yang Ren4; 1University Tennessee/MSE; 2Tohoku University; A of nanocrystalline and amorphous components offers the possibility of tailoring 3Polish Academy of Science; 4Argonne National Laboratory Y the ductility and mechanical strength of BMG forming complex alloys. This Mechanical properties of metallic glasses have been extensively studied, has been investigated in the Zr-Al-CuNiCo alloy system as a function of the however much less is known about the underlaying changes in the atomic Al-concentration varied between 7 and 20 at%. At the composition limit of A structure. There is a general consensus that deformation must be accompanied glass formation different amorphous to crystalline phase ratios and geometries by a local rearrangement of atoms to accommodate shear strain. However, M have been obtained by casting. Minor compositional variations result in a disordered nature of a glass or small deformation volumes makes it difficult to BMG exhibiting excellent glass forming ability and two widely separated observe experimentally. We have investigated changes in the atomic structure in crystallization peaks which allows a wide variation of the nanocrystalline/glassy a bulk metallic glass of Zr Cu Pd Al (x=0,6,10)that have been compressed microstructure. Specimen were investigated by XRD, SEM,atomic resolution 50 40-x x 10 PRELIMINARYin an isostatic and inhomogeneous way with pressures up to 8 GPa and at TEM, AFAM and nanoindentation. First results indicate that the microhardness temperatures up to 800 K. We used high energy X-ray scattering and area detector and Young’s modulus measured by nanoindentation considerably increase as a to obtain atomic pair density function. The results indicate that inhomogeneous function of the nanocrystalline volume fraction while the Poisson ratio of the deformation in a glass involves rearrangement in a cluster of atoms (like bond glass shows an unexpected maximum at some intermediate composition. exchange) that leads to structural anisotropy. However, isostatic compression 10:30 AM results in isotropic changes in the local atomic structure. Interfacial Reactions and Growth Kinetics for Intermetallic Compound 11:45 AM Layer between Molten In-Sn Solder and CuZr-Based BMG: Guofeng Ma1; Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stainless-Steel-Continuous- Zhuang-qi Hu1; 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal Research Fiber-Reinforced Zr-Based Amorphous Alloy Composites Fabricated by The growth kinetics of intermetallic compound layers formed between In-Sn Liquid Pressing Process: Kyuhong Lee1; Sang-bok Lee2; Sang-kwan Lee2; alloy and Cu40Zr44Al8Ag8 BMG substrates by solid state isothermal aging were Sunghak Lee1; Nack J. Kim1; 1Pohang University of Science and Technology; examined at temperatures between 343 and 473 K for 1-10 hours. In the solder 2Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials joints between the In-Sn solder and Cu40Zr44Al8Ag8 BMG, the intermetallic Stainless-steel-continuous-fiber-reinforced Zr-based amorphous alloy compound layer was composed of Zr, Cu, Sn As a whole, because the values of composites were fabricated without pores and misinfiltration by liquid pressing the time exponent (n) are approximately 0.5, the layer growth of the intermetallic process, and their microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in compound was mainly controlled by a diffusion-controlled mechanism over the

this study. About 60 vol.% of continuous fibers were homogeneously distributed in the matrix, in which considerable amounts of polygonal crystalline particles and dendritic crystalline phases were formed by the diffusion of metallic Carbon Dioxide Reduction Metallurgy: Electrolytic elements from fibers to the matrix. In compressive test, strength of 700~830 Methods MPa was maintained until reaching strain of 40% since fibers interrupted the Sponsored by: National Materials Advisory Board, Metallurgical Society of the propagation of shear bands initiated at the matrix and took over a considerable Canadian Institute of Mining Metallurgy and Petroleum, The Minerals, Metals and amount of loads. Under tensile loading, deformation and fracture occurred by Materials Society, American Iron and Steel Institute, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS consequent processes of crack formation at matrices, necking of fibers, fiber/ Extraction and Processing Division, TMS: Reactive Metals Committee, TMS: Recycling matrix interfacial separation, and cup-and-cone-type fracture of fibers, thereby and Environmental Technologies Committee resulting in high tensile elongation over 6%. These findings suggested that Program Organizers: Neale Neelameggham, US Magnesium LLC; Masao Suzuki, AI Tech Associates; Ramana Reddy, University of Alabama new possibilities might be open to be applied to structural materials requiring excellent properties. Wednesday AM Room: 294 12:00 PM March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center

Effect of Mo Addition to Fe65Cr15C14B6 Alloy during Mechanical: Uma Maheswara Seelam1; C. Suryanarayana1; 1University of Central Florida Session Chairs: Donald Sadoway, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John Hryn, Praxair Inc In this investigation, the effect of addition of Molybdenum to

Fe65-XCr15MoXC14B6 (X = Mo = 0 to 20 at.%) was studied on the ease of formation of an amorphous phase by MA. The milled powders were characterized using 8:30 AM XRD, DSC and TEM methods. The alloy with 15 at.% Mo produced an Carbon-Free Metals Extraction by Molten Oxide Electrolysis: Donald amorphous phase after 30 h of milling. High temperature heat treatment (600- Sadoway1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology 900°C) led to crystallization of the amorphous alloy. The type of crystallization Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE), which is the electrolytic decomposition of products depended up on Mo content in the alloys. A carbide phase formed if molten metal-oxide into liquid metal and oxygen gas, represents an improvement the Mo content was less than 15 at.%. On the other hand, Fe solid solution and over today’s carbon-intensive thermochemical reduction processes for metal Fe/Mo borides formed if the Mo content was above 15 at.%. Thus, the type of production. For MOE the feedstock can be concentrate derived from ore or phases present seems to be important in deciding whether amorphous alloys can from hazardous waste such as chromate sludge. The process avoids the use be synthesized by MA. of consumable carbon anodes and thus eliminates greenhouse-gas emissions as the by-product of the metal-recovery step. The concept applies to a variety 12:15 PM of chemistries including titanium, iron, and ferroalloys. The electrochemistry Thermodynamic Evaluations of Intermetallic Metallic Glass Systems of multicomponent oxide melts from the family FeO - SiO - TiO - Al O - Utilizing Interatomic Bond Energies: James Dahlman1; 1Air Force Research 2 2 2 3 MgO - CaO has been studied by voltammetry at temperatures up to 1750°C. Laboratory/MLLMD‘ Galvanostatic electrolysis in laboratory-scale cells operating with a variety Experimental evidence has demonstrated the tendency for metallic glass of feedstocks has demonstrated the extraction of liquid iron, ferrosilicon, and systems to form structures with a high degree of short range order. Ordering W titanium with the simultaneous co-generation of oxygen. amongst nearest neighbors indicates the presence of underlying thermodynamic E criteria as interatomic bond strength largely governs localized interactions. 8:50 AM D Previous work has corroborated the assumption thermodynamic parameters Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Melvin Miles1; 1University N influence glass stability by relating critical thickness to glass transition of La Verne temperature, heat of formation and critical cooling rates. Additionally, it is Considerable research has been conducted on the anodic oxidation of E understood that strong A-B bond energies in binary systems result in a high degree methanol in fuel cells. The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in

S of short range order. However, previous work has failed to show a correlation aqueous solutions to form methanol is the same reaction in reverse, i.e. CO2 + between nearest neighbor bond energies and glass forming ability. This work D 6 H+ + 6 e— CH3OH + H2O. The same catalysts and conditions may operate seeks to establish whether a connection between nearest neighbor bond energy for both reaction directions. This carbon dioxide reduction reaction, however, A and structural stability is possible through evaluation of bond energies and the must be able to compete with the electrochemical reduction of water to form

Y heat of formation for multiple intermetallic glass forming systems. hydrogen gas. Thermodynamically, the reduction of CO2 to form CH3OH is slightly more favorable than the reduction of water. Kinetically, carbon dioxide 12:30 PM Invited reduction can be favored by electrodes that are poor catalysts for water reduction A Rare-Earth Based Bulk Metallic Glasses with High Thermal Stability and such as Mo, Cu, In, Sn, and Sb. The use of nearly neutral electrolytes rather than Excellent Magnetocaloric Properties: Xudong Hui1; Liang Liang1; G. L. Chen1; M acidic electrolytes makes the reduction of CO kinetically more favorable. The 1University of Science and Technology Beijing 2 thermodynamics of various reaction steps will be presented. Several heavy rare-earth Gd-, Dy- and Er-based bulk metallic glasses (BMG) with high thermal stability and excellent magnetocaloric properties has been 9:10 AM prepared by a copper mold casting. Compared with the other known rare-earth Soda Fuel Cycle Metallurgy – Choices for CO Reduction: Neale PRELIMINARY 2 based BMGs, this BMG alloy possess higher glass transition temperature and Neelameggham1; 1US Magnesium LLC crystallization temperature, larger effective activation energy for glass transition Ferrous and non-ferrous metal industries are used to handling several billion and crystallization. Under a modest magnetic field, this BMG alloy exhibits tonnes a year of ore, fuel and fluxing agents by mineral processing techniques and a comparable or even larger magnetocaloric effect than that the previously varieties of extractive metallurgy “Reduction” processes. Metal industry know-

reported Re-based BMGs and crystalline compounds. The high thermal stability how can be applied to meet the challenge of Reducing CO2 to below 550 ppm in and the excellent magnetocaloric effect together with other merits of the BMGs the atmosphere by the year 2050. Processes for generating alloys of carbon and

make this BMG alloy suitable candidate for use as magnetic refrigerant in a hydrogen by Reducing the CO2 and water mixture Soda, as in Carbonated water, temperature range below 100 K. to easily stored fuels are normally endothermic and are similar to generation of

difficult to store hydrogen. This recycling of CO2 and water are possible by using other forms of energy by innovative carbon capture methods. Thermodynamic diagrams for metal-soda [double oxide] reactions provide hints for using low cost unused stored energy in un-recycled metallic waste for thermal conversion. Choices for electrodes for electrometallurgical approaches [using solar - wind - hydro power] are also discussed.

270 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

9:30 AM of CO2. This may enhance the reaction rates. The current concept circumvents

Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to C2H4 at a Gas/Solution/Metal Interface: the need for an external electric field unlike the electrochemical process. Kotaro Ogura1; 1Yamaguchi University 11:05 AM The problem of greenhouse effect should be largely mitigated if CO can be 2 Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formate in an Electrochemical Membrane recycled for use as fuels or chemicals. Although various processes for converting Reactor in KHCO Buffer Solutions: Kandasamy Subramanian1; Krishnasamy CO to valuable compounds have been proposed, a matter of infinite importance 3 2 Asokan1; Govindarajan Gomathi1; 1Central Electrochemical Research Institute is that the conversion process is feasible under mild conditions. This is because An electrochemical reactor with anode and cathode chambers separated the secondary generation of CO is feared if high energy is required and supplied 2 by a composite perfluoro polymer cation exchange membrane was designed, with a fossil fuel. We have developed the electrochemical reduction process fabricated and used for the reduction of dissolved carbon dioxide to formate of CO to C H which occurs at a three-phase(gas/solution/metal)interface in 2 2 4 under ambient conditions. The flow reactor enhanced the mass transfer of carbon concentrated potassium halide solutions. The input energy required for this dioxide compared to the batch reactor. Experiments were conducted using two process was supplied by a solar cell or a commercial power source. In the closed different membranes - Nafion 961 and Nafion 430. Optimum values offlow circulation system, the conversion efficiency of CO increased with an increase 2 rate and current density were evaluated for the formation of formate in aqueous of input electric charge to reach 100%, and the maximum selectivity for the KHCO buffer solutions. The efficacy of various cathode materials (Cd, Pb, Sn formation of C H was more than 80%. 3 2 4 and Zn plated stainless steel woven mesh) for the electro reduction of carbon 9:50 AM Break dioxide is also reported. 10:05 AM 11:25 AM Panel Discussion Green Production of Light Metals in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: Mingming 11:40 AM Concluding Comments Zhang1; Ramana Reddy2; 1Univ of Alabama; 2University of Alabama

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most common by-products produced during light metals production. It is considered to be the cause of greenhouse effects. Efficient reduction of CO can help to minimize the rate of global 2 Cast Shop Technology: Foundry Ingots and Alloys warming and improving energy sufficiency. In this paper, a novel light metals Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, production process was proposed using ionic liquid electrolytes. This process TMS: Aluminum Committee has significant advantages compared with traditional high temperature processes Program Organizers: Hussain AlAli, GM Casthouse and Engineering Services, such as zero CO2 and CF4 emission, low energy consumption due to the low Aluminium Bahrain Company (ALBA); David DeYoung, Alcoa Inc temperature operation and non-consumable electrodes. Two types of anode materials (graphite, extruded carbon) were assessed in electrolysis experiment. Wednesday AM Room: 295 The results showed that both anode materials were stable (negligible weight March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center loss). However, the extrude carbon was found to be superior to graphite in terms of current density and current efficiency. The calculated energy consumption Session Chair: Graham Banister, Bahrain Alloys Manufacturing Company for aluminum production was less than 5kWh/kg at current densities up to 350 2 W A/m . 8:30 AM Keynote E 10:25 AM Development of New Open Mould Conveyor Ingot Casting Technology: Carbon Dioxide Recycling by High Temperature Co-Electrolysis and John Grandfield1; Vu Nguyen1; Pat Rohan1; 1CSIRO D Hydrocarbon Synthesis: Joseph Hartvigsen1; S. Elangovan1; Lyman Frost1; Operators of open mould chain conveyor remelt ingot casting machines are N Anthony Nickens1; Carl Stoots2; James O’Brien2; J. Herring2; 1Ceramatec, Inc.; interested in reducing the oxide levels in the ingots and reducing production E 2Idaho National Laboratory costs by improving the productivity of the machines. CAST has developed two S Carbon dioxide recovered from concentrated sources, such as metallurgical patented technologies for ingot casting; a low dross filling system (CASTfill) and reduction furnaces, cement kilns and fossil power plants can provide a valuable a mould design (CASTmould) with reduced ingot solidification time to achieve D feedstock for a synthetic fuels industry based on energy from nuclear, solar, 20% higher production rates. This paper describes the development including A wind and hydropower sources. High temperature co-electrolysis of CO and application of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) modeling, protype design 2 Y steam to produce synthesis gas has been demonstrated using reversible solid testing on a full scale pilot system, fully coupled heat and stress modelling and a oxide fuel cell technology. Where a source of high temperature process heat purpose built rig for measuring mould temperatures, air gaps and displacement. is available, such as from an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor or New mould designs were proposed and tested on the rig. Following successful A solar dish concentrator, the endothermic electrolysis reactions can utilize both plant testing both CASTfill and CAST mould have been adopted at a number M thermal and electrical inputs in such a way that the conversion efficiency of smelters. within the cell is 100%. Synthesis gas produced in a co-electrolysis cell has 8:50 AM been further reacted over a catalyst to produce conventional hydrocarbon fuels. Quality and Productivity Improvements in the Manufacture of Foundry Widespread implementation of synfuel production from CO will enable a much PRELIMINARY2 (A356.2) Alloy Ingots at Aluminium Bahrain: Michael Jacobs1; Anand larger reliance on intermittent renewable energy than can be accommodated by Sandhanam1; Ebrahim Fathi1; Aref Noor1; 1Aluminium Bahrain conventional electric demand profiles. Aluminium Bahrain (Alba) produces 80,000 MT/annum of high quality re- 10:45 AM melt ingots for the aluminium foundry industry. This paper discusses the various 1 1 technologies and practices implemented at Alba’s new production facility to CO2 Reduction by Nanoscale Galvanic Couples: Kanchan Mondal ; Southern Illinois University improve the productivity and quality of the alloys produced in order to meet the Methanol, lower hydrocarbons, CO, and HCOOH formation have been by increasing quality demands of the customers. These improvements are related to pot room metal treatment, closed door furnace operation, an electromagnetic the reduction of CO2 with H2. Uncatalyzed electroreduction requires a significant overvoltage. An alternate route has been conceptualized. Production of hydrogen stirring system, in line degassing, filtration and rod feeder systems, ingot chain from water can be achieved by chemical oxidation of a metal in water followed casting wheel and commissioning of a new Properzi bar casting machine in by oxidation of the hydronium ion by the released electrons to form hydrogen order to achieve consistently high quality product at the maximum productivity radical. It is hypothesized that circumventing the problem of the formation are discussed. of hydrogen molecule is essential while having the hydrogen radical to react with CO2 forming methanol, etc. This may be possible by a bimetallic catalyst acting as a galvanic couple, wherein one metal acts as the electron donor for the production of hydrogen radical while the other acts as a catalyst for the reduction

9:10 AM 10:40 AM The Achievement of a Robust Al-Si Alloy Casting Process: Paul Cooper1; Arne Air Entrapment Due to Vertical Steps in the Mould Filling of A356 Sand Dahle2; 1London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Company Ltd.; 2University of Casting: Giovanni Sangiorgi Cellini1; Luca Tomesani1; 1University of Bologna Queensland The aim of research is to understand the formation of defects by air entrapment The Al-Si alloy casting process has suffered a long-standing reputation for lack in the sand casting of A356 aluminum alloy in the mould filling phase, when the of robustness when compared to wrought alloy casting. Both industries are able metal flow is subject to suddenly fall at vertical mould steps. For this purpose, to benefit from the addition of effective master alloys for the purposes of grain a physical casting experiment was created to impose, during filling, a growing refinement and structural modification. However the Al-Si alloy casting process amount of turbulence in the different parts of the casting. The mould consists has inherent disadvantages in terms of the achievement of a sound low porosity, of one gate filling five different branches, each one being composed bytwo high mechanical property casting. Recent advances in the technology of master horizontal parts and an intermediate vertical one of growing height. Moreover, alloy additives for Al-Si alloys are allowing this disadvantage to be effectively three different moulds were used, with different geometry of the terminal part: addressed. These advances are described and the potential for improved Al-Si straight branches, goose beaked ends and blind risers. All the experiments alloy castings are explored. were numerically simulated with PROcast2006. In order to discriminate the air entrapment effect from other defects origins, a correlation was sought between 9:30 AM the porosity percentage and the simulation results for many defects-formation Microstructural Improvement of Semi Solid Al-Si Foundry Alloys through criteria. Boron Addition: Shahrooz Nafisi1; Reza Ghomashchi2; 1ISPCO Inc.; 2Advanced Materials and Processing Research Institute (AMPRI) 11:00 AM Comprehensive study was performed on the impact of grain refiners addition Study of AlTiBC Master Alloy: Liu Weimin1; 1Aida Aluminium Alloys to the microstructural evolution of semi-solid Al-Si slurries. The most widely Company, Ltd used industrial refiners for such alloys are AlTiB master alloys in spite of their The AlTiBC grain refining master alloy has been discussed and researched well proven drawbacks including fading and settling of the so-called nucleant for years by some researchers, but now it’s still in argument. So, by cooperating particles. Al-B master alloy is re-introduced as a potent substitute of traditional with Shandong University, Aida make a study of this master alloy. Experimental AlTiB master alloys. In semi solid casting of 356 alloy, it is shown that by boron results showed that the AlTi5C0.4 master alloy which was after melting again addition, the number of primary Al-globules is increased. Improved globularity exhibited better grain refining performance for commercially pure Al than the coupled with smaller primary particle size leads to superior rheological ones that had not been remelted. As a result, it was discussed a new preparation characteristics of the SSM billets. craft of AlTiBC master alloy in this paper in detail. And the grain refining potentiality of the AlTiBC master alloy was investigated in this article by optical 9:50 AM microscopy and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). Effect of Transition Metals on the Grain Structure of a Model Al-4% Cu Alloy Solidified in the Presence of Cavitation: Tetyana Atamanenko1; Dmitry 11:20 AM Panel Discussion Eskin2; Laurens Katgerman1; 1Delft Technical University; 2Netherlands Institute for Metals Research W In the casting of aluminium, ultrasonics can be used to promote the formation of a fine, uniform, non-dendritic grain structure. From previous investigations Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: E it is known that main condition for obtaining non-dendritic grain structure is a Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of D combined action of grain refiners and an intense ultrasound inducing developed Materials III N cavitation on a solidifying melt. A small amount of transition metals (Zr, Ti etc.) Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and can significantly increase the number of nucleation sites in the melt without Processing Division, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee E using an Al-Ti-B master alloy. Many commercial wrought aluminium alloys Program Organizers: Jian Li, Natural Resources Canada; Toru Okabe, University of S contain these elements because they also prevent recrystallization. The paper Tokyo; Ann Hagni, Intellection Corporation D describes the results on the influence of different transition metals on structure formation during ultrasonic melt treatment. In separate experiments, model Al- Wednesday AM Room: 284 A 4%wt Cu alloys with small additions of transition metals, typical of commercial March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center Y aluminium alloys, are solidified with and without UST. The final microstructure Session Chairs: Arun Gokhale, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mingdong is analyzed. Cai, University of Houston A 10:10 AM Break M 10:20 AM 8:30 AM

Characterization of Zn-Al Alloys with Different Structures Using Cathodic Polarization Behavior of Ionic Liquid (TMHA-Tf2N) Containing Solidification and Electrochemical Parameters: Alicia Ares1; Liliana Gassa2; Titanium Ions: Kazuaki Tsuchimoto1; Tetsuya Uda1; Kuniaki Murase1; Yoshitaro Carlos Schvezov1; 1CONICET/University De Misiones; 2CONICET/INIFTA Nose1; Yasuhiro Awakura1; 1Kyoto University, Department of Materials Science The objective of the present researchPRELIMINARY consist on studying the type of structure and Engineering (columnar, equiaxial or with the columnar to equiaxed transition, CET) using To develop novel technology for the electroplating of titanium layers from solidification and electrochemical parameters in Zn-Al alloys with different ionic liquid (room temperature molten salt) baths at low temperatures, cathodic concentrations (Zn-2%Al, Zn-4wt%Al, Zn-16wt%Al, Zn-27wt%Al and Zn- polarization behavior of trimethyl-n-hexylammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfo

50%Al, weight percent). In order to obtain columnar, equiaxial and the CET nyl]amide (TMHA-Tf2N) ionic liquid containing titanium ions was investigated structures, the alloys were directionally solidified upwards in an experimental at 50°C. Titanium electrode was dissolved anodically to feed titanium ions into set up with a set of thermocouples in the samples which permit to determine the the ionic liquid, and cyclic voltammograms were taken for the resulting baths. time dependent profiles during growth. From these profiles and the location of When a single-compartment electrolytic cell was used, two reduction waves were thermocouples it was possible to calculate the cooling rates, growth velocities found at -1.0 V and -2.5 V. In contract, an additional reduction wave appeared at and the temperature gradients along the samples. The electrochemical studies 0 V with a two-compartment cell where anolyte and catholyte were separated by in the samples were realized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a sintered glass. It is considered that, in the single-compartment bath, Ti4+ ions polarization curves. generated through the anodic dissolution can migrate to cathode and reduced to a stable Ti3+ state, hence we can conclude here that the reduction at 0 V should be attributed to reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+.

272 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

8:50 AM 10:30 AM Corrosion of Nickel-Based Superalloy in Molten Fluoride: Bowen Li1; Xiaodi Fundamental Study on Titanium Production Process by Disproportionation 1 1 1 1 1 1 Huang ; Jiann-Yang Hwang ; Michigan Technological University Reactions of TiCl2 in MgCl2 Molten Salt: Taiji Oi ; Toru Okabe ; University Nickel-based alloys have been used in a wide variety of severe operating of Tokyo conditions, including corrosive environment, high temperature, high stress, and In order to establish a novel titanium production process, the synthesis and their combinations. To determine the feasibility of using nickel-based superalloy disproportionation reactions of TiCl2 in molten salt were investigated. This as an electrode material in primary aluminum production, the corrosion rate process comprised (1) the synthesis of TiCl2 by reacting TiCl4 with titanium of a nickel-based superalloy from INCO was investigated in an industrial metal in MgCl2 molten salt at 1073-1273 K and (2) the formation of titanium by fluoride melt using the metallographic method. The results show that fluoride the disproportionation reactions of TiCl2 in molten MgCl2 at 1300-1373 K. The melt has high wettability to the alloy. When corrosion time was less than 0.5 results revealed that TiCl2 was successfully obtained in the synthesis step and the hours at 1000°C, the microstructure of the specimen surface had no obvious efficiency of TiCl2 formation was drastically improved by using molten MgCl2 as change. The maximum corrosion rate of the fluoride solution to the superalloy is the reaction medium. Some preliminary experiments demonstrated that titanium approximately 27 microns per hour. powder of approximately 99% purity was produced by the disproportionation reactions of TiCl in MgCl molten salt. The titanium production methods 9:10 AM 2 2 investigated in this study can be applied to a new titanium production process Comparison between Aluminium 6063 Hardened Thermochemical and and/or titanium plating technology. Mecanochemically: Isaías Hilerio1; Miguel Barrón1; 1Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco 10:50 AM The objective of this work is to compare the properties of a material treated Influence of the Precursors Setup on the Yield and Properties ofHPHT thermochemically in relation to mecano-chemical treatment. The advantage of Synthesized Diamonds: Ana Lucia Skury1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte this last treatment is not to add a material to the substratum, because the hardened Fluminense material with the mecanochemical treatment has not the adherence problem by The production yield of diamonds synthesized at HPHT conditions from hardened layer using thermochemical treatment. The process was carried out in graphite and catalyst metallic alloy precursors depends on parametric variables, 5 samples with the following dimensions: 35 x 100 x 8 mm. It has been utilized which include the initial setup of the precursor materials. This setup is a vibrator machine with a different abrasive charge in each stage of the process. associated with the arrangement of both, the graphite and the catalyst alloy, in To study the kinetics of the process was withdrawn a sample for each stage either homogeneous mixture or alternated layers. The present work studied the of the process. It has been done the micro hardness study, MEB and Ray X influence of the type of setup on the yield and properties of HPHT synthesized diffraction. It has been founded higher hardness values in the material treated diamond crystals. Precursor reactive system composed of graphite and Ni-Mn thermochemically, but the difference is in the cases which it is not possible to alloy, in homogeneous mixture or layer, was processed at 4.7GPa and 1300°C use that method. for 10 minutes. It was found that the yield is sensibly affected by the type of setup. A 10% decrease in productivity occurs for the alternated layers setup, 9:30 AM while the brittleness of the diamond, measured by friar tests, increases for the Thermally Activated Sintering of Kaolinitic Clay: Sergio Monteiro1; Carlos homogeneous mixture setup. Moreover, significant differences were observed in Maurício Vieira1; 1State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro - UENF the shape and size distribution of the crystal. W The sintering of kaolinitic clay ceramics can be achieved by solid state diffusion at temperatures below 900°C. Owing to the plate-shaped morphology 11:10 AM E of the kaolinitic clay particles, surface diffusion can consolidate the porosity A New Pantograph Slider of High Speed Electric Locomotive: Lian Yang1; D by thermally activated mechanisms at temperatures as low as 500°C. In the 1Tsinghua University N present work, the thermally activated parameters for the sintering of a kaolinitic With devolvement of high-speed electric locomotive, current pantograph clay were characterized in the interval from 500 to 900°C. The mechanical sliders are not satisfied electric locomotive demands because their shortcoming, E strength obtained in cylindrical specimens, that were fired in this interval of such as higher resistance rate, lowers impact toughness, and bigger abrasion S temperatures for different times and then tested by diametral compression, serve ratio. A new pantograph slider is developed to resolve the problems. The new D to evaluate the thermally activated parameters. The results showed a relatively pantograph slider is consisted of copper, carbon fiber, graphite etc. The influence smaller value for the activation energy implying a more efficient mechanism of of pressure and sintering temperature to the performance of pantograph slider is A porosity consolidation, which justifies, in practice, the low temperature sintering studied firstly. Then its performance of friction, abrasion and impact toughness Y of kaolinitic clay ceramic. is tested. Performance of the new pantograph slider is contrasted to current pantograph sliders at last. The results show that its performance of resistance 9:50 AM Break A ratio, friction coefficient, abrasion rate and impact toughness etc. is improved 10:10 AM greatly compared with foreign immersed carbon slider MC with friction M Investigations of Retained Deformation Energy after Hot Forming and Its coefficient reduced 1.62 times, abrasion ratio decreased 1.27 times, impact Influence on the Abnormal Grain Growth for the Nickel Based Alloy 80a: toughness increased 3.09 times and conductance increased 45 times. Mirza Candic1; Stefan Mitsche2; Baohui Tian3; Christof Sommitsch1; 1University of Leoben; 2University of Graz; 3BohlerPRELIMINARY Edelstahl GmbH For a hot forming process, residual (i.e. retained) strains exist due to different degrees of recovery and recrystallization, which can be related to inhomogeneous deformation, strain rate and temperature gradients with deformation. During the subsequent annealing the retained strain may lead to non-uniformed grain structures, or even worse, coarse grains due to secondary recrystallization and abnormal grain growth, respectively. In the present work, for the nickel based alloy 80a, single and multi hit hot deformation tests followed by annealing were performed for variable deformation and annealing parameters. In order to evaluate the retained strain evolution, the strain distribution of related grain structures was investigated by using the finite element method as well as corresponding microhardness values and EBSD data. For the quantitative analysis of the local grain misorientation some new evaluation methods were developed.

10:00 AM Break

Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and 10:20 AM Invited Opportunities in Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics at Short Times and High Applications: Scaling, Dynamics, and Switching Fields: Paul Evans1; 1University of Wisconsin, Madison Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, Thin film structures with high-bandwidth electrical contacts make it possible and Photonic Materials Division Program Organizers: Zhiming Wang, University of Arkansas; Ho Nyung Lee, Oak to understand complex oxide materials at short timescales – in the range of Ridge National Laboratory hundreds of picoseconds at present and perhaps a few to tens of picoseconds in the near future. The magnitudes of electric fields applied under these conditions Wednesday AM Room: 277 can reach several MV/cm, far higher than the fields associated with dielectric March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center breakdown at low frequencies. Our time-resolved synchrotron microdiffraction

structural studies of ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin provide insight into Session Chair: To Be Announced polarization domain dynamics under electric fields close to the coercive field

and into piezoelectricity at higher fields. Thin films of multiferroic BiFeO3 has a more complicated symmetry than the tetragonal Pb(Zr,Ti)O and structurally 8:30 AM Invited 3 non-uniform at several length scales. We will describe structural studies of Atomic-Scale Characterization of Interfaces in Oxide Heterostructures: BiFeO under high fields and switching between different polarization domain Matthew Chisholm1; Ho Nyung Lee1; Maria Varela del Arco1; Stephen 3 configurations. Pennycook1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory Recent advances in materials synthesis, theoretical simulation and atomic 10:50 AM Invited scale imaging/spectroscopy is being used to design, create and characterize The Mechanism of Pulsed Laser Deposition of Epitaxial Oxide Films three-dimensional materials with functional physical properties resulting from Studied by Time-Resolved Surface X-Ray Diffraction: Gyula Eres1; 1Oak electronic effects of two-dimensional interfaces. It is expected that correlating Ridge National Laboratory macroscopic properties of these new “interfacial solids” with atomic structures The laser plume ejected from a solid target consists of a complex mixture of will lay the foundation for the ultimate miniaturization of devices. We will neutral and ionized atoms, molecular fragments, and even small clusters with discuss some of our results on interface-induced, two-dimensional electrical kinetic energies up to a few hundred eV. The extra kinetic energy provides a conduction in thin film oxide superlattices. Macroscopic physical properties of transient enhancement of surface mobility that affects the nucleation and these artificial solids will be correlated with results from ORNL’s aberration- growth of thin films. We use time-resolved surface x-ray diffraction to study the

corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes, which provide the formation and evolution of surface structure during PLD of SrTiO3. The use of x- smallest electron probes. These instruments allow simultaneous sub-Å resolution ray diffraction greatly simplifies growth kinetics studies because in the kinematic imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, which is currently the only limit the x-ray intensity changes correspond directly to coverage evolution. We means for obtaining a highly local measure of the chemical, crystallographic analyze the intensity transients using a model independent approach that allows and electronic properties of materials. Research sponsored by the Office of Basic direct determination of the time-dependent surface coverages from the transient W Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering. intensities. This analysis reveals that energy-enhanced interlayer transport occurs on a time scale of microseconds or less and it dominates crystallization 9:00 AM Invited E and growth with the thermal component playing a negligible role. Influence of Defects on the Dielectric and Transport Properties of SrTiO3 D Thin Films: Susanne Stemmer1; Junwoo Son1; Nicholas Finstrom1; 1University 11:20 AM Invited N of California Santa Barbara Dynamics of Strained Film Growth on Vicinal Substrates: Mina Yoon1; E In this presentation we report on the key properties of complex oxide thin 1University of Tennessee S films relevant for their application in metal/insulator/metal structures such as We theoretically study the morphological evolution in heteroepitaxial growth. voltage tunable capacitors, and the relation of these properties to defects in the We establish the existence of a deposition flux window within which stable and

D films. We study the dielectric and electrical properties of Pt/SrTiO3/Pt thin film persistent step-flow growth can be achieved. We express the phase boundaries A structures with controlled microstructures at frequencies up to 1 GHz. We discuss in terms of intrinsic physical parameters and experimentally controllable growth Y the origins of dielectric losses in these films and the role of point defects, such as conditions.1 Also, investigating the growth dynamics in the step-bunching oxygen vacancies. We report on dielectric deadlayers, which cause a significant regime, we found that there is a critical film thickness above which step- reduction in the dielectric tunabilities. We discuss the influence of dielectric bunching occurs. The critical thickness shows a scaling behavior depending on 2 A relaxation on the thermal leakage characteristics of Pt/SrTiO3/Pt thin film the terrace width and the deposition flux. We compare above predictions with M structures. We show the influence of temperature and time-dependent leakage experimental results from PLD growth studies of metal oxide thin films.1,2 Our currents on phenomena such as anomalous positive temperature coefficient of results may open a way to grow films in a desired way. We will also discuss the resistivity and resistive switching. role of step meandering in the above findings. 1W. Hong et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 095501 (2005). 2M. Yoon et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2007). 9:30 AM Invited Towards Defect Engineering in ResistivePRELIMINARY Switching Perovskite Thin Films: 11:50 AM Regina Dittmann1; Kristov Szot1; Ruth Münstermann1; Paul Meuffels1; Shaobo Domains Evolution under a Spatially Non-Uniform Applied Electric Mi1; Chunlin Jia1; Rainer Waser1; 1Forschungszentrum Juelich Potential: Phase-Field Simulation and Experiment: Samrat Choudhury1; A variety of perovskite materials exhibit electrically induced resistive switching Jingxian Zhang1; Sergei Kalinin2; Long Chen1; 1Pennsylvania State University; 2 effects and has been proposed for future non-volatile memories. For SrTiO3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory single crystals it was shown that switching occurs along crystalline defects which A three-dimensional (3-D) phase-field model is developed for predicting form a network of filamentary conduction paths (Szot et al., Nature Mater. 5, 312 the evolution of domain structures in ferroelectric thin films under a non-

(2006)). Since the distribution of defects in SrTiO3 is generally very irregular, uniform externally applied electric potential. In this work, we considered lead the application of this material class in future resistive RAM crucially depends zirconate titanate (PbZr(1-x)TixO3) ferroelectric thin films as model systems. on the success in developing thin film fabrication routes which guarantee a The temporal evolution of domain structures during switching will be presented. more registered arrangement of these filaments. We will present the impact of It was observed that the electric potential required to nucleate new domains growth mode conditions and the corresponding defect distribution as well as during polarization switching in ferroelectric thin films varies spatially within the influence of doping atoms on the nanoscale resistive switching properties of a domain structure. The lowest electric field for nucleation is observed near the titanate thin films analyzed by conductive-tip AFM (LC-AFM. For Nb-doped twin domain boundaries. Comparison of the spatial distribution of nucleation

SrTiO3 thin films epitaxially grown under appropriate deposition conditions, we voltage obtained from phase-field approach shows an excellent agreement succeeded to obtain well ordered arrays of nanoscale resitive switching blocks. with our experimental measurements using Piezo-force microscopy technique.

274 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

Preliminary simulation and experimental results on the effect of grain boundary that influence, in particular, nucleation. In the specific case of precipitation- on switching behavior of ferroelectric thin films under a non-uniform applied strengthened aluminium alloys, nucleation of key strengthening phases is electric potential will be discussed. invariably heterogeneous and preferred locations for nucleation may range from pre-existing static defects to sites defined dynamically during early stage 12:10 PM decomposition. In most cases, the mechanisms by which such sites reduce the Phase-Field Prediction of Enhanced Piezoelectric Response in Ferroelectric barrier to nucleation remain ill-defined and an inadequate physical basis limits Islands: Jingxian Zhang1; Ryan Wu1; Samrat Choudhury1; Shenyang Hu2; Yulan the effectiveness of process models. The limitations of available physical models Li1; Long-Qing Chen1; 1Pennsylvania State University; 2Los Alamos National will be examined for a selection of the more common modes of heterogeneous Laboratory nucleation in aluminium-based solid solutions as model systems. In continuous ferroelectric thin films, the extrinsic contribution to piezoelectric response from the non-180° polarization switching is highly limited by the 9:20 AM substrate constraint. Therefore, enhanced piezoelectric responses are expected by Phase Field Simulation of Autocatalytic Precipitation in the Al-Cu System: cutting the film into discrete islands to relieve the substrate clamp. In this work, Yury Kryvasheyeu1; Barry Muddle1; Chen Shen2; Yunzhi Wang2; 1Monash a phase-field model has been developed for studying the domain structures and University; 2Ohio State University their evolutions in epitaxial ferroelectric islands. The piezoelectric properties Phase transformations in coherent systems are strongly influenced by the of PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 ferroelectric islands are investigated by using the phase- matrix-product coherency strains, in some cases responsible for the formation field model. Much larger piezoelectric coefficients are obtained for the islands of self-organized structures. In the case of θ’ precipitation in Al-Cu, patterns of due to the 90° polarization switching, and the magnitude of the piezoelectric precipitates, formed in inclined parallel stacks or dual-variant cross-like arrays, coefficients depends on the substrate strains and the lateral sizes of the islands. are presumed to be the product of autocatalytic nucleation. It is suggested that These results clearly demonstrate that the relaxation of substrate constraint plays elastic interaction promotes nucleation in specific locations within the strain a critical role on the piezoelectric response in the ferroelectric islands. field of a precursor crystal, leading to strong spatial correlation in the precipitate distribution. The model proposed is based on phase field evolution kinetics coupled with an explicit nucleation algorithm. Microstructural patterns formed during autocatalysis are compared for two forms of transformation strain – a pure Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Phase uniaxial distortion and an invariant plane strain. The latter implies a diffusional- Transformations displacive mechanism of transformation and, aside from simulation of observed Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, precipitate arrays, the model has the potential for verifying indirectly the nature and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, of transformation strain during nucleation. ASM Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and Engineering 9:35 AM Committee, TMS/ASM: Phase Transformations Committee A Comparison of Simulated Crystal Nucleation Times with Nucleation Program Organizers: Yunzhi Wang, Ohio State University; Long-Qing Chen, Theory for the Lennard-Jones Liquid: Lujian Peng1; Rachel Aga2; James Pennsylvania State University; Jeffrey Hoyt, McMaster University; Yu Wang, Virginia Morris2; 1University of Tennessee; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory Tech In previous work, we showed that when simulation size effects and transient W nucleation theory were considered, crystal nucleation times from simulations Wednesday AM Room: 288 could be predicted using classical theory. We have now extended this to the E March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center Lennard-Jones system. Homogeneous crystal nucleation is simulated by D molecular dynamics. We study nucleation time as a function of system size Session Chairs: Chen Shen, GE Global Research; Hamish Fraser, Ohio State N and temperature. We present quantitative comparisons between our results and University classical nucleation theory, including transient effects. This is done without E parameter fitting, using interfacial free energies and other properties calculated S 8:30 AM Invited from separate equilibrium simulations. The role of temperature-dependent D On the Nucleation of Alpha-Ti in Alpha/Beta-Ti and Beta-Ti Alloys: Soumya interfacial free energies is explored. We compare with previous results that Nag1; Arda Genc1; Rajarshi Banerjee2; Gopal Viswanathan1; Hamish Fraser1; showed good agreement with the classical theory. This research has been A 1Ohio State University; 2University of North Texas sponsored by the Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Y This paper presents experimental observations that lead to mechanistic details Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy under contract with DE- of the nucleation processes in alpha/beta and beta Ti alloys. For alpha/beta Ti- AC05-00OR-22725 with UT-Battelle. alloys, the formation of Widmansaetten plates of the alpha phase from prior beta A 9:50 AM Invited grain boundaries producing colony microstructures and the nucleation of the M Phase Field Modelling of Rafting in Ni Base Superalloys: Alphonse Finel1; alpha plates that make up basketweave microstructures have been considered. Yann Le Bouar2; Anaïs Gaubert1; 1ONERA; 2CNRS Here, 3D characterization of the effects of grain boundary misorientation and Mechanical behaviour of Ni base superalloys depends largely on the grain boundary plane orientation on sideplate growth in has been studied, and microstructure at meso scale. Initially, the alloy consists in cuboidal precipitates of observations have been made of the PRELIMINARY very early stages of nucleation in both the γ’ phase separated by channels of γ matrix. When such a material is submitted types of microstructures. The nucleation of secondary alpha in beta ribs has to a creep loading at high temperature, we observe a directional coalescence been the subject of study, and the possible role of martensitic transformations of the γ’ precipitates. This morphological evolution, usually called rafting, is in nucleation considered. Finally, the refined precipitation of alpha-Ti in beta a result of the elastic stresses generated by the misfit between the precipitate stabilized alloys has been studied and the effects of beta phase separation and the and matrix phases. In addition, during rafting, plastic strain is generated in the omega phase on nucleation have been identified. matrix and enables a partial relaxation of the misfit stresses. The aim of this 8:55 AM Invited study is to propose a phase field model to represent in a quantitative way the Physical Models for Heterogeneous Nucleation in Aluminium-Based Solid microstructural changes in superalloys during a creep loading. In the model, the Solutions: Barry Muddle1; Yury Kryvasheyeu2; 1Monash University, Centre for plastic activity in the γ phase is introduced by the means of a viscoplastic law Design in Light Metals; 2Monash University, School of Physics coupled with the phase field model. Effective computational analysis of phase transformations requires that not only are the algorithms employed sound in thermodynamic and kinetic principles, but that the physical models of the processes involved be reliably based. In the case of precipitation from supersaturated solid solution, this includes both the mechanisms of nucleation and growth, and the nature of any interactions

10:15 AM reaction has a significant influence on the as-cast microstructure formed during The Pre-Wetting Transition at Anti-Phase Boundaries: An Atomistic directional solidification. Modeling Study of Ni Al: Chandler Becker1; Yuri Mishin2; William Boettinger1; 3 11:45 AM 1National Institute of Standards and Technology; 2George Mason University Stress-Induced Instability and Break up in Multilayers: B. Chirranjeevi1; Using an embedded-atom potential for Ni-Al alloys, we have examined Mogadalai Gururajan2; Thennathur Abinandanan3; 1Indian Institute of interfacial properties of antiphase boundaries (APBs) in the Ni Al-based γ’ 3 Technology-Madras; 2Northwest University; 3Indian Institute of Science phase. These interfaces between different ordering domains of the γ’ phase can Evolution of multilayers of elastically stiff and soft phases has been studied undergo a pre-wetting transition, in which the APB region becomes disordered using a phase field model. When the interfaces are coherent and the phases have and then transforms into a thin layer of metastable γ phase. To understand a lattice parameter mismatch, the hard phase is known to be unstable. Our phase this transition, we have performed detailed thermodynamic, compositional, field simulations capture — quantitatively — the key features of this instability and structural analyses of the APBs using semi-grand canonical Monte-Carlo for a single, isolated stiff film sandwiched between two semi-infinite soft matrix simulations, with particular interest in composition profiles of Ni segregation substrates. In a multi-layer setting ( i.e., with an increasing volume fraction and local atomic disorder. We discuss our findings in the context of previous of the stiff phase), several new features emerge: (a) the onset of instability studies of these interfaces and the possible impact of the APB pre-wetting on changes from a predominantly anti-symmetric mode to a symmetric one; (b) properties of γ-γ’ alloys. the dominant wavelength increases, thereby delaying the eventual break-up; (c) 10:30 AM Break inter-layer correlations develop right from early stages of evolution, leading to a highly correlated microstructure after the complete break-up. These features will 10:50 AM Invited be presented and rationalized. Determinisitic Sidebranching Mechanism in 3-D Dendritic Growth: Martin Glicksman1; John Lowengrub2; Shuwang Li2; 1University of Florida; 2University 12:00 PM of California, at Irvine A New Approach for Modeling Strongly Anistropic Crystal Systems: Solmaz We demonstrate the existence of a new mechanism for the generation of 3D Torabi1; John Lowengrub1; Steven Wise2; 1University of California-Irvine; side-branches in dendritic solidification. The proposed deterministic branching 2University of Tennessee mechanism is induced directly via the interfacial boundary conditions, without We present a new approach for modeling strongly anisotropic crystal and benefit of noise or other stochastic phenomena. To support the new finding epitaxial growth using regularized, anisotropic Cahn-Hilliard-type equations. we developed accurate boundary integrals for simulating 3D solidification. Such problems arise during the growth and coarsening of thin films. When the Numerical results reveal that both anisotropic capillarity and kinetics induce surface anisotropy is sufficiently strong, sharp corners form and unregularized non-monotone temperature distributions along the dendritic interface. The anisotropic Cahn-Hilliard equations become ill-posed. Our models contain a high consequent dynamical process operates as a “limit cycle” generating a sequence order Willmore regularization to remove the ill-posedness. A key feature of our of time-periodic protuberances near the dendrite tip. These protuberances grow approach is the development of a new formulation in which the interface thickness and develop into secondary side-branches, setting the all-important scale of is independent of crystallographic orientation. We also have added strain energy chemical microsegregation. Unlike conventional explanations of side branching, to this model to study the effect of elasticity. We present 3D numerical results W based on extrinsic influences, such as selective noise-amplification and loss of using an adaptive, nonlinear multigrid finite-difference method. In particular, we stability, we demonstrate that the generation of side-branches during dendritic find excellent agreement between the computed equilibrium shapes using the E growth is intrinsic to the solidification process, occurring via deterministic Cahn-Hilliard approach, with a finite but small Willmore regularization, and an D interactions at the solid-liquid interface. analytical sharp-interface theory recently developed by B. J. Spencer [2004]. N 11:15 AM 12:15 PM E Orientation Selection in Dendritic Solidification of Materials with Monte Carlo Simulation of Binary bcc Structured Layers Growth: Ruiqiang S Hexagonal Symmetry: Tomorr Haxhimali1; Alain Karma1; Mark Asta2; Jeffrey Zhang1; Xiaohong Xu1; Shunyan Zhang1; Gillian Gehring2; 1Shanxi Normal Hoyt3; 1Northeastern University; 2University of California, Davis; 3McMaster University; 2University of Sheffield D University A very promising method for thin (of nanoscale thickness) layer fabrication is A The prediction of dendrite growth rate and orientation during dendritic the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. In this paper, the growth of perovskite Y solidification is crucial to control the morphology of solidification microstructures structured film grow on a perovskite substrate is simulated using the Monte and thus the associated mechanical properties of cast and welded materials. In Carlo procedure, and LaMnO3 is taken as an example. In the model, we consider this talk we present recent results from a theoretical and phase-field study of the La and Mn atoms and assume the oxygen atoms follow the metal atoms. The A dendrite growth rate and orientation selected during the dendritic solidification quality of the film is controlled by three parameters, namely, the temperature M of materials with hexagonal symmetry with magnesium as a special case. of the substrate, the kinetic energy of the atoms and the average coverage of The phase-field and theoretical study were performed by varying parameters each pulse. The simulated results show that the quality of the films is strongly that characterize the anisotropy of the crystal-melt interfacial free-energy. For dependent on the three parameters. We analyzed the mismatch of the films and anisotropy parameters that were estimated from recent atomistic simulation for find an interesting phenomenon; the displacement parameter presents odd-even pure magnesium, we show that dendritePRELIMINARY grow along the basal plane as expected. staggering (OES) when the deposition condition near the best situation. Moreover we predict the existence of anomalous directions off basal plane by varying the anisotropic parameter, which is equivalent to changes in composition. These directions have been often observed by experimental studies in different magnesium and hcp alloys. 11:30 AM Microstructure Formation in Ni-Base Superalloys during Solidification and Its Relation to the Eutectic-Peritectic Nature of the Gamma/Gamma-Prime Reaction: Nils Warnken1; Roger Reed1; 1University of Birmingham The microstructure formation in directionally solidified Ni-base superalloys is simulated using the phase-field method (MICRESS) with a special emphasize on the last stages of solidification and the interdendritic gamma-prime formation. The latter is commonly referred to as eutectic islands, although recent research indicates that it should be renamed to peritectic islands. Thermodynamic databases model it either way. The calculated microstructures yielded from both types of databases are compared in order to identify whether the type of the

276 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

10:00 AM Break

Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: 10:15 AM Bending Reliability of Combination Solder Joint in Mounted on Several Pb-Free Solders: Reliability and Microstructure Types of Pad Finish of Halogen Free PCB: Si-Suk Kim1; Hun Han1; Hyun- Development Jeong Ham1; Yong-Hyun Kim1; Dong-Chun Lee1; Si-Don Choi1; 1Samsung Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, Electronics and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Electronic Packaging and Interconnection According to the transition of pb-free and demand for halogen free based on Materials Committee Program Organizers: Carol Handwerker, Purdue University; Srinivas Chada, Medtronic; environmentally friendly product, we are considering applying low temperature Fay Hua, Intel Corporation; Kejun Zeng, Texas Instruments, Inc. soldering which is a combination solder joint between Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder ball and Sn57Bi.1.0Ag solder paste into halogen free pcb. It has lower soldering Wednesday AM Room: 275 temperature compared to Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder system. So we have studied on March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center bending reliability about this system. We used several types of halogen free pcb finish and pad designs in 512MB memory module. We carried out 3 point Session Chairs: Laura Turbini, Research In Motion; Eric Cotts, Binghamton bending test. After bending test, we analyzed fracture mode using EDX, SEM University and D&P(Dye & Pry). Consequently, we figured out good reliability in order ENIG+NSMD>OSP+SMD=Immersion Ag+SMD>OSP+NSMD=Immersion 8:30 AM Invited Ag+NSMD > ENIG+SMD. Solder joint strength for OSP or Immersion-Ag pad Microstructure, Defects, and Reliability of Mixed Pb Free/SnPb Assemblies: finish is stronger than that of ENIG pad. In addition, Cu adhesion strength of Polina Snugovsky1; H. McCormick1; S. Bagheri1; Z. Bagheri1; C. Hamilton1; M. halogen free pcb is lower than normal FR4 pcb, which leaded to low reliability Romansky1; 1Selestica life. The paper describes the results of an intensive study on Pb free BGA / SnPb 10:30 AM Invited solder assemblies as well as some lessons learnt dealing with mixed assembly Effect of Crystal Orientations of Copper and Tin on Recrystallization during production at Celestica. In the reliability study, four types of Pb free ball grid Thermomechanical Cycling of Pb-Free Solder Joints: Amir Zamiri1; Thomas array components were assembled on test vehicles using the SnPb eutectic Bieler1; Adwait Telang1; Farhang Pourboghrat1; 1Michigan State University solder and typical SnPb reflow profiles with 205-220°C peak temperatures. It is known that many, and possibly most lead free solder joints consist of Accelerated thermal cycling was conducted at 0 to 100°C. The microstructure only a few crystal orientations. In many cases, sections of joints show only one after reflow and ATC was analyzed. The influence of the microstructure on orientation, suggesting that one crystal orientation may have a highly favorable Weibull plot parameters and failure mode will be shown. Interconnect defects orientation that minimizes elastic and/or plastic strain energy during thermal such as non-uniform phase distribution, low melting structure accumulation, and cycling. If so, then it is important to identify what orientations are energetically void formation will be discussed. Recommendations on mixed assembly and favored by the alternating stress states in a joint, and to determine how these rework parameters will be given. orientations may grow to consume other existing orientations. Experimental 9:00 AM Invited measurements of a particular example of this phenomenon are presented along W Thermomechanical Behavior and Reliability of Pb-Free Solders: Nikhilesh with computational modeling using elastic and plastic FEM analysis of particular E Chawla1; 1Arizona State University orientations to quantify energy changes. Minimum elastic energy orientations The thermal fatigue resistance of Sn-rich solder joints is dependent on the are identified, and the texture of the copper appears to be influential, as copper D initial microstructure and the damage evolution during thermal cycling. In this has a strong elastic anisotropy. N talk we have report on the thermal fatigue behavior of single lap shear Sn-rich 11:00 AM E solder/Cu joints under cyclic thermal loading. Microstructure characterization of Interfacial Reaction between the Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold S the initial and damaged solder joint microstructures was carried out by scanning Substrate and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder: Ruihong Zhang1; Zhidong Xia1; Fu electron microscopy (SEM). Persistent slip bands, was followed by crack Guo1; 1Beijing University of Technology D nucleation and propagation at the tip of the lap shear geometry. The influence Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) is one of the most widely used A of Sn grain orientation on thermal fatigue damage was modeled using the finite surface finishes on the Cu substrate in electronic packages. The formation and Y element method (FEM). The grain orientation was determined by orientation growth of intermetallics compounds (IMCs) at the solder/substrate interface are image mapping (OIM) and a Schmid factor analysis was performed to determine key factors affecting the solderability and reliability of electronic solder joints. the active slip systems in the Sn grains. It was found that the geometry of the lap This study will be focused on the morphology and growth of the interfacial IMCs A shear joint, rather than Sn grain orientation, was more significant in determining at the interface of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder and ENIG substrate. Three kinds of M the location of crack initiation. ENIG finishes with different Au thickness will be chosen to study the effects of 9:30 AM Invited Ni and Au layer on the IMCs and reliability of solder joints through isothermal Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Ball Grid Array Packages aging studies, shear testing, and thermomechanical fatigue testing. The effects during Random Vibration: FengjiangPRELIMINARY Wang1; Matthew J. O’Keefe1; Brandon of Au layer on the morphology of the IMCs both at the solder/substrate interface Brinkmeyer1; 1University of Missouri-Rolla and in the bulk solder will be looked into in details. The relationship between With the transition from Sn-Pb to Pb-free solder, board level vibration interfacial IMCs and reliability in various solder/ENIG/ Cu substrate systems testing for high reliability applications, i.e. the aerospace industry, is needed. In will be established. particular, ball grid array (BGA) packages are susceptible to mechanical failure 11:15 AM due to the stress/strain in the solder balls from the relative motion between the The Effect of Microstructure on the Fatigue Life of Lead Free Solders: BGA and substrate. The location of components on the printed circuit board Babak Arfaei1; Peter Borgesen2; Pushkraj Tumne1; James Woods1; Jeremy (PCB) impacts reliability as a function of component type and solder alloy Wolcott1; Eric Cotts1; 1State University of New York; 2Unovis-Solutions composition. Currently, there is limited information on the dynamic response of To understand the mechanical behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints, the evolution PCBs and Pb-free solder joints that relates stress/strain to solder joint reliability of Sn grains morphologies, Sn grain orientations, and precipitate (Ag3Sn and under random vibration. In this work, finite element modeling was used to Cu6Sn5) microstructures must be characterized. This study examined the determine how size and location impacts Pb-free and Sn-Pb BGA packages on mechanical response of Sn-Ag-Cu solder (SnAg2Cu0.5 (weight percent) on a PCB. Random vibration in the frequency range of 20-2000 Hz was simulated Cu pads on a high-Tg FR-4 substrate) in a load controlled shear fatigue test using different root mean square accelerations. Correlation of the modeling to on individual solder balls. After failure, balls were individually mounted, experimental results will also be discussed. cross sectioned, polished and examined by means of optical microscopy (with cross polarizers and in bright field conditions), and by electron backscattered

diffraction in an scanning electron microscope. Differences in the plastic varying grain size. Individual microstructures were tracked throughout their deformation fields in different Sn grains in selected solder joints were examined. deformation using both ex situ and in situ mechanical testing followed by EBSD Correlations of variations in fatigue life of solder balls with the Sn grain size, after a certain number of cycles. This data is compared to crystal plasticity- number and orientation, and with precipitate size and number are reported. based finite element method simulations (both local and non-local models) of the same, starting microstructure. We will discuss the technical aspects of comparing experimental and simulation data at these length scales: including choice of boundary conditions, merging of coordinate systems, and algorithms Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical for quantification of the comparison. Behavior: Electron and Neutron Diffraction 9:40 AM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Effect of the Environment on Crack Initiation and Propagation within Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Advanced 7XXX Series Aluminum Alloys: Vipul Gupta1 1 Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior ; Sean Agnew ; Richard 1 1 of Materials Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee Gangloff ; University of Virginia Program Organizers: Brad Boyce, Sandia National Laboratories; Mark Bourke, Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and SEM-based stereology have Los Alamos National Laboratory; Xiaodong Li, University of South Carolina; Erica been applied along with focused ion beam surface preparation to investigate the Lilleodden, Forschungszentrum crack path crystallography within 2-3 µm of the fatigue crack initiation site of precipitation hardened aluminum alloys, 7075 and 7050. Fatigue cracking within Wednesday AM Room: 285 humid air and vacuum never led to fracture surface facets parallel to {111} March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center planes, calling into question the slip band initiation mechanism. Backscattered electron imaging and energy dispersive spectroscopy of fracture surface indicate Session Chair: To Be Announced that crack initiation always occurs at constituent clusters in alloy 7075, which are also the most common initiation site within comparatively purer alloy 7050. 8:30 AM Invited EBSD is used to map the grain orientations and local plastic damage near the New Insides in Deformed Microstructures by 3D EBSD-Based Orientation crack initiation sites. Combining EBSD results with crack growth rates measured Microscopy: Stefan Zaefferer1; 1Max Planck Institute for Iron Research on the fracture surface within the microstructurally small crack (MSC) regime We have developed a system for fully automated 3D orientation microscopy. using a marker banding technique allows validation of microstructure-based It is based on precise serial sectioning by a focused ion beam (FIB) and models to explain MSC behavior. EBSD-based orientation microscopy for characterisation of the sections. The 10:00 AM technique delivers 3D crystal orientation maps with a resolution of 50 x 50 x Nanoindentation-Correlated EBSD Study of Delamination Fracture in 50 nm³. We have applied this new technique to the characterisation of various Al-Li Alloys: Wesley Tayon1; Roy Crooks2; Marcia Domack3; John Wagner3; deformed microstructures: in order to get a better inside into the deformation Abdelmageed Elmustafa1; 1Old Dominion University and the Applied Research process occurring during nano-indentation we observed the rotation fields and Center; 2National Institute of Aerospace; 3NASA Langley Research Center W dislocation density distribution created by nano-indents into a copper single Al-Li alloys offer attractive combinations of high strength and low density. crystal. It was found that the deformation field expands in a self-similar manner However, a tendency for delamination fracture has limited their use. A better E with increasing indentation depth. Second, we applied the technique to study the understanding of the delamination mechanisms may suggest a solution to this D microstructure of a heavily cold rolled FeNi alloy. Aim was to investigate the problem through processing modifications. We have brought a combination of N internal structure and local surrounding of cube-oriented areas. These areas are new techniques to bear on this issue. Both high quality electron backscattered known to recrystallise first during an annealing treatment. diffraction (EBSD) information and valid nanoindentation measurements were E 9:00 AM obtained from the same sampled regions. Samples were taken from as-received S The Importance of Grain Boundary Network Structures in Intergranular material and from fractured test specimens. Correlations were drawn between D Failure: Bryan Reed1; Robert Rudd1; Eira Seppala2; Roger Minich1; Mukul delamination, nanoscale property variations and local texture; and compared to A Kumar1; 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; 2Noki Research Center associated processing parameters. Y With the rising availability of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), it is now 10:20 AM possible to generate reliable statistical information about the networks of grain Grain Boundary Engineering Alloy 800HT: Daniel Drabble1; Milo Kral1; boundaries in polycrystalline materials. This analysis reveals strongly correlated 1University of Canterbury A clusters containing tens (sometimes hundreds) of grains with unusually high Grain boundary engineering has recently shown promise in its ability to M concentrations of coincident site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries. These clusters improve mechanical properties of metals. The aim of the present work was to are particularly well developed in grain boundary engineered materials. When investigate the feasibility of using grain boundary engineering to improve the engineered and normal versions of nickel alloy are subjected to intergranular high-temperature properties of a common superalloy, alloy 800H/HT. A variety stress-corrosion cracking (in which the engineered material failed up to five of sequential thermo-mechanically processing conditions were first applied to times more slowly), we find that thePRELIMINARY fracture surfaces look completely different the alloy. Samples were then analysed using Electron Backscatter Diffraction on the length scale governed by these clusters. We show how the combination (EBSD) to characterize the grain boundary character and Σ3 grain boundary of EBSD, mathematical models, and fracture analysis yields insights into the connectivity. The effects of the sequential thermo-mechanically processing on workings of intergranular fracture in general and grain boundary engineered steady-state creep rate were then obtained in uniaxial tension creep tests with materials in particular. real-time strain measurement under common service conditions, in contrast to 9:20 AM accelerated creep rupture tests for example. Combining Experimental and Simulation Methods for Investigation of 10:40 AM Break Microstructural Cyclic Plasticity: Luke Brewer1; Corbett Battaile1; Brad Boyce1; 1Sandia National Laboratory 10:55 AM To develop truly predictive models that connect specific microstructures with Analysis of Orientation Gradients and Discontinuous Microstructure in changes in cyclical mechanical behavior, it is vital to combine experiment and Phase-Transformed Tantalum Thin Films: Ray Fertig1; Robert Knepper1; simulation at the same, microstructural length scale. This talk will discuss the use Max Aubain1; Shefford Baker1; 1Cornell University of microstructurally-sensitive experimental techniques, such as electron back- The equilibrium (alpha) phase of bulk Ta at room temperature and pressure scattered diffraction (EBSD), to provide starting microstructural information is bcc, but it is possible to deposit thin films of Ta in the metastable tetragonal to simulation methods and to validate the predictions from these simulations. (beta) phase under certain conditions. We have recently discovered a unique This study involves high-purity, polycrystalline nickel microstructures of microstructure in thin alpha-Ta films created by phase transformation from

278 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

the beta phase. This microstructure is characterized by continuous changes in 12:25 PM orientation with position and a discontinuous boundary structure. In the present Dynamical Diffraction Studies of Deformation Mechanisms in Ductile work, we use electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to study the orientation Intermetallic YCu: Scott Williams1; Donald Brown2; Bjorn Clausen2; Alan gradients in this microstructure. A detailed analysis of the crystal rotations was Russell3; Karl Gschneidner3; 1Iowa State University; 2Los Alamos National used to determine the minimum density of geometrically-necessary dislocations Laboratory; 3Ames Laboratory needed to generate the observed microstructure. Variations in dislocation density A recent discovery has shown a family of rare earth intermetallic compounds with film thickness and oxygen content suggest that the unusual microstructure having the B2 crystal structure which show intrinsic ductility. In-situ neutron arises from kinetic limitations during the phase transformation. diffraction tests while loading, conducted on YCu using SMARTS at LANSCE, have revealed the sample to be operating within the dynamical diffraction 11:15 AM regime. The observed extinction effect is relatively uncommon within diffraction Using Orientation Imaging Microscopy Data for Direct Input and Validation of engineering polycrystals, either because of the over-shadowing effect of true of Subgrain Texture and Microstructure Evolution of Polycrystalline absorption (as with XRD) or because samples lack the necessary crystalline Copper: Ricardo Lebensohn1; Renald Brenner2; Olivier Castelnau2; 1Los perfection. By analyzing diffraction data for changes in dynamical behavior, Alamos National Laboratory; 2Université Paris XIII a new method arises for studying deformation and dislocation structure We present results of a numerical formulation based on Fast Fourier development. Examining these changes in YCu data indicate the development of Transforms (FFT) to obtain the micromechanical fields in plastically deformed large regions of perfect crystallinity as a result of annealing. With deformation, 3-D polycrystals using direct input from a digital image of their microstructures. dislocation structures disrupt the perfect lattice, destroying the dynamical The FFT-based formulation provides an exact solution of the governing equations diffraction condition. These changes in the dislocation structure may be related in a periodic unit cell, has better performance than a Finite Element calculation to the deformation mechanisms within ductile rare earth intermetallic YCu. for the same purpose and resolution, and can use voxelized microstructure data as input and for validation. To illustrate the capabilities of this model, we first discuss the construction of a 3-D unit cell using 2-D orientation maps obtained by means of Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM), and we then show FFT- Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and based predictions, together with the corresponding OIM measurements, on subgrain texture evolution in a recrystallized Cu polycrystal deformed in unixial Materials Processing: Session I Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and tension. The measured rotations of the average orientations and the orientation- Processing Division, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Aqueous Processing Committee, dependent magnitudes of the average misorientations are well reproduced by the TMS: Pyrometallurgy Committee, TMS: Recycling and Environmental Technologies FFT-based model. Committee 11:35 AM Invited Program Organizers: Edgar Vidal, Colorado School of Mines; Cynthia Belt, Aleris International Inc In-Situ Neutron Scattering Studies of Magnetic Shape Alloys under Stress, Temperature and Magnetic Fields: Donald Brown1; Yandong Wang2; Saurabh Wednesday AM Room: 287 1 1 1 2 Kabra ; Thomas Sisneros ; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Northeastern March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center University W We have utilized the SMARTS engineering diffractometer to study the Session Chairs: Christopher Keller, Aleris International Inc; Cynthia Belt, crystallographic orientation and phase transformations in the ferromagnetic shape Aleris International Inc E memory alloy NiMnGa under conditions of temperature and stress. Neutrons are D uniquely suited to probe the crystallographic response of materials to external N stimuli because of their high penetration, which allows them to sample the bulk 8:30 AM of the material as well as pass through environmental chambers. We observed Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction through Oxy-Fuel E 1 1 that the addition of relatively small stresses greatly effects the selection of Technology: Brian Patrick ; Jupiter Aluminum Inc. S variants during transformation from the austenitic to martensitic phase. Since This paper describes an advanced oxy-fuel combustion technology for re- D the initial experiments, the capability to apply a magnetic field of 2T transverse melting aluminum as well as alumina calcinations processing that significantly to the loading direction has been integrated to SMARTS. The details of this reduces energy consumption and emissions. This oxy-fuel combustion technology A new and unique capability to control all three stimuli simultaneously on a developed by Jupiter Oxygen is a patented process for combustion of fossil fuels Y diffractometer will be presented in this talk. If all goes well in the upcoming run- with pure oxygen while excluding air, thereby creating an undiluted high flame cycle, preliminary results from initial experiments will also be presented. temperature and increased efficiency for process heating in industrial furnaces. This unique process has led to improved heat transfer and longer residence time while A 12:05 PM maintaining the same process temperatures as with air combustion. This energy M Detwinning of Pure Zirconium: In-Situ Neutron Diffration Experiments: efficient combustion process allows aluminum companies to operate at a substantially Gwenaelle Proust1; George Kaschner1; Donald Brown1; Carlos Tome1; Irene lower cost due to dramatic fuel savings of approximately 70% for natural gas and Beyerlein1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory waste oil. The results from more than 10 years of day-to-day experience with oxy- Twinning is an important deformationPRELIMINARY mode in hexagonal polycrystalline fuel combustion in the aluminum re-melting business are discussed. metals to accommodate deformation along the c-axis. Twinning differs from slip in many ways, but we focus here on the behavior of twins during reversal loading. 8:50 AM Previous in-situ neutron diffraction experiments performed on magnesium at Computational Modeling of Gas Fired Immersion Heaters for Recycled 1 1 the Lujan Neutron Scattering Center (LANSCE) show that during load reversal, Aluminum Melting: Mohammed Hassan Ali ; Marwan Khraisheh ; Shridas 2 1 1 2 the material detwins once the loading direction is changed. We have performed Ningileri ; Subodh Das ; University of Kentucky; Secat Inc similar experiments on pure zirconium to see if it behaves as magnesium and Recent results have shown that the use of immersion heaters in aluminum to determine what role temperature plays in the detwinning mechanism. The melting is more efficient and clean compared to melting using the regular experiments were motivated by previous studies of clock-rolled zirconium, reverberatory furnaces. Immersion heater parameters including size, number, deformed in the quasi-static regime for temperatures ranging from 76K to 450K, distribution, material, and heat flux characteristics affect the efficiency of the where it was observed that two tensile and one compressive twinning modes melting process. A detailed parametric study is needed to optimize the design can be activated. We limit our study here to the behavior of the {10-12}(10-1-1) of immersion heaters. In the present study a 3-D computational model is tensile twins during reversal loading at room temperature and 76K. developed to simulate the melting process of pure aluminum using different immersion heater parameters and configurations. The results clearly show the effect of immersion heaters on the temperature distribution, molten metal natural circulation and solid fraction during melting.

9:10 AM evaluated using statistical methods to highlight alternate methods to evaluate Improving Combustion with a Low Velocity Vortex Generator Premix energy efficiency. Examples and potential problems will be discussed for both a Industrial Gas Burner: Tibbs Golladay1; 1Burner Dynamics, Inc single process and a collection of processes within a plant or corporation. Until recently, the resilience of our environment and unlimited availability 11:10 AM of natural resources have been taken for granted and have not been seriously An Investigation of the Flame-Burden Interaction During Remelting in considered in the design of the machines that drive our industrialized world. an Experimental Aluminum Reverbatory Furnace: Ashwini Kumar1; Raj The fact that the basic design of an industrial gas burner has not changed in Venuturumilli1; Paul King2; 1ANSYS, Inc.; 2National Energy Technology over 100 years clearly demonstrates this. Unfortunately, many methods used to Laboratory reduce emissions generated by the combustion of natural gas come with a trade Flame impingement on the burden is routinely encountered during the initial off in efficiency and operating costs. This paper will present the advantages of phase of melting in aluminum reverberatory furnaces. This impingement causes utilizing a low velocity vortex generator as a method of thoroughly premixing an obstructed pathway for the hot gases, and hence the circulation and residence the fuel and air immediately prior to combustion which results in closer to time of the hot gases are greatly impacted. Moreover, as the load melts, the flames stoichiometric combustion than the typical design of industrial gas burners. The gradually achieve an unobstructed path leading to reduced gas residence times. obvious benefits of stoichiometric combustion are more complete combustion, This flame impingement and constantly changing combustion space volume will less undesirable by-products of combustion and more efficient heat generation. lead to vastly different fuel and oxidizer mixing patterns and thus affect the 9:30 AM overall furnace performance. Fine tuning the burner operating conditions such Oxyfuel - Solutions for Energy and Environmental Conservation: Thomas as flow rates and injection angles with the changing combustion space could Niehoff1; 1Linde Gas result in significant improvements to the furnace efficiency. However, one has to Many industrial processes require energy. The energy is often used for gain a better understanding of the furnace dynamics to know what parameters to melting or heating purposes. The heat can be generated by electrical heating adjust and by how much. Physical modeling can be elaborate and expensive to or combustion/oxidation of hydrocarbons. Oxygen supports the combustion conduct on a regular basis while Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can cost process. Oxygen is naturally contained in air with about 20.9 vol.-%. The use effectively address this challenge. In this study, a series of burden configurations of technical oxygen will allow an increase to the natural oxygen concentration within the furnace are modeled in a steady state manner. Each configuration of combustion air. Altering the combustion process by increasing the oxygen can be thought of as a computational model of the furnace with the burden at content has various effects. These effects are described and analyzed with a particular stage of the melting process. For each case, the thermal efficiency regard to heat transfer, emissions and energy consumption. Industrial processes and behavior of the furnace are quantified. Model validation is performed by requiring oxyfuel are described and discussed regarding energy aspects. comparison with operational data from an experimental reverberatory furnace. 9:50 AM 11:30 AM Global Warming Expands the Scope of Heat Pipe Applications: Dumitru Low Temperature Conversion of Organic Waste into Energy and Energetic Fetcu1; 1Econotherm (UK) Gases: Edgar Vidal1; Scott Shuey2; Patrick Taylor1; Paul Kruesi3; 1Colorado The paper examines several heat pipe heat exchanger approaches to heat School of Mines; 2Phelps Dodge Corporation; 3Cato Research Corporation W recovery. In each approach waste energy is recovered and used to preheat air Abstract not available. or water, to provide electricity, to provide free heat or simply to improve the E efficiency of a system. The presented heat pipe concepts provide the waste D heat recovery system designer with viable alternatives to classical heat transfer N techniques and heat exchangers. General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and 10:10 AM Break Photonic Materials Division: Session I E Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, S 10:30 AM and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: Biomaterials D Waste Heat Recovery: Opportunities and Challenges: Ilona Johnson1; Committee, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials Committee, TMS: Electronic William Choate1; 1BCS, Inc. Materials Committee, TMS: Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Materials A U.S. metal industries consume over 3 x 1015 Btu/year and emit > 200 million Committee, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee, TMS: Superconducting and Magnetic Y tonnes CO /year. Various studies estimate that as much as 30-50% of industrial Materials Committee, TMS: Thin Films and Interfaces Committee 2 Program Organizers: Long Qing Chen, Pennsylvania State University; Sung Kang, IBM energy is lost as excess or waste heat. Recovery of excess heat can conserve Corporation A energy, reduce costs and lower environmental impacts. It would be useful to identify how much of this excess energy is feasibly recoverable. This can give Wednesday AM Room: 276 M opportunity insights to technology developers as well as organizations such as March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center the Department of Energy Industrial Technologies Program, which funds high- risk R&D in energy efficient melting and furnace technologies. This paper Session Chairs: Long Qing Chen, Pennsylvania State University; Sung Kang, discusses efforts to quantify and characterize waste heat sources and discusses IBM Corporation opportunities for energy recovery.PRELIMINARY It examines both traditional technology applications and novel applications (e.g., advanced thermoelectric devices for 8:30 AM recovering waste heat from exhaust gases as well as from sidewall radiation for Studies on ZnO Based Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors: Sasanka Deka1; thermal control of primary aluminum cells). 1National Nanotechnology Laboratory of INFM 10:50 AM The carrier induced ferromagnetism in the transition metal (TM) doped wide Analysis of Energy Efficiency for Industrial Processes: Cynthia Belt1; Ray band gap II-VI and III-V nonmagnetic semiconductors opened up a new area of Peterson1; 1Aleris International Inc research and potential applications in spintronics devices. Such systems, called Improved energy efficiency has grown in importance within industry as diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS), exhibit inherent properties from the energy costs have escalated. The analysis of trends and changes to a process is ‘charge’ and ‘spin’ of an electron in a single material. DMSs combine their critical in making the best business decision in energy management. Frequently, transport and optical properties with magnetism. The widely discussed DMS energy use per day (Kilowatt-hour or British Thermal Units) is used to track system, (Ga,Mn)As in the III-V series, shows the highest Curie temperature as

energy efficiency. Sometimes, the somewhat more complex method of energy 110 K. In the II-VI series, the widely discussed DMS system is Zn1-xTMxO (TM per processed weight (Kilowatt-hour per Metric Ton or BTU per Pound) is used = Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Cr, etc). However, the origin of ferromagnetism in this to make this evaluation. Yet both methods ignore the effect due to throughput oxide based DMS is still under controversy. In most of the reports, the Curie and weather. In this paper, different thermal processes and systems will be temperature and the order of magnetism is not identical even for an identical

280 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

system. As most of the studies on DMSs were on thin films, we have carried out 10:20 AM synthesis and studies on magnetic and optical properties on TM doped ZnO nano Electrical Characterisation of Tantalum Anodes for Use in Semiconductors: crystalline powder. We observed the evidence of the origin of ferromagnetism Rizwan Rahman Rashid1; Siva Jyoth1; Rajkiran1; Prasad Goud1; 1Mahatma in the Co and Ni doped ZnO system as the metal nano-clusters, though optical Gandhi of Technology and electronic structure studies indicate the incorporation of divalent metal ions This paper reveals the studies on the processing and electrical properties of inside the ZnO crystal lattice. 1Pearton S. J., Abernathy C. R., Overberg M. E., tantalum anodes using tantalum powder. Processing methods of tantalum anodes Thaler G. T., Norton D. P., Theodoropoulou N., Hebard A. F., Park Y. D., Ren F., using high purity sodium reduced tantalum powder, compaction, sintering Kim J. and Boatner L. A. J. Appl. Phys. (2003) 93, 1. 2Ohno H. Science (1998) and dielectric layer formation were studied. Different loads were applied 281, 951. 3Deka S. and Joy P. A. Chem. Mater. (2005) 17, 6507. 4Deka S. and while compacting the tantalum powder for making green anodes prior to high Joy P. A. Phys. Rev. B (2006) 74, 033201. 5Deka S. and Joy P. A. Appl. Phys. vacuum sintering to study its effect on the electrical properties of the Ta pellet. Lett. (2006) 89, 032508. Different formation voltages were applied during the dielectric layer formation and then the capacitance measurements were carried out. This paper discusses 8:50 AM these studies carried out as a project work in C-MET (Centre for Materials for Characterization of 3-Phase (Ternary-Like) N-Type and P-Type Electronics Technology). Thermoelectric Materials Fabricated by Explosive (Shock) Consolidation: V. Muñoz1; L. Murr2; D. Nemir3; R. Lovrenich3; E. Martinez2; S. Gaytan2; M. 10:40 AM 2 1 2 3 Lopez ; OSRAM Sylvania, Inc.; University of Texas at El Paso; TXL Group Experimental Study of Co-Deposition of SiO2 and GeO2 in a Modified We prepared 3-phase powder mixtures of Bi-Te-Se and Bi-Te-Sb by Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) Reactor: Mainul Hasan1; Shiliang cylindrical explosive consolidation to emulate traditional, melt-grown n-type Zhan1; 1McGill University and p-type doped Bi2Te3 thermoelectric materials. The powder diameters ranged MCVD reactors are used to commercially manufacture high quality optical from 40 µm to 3 µm, with starting Bi and Te particle Vickers microindentation fibers. A MCVD reactor consists of a slowly rotating, fire polished silica hardnesses of 0.18 and 0.56 GPa, respectively in contrast to average shocked tube wherein a mixture of gaseous silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4), germanium n-type and p-type monolith microindentation hardnesses of 1.15 and 1.31 GPa, tetrachloride (GeCl4) and carrier oxygen gas is introduced at one or both ends respectively; compared to 0.72 and 0.68 GPa for the melt-grown n-type and of the tube. The tube is heated by slowly traversing an oxy-hydrogen torch p-type materials respectively. Shock consolidated monolith microstuctures to allow for the high temperature chemical reactions to produce fine particles were characterized by optical metallography, SEM and TEM along with EDS of SiO2 and GeO2. These particles move with the un-reacted gas mixture and analysis and XRD of all materials, including the melt-grown materials which deposit onto the inner surface of the tube. Co-deposition experiments were had measured thermoelectric parameters considerably in excess of the shock carried out on a laboratory scale MCVD reactor. The thickness of the deposited (explosively) consolidated monoliths. Notable shock microstructures were layer and the concentrations of germanium, silicon and oxygen were measured characterized as deformation twins, while the melt-grown materials contained by EDS. Experimental results were obtained by varying the torch heat fluxes considerable, fine eutectic microstructures. (temperatures), torch moving speed, tube rotational speed, carry-on gas amount and in-take ratio of GeCl /SiCl . 9:10 AM 4 4 Effect of Nb Addition on Magnetic Properties and the Microstructure 11:00 AM 1 W of Fe3B/Nd2Fe14B Nanocomposite Permanent Magnets: You Jun Hua ; Extraction of MOSFET Devices Electrical Parameters Evolution at High 1Northeastern University Temperatures: Chafic Salame1; Roland Habchi1; 1Lebanese University E The microalloying effect of Niobium on the microstructure and magnetic Junction parameters of a MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect D properties of Nd Fe B/Fe B nanocomposite permanent magnet has been Transistor) device are calculated based on a numerical double exponential model. 2 14 3 N investigated. As a result, Niobium addition stabilizes the amorphous phase and The temperature dependence of these parameters is investigated; their evolution E hinders the kinetics of the crystallization of the Fe3B particles. Niobium added in allows the evaluation of device’s operation reliability in high temperature combination with Cu reduces grain size of Fe3B particles more remarkably than environments. The values of the shunt and series resistance, the ideality factor, S that without Niobium; with Niobium addition enhances magnetic properties of the diffusion and recombination currents are determined. The accuracy of the D the alloy, but the amount must be suitable. Optimum magnetic properties with model is investigated at high temperature. 3 A Br=1.15T, jHc=467kA/m and (BH)max=132.7kJ/m were obtained by annealing a melt-spun Nd5.5Fe70.0Co5Cu0.5Nb0.5B18.5 amorphous ribbon at 670°C for 40min. Y 9:30 AM Electrical and Thermal Stress Effect on Switching Process of VDMOSFETs: A Chafic Salame1; Pierre Mialhe2; 1Lebanese University; 2Perpignan University M Evolutions of the switching parameters of commercial VDMOSFET after a hot carrier injection are inspected. Experiment was done by hot carrier injection, where a large drain-source voltage is applied to reverse bias the Body drain junction then inducing a 30 mA reversePRELIMINARY current. Switching time parameters were measured at different temperature and up to 300°C. The experimental results show that the device rise time decreases significantly for the first period of stress at room temperature, making the device faster during his turn-on switch. This event was associated to the high electric field in the junction that pulls electrons from the oxide gate into the channel, thus leaving trapped holes in the oxide bulk due to their low mobility. This study has an important value in terms of engineering application where speed of electronic devices is one of the most valuable parameters in communication and information technology fields. 9:50 AM Break

possible to stabilise the straightening process to a certain extend and to obtain good straightening results from coiled sheet metal. General Abstracts: Materials Processing and 9:30 AM Manufacturing Division: Forging, Forming, and Metal Hardening Models at Large Strains - FEM Validation with Digital Powder Processing Image Correlation: Wayne Cai1; John Carsley1; Dan Hayden1; Louis Hector1; Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials Processing Tom Stoughton1; 1General Motors Corporation and Manufacturing Division, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and Simulation accuracy of large strain deformation of sheet metals, as occurs Engineering Committee, TMS: Global Innovations Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee, TMS/ASM: Phase Transformations Committee, TMS: during hemming and in vehicle crash situations, is limited because existing Powder Materials Committee, TMS: Process Technology and Modeling Committee, hardening laws (true stress - strain relationships) are calibrated from data only TMS: Shaping and Forming Committee, TMS: Solidification Committee, TMS: Surface in the uniform deformation regime and require extrapolation in the diffuse Engineering Committee and localized necking stages. A reverse engineering method was developed to Program Organizers: Ralph Napolitano, Iowa State University; Neville Moody, Sandia predict hardening laws for large strains beyond uniform elongation. The method National Laboratories was implemented as a code requiring uniaxial tensile test data and finite element analysis. The true stress - true strain data pairs were determined when the load - Wednesday AM Room: 282 displacement history of a tensile test matched the FEA results. Test cases showed March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center that true stress - true strain relationships were generated for very large strains (75% for AA6111, and 85% for DP600). The method was validated using digital Session Chairs: John Carsley, General Motors Corporation; Amine Benzerga, image correlation techniques for strain measurement on the surface of a tensile Texas A&M University sample. 9:50 AM 8:30 AM An Improved Plasticity Model of Anisotropic Ductile Porous Solids: Shyam Further Development on a Flashless Precision Forged Two-Cylinder- Keralavarma1; Ahmed Benzerga1; 1Texas A&M University Crankshaft: Sven Mueller1; 1IPH - Institut für Integrierte Produktion Hannover Forming limits and fracture modes in structural materials are significantly gGbmH influenced by microstructural details such as material texture, porosity, shape and Precision forging is defined as a flashless near-net-shape forging. A quality in distribution of microvoids. Accurate prediction of plastic flow localization and the tolerance class from IT 8 to IT 10 can be achieved. The flashless precision fracture during processing and product manufacturing requires the development forging offers an integrated heat treatment with the forging heat, because a of constitutive models that incorporate the effects of evolving microstructural clipping process is not necessary. After the forging and heat treatment often parameters. In this work, we present a contribution toward this goal by only a final fine machining of the functional surface with small chip volume is developing, on rigorous micromechanistic bases, a constitutive model of porous required. In the collaborative research project SFB 489 a two-cylinder-crankshaft solids incorporating the effects of plastic anisotropy and cavitation-induced is selected as an example for complex flat long pieces with a characteristic mass damage. In particular, the model accounts for void shape effects and void closure. distribution along the longitudinal axis. The continuative development considers Plastic anisotropy data for a range of practically important materials is tabulated W the thermal and mechanical tool stresses, which are also as complex as the and the model predictions for the yield loci and microstructure evolution are crankshaft itself. Further on a parameter study on a bi-directional forging tool E compared with numerical limit analysis results and finite element simulations of is made. It is planned to test the forging sequence, tools, cooling systems and porous unit cells for representative materials. Greater accuracy is obtained vis-a- D measuring technology of the developed process in the end of 2007. N vis previous models in predicting the plastic response of anisotropic solids. 8:50 AM 10:10 AM E The Effect of the Residual Stress on the Inner Surface Cracking during Drilling and Milling of Intermetallic Gamma-TiAl: Stefan Bergmann1; Dirk S Small-Radius Bending of AA6111 Sheets: Zhuoqun Li1; Xin Wu1; 1Wayne Biermann1; 1Department of Machining Technology State University D Gamma-Titaniumaluminide is an intermetallic compound. It offers a very Small-radius bending is one of the widely used methods in sheet metal good hot strength, a high Youngs Modulus and tensile strength as well as a low A hemming for manufacturing autobody closure panels, and by bending over a density (3.9 g/cm3). The fields of application are e. g. conrods, turbochargers for Y straight-edge the bendability of sheet metals can be assessed. During unloading combustion engines and turbine blades. The advantage of deploying Gamma- from bending residual stress develops that not only causes geometrical change TiAl results from a reduction of moving masses together with a minimization due to springback, but also leads to a residual tensile stress on the inner surface of engine vibrations. Contrasting with the outstanding lightweight material A which, depending on the bending geometry and material’s fracture behavior, can properties, problems occur when machining operations are carried out. These M be sufficiently high to cause material fracture. To date, majority of the bending problems result from the very high hardness and brittleness, which leads to high studies have emphasized mainly on outer surface fracture and springback, but cutting forces and rapid tool wear. The presentation features investigations on limited study exists on inner surface fracture. In this paper, fracture of inner the machining of a Gamma-TiAl-alloy. For this reason, studies on drilling and surface in bending AA6111 sheets was observed and characterized by SEM and milling were conducted, focusing on appropriate conditions for a high-quality OM, and the stress development duringPRELIMINARY small-radius bending and springback machining process. The presentation shows results from selected machining were analyzed that can describe the inner surface cracking process. tests, e. g. tool wear, cutting forces, surface integrity as well as tool and process 9:10 AM optimizations. Controlled Sheet Metal Straightening: Richard Krimm1; Bernd-Arno Behrens1; 10:30 AM Break 1Institute for Metal Forming and Metal-Forming Machines Straightening the sheet-metal in advance of forming operations needs to be 10:40 AM improved. Today the straightening rolls are positioned manually or by means Hot Isostatic Pressing of Titanium Powder Compacts Using a Ceramic of an adjustment unit by the machines operator using his expert knowledge. A Secondary Pressing Medium (HIP-SPM): Fatos Derguti1; Richard Dashwood1; controlled adaptation of the rollers positions to the depending on the coil-radius 1Imperial College London variable curvature and properties of the sheet-metal is not realised yet. For this We present a new low cost Near Net Shape (NNS) technique for titanium reason the flatness of the straightened sheet metal is limited and modifies while powder. Commercially pure Hydride DeHydride (HDH) Ti powder was unreeling the coil. The paper shows a way to control the roller positions depending compacted to rod samples of 70% of theoretical density using “wet-bag” Cold on the residual bending of the straightened sheet metal. The controlling system Isostatic Pressing (CIP) followed by HIPing using ceramic beads as a secondary of a testing straightener was amended to vary the roller positions in dependence pressing medium (SPM). The effect of SPM media and powder size of the of the sheet metals residual bending. Using adequate controller settings it was mechanical properties will be presented, and compared to an FE model for

282 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

HIPing. Some observations are also presented on porosity, the reaction layers after the roasted products were leached, got rid of impurity and carbonated, in that form and oxygen uptake in the samples. which the content of SrCO3 exceeded 98%, and CaCO3 was less than 0.5%. 11:00 AM The Adiabatic High Velocity Compaction of Titanium Powder: Gordon 1 1 Goranson ; LMC Inc. General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: LMC compacts titanium powders to net shape components with reduced sintering time and temperature, or no sintering. One Tool – One Impact – One Microstructure/Property Relations in Steel I Part. The patented impact unit achieves ram velocities up to 100 meters per second Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee, TMS: creating adiabatic phenomena in powder, dislocating molecules and rejoining Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS: Chemistry and Physics them in a solid state. Material yield is maximized. Surface finish is determined of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Composite Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: by tooling. High cycle rates are achieved. No lubricants. Part densities have Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee, TMS: High Temperature Alloys been achieved to over 99%. The LMC process will produce: pellets that can be Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: controlled for processing by smelters for extrusions, rolled or machined; near Nuclear Materials Committee, TMS: Product Metallurgy and Applications Committee, net shape billets to be finished machined; net shape parts. Presses capable of TMS: Refractory Metals Committee, TMS: Superconducting and Magnetic Materials components to 20 kilos. The High Velocity Adiabatic Impact Process is fully Committee, TMS: Titanium Committee commercialized for cutting, blanking, and forming. Environmentally friendly. Program Organizer: Ellen Cerreta, Los Alamos National Laboratory No recyclables, minimum material waste and up to an 85% reduction in energy Wednesday AM Room: 387 consumption compared to conventional presses. March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center 11:20 AM World Record Thermal Conductivity of Nano-Tungsten-Copper Powder: Session Chair: Michele Manuel, University of Florida Seong Lee1; Joon-Woong Noh1; Young-Sam Kwon2; John Johnson3; Seong Jin 4 4 1 2 3 4 Park ; Randall German ; ADD; CetaTech; ATI Alldyne; Mississippi State 8:30 AM University Austenite Grain Stability of Low-Manganese, High-Chromium Carburizing Tungsten-copper is a leading candidate material for thermal management. Steel: Takeshi Fujimatsu1; Kazuya Hashimoto1; Shinji Fukumoto2; Atsushi However one of the huddles for this material is the difficulty to improve Yamamoto2; 1Sanyo Special Steel Company Ltd.; 2University of Hyogo interfacial properties between tungsten and copper. In this study, nano tungsten Since automotive drive train parts require cost reduction as well as reduction coated copper powder has been developed with a range of compositions from in size and weight for improving fuel consumption, carburizing steel for those 90W-10Cu to 10W-90Cu in weight percentage through a mechano-reduction parts is expected to have lower cost, better cold formability and machinability, process starting from oxides. Powder injection molding and die compaction and higher strength. We found that the steel with reduced manganese and were used to make samples to evaluate microstructure, thermal conductivity increased chromium contents meets these needs. It was also confirmed that this (TC) and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with density and heat capacity developed steel showed higher austenite grain coarsening temperature during for several compositions of tungsten coated copper powder. The measured TC carburizing than conventional steel. The microstructures of the low-manganese, W lies among theoretical values predicted by the model with consideration of high-chromium carburizing steel were investigated at various stages from hot E microstructure. Furthermore, the presentation will present mechanical properties forging through carburizing processes, and the improvement mechanisms of such as hardness and compressive strength with shear rate dependency and austenite grain coarsening temperature were discussed in this study. D electrical property of conductivity (or resistivity). 8:50 AM N 11:40 AM Deterioration of Fracture Toughness of Stainless Steel Due to the E Introduction of an Emerging Compaction Technology – Spark Plasma Phenomenon of Sensitization: Swati Ghosh1; Kalyan Ray1; Vivekananda Kain2; 1 2 1 S Sintering (SPS): Robert Aalund ; Masao Tokita ; Metal Processing Systems, 1Indian Institute of Technology; 2Bhaba Atomic Research Center 2 D Inc.; SPS Syntex Inc. This investigation aims to illustrate how degree of sensitization of a stainless SPS is a compaction/sintering technology, utilizing uniaxial (Z axis) pressure, steel affects its fracture toughness, estimated by a simplified technique. A vacuum atmosphere (various gasses can be used), and a high amperage DC Solutionized nuclear grade 304LN stainless steel were subjected to sensitization Y pulse power supply. Electrical current is drawn directly through the powder treatment at 1023 K for different time periods in the range 1-100 hr. Corrosion during compaction, netting numerous benefits. The process, basic machine resistance of the differently heat-treated samples were assessed by oxalic configuration, and benefits will be explained at length. There are volumes of acid-etch and electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. The fracture A research in applying the SPS process to conventional powder metals, ceramics, toughness of the heat treated specimens was determined by a recently developed M hybrids and composites, and high purity materials (including many nanophase). procedure based on Ball Indentation principle and validated by standard J- Portions of various research papers will be shared. This technology is currently integral tests. The results reveal that the fracture toughness of stainless steels well established in Japan and numerous example parts will be discussed, gets significantly deteriorated by sensitization. The supplementary examination including examples of near-net and netPRELIMINARY shapes. of microstructure, grain size and hardness and tensile tests explains the cause of 12:00 PM such a degradation in toughness as to be due to martensite formation and stress Preparation of High-Purity Strontium Carbonate from Celestite Concentrate build up due to the grain boundary carbide precipitation. 1 1 by Double Decomposition-Roasting Process: Mudan Liu ; Li Guanghui ; Jiang 9:10 AM 1 1 Tao ; Central South University Development of High Strength Non-Oriented 3% Silicon Steel: Hee Yong The technology of using celestite concentrate to prepare high-purity strontium Park1; Sam Kyu Chang1; Bruno De Cooman1; 1GIFT carbonate by double decomposition-roasting process was studied. The results Current electrical steels usually are not fatigue resistant and so fatigue failure showed that a maximal SrSO4 conversion of 97.77% was obtained when Na2CO3 occurs during the operation, in motors for example, due to the overload from was used under the conditions of liquid/solid ratio of 5/1, Na2CO3 concentration high frequencies. To use the electrical steels in large motors used in power ° of 1.1mol/L, Na2CO3/ SrSO4 molar ratio of 1.2, temperature of 75 C, and time plants, ship, aircraft and etc, we need to overcome this problem by increasing of 75min. The maximal conversion was only 78.66% when (NH4)2CO3 was used the yield strength and toughness of the electrical steel without losing its under the conditions of liquid/solid ratio of 5/1, (NH4)2CO3 concentration of magnetic properties. Ability to withstand high frequencies and temperature is ° 1.7mol/L,(NH4)2CO3/ SrSO4 molar ratio of 1.2, temperature of 60 C and time of also required. To obtain the increase in mechanical properties without losing its 150min. The crude strontium carbonate were roasted at 1200°C for 45min with magnetic properties, new elements such as B, Sb, Mo, Ni and Nb are added and anthracite, and the ratio of strontium carbonate and anthracite was 10/1, then higher amount of Al and Mn are added to the current electrical steel. the conversion was 72.30%. The high-purity strontium carbonate were obtained

9:30 AM B bearing steel is associated with intergranular fracture along the austenite Magnetic Properties and Textural Development of High Strength 3%Si grain boundaries. Rod-like BN precipitates co-precipitated with MnS were Electrical Steels: Sam Chang1; 1Pohang University of Science and Technology formed along austenite grain boundaries when the cooling rate was increased. For the development of high strength electrical steels having yield strength Intergranular fracture of B bearing steel is caused by the formation and growth of 450 N/mm2 to meet the recent requirement for high fatigue resistance for of grain boundary cavities which nucleate at grain boundary precipitates of large motors, it is also of important to investigate the magnetic properties and BN+MnS. structural characteristics in such a high mechanical property electrical steel 11:10 AM because in a high strength steel contains several alloying elements which are Microstructure and Properties of the HAZ in ASTM A709 HPS-100W known detrimental to magnetic properties. Current electrical steels usually are Steel: Avidipto Biswas1; 1Illinois Institute of Technology, Thermal Processing not fatigue resistant and so fatigue failure occurs during the operation, in motors Technology Center for example, due to the overload from high frequencies. To use the electrical HPS 100W is a new grade of bridge steel. In the present work an attempt has steels in large motors used in power plants, ship, aircraft and etc, we need to been made to characterize the weld heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure overcome this problem by increasing the yield strength and toughness of the of this steel. The material has been subjected to thermal profiles that simulate electrical steel without losing its magnetic properties. Ability to withstand the HAZ and the resultant microstructures have been observed and mechanical high frequencies and temperature is also required. To obtain the increase in properties determined. HAZ simulation was carried out in a GLEEBLE 3500 mechanical properties without losing its magnetic properties, new elements such at different peak temperatures and fixed heat input followed by different stress as Sn, Sb, Ni and Nb are added and higher amount of Al and Mn are added to relieving operations. Subsequently, impact toughness data have been obtained the current electrical steel. at different temperatures by means of a Charpy test. The microstructure was 9:50 AM observed in order to correlate the structure-property relationship of the HAZ for Characteristics of Hybrid Solid Solution Layer Formed on the Surface of HPS 100W steel. 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steels: Ozgur Celik1; Eyup Sabri Kayali1; Huseyin 11:30 AM Cimenoglu1; 1Istanbul Technical University Fracture Toughness of Cast Stainless Steels for Shield Module Applications: Among metallic materials, AISI 316L quality austenitic stainless steel is Mikhail Sokolov1; Randy Nanstad1; Jeremy Busby1; 1Oak Ridge National extensively used in manufacturing of orthopedic implants. Although it exhibits Laboratory very good corrosion resistance in many acidic environments, synergetic attack Cast austenitic stainless steels are under consideration for structural components of corrosion and wear in the body causes severe surface damage and loosening of the International Tokomak Experimental Reactor (ITER). An improved cast of the implant. It has been reported that surface hardening by low temperature stainless steel has been developed as a substitute for wrought stainless steel plasma nitriding provides a considerable improvement in wear resistance as well for shield module applications. The improved castings were developed based as the corrosion properties of austenitic stainless steels. In the present study, low on the commercially available CF3M specification. The modifications utilize temperature nitriding was applied to an AISI 316L quality austenitic stainless combinations of Mn and N, which result in significant increases in strength. steel in a fluidized bed to form a hybrid solid solution layer composed of nitrogen Additionally, two other alloys have been developed with enhanced solid and carbon rich expanded austenite zones. The surface characteristics of nitrided solution strengthening by virtue of Cu and W additions to increase strength. W alloy was examined through structural examinations, mechanical tests as well as The developmental process leading to these improved cast stainless steel alloys biocompatibility tests and compared with those of Rex 734, which was recently E will be briefly reviewed, but the major focus of this paper will be the fracture produced austenitic stainless steel for manufacturing of implants. D toughness and other mechanical properties of at least two of the developmental N 10:10 AM alloys. Comparisons of these properties will be made with standard cast stainless Deformation-Induced Martensitic Transformation in High-Nitrogen steel. Metallography and scanning electron fractography of the tested steels will E Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels: Chang-Seok Oh1; Tae-Ho Lee1; Sung- also be discussed. S Joon Kim1; 1Korea Institute of Materials Science 11:50 AM Deformation-induced martensitic transformation(DIMT) in high-nitrogen D Impact of Sensitization on the Fracture Toughness of Austenitic Stainless metastable austenitic stainless steels was investigated in terms of the effects of Steel: Swati Ghosh1; Kalyan Ray1; Vivekananda Kain2; 1Indian Institute of A nitrogen content and the microstructural change. During tensile deformation, Technology; 2Bhaba Atomic Research Center Y the stress-strain response was changed at the transient point(at around 0.1~0.3) This investigation aims to illustrate how degree of sensitization of a stainless depending on nitrogen contents, induced by DIMT. The critical strain for DIMT steel affects its fracture toughness, estimated by a simplified technique. was shifted to higher strain with increasing nitrogen contents, and DIMT did not A Solutionized nuclear grade 304LN stainless steel were subjected to sensitization occur in the nitrogen contents above 0.5wt.%. At the beginning of deformation, treatment at 1023 K for different time periods in the range 1-100 hr. Corrosion M the austenite to epsilon martensitic transformation occurred, whereas the resistance of the differently heat-treated samples were assessed by oxalic formation of alpha prime martensite prevailed after the transient point, which acid-etch and electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. The fracture caused the shape change of stress-strain curve. Based on analyses of SAD toughness of the heat treated specimens was determined by a recently developed patterns, the orientation relationships between austenite and deformation- procedure based on Ball Indentation principle and validated by standard J- induced martensites were determined.PRELIMINARY The changes of martensite volume fraction integral tests. The results reveal that the fracture toughness of stainless steels and crystallographic features(lattice parameters and orientation change) during gets significantly deteriorated by sensitization. The supplementary examination deformation were also analyzed using EBSD and neutron diffraction. of microstructure, grain size and hardness and tensile tests explains the cause of 10:30 AM Break such a degradation in toughness as to be due to martensite formation and stress build up due to the grain boundary carbide precipitation. 10:50 AM Effect of Cooling Rate on the Hot Ductility of Boron Bearing Steel: Kyung Chul Cho1; Yang Mo Koo1; Joong kil Park2; 1Pohang University of Science and Technology; 2Pohang Iron and Steel Company In boron bearing low carbon steels, corner cracking can occurs if the hot ductility of these steels at the unbending stage is poor during continuous casting. 25ppm boron bearing steel was examined in order to study the effect of cooling rate on the hot ductility. Since the rapid cooling in the corner of this slab during the continuous casting lead to as corner cracking, hot tensile test applied to the different cooling rate was taken into account. The results revealed that increasing cooling rate deteriorate hot ductility of B bearing steel. Low hot ductility of

284 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

steps at increasing temperature. The TMT leads to growth of the cell size and decrease of flow stress. The cell size-stress relation equals the well-known Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, stress dependence of the subgrain size in steady-state deformation. Tests of Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from mechanical properties and structure observations indicate that the homogeneous Macro to Nano: Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine- coarsening of the cell structure during the TMT affects low- as well as high- Grained (UFG) Metals I angle boundary spacings and that the TMT significantly increases the resistance Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural against recrystallization. Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: 9:35 AM High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation Measurements in Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee Ultrafine Grained Iron and Nickel: Anton Hohenwarter1 1 Program Organizers: K. Jimmy Hsia, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Mathias ; Reinhard Pippan ; 1 Göken, Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg; Tresa Pollock, University of Michigan - Ann Erich Schmid Institute Leoben Arbor; Pedro Dolabella Portella, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing; Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials are commonly Neville Moody, Sandia National Laboratories known as materials with extraordinary mechanical properties. Due to the limited dimensions of HPT-deformed materials little is known about their fatigue Wednesday AM Room: 386 properties whereas particulary this process delivers highly refined materials with March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center little effort. In the framework of this study pure nickel and Armco-iron were subjected to High Pressure Torsion (HPT) and in combination with different heat Session Chairs: Neville Moody, Sandia National Laboratories; Cynthia treatments the grain-size was varied between approximately 100 nm and 10 µm. Volkert, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Afterwards crack-propagation measurements with reference to different grain- sizes were conducted and monitored. It could be shown that there is a distinctive 8:30 AM Keynote difference in the crack path with respect to the grain size, which may has an Processing and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Materials with influence on the threshold of fatigue crack propagation as well. With respect to Interesting Physical Properties: Dongtao Jiang1; Amiya Mukherjee1; fracture toughness measurements in the UFG regime a quite good combination 1University of California, Davis of toughness and hardness was observed. Spark Plasma Sintering(SPS) method that allows the sintering to be completed 9:50 AM Invited in much shorter times has been used to produce ceramic nanocomposites. A Lifetime and Damage Behavior of Engineering Ceramics under Fretting three-phase alumina based nanoceramic composite demonstrated superplasticity Fatigue Conditions: Thomas Schalk1; Karl-Heinz Lang1; Detlef Loehe1; at a lower temperature and at a higher strain rate. An alumina-carbon nanotube- 1Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH) niobium nanocomposite has a fracture toughness that is five times higher than Fretting fatigue may appear in the contact zone between two components that of pure alumina and an electrical conductivity that is thirteen orders of when they are exposed to cyclic loading and relative motion appears between magnitude greater than that of pure nanocrystalline alumina. It also has excellent the contact surfaces. This loading condition arises often in technical applications potential for use as a thermoelectric material. An alumina-spinel nanocomposite e.g. if forces are transmitted by form-fitting connections or at forming processes. W demonstrated optical transparency in the mid infrared range. A silicon carbide/ To investigate the fretting fatigue behavior of engineering ceramics a new test silicon nitride nanocomposite produced by pyrolysis of liquid polymer precursor rig was built up. The fretting fatigue loading is realized by the superposition E has produced one of the lowest creep rates in ceramics at a referred temperature of cyclic four point bending with local friction loading. The friction loading is D of 1400°C. These structural and functional properties will be discussed in the achieved by the relative motion of a fretting pad which is well defined pressed N context of microstructural investigations. This research is supported by ARO on the tensile loaded surface of the four point bending specimen and moved by and ONR. an electrodynamic actuator. With this testing system fretting fatigue experiments E 9:00 AM Invited have been carried out at temperatures up to 900°C. The lifetime behavior of S Effect of Nano-Scale Twins on Work Hardening Behaviors in Pure Copper: alumina and silicon nitride specimens will be presented and the arising damage D L. Lu1; X.H. Chen1; K. Lu1; 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal characterized. A Research 10:10 AM Invited Y Work hardening is one of the most important mechanical behaviors for Fatigue Behavior of Railway Wheel Steels in the Very High Cycle Regime: engineering materials. As a general trend, work hardening always decreases Vadim Wagner1; Frank Walther1; Dietmar Eifler1; 1University of Kaiserslautern accompanied with strengthening of metals. In this work, we will present a The fatigue behavior of railway wheel steels has been investigated in the very A novel finding that introduction of a high density of ultrathin nano-scale twins high cycle regime under stress control at a frequency of 200 Hz on servohydraulic M in pure Cu, its work hardening exponent can be significantly elevated relative and resonance testing systems. Specimens machined from the rim of original to that of the coarse-grained polycrystalline Cu. The highest work hardening wheels for high-speed passenger traffic exhibit a distinct change in the slope of exponent achieved is about 0.66, almost twice that of conventional Cu (0.35), the S-N curve at about 2×106 cycles. High-precision temperature and electrical when the twin/matrix lamellar spacingPRELIMINARY is as small as 4 nm. The effect of nano- resistance measurements influenced by deformation-induced changes of the scale twins on work hardening exponent and rate will be demonstrated. The microstructure are used to characterize the actual fatigue state under VHCF extra-ordinary high work hardening originates from the ultrathin twins patterns conditions. SEM investigations show crack initiation at the specimen surface that effectively suppress the dynamic recovery of dislocations and enhance the as well as inside the specimen cross-section. The physically based fatigue life dislocation storage ability. The results indicate that work hardening of metals calculation “PHYBAL” on the basis of generalized Morrow, Coffin-Manson and can be elevated by means of proper nanostructure design. Basquin equations leads to enormous scientific and economic advantages. The 9:20 AM S-N curve calculated with temperature and resistance data measured after 104 Thermal Stability and Stabilization of Ultrafine-Grained Copper: Yujiao cycles, i.e. 50 seconds, matches very well with the experimentally determined Li1; Wolfgang Blum1; 1University of Erlangen-Nürnberg one until 2×108 cycles. Ultrafine-grained (UFG) pure Cu produced by ECAP was subjected to 10:30 AM Break thermal and thermomechanical treatment. Transmission electron microscopy and mechanical testing were combined to test the stability of the UFG structure. During deformation at temperature up to 373 K the material keeps the properties of UFG material. Annealing at 403 K for 2.5 h destroys them, indicating (partial) recrystallization of the UFG structure. This process can be retarded by a thermomechanical treatment (TMT) consisting of a series of small deformation

10:40 AM Invited 11:55 AM Deformation Physics and Ductility of Nanostructured Materials: Yuntian Emergence of Glass-Like Plasticity in the Finest Nanocrystalline Metals: Zhu1; 1North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Jason Trelewicz1; Christopher Schuh1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology Engineering Nanocrystalline metals exhibit a variety of unusual mechanical properties Nanostructured materials usually have high strength but low ductility. To as grain size is refined towards the amorphous limit, a widely discussed improve their ductility, we need to first understand their deformation physics. peculiarity being the breakdown of the Hall-Petch relation. In this work, we Past attempts to increase the ductility usually led to a decrease in strength. In study the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys, which can this presentation, I’ll first present the deformation physics in nanostructured be produced with grain sizes spanning both the Hall-Petch and Hall-Petch materials and how they affect the ductility. I’ll then present several strategies to breakdown regimes. We show that not only the hardness, but also its scaling with tailor the structures and deformation physics of nanostructured materials with strain rate and superimposed pressure undergoes an inflection at a finite grain the aim of improving the ductility without sacrificing the strength. We have been size coinciding with the Hall-Petch breakdown. We also illustrate how these able to simultaneously increase the ductility and strength using these strategies. mutually consistent inflections are a consequence of the shift to amorphous-like deformation mechanisms, with inhomogeneous shear banding taking place in 11:00 AM Invited samples with the finest nanocrystalline grain sizes. We finally explore how the Length-Scale Effects on Fatigue of Thin Cu Films: Cynthia Volkert1; grain boundary relaxation state affects the deformation mechanisms across the Dong Wang2; Oliver Kraft2; 1University of Goettingen, Institute of Materials entire Hall-Petch breakdown regime. Physics and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Materials Research II; 2Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Materials Research II 12:10 PM Fatigue lives and fatigue damage morphology of Cu films (50 nm to 3 µm Damage Evolution and Lifetime Prediction of Thermal Barrier Coatings in thickness) on polyimide substrates has been investigated under high cycle during Cyclic Oxidation: Tilmann Beck1; Olena Trunova1; Roland Herzog2; loading. As film thickness and grain size are decreased, characteristic fatigue Rolf Willi Steinbrech1; Lorenz Singheiser1; 1Research Center Juelich; 2MAN damage such as extended dislocation structures and extrusions disappear and are Turbo AG replaced by cracks along boundaries. The transition in damage morphology with Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied to combustion chambers and length scale is accompanied by a marked improvement in fatigue resistance. It turbine blades of gas turbines to raise efficiency by increasing maximum service is proposed that the transition is due to the inhibition of dislocation nucleation temperature. For power generation units, TBC-lifetimes up to 40000hrs must be and motion at small length scales, and that the cracking observed in the thinnest reached with high reliability. To fulfill this condition, in-depth understanding films is evidence of a new fatigue mechanism promoted by high stresses and of microstructural damage as well as reliable tools for lifetime prediction are high boundary density. In addition, the eventual saturation of the extrusion and essential. Detailed damage analyses during cyclic oxidation of a plasma sprayed

crack densities under total strain control allows schemes for the use of thin films ZrO2/8 wt-%Y2O3 – MCrAlY – CMSX-4 TBC system showed that formation

in damage tolerant applications. and growth of an Al2O3 scale on the MCrAlY bondcoat plays a major role in the initiation of delamination cracks. The onset of stable crack propagation 11:20 AM Invited is strongly influenced by the TBC/bondcoat interface topography. Crack Thermal and Mechanical Stability of Nano- and Ultra-Fine-Grained propagation itself can be described by fracture mechanics approaches. Based Materials: Zhirui Wang1; 1University of Toronto W on the quantitative evaluation of damage evolution during cyclic oxidation with The involvement and the role of inter-crystalline constituents (such as high- several dwell times at 1050°C, a phenomenological model for life prediction E and low-angle grain boundaries, twin boundaries and triple points) in submicron- was developed and validated. D and nano-meter grained materials could not be ignored when the materials’ N mechanical and physical properties are concerned. These constituents would also 12:25 PM increase the internal energy of the material. In this report, effects of the energy The Effect of Environmental Exposure on the Dislocation Structure at the E associated to these constituents in electroformed Cu and CVD-deposited Ni Fatigue Crack Wake: YunJo Ro1; Sean Agnew1; Richard Gangloff1; 1University S materials will be discussed. The main thrust of the discussion will be two folds: of Virginia D First, experimental results will be presented to demonstrate the evolution of the Focused ion beam (FIB) milling was used to produce samples for transmission ultra-fine-twin and nano-twin structures upon thermal activation, mechanical electron microscopy which successfully revealed the dislocation structure within A deformation; Bauschinger effect tests and DSE tests. The discussion will then 1 µm of the fracture surface of an under-aged Al-Cu-Mg alloy tested in ultrahigh Y be switched to correlate specifically the internal energy of such materials with vacuum and high humidity air. Both different conditions exhibited a similar their plastic deformation - strain hardening behaviour. Based on such analysis, a layer of dislocation cells just below the fracture surface, and the cell structure A model has been established and would be presented which could be employed to abruptly changed to localized slip bands away from the fracture surface. This predict the feature of work hardening in these materials. abrupt change confirms the presence of the high strain gradient at the crack M tip. In addition, the thickness of dislocation cell layer and the intensity of the 11:40 AM slip bands observed in ultrahigh vacuum was much larger than those observed Inhomogeniety and Size of Microstructure - A New Paradigm in in high humidity air. Thus, the present results suggest that less plastic strain Understanding Deformation Mechanism of Nano Crystalline Metals: Taher accumulation is required to propagate fatigue cracks at high humidity air Saif1; Jagannathan Rajagopalan1; Jong Han1; 1University of Illinois at Urbana- PRELIMINARYrelative to ultrahigh vacuum. Speculatively, the current study supports hydrogen Champaign enhanced decohesion. We will present experimental evidence showing that plastically deformed polycrystalline free standing thin metal films with average grain size of 50-100nm recover all of the plastic strain under macroscopic stress-free condition. This recovery shows three distinct activation energies. When the grain size is increased to 100-200nm, the films do not recover plastic strain, but they show strong Bauschinger effect during unloading, while still under tension. We hypothesize, inhomogeneities in the microstructure (grain size and orientation variations) create non uniform local stress fields during loading as relatively larger or favorably oriented grain deform plastically while smaller or unfavorably oriented grains accommodate the strain elastically. Upon unloading, the elastically deformed grains, in order to reduce their strain energy, induce reverse plasticity in the larger grains leading to time dependent strain recovery in films with 50-100 nm grain size, and Bauschinger effect in films with 100-200 nm grain size.

286 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

11:00 AM Texture Evolution during Rolling of Aluminium Alloys: Jürgen Hirsch1; Hot and Cold Rolling Technology: Session I 1Hydro Aluminium Deutschland GmbH Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, For many applications of Aluminium alloy sheet crystallographic textures have TMS: Aluminum Committee a strong influence on specific (anisotropic) properties like strength, formability Program Organizers: Ming Li, Alcoa Inc; Jürgen Hirsch, Hydro Aluminium Deutschland and etching behaviour, e.t.c.. For these cases textures are intentionally induced GmbH – or at least controlled – by the specific rolling conditions. Examples are given for industrial Aluminium alloy sheet processing and applications where Wednesday AM Room: 297 strongly textures give superior properties to fulfill specific requirements in March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center special applications, like deep drawing of cans, strength effects in can ends and Session Chair: To Be Announced capacity in deep etched high purity Aluminium foil for high quality electrolytic capacitors. The required control of specific processing steps during hot and cold rolling is described. The principles of microstructure evolution during 8:30 AM processing are presented that are needed to ensure optimum material quality and Effects of Texture Evolution on Localized Deformation of AA2024: Soondo product performance. Kweon1; Armand Beaudoin1; Ming Li2; 1University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign; 2Alcoa Technical Center 11:25 AM An experimental and computational study is presented to examine the effects The Role of Crystallographic Texture on the Performance of Flat Rolled 1 of texture evolution on localized deformation behavior in the alloy AA 2024-O. Aluminum Products for Aerospace Applications: Roberto Rioja ; Cindie 1 1 1 Routine monotonic mechanical testing is complemented by a novel cyclic test Giummarra ; Soonwuk Cheong ; Alcoa procedure to develop flow properties at temperatures from -100°C to 495°C and In this paper, the evolution of crystallographic texture during hot and cold strain rates from 10^-2/sec to 10^-5/sec. A coupon test, where the stress state is rolling of aluminum alloys is reviewed and the major texture components present similar to the slab edge, is then pursued to understand localized deformation that in recrystallized and unrecrystallized products are discussed. In particular, is taking place in the rolling process. Details of the deformation in the coupon the effect of the “brass” texture component on the anisotropy of mechanical test are developed through use of a 3D finite element model, with material properties in Al-Li alloys and the methods used to control it are presented. The response derived from the material characterization noted above. The evolution influence of texture on strength, toughness and thermal stability of plate products of crystallographic texture is also used as a means of drawing interpretation for lower wing applications is discussed. Finally, the role of recrystallized and of the deformation history in the region of localization. The relevance of this unrecrystallized microstructures on strength, toughness and fatigue performance coupon test to hot rolling is discussed. of aerospace sheet is presented in light of different crystallographic textures. It is concluded that the role of crystallographic texture is necessary to optimize 10:35 AM damage tolerant properties of Al-Li alloys for use in aerospace applications. Process Chain Modelling of Al Sheet Production: Kai Karhausen1; 1Hydro Aluminium 9:45 AM Through Process Modelling (TPM) is a keyword in research activities with Macro- and Micro-Surface Engineering to Improve Hot Roll Bonding of 1 1 1 W a view to optimising a process chain according to desired product properties. Aluminum Plate and Sheet: Jiantao Liu ; Ming Li ; Simon Sheu ; Michael 1 1 1 E State variables needs to be traced through a process chain. The linking of micro Karabin ; Robert Schultz ; Alcoa Technical Center scale to macro scale models is required to feed realistic process information into Hot roll bonding of aluminum plate and sheet currently is the primary D the microstructural modules as well as to feed the process models with correct manufacturing method of fuselage skin sheet for aircraft and brazing sheet N material behaviour. While the TPM can be validated directly on measured final or for automotive applications. This work explores the effects of macro- and E intermediate properties, it is often unclear to which extent the material behaviour micro-surface engineering on hot roll bonding process. It is concluded that affects the process performance. This presentation covers an exemplary TPM micro-surface engineering yields better bonding quality than macro-surface S calculation of hot- and cold rolling passes as well as intermediate and final engineering. The critical surface roughness of the core is about 0.58 micron D annealing. Variations are tested by computing extreme material conditions below which bonding quality in terms of area contact and bonding energy can be A for single processing operations. This provides directives on which physical significantly improved. However, no marked improvement was observed when mechanisms and corresponding model combinations are required in specific the surface roughness was reduced further to 0.03 micron. Also, oxide layer on Y process situations both with respect to accuracy and computational effort. the surface of the core and local deformation on the surface of liner play a very important role. Ultrasonic test and roller peel test were employed to assess the A 10:10 AM bonding strength and quality. The quantitative ultrasonic test results are in good Optimising the Winding of Aluminium Strip: Kai Karhausen1; Cremer Albert1; agreement with the roller peel test results. M Michael Wimmer1; Stefan Neumann1; 1Hydro Aluminium The production process of Al-strip consists of a number of continuous 8:55 AM processing steps like rolling, annealing or various strip treatments, which are Innovations in Surface Quality Inspection as a Cornerstone for Production 1 1 1 interlinked semi-continuously by transportPRELIMINARY and storage operations. For these Optimization: Uwe Knaak ; Elisa Jannasch ; Parsytec Computer GmbH operations the strip is usually wound into a coil. Thus, the entire production may Surface defects impair the quality of the manufactured aluminium strip contain numerous winding and unwinding operations. Although winding is not a greatly; moreover, they may lead to strip breaks or even to equipment damage: processing step of its own, it can change the strip properties and the performance less ability to deliver usable quality to customers, less throughput, and higher of subsequent processing steps. Mastering the winding process is therefore costs are the consequences. The solution of this problem is Surface Quality mandatory to achieve a high quality level. Typical associated problems are e.g. Inspection. Parsytec offers leading-edge solutions for an outstanding surface telescoping of strip layers, coil collapse under its weight, buckling of strip layers quality inspection: Parsytec Surface Inspection Systems deliver defect or sticking of strip layers after annealing. Furthermore, the stress state can result information, which can be turned into quality data for a most efficient production in shape deviations and flatness errors of the strip upon unwinding. In this paper optimization. Parsytec’s latest generation surface inspection solution - espresso modeling and optimisation of the winding processes will be treated on case SI - entails innovations for nearly all aspects of surface inspection: accessing studies from aluminium foil production. inspection results via the web, employment of GBit Ethernet camera technology, and standard compact PCIs. The benefits for customers comprise of highest detection sensitivity and accelerated access to relevant quality data, combined with highest availability and easiest handling and maintainability of the systems. Furthermore, based on Parsytec’s unrivalled experience, espresso SI also adds so- called “production decision intelligence” solutions, which transform inspection

data to production benefit in selected applications. Production optimization can 9:10 AM be achieved by combining surface quality data with all other available production Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cryomilled Magnesium and process data, as well as with customer and order information. One example, Alloys: Jeanette Blaine1; Sara Longanbach2; Carl Boehlert2; David Schwam3; which will be presented here, is a productivity solution at coil slitting lines: The 1Advanced Ceramics Research Inc; 2Michigan State University; 3Case Western inspection system not only delivers information on surface defects, it supports Reserve University the grading of complete coils, but also for individual stripes or coil segments on- The microstructure and mechanical properties of cryomilled magnesium and line. This solution helps the aluminium producers to significantly improve yield magnesium alloys have been studied. The effect of milling duration and speed and quality of their production. All in all, Surface Inspection by Parsytec serves has been evaluated using sieve analysis, microstructural characterization, and two aims: increasing product quality, and turning surface quality information mechanical testing. The relative percentage of fine grained magnesium powder into production excellence. produced increases with increased milling time, as does the ultimate tensile strength value of the hot pressed material. Cryomilled Mg-Y-Zn and Mg-ZrB 9:20 AM 2 alloys have been evaluated, with the highest strength (150 MPa) and stiffness (82 Investigation of Longitudinal Surface Cracks and Effective Metallurgical GPa) values observed with the Mg-ZrB system. Microstructure and mechanical Parameters in Hot Rolling of Steels: Anis Ghaderi Namin1; Seyyed Ahmad 2 properties of hot pressed cryomilled Mg and Mg alloys, in addition to properties Jenabali Jahromi1; 1Shiraz University of the forged Mg-ZrB alloy, will be discussed. Longitudinal surface cracks are often found on continuously cast billets. 2 Compared to transversal cracks, longitudinal cracks are usually deeper. Often 9:30 AM they are located in regions close to the centre line of billet surface. They found Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys discontinuously in all of the billet surface, too. Many parameters can effect its Consolidated in the Solid State from Granules: Rick Lee1; Xiang Li1; generation such as FeS, Pinholes, Blowholes, trace elements (Cu, Sn), Inclusions Sibashish Mukherjee1; Amit Ghosh1; 1University of Michigan and pre-heating condition of Hot Rolling. In this paper, we mentioned all of Consolidation from granular stock can offer a low cost approach for preparing these parameters and the ways we can prevent longitudinal surface cracks. For bulk Mg alloys in the solid state, if many steps in the rolling of plates and sheets example the optimum ratio between Fe and S is greater than 23. can be avoided as practiced by wrought Mg industry. Processing of solid state consolidated Mg alloys has been studied by employing a variety of processing methods. Severe deformation techniques have been applied to the alloys to produce fine grain microstructure and superplastic properties. This paper will Magnesium Technology 2008: Advanced Magnesium discuss potential for achieving high mechanical properties in Mg Alloys and Materials its composites. (Work supported by National Science Foundation under Grants Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, 0314218 and 0544920). TMS: Magnesium Committee 9:50 AM Program Organizers: Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Neale Neelameggham, US Magnesium LLC; Randy Beals, Chrysler LLC; Eric Nyberg, Pacific Northwest Microstructure Evolution and Nucleation Kinetics of Rapidly Solidified National Laboratory Mg7ZnxY(0.55Zr) Alloys: Shijie Zhu1; Shaokang Guan2; Qing Yang2; Mei W Zhang2; 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Wednesday AM Room: 291 University E March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center The effects of solidifying condition and Y content on the microstructural D evolution, phase selection and nucleation kinetics of Mg7ZnxY(0.55Zr) alloys N Session Chair: To Be Announced were investigated with OM, SEM, XRD, DSC and TEM. The microstructures of as-cast alloys are dendritic morphology including preliminary α-Mg, E interdendritic α-Mg/I-phase(Mg YZn ) eutectic and W-phase(Mg Y Zn ). 8:30 AM 3 6 3 2 3 S Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cast AS21 and AS31 Microstructures of the cross section of rapidly solidified alloys ribbons are D Nanocomposites: Guoping Cao1; Hongseok Choi1; Juan Oportus1; Hiromi composed of fine equiaxed, columnar grain and equiaxed region. The phase composition changes as the variation of alloying component and solidified A Konishi1; Xiaochun Li1; 1University of Wisconsin SiC enhanced magnesium matrix nanocomposites, AS21/SiC and AS31/ condition. Rapidly solidified Mg7Zn3Y, Mg7Zn3Y0.55Zr alloys ribbons Y restrain the precipitation of (Mg YZn ) phase. On the basis of heterogeneous SiC were successfully cast after dispersion of SiC nanoparticles in magnesium 3 6 alloy melts with ultrasonic cavitation. As compared to magnesium alloy matrix nucleation theory, the connection between incubation period(τ) and temperature A AS21 and AS31, the mechanical properties including room temperature tensile was induced and the curve of τ-T was obtained. The results show the second- M strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, phase of rapidly solidified Mg7ZnxY(0.55Zr) alloy nucleate firstly, which are while the good ductility of magnesium alloy was retained. The high temperature concord with results of experiments. (200°C) yield strength was also improved considerably in AS21/SiC and AS31/ 10:10 AM Break SiC nanocomposites. TEM study of the interface between SiC nanoparticles and AS21 magnesium alloy matrix indicates a good bonding. 10:30 AM PRELIMINARYMicrostructures and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Composite 8:50 AM Alloys Dispersed with Carbon Nano-Tube via Powder Metallurgy Process: Mg-6Zn/SiC Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Katsuyoshi Kondoh1; Hiroyuki Fukuda1; HIsashi Imai1; Bunshi Fugetsu2; 1Osaka Solidification Processing: Guoping Cao1; Hongseok Choi1; Juan Oportus1; University; 2Hokkaido University Hiromi Konishi1; Xiaochun Li1; 1University of Wisconsin AZ31B powder coated by carbon nano-tubes (CNT) has been prepared by Mg-6Zn/SiC nanocomposites were successfully fabricated by ultrasonic using surfactant (surface active agent), having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cavitation based dispersion of SiC nanoparticles in Mg-6Zn alloy melt. As groups, when employing CNT with 15nm and 75nm diameter. It was compacted compared to Mg-6Zn magnesium alloy matrix, the mechanical properties at room temperature by applying 600MPa pressure, and consolidated by hot including tensile strength, yield strength and ductility of the Mg-6Zn/1.5% extrusion. Pre-heating temperature of the green compact before extrusion was SiC nanocomposites were improved significantly. In the microstructure of Mg- higher than a sublimation point of the binder used in the surfactant which is 6Zn/1.5% SiC nanocomposites, there are still some SiC micro-clusters, but determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Optical microscope and FE- in the areas free of micro-clusters, the SiC nanoparticles were dispersed very SEM observation and EDS analysis were carried out on the above composite well. The grain size of Mg-6Zn was also refined considerably by adding 1.5% alloys. The dependence of their mechanical properties on CNT content was also SiC nanoparticles. TEM study of the interface between SiC nanoparticles and discussed. magnesium matrix indicates a good bonding and no chemical reaction between SiC nanoparticles and Mg-6Zn matrix.

288 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

10:50 AM Study on Cast Nano-Structured AZ91D/AlN: Guoping Cao1; Hongseok Choi1; Juan Oportus1; Hiromi Konishi1; Xiaochun Li1; 1University of Wisconsin Magnesium Technology 2008: Alloy Microstructure AZ91D is a widely used magnesium alloy, but its application is generally and Properties limited to below 175°C because of its inferior creep resistance and tensile Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, properties at elevated temperatures. In this study, AlN naoparticles were TMS: Magnesium Committee successfully added and dispersed into AZ91D melts by ultrasonic cavitation Program Organizers: Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Neale Neelameggham, effect. The AZ91D melts dispersed with AlN nanoparticles were then cast into US Magnesium LLC; Randy Beals, Chrysler LLC; Eric Nyberg, Pacific Northwest a permanent mold. The AlN nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly in the National Laboratory AZ91D matrix. The nanoparticles also markedly refined the grain sizes of as Wednesday AM Room: 292 cast AZ91D and induced some new nanocrystaline structures. At both room March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center temperature and 200°C, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of AZ91D were improved significantly with an addition of 1.0wt% AlN nanoparticles. The good Session Chair: To Be Announced ductility of A91D was also retained in AZ91D/1%AlN nanocomposites. The nano-structured AZ91D/AlN is promising to serve as a structural material at much higher temperatures than expected before. 8:30 AM An Assessment of High Pressure Die Cast Mg-Zn-Al Alloys: Mark Easton1; 11:10 AM Trevor Abbott2; Jian-Feng Nie1; Gary Savage3; 1Monash University; 2Advanced Synthesis Structure Relationship in Cast Magnesium Periodic Cellular Magnesium Technologies; 3CSIRO 1 2 3 2 Materials: Samson Ho ; Lukas Bichler ; Glenn Hibbard ; C. Ravi Ravindran ; Most of the current commercial Mg high pressure die casting alloys are found 1 2 3 Univeristy of Toronto; Ryerson University; University of Toronto in the Mg-Al-Zn system, mainly based on Mg-Al alloys with small additions Periodic cellular metals (PCMs) are weight efficient hybrids of space and of Zn. More recently some alloys containing higher Zn contents have been metal. PCMs can deliver higher specific strengths and stiffnesses compared to proposed mainly for alloys with higher creep resistance with some success. This conventional open cell structures like metallic foams. This study investigates paper investigates the mechanical properties (both creep and quasi-static tensile the fabrication of cast magnesium PCMs using the lost foam casting (LFC) properties) and the castability of a range of Mg-Zn-Al alloys and indicates method. LFC is a near-net-shape process in which molten metal displaces regions where each of the properties can be optimised. The yield strength of a polystyrene pre-form embedded in refractory sand. The effect of mould the alloys can be related by a simple regression relationship with the aluminium geometry on fillability was studied with different process parameters such as and zinc contents. Above approximately 8wt% alloying elements the ductility foam characteristic, pouring temperature, casting section thickness and vacuum began to decrease, with alloys with very high alloy contents having little if any level. Micro-hardness measurements and optical microscopy were used to ductility. The findings confirmed the castability diagram presented by Foerster characterize the as-cast structure. in the 1970’s although the data shown here presents a continuous variation of 11:30 AM properties with alloy content rather than the discrete categories for castable and Symmetry Control during Thixoextrusion for AZ31 Mg Alloy: Young Ok non-castable alloys as was previously described 1 1 1 W Yoon ; Shae K. Kim ; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology 8:50 AM E AZ31 Mg alloy was widely used in transportation industries in the field Effect of Composition and Cooling Rate on the β Phase Formation in Mg- of extrusion process. However, mechanical properties of extruded AZ31 Mg Al Alloys: Suresh Sundarraj1; Mridula Bharadwaj1; Shashank Tiwari1; 1General D alloy with symmetry were dependent on the microstructure of the material Motors Corporation N and could be characterized by their inhomogeneity, grain size distribution and It is well known that the corrosion properties of Mg-Al alloys like the AM E crystallographic texture. Therefore, this correlation between microstructure and and AZ series are significantly affected by the formation of the microstructural mechanical behavior offered the possibility to improve the mechanical properties, S beta phase (Mg17Al12) which forms during casting of these alloys as a result e.g. through optimization of the material production process. Thixoextrusion of microsegregation. In this paper we have studied the effect of the alloy D could allow symmetry with extrusion direction and reduced extrusion pressure. composition and processing conditions which affect the amount and morphology A The present study was to characterize thixoextruded AZ31 Mg alloy in terms of of the beta phase formation. Binary Mg-Al alloys with varying amounts of Al its symmetric behavior through the optical microscope, electron back scattering content along with varying cooling conditions to mimic the sand, permanent Y diffraction and mechanical test. The results of thixoextrusion experiments mold, and die casting cooling rates were evaluated using this microsegregation about symmetric properties and mechanical properties were compared with model. The model results of the amount of beta have been verified with the A conventional extrusion results. The symmetric properties of thixoextruded AZ31 in-house experimental data. Finally, a correlation was established between the M Mg alloy could be obtained through the control of thixoextrusion parameters. corrosion behavior in these alloys with the model predictions. 9:10 AM Effects of Composition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties PRELIMINARYof Mg−Al−Zn Alloys: Songmao Liang1; Yuequn Ma1; Rongshi Chen1; Enhou Han1; 1Institute of Metal Research For exploiting mechanical properties potential of low-cost Mg−Al−Zn casting magnesium alloys, the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of permanent-mould cast Mg−Al−Zn alloys with typical compositions within castable domain of the intermediate aluminum and zinc contents were investigated. This study disclosed the evolution rules of secondary phase type with variation in Zn/Al mass ratio. Within this domain, secondary phase changed from γ phase to φ phase, τ phase and quasi-crystalline phase (I phase) with the Zn/Al mass ratio increasing. By studying cooling curves acquired by thermal analysis technique, the forming temperatures of secondary phases were also determined. Mechanical property tests indicated that increasing the aluminum and/or zinc content, the Y.T.S (Yield Tensile Strength) increased and ductility decreased, while the U.T.S. (Ultimate Tensile Strength) firstly increased and then decreased. Both the U.T.S. and elongation of the alloy with optimum composition are superior to those of AZ91 alloy prepared at the same conditions.

9:30 AM 10:50 AM Microstructure Development and Mechanical Behavior in High Pressure A Study on the Microstructure of As-Cast and Homogenized Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr Die Cast Mg-Al Alloys: A. Nagasekhar1; Carlos Caceres1; Mark Easton2; Alloys: Kaiyun Zheng1; Jie Dong1; Xiaoqin Zeng1; Wenjiang Ding1; 1Shanghai 1University of Queensland; 2Monash University Jiao Tong University Binary Mg-Al alloys with varying content of aluminium from 0.5 to 12 mass% Microstructure of Mg-xGd-2Nd-0.5Zr (x=6, 8, 11, Wt.%) alloys in as- have been studied. The proof stress increase in two steps whereas the ductility cast and homogenized condition were investigated in this paper, using optical exhibits two correlated stepwise drops, as the aluminum content increases. The microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, first increase in strength, and attendant drop in ductility, is observed between 4 and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. It was observed that 5 mass% Al. The second stepwise change is observed between 10 and 12 mass% all the as-cast alloys contained primary a-Mg solid solution, eutectic structures, Al. These effects are connected with well defined changes in the microstructure: cuboid-shaped phases, rod-like precipitates and Zr-rich clusters. The eutectic at 4 mass% a dispersion of beta-phase intermetallic particles appears in the phase in Mg-11Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr was characterized to be of Mg5Gd prototype core region and a closed cell structure develops near the surface; at 12 mass% with stoichiometry near Mg5(NdxGd1-x, x˜0.43). Microstructural evolution Al, the increased volume fraction of the beta-phase intermetallics extends the of the alloys during homogenization can be divided into three coinstantaneous interconnected network of intermetallics to include the core region as well. The processes as follows: dissolving of eutectic phases, growth of cuboid-shaped micromechanics of the strengthening and decreased ductility are discussed. phases and coarsening of grains. After appropriate homogenization, the alloys exhibit microstructure with little eutectic phases, small amount of cuboid- 9:50 AM shaped phases and relatively fine grains, corresponding to excellent mechanical Stabilization of Mg-Ca-Zn Alloys by Zr Additons: Dmitry Shepelev1; Anton properties. The cuboid-shaped phase with a FCC crystal structure (a˜0.56nm) Gorny1; Menahem Bamberger1; Alexander Katsman1; 1Technion - Israel Institute was identified as a Gd-based ternary Gd-Nd-Mg phase. of Technology The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Ca-Zn alloys with Zr 11:10 AM additions were investigated in as-cast and heat treated conditions. Different Heat Treatment and Tensile Properties of Cast Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.3Zr Alloy: concentrations of Zr (0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%) were used to refine the grain Wangxing Li1; Sujuan Yao1; Sheng Yang2; Danqing Yi2; 1Zheng Zhou Research structure. The alloys were exposed to solution treatment at 410°C for 96 hours Institute of Chalco; 2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South followed by aging at 175°C for up to 96 hours. The microstructure obtained University after heat treatment had equiaxed grains with evenly distributed binary phases, Microstructures, aging hardnesses and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-

Mg2Ca and Zn2Zr. The ternary Mg2Ca6Zn3 phase was identified at grain 5Gd-3Y-0.3Zr alloys were investigated. The microstructure is a typical dendritic boundaries surrounded by precipitate depleted zones. Thermal stability of the Zr- structure of as-cast sample, after solution treated, the sample was aged at a modified alloys was examined by microhardness measurements conducted after temperature range of 200°C-250°C and at a different aging time, the hardness prolonged exposures of the alloys to elevated temperatures. It was found that Zr increases with the aging time prolonging, the aging peak hardness is high than is a structure stabilizing factor. Its influence was associated with formation of 100HV at 200°C. Tensile strength was tested at temperature 25°C, 200°C, Zr-containing phases that do not undergo coarsening at elevated temperatures 250°C and 300°C, tensile strengths are 219 Mpa, 218 Mpa, 206 Mpa and 200 used (due to low diffusivity of Zr). Mpa respectively. With the strengths decrease slightly, the elongations increase W quickly. The results show that this alloy is a new type magnesium-rare earth 10:10 AM alloy with high temperature excellent properties. E The Effects of Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical D Properties of Mg-MM(-Sn) Alloys: Hyun Kyu Lim1; Do Hyung Kim1; Ju 11:30 AM N Youn Lee1; Won Tae Kim2; Do Hyang Kim1; 1Yonsei University; 2Cheongju A Comparative Study on the Solution Treatment of Mg-Al and Mg-Al-Ca University Alloys: Lihong Han1; Henry Hu1; Derek Northwood1; 1University of Windsor E In the present study, the effects of Sn addition on the microstructure and The solution treatment of permanent mold (PM) cast Mg- 5wt.% Al (AM50) S mechanical properties of Mg-MM (MM: misch metal) have been investigated. and Mg- 5 wt.% Al- 2wt.% Ca (AC52) alloys was studied by Differential D To optimize the mechanical properties of Mg-MM-Sn alloys, the effects of Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), microhardness and quantitative metallography. addition of Al or Zn have been further investigated. The secondary solidification DSC showed that the temperature of the solution treatment was dependent A phase in Mg-MM alloy changes dramatically with addition of Sn forming small on the type of the eutectic phases present in the alloys. The measurement of Y rod-shaped phase. Although the strength of alloy is decreased with addition of changes in microhardness with solution treatment time showed that it took Sn, the ductility is improved in Mg-rich Mg-MM-Sn alloys. To enhance the about 10 hours for the AC52 alloy to reach a minimum value of microhardness A mechanical properties, a small amount of Al or Zn has been added in Mg-2MM- while only 3 hours was required for the AM50 alloy. Quantitative metallography 2Sn alloy. The rollability and mechanical properties are improved with addition showed that the Mg17Al12 phase in the AM50 alloy dissolved quickly into the M of Al or Zn. From the result of conical cup test at 200°C, it has been found matrix at an early stage of solution treatment compared with the Ca-containing that the addition of alloying elements improved the formability of Mg-MM-Sn eutectics in the AC52 alloy. These observations on microstructural evolution and alloys. microhardness change suggest that these are different dissolution kinetics for the eutectic phases during solution treatment of the two alloys. 10:30 AM PRELIMINARY Phase Relations, Formation and Morphologies in Mg-Zn-RE (RE=Y, Rare 11:50 PM Earth) Alloys: Alok Singh1; 1National Institute for Materials Science Further Improvements in HPDC Mg Alloys for Powertrain Applications: Lattices of ternary and Mg-Zn binary phases are related to the matrix Mg phase Mark Gibson1; Mark Easton2; Vinay Tyagi1; Morris Murray3; Gordon Dunlop3; through its basal plane. This characterizes the structural relationships among the 1CSIRO; 2Monash University; 3Advanced Magnesium Technologies phases and determines the orientation relationships formed by nucleation and Rare earth containing magnesium alloys are the most promising alloys for growth of these phases over each other and the morphologies evolved, which powertrain applications. AM-HP2 has the best creep properties of currently finally affect strengthening. Orientation relationships and morphologies of proposed high pressure die casting alloys for elevated temperature applications. icosahedral phase with ternary phases cubic W and pre-eutectic hexagonal H One of the most important issues for all creep resistant Mg alloys has been to are described. A most important phase in this system is the binary monoclinic obtain excellent creep properties and good castability simultaneously. A new die

Mg4Zn7 which often nucleates over the icosahedral phase. In Mg-matrix this for assessing multiple aspects of castability has been designed. This die allows phase occurs in form of rods parallel to hexagonal axis, commonly known as assessment of the many aspects of castability that are required for good casting

β1’ phase, until now believed to be of structure of hexagonal MgZn2 phase and quality including die filling, susceptibility to hot tearing and defects atflow the primary hardening phase in Mg-Zn alloys. Constraints to form low energy fronts. Using this die, alloys with improved die castability and which retain the interfaces with the matrix produces a domain structure inside the rods, with four already excellent creep properties of AM-HP2, have been identified. different orientations.

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12:10 PM 9:30 AM Invited Fracture Toughness in Magnesium Alloys by Dispersion of Quasicrystalline Materials for Infrastructural Applications: Jonathan Martin1; 1National Phase: Somekawa Hidetoshi1; Alok Singh1; Toshiji Mukai1; 1National Institute Institute of Standards and Technology for Materials Science Recent natural (e.g., hurricanes Katrina and Rita) and anthromorphic (e.g., One of the most important criteria of safety and reliability of materials is the the World Trade Centers and Boston’s Big Dig) disasters have highlighted fracture toughness. However, the fracture toughness in magnesium alloys are the important roles that construction materials play in catastrophic events. lower than that in aluminum alloys. The dispersion of precipitates is generally Construction materials also are playing an important role in the nation’s aging the effective method to improving the mechanical properties in metallic and overburdened infrastructure. For example, the American Society of Civil material, but these particles easily become the origin of fracture. On the other Engineers (ASCE), in their 2005 Infrastructure Report Card, projects that the hand, the characteristics of icosahedral phase are different from conventional cost of repairing the nation’s infrastructure back to good condition has escalated crystalline phases, because this phase has qusi-periodic structure and very to over $1.6 trillion dollars. To meet these challenges, advanced construction strong interface with matrix. This phase has been studied as the strengthening materials are needed. These construction materials will not only be expected phase in magnesium alloys, but the effect of dispersion of quasi-crystalline to have improved initial and long-term performance properties (i.e., have phase on fracture toughness has not been investigated yet. In this study, the longer service lives and longer mean times between repairs), but also, in many fracture toughness in Mg-Zn-RE alloys containing quasi-crystalline phase were applications, will be expected to perform simultaneously multiple functions, examined, and the fracture mechanisms were observed in detail. The fracture e.g., enhancing the appearance of a structure while acting as a biocidal surface. toughness indicated higher values, and this phase pinned many dislocation In this presentation, field-observed construction material failures will be shown, movements and prevented void nucleation. and recent advances in the performance of construction materials will be documented. 10:00 AM Break Materials for Infrastructure: Building Bridges in the 10:20 AM Invited Global Community: Session II Steel for Buildings: Supriya Das Gupta1; 1MN Dastur and Company Pvt Ltd Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Indian Institute of Metals, Abstract not available. Chinese Society for Metals 10:50 AM Invited Program Organizer: Brajendra Mishra, Colorado School of Mines Materials for Oil and Gas Transport: David Olson1; 1Colorado School of Wednesday AM Room: 272 Mines March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center The demand on materials for transporting oil, natural gas, and other fluids, including hydrogen, ethanol, etc. is severe in terms of material strength, Session Chair: Subodh Das, Secat Inc corrosion resistance, durability and maintainability. Lower temperatures and higher pressures are key factors in enhancing this demand on materials. The status and potential for performance ability of current materials available for 8:30 AM Invited transporting the fluids over long distances shall be reviewed. The research and W Steel for Bridges: Virendra Kumar Mehta1; 1Central Marketing Organisation, development efforts for new ferrous and non-ferrous materials, including coating SAIL E options, will be discussed. The strength and corrosion performance challenges Abstract not available. will be highlighted. D 9:00 AM Invited N 11:20 AM Invited The Development of High Performance Bridge Steel in China: Chengjia High Strength Corrosion Resistant Fe/9Cr/0.1C Lath Martensitic Steels for E Shang1; Huaxin Hou2; Aimin Guo3; Xinlai He1; 1School of Materials Science Concrete Reinforcement: Greg Kusinski1; Salem Faza2; 1Clemson University; S and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing; 2Anshan Iron 2MMFX Technologies Corporation and Steel (Group) Corporation; 3Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation D One of the major problems facing the concrete construction industry today is the In the past decade, twenty six bridges have been constructed across Chinese corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. In addition, congestion of A longest river, Yangtze River. In the next decade, more then twenty bridges will be reinforcement in heavily reinforced elements (such as mat foundations of high- Y built across it. The first bridge on this river is Wuhan Bridge which established rise buildings or confinement steel in columns of high-rises in seismic zones) is in 1950’s, the steel, which was imported from USSR is Q235 grade; the second a critical constructability problem. In this paper, high-strength (YS > 100 ksi and Yangtze river bridge is Nanjing Bridge which was constructed by domestic A 120 ksi) corrosion resistant steel, namely Microcomposite 9Cr steel, is presented produced steel, Q345(16Mn, made by An-Steel). From then on, Q420 grade from the aspect of alloy development, property characterization, and code M 15Mn-V-N produced by An-Steel was used to construct Jiujing Bridge in Jiangxi implementation. We present principles of steel alloy design to produce nanophase province with main span of 216m in 1990’s, despite the disadvantage of welding multilayered structure composed of dislocated lath martensite separated by ability; 14Mn-Nb (370MPa grade) was developed by WISCO to construct Wuhu sheets of retained austenite. Such microstructure, which is free from interlath Bridge with main span of 312m in early 2000’s. These years, high performance PRELIMINARYcarbides, has an optimal combination of strength and corrosion resistance. A bridge steel is urgently demanded by super bridge projects in China. A serial summary of a wide range of corrosion testing in saline environments carried out of 420,460,500 and 690MPa grade low carbon microallying steel have been by many organizations including the Federal Highway Administration and many developed for steel bridge constructing. From the microalloying approach, state Departments of Transportation (DOT’s), will be presented to show that the low carbon or ultra-low carbon are accepted; Nb,V,Ti microalloys are used to MMFX-9Cr are a cost effective solution to offer 100 year design life of concrete fine the grain size, affect the TMCP and strengthen the matrix. On theother structures. The steels conform to the new ASTM A1035 specification and their hand, the modern metallurgical technologies are applied and the steel achieves implementation into ACI 318-08 building code will be discussed. Structural economy grade cleanness. The new developed bridge steels can achieve high engineering calculations will be presented to show that in certain cases it is strength, high toughness, good weldingability and weathering resistance. The possible to achieve up 50% steel reduction as compared with conventional grade thickness can reach 80mm by TMCP. Last year, 12000 tons of high performance 60 ksi steel. Furthermore, these principles of high strength design could also 420MPa grade plate steel had been used to construct Chongqing Yangtze River be applied for transportation and other applications to achieve significant cost Bridge. The 460MPa grade steel has been accepted to design and construct the savings. express railway bridge across Yangtze River in Nanjing. With the demanding and developing of high strength bridge steel, the employ performance, reliability should be paid more attention and the structural design theory and specification should also be improved.

diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), glow discharge spectrometry (GDS), and area specific resistance (ASR) measurements. In Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, the presentation, the correlation between the oxidation behavior and electrical Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: properties of oxide scales will be discussed in terms of the redistribution of the Metallic Interconnects and Sealing in SOFCs coating elements. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials 9:45 AM Division, TMS/ASM: Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee Niobium-Clad Stainless Steel for Bipolar Plate Material of PEMFC: Sung- Program Organizers: Zhenguo “Gary” Yang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; tae Hong1 1 1 Michael Brady, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; K. Scott Weil, Pacific Northwest ; K. Scott Weil ; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory National Laboratory; Xingbo Liu, West Virginia University; Ayyakkannu Manivannan, Niobium (Nb)-clad 304L stainless steel (SS) is currently under consideration National Energy Technology Laboratory for use as a bipolar plate material in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. The Nb-clad SS was fabricated via roll bonding. Results from Wednesday AM Room: 392 mechanical testing suggest that annealing treatment after roll bonding may be March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center necessary to improve the ductility and reduce the springback of the material. Microstructural analysis of the specimens indicates that two failure conditions Session Chairs: Paul Jablonski, NETL; Douglas Ivey, University of Alberta can potentially arise, dependent on the thermomechanical condition of the material. In the as-rolled condition, failure initiates via fracture through the Nb 8:30 AM Invited cladding. In the annealed specimens, failure can occur by brittle fracture of an Effects of Cell Operating Conditions on Degradation by Chromium: Terry interfacial intermetallic layer that forms during the annealing treatment. This Cruse1; Michael Krumpelt1; Brian Ingram1; Gang Chen1; Shanling Wang2; Paul generates a series of crack-induced pores along the interface between the Nb Salvador2; 1Argonne National Laboratory; 2Carnegie Mellon University cladding and the SS core, which eventually leads to ductile failure of the Nb This research examines how the performance of solid oxides fuel cells (SOFC) cladding via localized necking. degrades in the presence stainless steel bipolar plates as a result of chromium 10:10 AM Break migration. The cells examined were commercially supplied anode supported cells with Ni/8YSZ cermet anodes, 8YSZ electrolytes, and LSM/8YSZ active 10:25 AM Invited cathodes. They were operated under varying temperatures and current densities, Observation of Metal Nanoparticles in Oxide Scale by Synchrotron X-Ray 1 1 1 1 which influenced operating cell potential, degradation rate and chromium Nano-Beam: Zuotao Zeng ; Ken Natesan ; Zhonghou Cai ; Argonne National deposition for the cells. Several techniques were used to examine the cells after Laboratory operation (e.g., 500 hours): transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning Oxide scale is generally considered to consist of oxides. However, our recent electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (with both TEM nano-X-ray beam analysis indicated the scale to be a mixture of oxides and metal and SEM), and high energy x-ray analysis at Argonne National Laboratory’s particles. This result can have broad influence on several research areas. For Advance Photon Source. This research will provide information and a better example, how carbon diffuses through oxide scale and leads to carburization and understanding of how degradation of SOFC’s by chromium occurs which will metal dusting have not been well understood. If metal particles are present in the W lead to a minimization of deleterious interactions between the SOFC cathode oxide scale, carbon can diffuse through the channels that established by metal E and chromium. particles in the scales. Currently, solid oxide fuel cell requires low resistivity for oxide scales that develop on alloys for metallic interconnects. If metal particles D 9:00 AM are present in oxide scale, it may lead to electrical short and greatly reduce the N Development of Multi-Component Air Braze Filler Metals for High- area resistance of metallic interconnects. On the other hand, if we can prevent E Temperature Electrochemical Application: K. Scott Weil1; Jin Kim1; Jens the formation of metal particles in oxide scale, carburization can be retarded by Darsell1; Jung Pyung Choi1; John Hardy1; 1Pacific Northwest National elimination of the carbon transfer channels. S Laboratory D A silver-based joining technique referred to as reactive air brazing (RAB) 10:55 AM has been recently developed for joining high temperature structural ceramic Selecting the Appropriate Air Brazing Conditions for Joining Reactive A 1 1 1 1 components of the type used in high-temperature electrochemical devices. In Substrates: K. Scott Weil ; Jens Darsell ; John Hardy ; Pacific Northwest Y prior work, it was found that additions of CuO to silver have a significant effect National Laboratory on the wettability and joint strength characteristics of the resulting braze on Air brazing technology is being developed at Pacific Northwest National A polycrystalline alumina substrates. More recently it has been found that various Laboratory as means of joining and/or hemetically sealing metal and ceramic M ternary additions can further improve the wetting characteristics of these filler components used in high-temperature electrochemical devices such as solid metals and/or increase their potential operating temperatures. This presentation oxide fuel cells, oxygen and hydrogen gas concentrators, and sensors. On several will describe the use of several different types of additions, including: (1) a occasions, it has found that when molten, the conventional air braze filler metal titania dopant added to increase wetting, (2) a palladium alloying agent added (Ag-CuO) will react excessively with a given substrate; cobalt-containing oxide to increase use temperature, and (3) inert particulate such as alumina and yttria- or metal alloys tend to be partcicularly reactive. We have developed several PRELIMINARYprocessing strategies that mitigate the extent of interfacial reaction and thereby stabilized zirconia powder/fiber added to increase joint strength. avoid the associated loss in joint strength typically observed. Select examples 9:25 AM and applications will be discussed in this presentation. Effects of Y, Co, and Y/Co Coatings on the Oxidation Kinetics of Ferritic Stainless Steels for SOFC Interconnect Applications: Seong-Hwan Kim1; 11:20 AM Invited 1 Joo-Youl Huh1; Jae-Ho Jun2; Do-Hyeong Kim2; Joong-Hwan Jun2; 1Korea The Operating Characteristics of Diesel-Driven SOFC: Inyong Kang ; 1 1 1 1 1 University; 2RIST Yunhyeok Kang ; Sangho Yoon ; Gyujong Bae ; Joongmyeon Bae ; Korea Ferritic stainless steels are considered as promising interconnect materials Advanced Institute of Science and Technology for SOFCs, owing to their low cost and good thermo-mechanical compatibility The flowrates and composition of the reformate produced by the diesel with other components in SOFCs. However, the continuous growth of poorly autothermal reformer were changed according to the reforming conditions, conducting oxide scales in the SOFC operating environment, which degrades the such as GHSV, H2O/C and O2/C. Therefore, the reforming conditions directly stack performance, is the major challenges to be overcome for the used of ferritic affect the SOFC performance. And, although the reforming performance at a stainless steels as interconnect materials. In this study, we have investigated the certain point is known, the performance of the autothermal reformer and SOFC effects of Y, Co and Y/Co coatings on the oxidation behavior of STS444 and often degrades steadily due to carbon deposition from lighter hydrocarbons. Crofer 22 APU. After oxidation for times up to 1000 h in air at 800°C, uncoated Fortunately, CH4 did not cause any problems when an appropriate H2O/C was and coated samples were characterized using thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray determined for direct internal reforming(DIR) with a Ni-based anode. But other

292 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

light hydrocarbons, such as normal butane(n-C4H10), caused severe carbon examples of the analysis using information theory for the multivariate data of deposition, even at experimentally-proven carbon free conditions for CH4-DIR. inorganic crystal structures. The application of the information theory is mainly Therefore, the maintenance of high diesel conversions is very important for the focused on the classification of structure data and the evaluation of the used longer-term performance of the diesel-driven SOFC system. In this study, the criteria, as the part of the prediction procedure of inorganic crystal-structure. SOFC single stacks and the 5-cell stack were provided by the Korea Electric NSF-International-Materials-Institute:-Combinatorial-Sciences-and-Materials- Power Research Institute(KEPRI). Informatics-Collaboratory-(CoSMIC-IMI). 11:45 AM 9:20 AM Comparison of High Velocity and Quasi-Static Forming of Sheet Metals: Data Mining, First-Principles Calculations and Thermodynamic Modeling Kristin Banik1; Scott Golowin1; John Bradley2; Keith Newman2; Steve Hatkevich3; for Ir-W Alloys: Tao Wang1; Krishna Rajan1; 1Iowa State University Glenn Daehn1; 1Ohio State University; 2General Motors Corporation; 3American Ir-base alloy has been found to be a promising material for high-temperature Trim Corporation applications. Most studies on Ir-base systems have suffered from limited and The ability to manufacture sheet metal components of complex shape by inaccurate thermodynamic information. Our work here has focused on the stamping is limited by the ductility limits. In this study, the formability of a construction of thermodynamic database for the Ir-W system using first- variety of sheet metals were evaluated both quasi-statically and with high- principles approach, thermodynamic modeling and data mining techniques. velocity forming. A single-sided die with narrow serpentine channels was used We have found that a combination of data mining, first-principles calculations with a high pressure urethane pad to establish baseline quasi-static conditions. and thermodynamic modeling can not only provide a reliable thermodynamic The austenitic stainless steel and Ni-based alloy exhibited adequate formability, database but also help us to understand the role of key electronic factors. whereas the other materials failed by splitting. Using the same die, the materials 9:40 AM were subjected to high-velocity electromagnetic forming. This resulted in Informatics Aided Structure Maps: C. Suh1; S. Iwata2; Krishna Rajan1; 1Iowa enhanced ductility. Ti and ferritic stainless steel sheets could now be formed State University; 2University of Tokyo, Research into Artifacts, Center for without splitting. All samples were evaluated for hardness, microstructure, Engineering deformation depth and other properties. The improvement in formability may It is shown how conventional structure maps of spinel nitrides are created be due to the high strain rates (~105 s-1) or the largely compressive stress state from data mining techniques. It is shown how data driven analysis of structural on impact. Efforts to make high velocity processes suitable for commercial use data coupled to property calculations can also help establish structure-property will be discussed. relationships unlike traditional structure maps. Examples are shown for nitrides and how these results compare with classical bi-variate mapping of structure classification. The value of informatics as a powerful tool for developing new Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of structure maps and their role in materials design is discussed. NSF International Materials Institute: Combinatorial Sciences and Materials Informatics Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science: Collaboratory (CoSMIC-IMI). Informatics and Materials Theory and Modeling Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials Processing 10:05 AM and Manufacturing Division, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and Predicting Multi-Component Crystal Structures Using Data Mining and W Engineering Committee Quantum Mechanics: Geoffroy Hautier1; Chris Fischer1; Gerbrand Ceder1; E Program Organizer: Krishna Rajan, Iowa State University 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology Crystal structure prediction is a fundamental problem in computational D Wednesday AM Room: 271 materials science. Although material property predictions can now be reliably N March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center addressed ab initio, for predictions to be relevant, they must be performed on the E stable crystal structure of the compound. Predicting crystal structure is therefore Session Chair: To Be Announced S an essential step in any computational materials design scheme. We have developed a method to predict the structure of multi-component systems using D 8:30 AM data mining and quantum mechanics. We demonstrate an algorithm that detects A Applying Informatics to Semi-Empirical First Principles Calculations: similarities between crystal structure in order to find the structure prototypes in Y S. Broderick1; H. Aourag2; Krishna Rajan1; 1Iowa State University; 2Tlemcen any database. Correlations between prototypes can then be extracted from the University prototyped database to assess the probability for a compound to form in a given In this presentation we discuss how statistical learning techniques can be crystal structure. The results of our prototyping and data mining algorithm on the A used to augment more classical approaches to computational based design of Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) are discussed. M materials. The role of data mining to identify dominant parameters influencing 10:30 AM phase stability calculations is demonstrated. The use of such informatics Representation of Complex Microstructures: A Data Perspective: Richard based techniques to accelerate the computational approaches for first principle LeSar1; 1Iowa State University calculations is discussed. NSF International Materials Institute: Combinatorial PRELIMINARY One of the challenges facing those seeking to apply materials informatics Sciences and Materials Informatics Collaboratory (CoSMIC-IMI). methods is that properties of materials often depend critically on the three- 8:55 AM dimensional distribution of interfaces, defects, impurities, etc., i.e., properties Applying Information Theory to Crystal Structure Design: Chang Kong1; depend on the microstructures of the materials. The key challenge is to represent Changwon Suh1; S. Arapan2; R. Ahuja2; Krishna Rajan1; 1Iowa State University; those microstructures in a way that captures the essential structural features yet 2Uppsala University is simple enough for inclusion in a searchable materials database. In this talk we Data mining and informatics are becoming one of the main areas in the will discuss ways to represent the microstructures of systems of dislocations. We computational methodologies for the materials design. The classification and will base the discussion on results from discrete dislocation simulations and will visualization of data structure by applying appropriate criteria enable us to discuss various scaling relations, cluster expansions, correlation functions, etc. readily extract useful knowledge through the discovery of the trends within the that have been used to capture aspects of the dislocation microstructures. database. The concepts of information theory, which originally started from the telecommunication systems, have been widely used in various fields including materials science especially at the single atom or molecule level. However, there has rarely been a scientific search of their application for the analysis of crystal- level, yet atomically defined, materials. In this presentation, we provide the

11:05 AM Superalloy Grain Growth Model Development through Simulation- Experimentation Integration: Eric Payton1; Gang Wang1; Ning Ma1; Yunzhi Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling Wang1; Michael Mills1; 1Ohio State University of Ti and Its Alloys: Microstructure/Property Grain size is an important input for prediction of mechanical behavior of Correlation II structural materials. Accurate physics-based modeling of grain growth is Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials expected to accelerate the insertion of advanced alloys. During thermomechanical Division, TMS: Titanium Committee processing, the variation of distributions and volume fractions of pinning particles Program Organizers: Ellen Cerreta, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Vasisht with thermal exposure control grain growth behavior and hence determine Venkatesh, TIMET; Daniel Evans, US Air Force the grain size and distribution. Various electron microscopy techniques and digital image processing methods are being used to characterize the grain size Wednesday AM Room: 384 distribution and populations of pinning phases in Ni-base superalloys during March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center thermal exposure. Characterization results are being fed into phase-field and Session Chairs: Thomas Bayha, ATI Allvac/Research and Development; M. mean-field simulations. Simulation results are being compared to experimental Ashraf Imam, Naval Research Laboratory observations, then used to elucidate the microstructural parameters for which additional characterization is needed to increase accuracy and generality of a model for predicting grain size during heat treatment. The established 8:30 AM feedback loop between experimentation and simulation has enabled focused Ageing Behavior of Deep-Hardenable Ti-10V-6Cu Alloy: Hoi Pang Ng1; experimentation and development of fast-acting predictive models. Colleen Bettles1; Barry Muddle1; 1Monash University The phase stability map proposed by Morinaga for titanium alloys indicates a 11:30 AM potential locus for deep-hardenable alloys in the Bo vs Md space. A novel heat- Pandat Software for Materials Property Simulation of Multi-Component treatable beta alloy Ti-10V-6Cu in the vicinity of the locus has been developed Systems Linking Calphad with Materials Informatics: Weisheng Cao1; and the dependence of its isothermal ageing behaviour on initial quench rates Shuanglin Chen1; Fan Zhang1; Kaisheng Wu1; Ying Yang1; Y. Chang2; has been studied. Transmission electron microscopy reveals distinct sizes and 1CompuTherm LLC; 2University of Wisconsin morphologies of omega phase in water-quenched and air-quenched samples. The Pandat, integrating PanEngine, PanOptimizer and PanStar, bridges However, their effect on the ageing behaviours at 350°C and 500°C, respectively, all the functionalities for thermodynamic calculation, property optimization, is confined only to the first few minutes of ageing; after which the hardness and precipitation simulation of multi-component systems based on Calphad profiles are indistinguishable, implying a deep-hardenable character of the alloy. approach. This software package, in combination with thermodynamic/kinetic/ In this work, emphasis is put on the effect of omega phase on the transformation thermophysical databases, provides an integrated workspace for simulating of alpha phase occurred at 500°C ageing. A transitional rhombohedral omega materials properties of multi-component systems. The simulation results, which phase has been characterised and its potential role as the nucleation site for alpha include phase equilibria, thermophysical properties, and microstructure related phase is discussed. information, are critically needed in alloy design, selection of parameters for W fabrication steps such as heat treatment, prediction of performance, and failure 8:50 AM E analysis. In addition to the functionalities provided in Pandat, its calculation/ Elevated Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Boron Modified Titanium optimization engines (PanEngine, PanStar and PanOptimizer) are built as shared Alloys: Deborah Sweeney1; Raghavan Srinivasan1; 1Wright State University D libraries and enable their integrations with other models for wider applications in It has been established that the addition of trace amounts (~0.1 wt%) of N materials science and engineering. This provides a linkage of Calphad approach boron to titanium alloys refines the as-cast grain size by an order of magnitude. E with materials informatics. Reports also indicate that the room temperature corrosion resistance of the boron containing alloys may be substantially greater than conventional titanium alloys. 11:55 AM S In this study, the effects of boron addition on oxidation resistance are investigated, Virtual Candidate Spaces: Developing Design Rules for Data-Driven D since conventional titanium alloys have limited corrosion resistance in air Exploration: Kim Ferris1; Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson1; Dumont Jones2; above 650°C. The mass gain per unit surface area is measured at an elevated A 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory;2 Proximate Technologies, LLC temperature to compare the oxidation of alpha-beta and beta titanium alloys Y Traditional approaches to materials development rely upon a data point by with boron and without boron additions, by exposure to air. These findings are data point approach, becoming highly dependent upon prior art and variations of presented in conjunction with the overall characterization of boron modified current topical materials. This presentation will discuss strategies for identification A titanium alloys. Results include microstructural characterization of the oxide of candidate materials for gamma radiation detection as prototypical examples layer and the formation of the alpha case and also the hardness of each layer. M for more efficient virtual candidate exploration. An information-based approach has been applied to ranking the alkali/alkali earth halide series on their energy 9:10 AM conversion efficiency and luminosity response. Relevant data are sparse (25% Effect of Oxygen on Fracture Toughness and Stress-Corrosion Cracking coverage), but sufficient to complete the forward mapping of materials properties of Ti-6211: Peter Pao1; M. Imam1; Harry Jones1; Robert Bayles1; Jerry Feng1; through materials signatures. ThesePRELIMINARY mappings are used to explore the limits of 1Naval Research Laboratory the conversion efficiency as a function of chemical composition, and examine Oxygen is a potent solid solution strengthener in titanium alloys and, in its relationship with weight density. For scintillator luminosities, we illustrate relatively small concentrations, can significantly increase the tensile strength and that forward mappings are only the starting point for development of design affect the cracking resistance of these alloys. The effect of oxygen concentrations rules, which provide both synthetic guidance for materials chemists as well as a ranging from 0.075 to 0.29 wt% on the fracture toughness, stress-corrosion measure of bounding materials performance. cracking (SCC) resistance, and fatigue crack growth of Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo (Ti-6211) is investigated. While oxygen has little effect on the fracture toughness below 0.236 wt%, it can significantly reduce the fracture toughness at higher concentrations. Oxygen strongly affects the SCC resistance of Ti-6211. The SCC threshold decreases from more than 120 MPavm for an alloy that contains 0.075 wt% O to 40 MPavm for an alloy that contains 0.29 wt% O. The fatigue crack growth kinetics for Ti-6211 is not affected by the oxygen concentration. The interplay of SCC susceptibility, fracture paths, and fracture mechanisms in Ti- 6211 with various amounts of oxygen will be discussed.

294 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

9:30 AM behavior of the material. From those tests, it was determined that the sample

The Effect of Thermal Oxidation on the Fatigue Behavior of Ti6Al4V and with the TiAl3 layers had greater spall strength than the sample without the TiAl3 Ti6Al7Nb Alloys: Onur Meydanoglu1; Mehmet Cingi1; Murat Baydogan1; layers. Huseyin Cimenoglu1; Eyup Kayali1; 1Istanbul Technical University 11:10 AM Ti6Al4V alloy is the most favorable titanium alloy because of good combination Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sponge Ti and Its Alloy of improved strength-to-weight ratio, high fatigue resistance with an excellent Powders with Various Powder Metallurgical Processes: Haitham El Kadiri1; corrosion resistance. It covers more than 50% of total titanium usage. Recently William Peter2; Robert Whitehorn1; Seong Jin Park1; Youssef Hammi1; Randall Ti6Al7Nb alloy has been developed as an alternative to Ti6Al4V by substitution German1; Craig Blue2; Jim Kiggans2; 1Mississippi State University; 2Oak Ridge of vanadium by niobium. In this study, the effect of thermal oxidation on fatigue National Laboratory behavior of Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb has been examined. Based on our previous Newly developed sponge Ti powder and its alloys have price competitiveness study which gives the optimum oxidation conditions, thermal oxidation of alloys in automotive application. In this study, sponge Ti and several alloys with Al, was performed by holding the samples at 600C for 60h in atmospheric conditions. V, Fe, Zn, Mo, Mn, Sn, Nb, and Cr C were investigated in various powder The fatigue tests were performed on as-received and thermally oxidized samples 3 2 metallurgical processes such as vacuum hot press and rolling process, utilizing a rotating bending fatigue tester. Characterization of the oxide layer conventional press and sinter, and powder injection molding. All samples was made by means of optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and hardness were analyzed in term of density, microstructure, and mechanical properties. measurement. The fractured surfaces of the samples were investigated by The microstructures generated by different compositions and processes were scanning electron and stereo microscopes. characterized and modeled to rationalize the conflicting effects of substitutional 9:50 AM elements on the density, yield strength, ductility, and cost. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Properties of Y-Bearing 11:30 AM TiAl Alloy: Yuyong Chen1; 1Harbin Institute of Technology The Effect of Processing Parameters on Biocompatibility of Micro- In this article, the microstructure control and properties for various Arc Oxidized Titanium Alloys: Mert Gunyuz1; Murat Baydogan1; Huseyin microstructures of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y have been studied using relatively large Cimenoglu1; Eyup Kayali1; 1Istanbul Technical University forged pancake. The canned forging pancake was successfully gained. The effect In this study, the effect of micro arc oxidation process on surface morphology of processing and heat treatment on microstructure and properties was studied of Ti Al V alloy. Micro arc oxidation was performed by using an AC power using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy 6 4 supply operating in constant voltage mode between 450-600V using two (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that the different electrolyte. Mechanical and physical properties were evaluated on microstructure of forged pancake consisted of major curved lamellar, broken the surface including hardness, wettability, surface roughness and scratch lamellar and minor dynamic recrystallized grains (DRX) with the size of about resistance of the oxide film. Rockwell C testing was used to compare the relative 1-2µm and the YAl phase at grain boundaries. Three different microstructures, 2 adhesion characteristics of the oxide film. The surface oxidized samples were duplex, nearly lamellar and fully lamellar, have been obtained through heat hold in simulated body fluid (SBF) to compare the biocompatibility. The surface treatment, respectively. And the microstructure evolution was also analyzed. The oxide layer was examined by an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron alloy with duplex microstructure owed the best ductility, the elongation reached microscope before and after SBF testing. Mechanical and physical properties 1.9%, and which with fully lamellar microstructure took on better strength, yield W as well as surface morphology relative biocompatibility of the samples were strength and fracture strength were 557.1MPa and 715MPa, at room temperature, discussed on the basis of micro arc oxidation parameters such as applied voltage E respectively. and electrolyte composition. D 10:10 AM 11:50 AM N Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing(HIP) and Heat Treatment(HT) on An Investigation on Biocompatibility of Titanium Alloys: Nuray Balaban1; Microstructure and Properties of As Cast Ti-15-3 Alloy: Hai Nan1; 1Beijing E Murat Baydogan1; Huseyin Cimenoglu1; Eyup Kayali1; 1Istanbul Technical Insititute of Aeronautical Materials S University Because as cast Ti-15-3 alloy has very high strength compared with as cast Titanium alloys can successfully be used in manufacturing dental and D Ti-6-4 alloy, some critical aero-components are needed cast by Ti-15-3 alloy to orthopedic implants because of high biocompatibility of oxide layer formed substitute other alloy in aviation industry. Before and after HIP and HT, as cast A at the surface. Thermal oxidation is the simplest way in forming an oxide Ti-15-3 alloy microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. After Y layer at the surface and bioactivity of this layer can be further improved with HIP, the cast defects such as shrinkage voids, microvoids and gas holes almost optimizing processing parameters such as time and temperature. In this study, disappeared. After HIP and HT, as cast Ti-15-3 alloy mechanical properties biocompatibility of Ti Al V and Ti Al Nb alloys was evaluated by means of A increased greatly. Especially its ultimate tensile strength was over 1100MPa. 6 4 6 7 holding the samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for seven days. The samples The elongation of as cast Ti-15-3 alloy still need more research to increase it M were subjected to acidic etching and then thermal oxidation at 400°C and 600°C over 4% in order to be widely used. for different times. Characterization of surface layers before and after SBF tests 10:30 AM Break were carried out by means of surface roughness, wettability measurements, XRD and SEM equipped with EDS. Ti6Al7Nb alloy exhibited best bioactivity 10:50 AM PRELIMINARY after acidic etching prior to thermal oxidation at 400°C for 4 hours. Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior Characterization of Ultrasonically Consolidated Titanium – Aluminum Laminates: Tomoko 12:10 PM Sano1; James Catalano1; Daniel Casem1; Dattatraya Dandekar1; 1US Army Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Boron Modified Beta Titanium Alloys: Research Laboratory Balakrishna Cherukuri1; Raghavan Srinivasan1; Sesh Tamirisakandala2; Multilayered hybrid metal laminates have been studied for structural Shibayan Roy3; Satyam Suwas3; 1Wright State University; 2FMW Composite applications due to their potential for higher strength, toughness, and stiffness. Systems; 3Indian Institute of Sciences The goal of this study is to modify and engineer the microstructure and Trace Boron additions to titanium alloys have shown to reduce the grain mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium (CP-Ti) and 1100 aluminum size in as-cast condition. Two beta titanium alloys: Beta-21S and Ti-5553 with (Al) laminates for potential applications in mine blast mitigation. Alternating 0.1 wt% B and without boron additions were used in this investigation. The layers of 50 µm thick CP-Ti and Al layers were ultrasonically consolidated. To effect of Boron on the thermo-mechanical processing is investigated. Isothermal provide high hardness and stiffness, the consolidated material was heat treated compression tests were carried out at temperatures ranging from 775 to 950 C in a variety of conditions to form intermetallic TiAl3 layers. The CP-Ti/TiAl3/Al at different strain rates ranging from 0.001/s to 1/s. The effect of boron on the layers processed by the various heat treatments were characterized by scanning processing of beta alloys will be presented in the light of micro-structural effects electron microscopy to choose the best laminate microstructure for plate impact and the deformation behavior. testing, an instrumented laboratory scale test to characterize the dynamic spall

In order to increase the absorbance efficiency of solar cells, we have developed a three dimensional solar cell structure by depositing a cadmium telluride thin Mechanics and Kinetics of Interfaces in Multi- film overtop carbon nanotube towers. These towers act as both a scaffolding Component Materials Systems: Joint Session with and electrical interconnect. Multiple photon interactions as they reflect between Advances in Semiconductors, Electro Optic and these towers increase the absorption efficiency. We have developed a theoretical Radio Frequency Materials model and computer simulation to maximize the number of photon interactions Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, due to the geometrical characteristics of the system (aspect ratio, spacing, size, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: shape, etc). Simulated modeling has shown that by optimization of parameters Composite Materials Committee, TMS: Thin Films and Interfaces Committee a three dimensional cell can obtain up to a 300% increase in power production Program Organizers: Bhaskar Majumdar, New Mexico Tech; Rishi Raj, University over traditional cells. of Colorado, Boulder; Indranath Dutta, US Naval Postgraduate School; Ravindra Nuggehalli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Darrel Frear, Freescale Semiconductor 9:50 AM Invited Electromigration Related Effects at Hetero-Interfaces in Multi-Component Wednesday AM Room: 279 Systems: Indranath Dutta1; S. Menon1; C. Park1; P. Kumar1; 1US Naval March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center Postgraduate School In many applications with interfaces between dissimilar materials, at least Session Chairs: Anthony Fiory, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Bhaskar one of the components adjoining the interface is subjected to a large current Majumdar, New Mexico Tech density and concurrent Joule heating to high homologous temperatures. Under these conditions, electromigration (EM) becomes prominent, and superposed 8:30 AM Introductory Comments on other thermo-mechanical effects, can cause unusual, scale-sensitive phenomena. In this paper, two instances of EM-related effects next to hetero- 8:40 AM Invited interfaces are discussed. First, the influence of EM-induced interfacial diffusion Morphological Evolution in Polycrystalline Films: Ramanathan on diffusionally accommodated interfacial sliding in thin film structures in Krishnamurthy1; Mikko Haataja2; 1Caterpillar Inc., Technical Center; 2Princeton microelectronic devices will be discussed. Model and experiments capturing University the interaction between EM and interfacial creep will be presented. Secondly, Growth models for polycrystalline films commonly used in optoelectronic/ experimental observations of EM-driven liquid transport along thin film surfaces materials applications do not consider grain size effects. We address this issue via will be presented, along with potential implications for railgun technology. a thermodynamics-based method that effectively handles grain grooving,lateral Based on this, a new method for conformally coating thin film structures with growth and surface fluctuations. Groove profiles formed upon annealing (zero low melting metals, results from which will also be presented. Supported by flux) deviate considerably from the Mullins’ result. Depending upon whether NSF-DMR-0513874 and ONR-MURI-N00014-04-1-0599RQ-M. the annealing transport mechanism conserves mass or not, grooving stops completely at late times/small grain sizes L, or a steady state wherein the entire 10:15 AM Break film is translated along its thickness is attained. The surface roughness, for 10:25 AM Invited W all annealing transport mechanisms, varies as 1/sqrt(L) and L for large/small Interface Reliability in Microelectronic Packages: Vijay Sarihan1; 1Freescale E L, in agreement with recent STEM observations. Using electrodeposition as Semiconductor, Inc. an example, we demonstrate that height profiles for growing films (non-zero Microelectronics and MEMs use a very large variety of packages determined D flux) depend critically upon the ratio of the maximally unstable wavelength for by specific application requirements. This can be from the traditional SOICs all N growth and the grain size. We also present results for the effect of lateral grain the way to recent advanced packages like the Redistributed Chip Package (RCP). E motion on growth morphologies. These packages are multilayered structures, use a variety of different materials S 9:05 AM Invited in the same package and as a result have a large number of distinct interfaces. D Engineered Interfaces for Silicon Solar Cell Applications: Bhushan Sopori1; These packages during assembly, reliability testing and field applications are 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory subjected to a wide variety of processing and environmental exposures like high A Fabricating high-efficiency Si solar cells requires precise control of bulk humidity exposure, high temperature reflow, thermal cycling, shock and drop Y material quality and of the electrical and optical properties of interfaces. To testing. One of the key package reliability concerns is the interfacial reliability, control the optical properties, interfaces are designed to provide minimum and interfacial integrity is crucial to the success of all packages. In this paper a reflection and maximum light trapping within the desired, broad, spectral number of different package types will be addressed where interfacial integrity A range. This is accomplished by providing shaped, rough interfaces and by was the primary failure mode. These include exposed pad SOIC packages, molded M antireflection/reflection coatings. These features result in optical scattering, multi chip packages on insulated metal substrates, anisotropic conductive film leading to very high absorption of the light within a useable spectrum (i.e., in the packages and molded flip chip modules. The emphasis will be on the use of finite 0.4–1.1 µm wavelength range) and a concomitant high photo-carrier generation. element approach with the incorporation of interfacial fracture mechanics. Electronically, interfaces must provide a very low carrier recombination to 10:50 AM prevent loss of photogenerated PRELIMINARY carriers. One additional consideration for Magnetic Field Assisted Assembly-Theory and Experiments: Rene Rivero1; interfaces relates to process design. Solar cell fabrication requires processes such V. Kasisomayajula1; Shanmugamurthy Fnu1; Tzesar Seman1; Sudhakar Shet1; as plasma depositions that can produce surface damage, which can introduce Michael Booty1; Anthony Fiory1; Nuggehalli Ravindra1; 1New Jersey Institute undesirable losses. Hence, such damage must be “healed” during subsequent of Technology processing. This paper reviews methods used in fabricating solar cells to achieve Principles of magnetic field assisted assembly are summarized. Experimental interface control. In particular, we discuss interface design features such as techniques for the assembly process with an optimal control system with feedback texturing, passivation using insulating films with control charge, and minority- is described. The results of the study are analyzed in relation to applications in carrier reflecting mirrors by dopant grading. manufacturing of heterogeneous systems. 9:30 AM 11:10 AM Simulations of Absorption Efficiency for Three Dimensional Carbon Recyclable Clean Copper: A New Generation EMI Shielding Material: Nanotube Based Photovoltaics: Jack Flicker1; Jud Ready1; 1Georgia Tech Colin Tong1; Doug Tilghman1; 1Laird Technologies Research Institute Recyclable clean copper (RCC) is new generation high strength conductive The production of cheap energy from the sun will be a major research material for a wide range of slotted EMI shielding applications. CuBe has long objective in the coming years. Major strides must be made in solar cell efficiency, set the benchmark for EMI shielding and elastic performance. Other alloys including increasing the absorbance efficiency of a cell by etching or texturing. come with compromises in terms of both shielding effectiveness and elastic

296 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

performance. Offering attenuation performance nearly comparable to CuBe it has not been possible to follow the transformation in real time for realistic and stress relaxation similar to that of CuBe, this novel RCC alloy offers an weld cooling cycles. In this paper time resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction appealing alternative to traditional CuBe gaskets. Meeting the attenuation and measurements are used to follow the transformation, texture and residual stress installation requirements of many products, this new alloy fulfills the needs of changes taking place during weld cooling for three weld metals having different manufacturers who face an increasingly competitive global marketplace, in transformation characteristics and transformation temperatures. These results are which consumers are both environmentally concerned and price conscious. RCC used to interpret the state of residual stress, as measured by neutron diffraction, meets their needs by providing excellent attenuation and mechanical properties and texture, as measured by electron back scattered diffraction, found in single- while softening the cost impact of rising copper prices. This paper gives a broad pass groove welds deposited by manual-metal-arc welding using each of the overview of how RCC performs and highlights the key advantages of the novel three weld filler metals on 12 mm thick ferritic steel plates. RCC products. 9:00 AM Invited 11:30 AM The Development of Internal Strains and Texture during Cyclic Deformation A Fabry-Perot Interferometric Pressure Sensor with Alignment Tolerance of Extruded Mg Az31B: Donald Brown1; Sean Agnew2; Ashutosh Jain2; Bjorn and High Temperature Performance: Ivan Padron1; Anthony Fiory1; Clausen2; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2University of Virginia Nuggehalli Ravindra1; 1New Jersey Institute of Technology It has been shown that Mg can twin reversibly during cyclic deformation to The Fabry-Perot interferometry is one of the most popular of the several relatively small strains. We have recently completed in-situ neutron diffraction optical techniques available for the fabrication of an optical sensor that can measurements during strain controlled C-T cycling of extruded Mg to monitor provide high degree of sensitivity, versatility and immunity to environmental the development of the twin volume fraction and microstructure. Twins appear noise. The Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensor (FPIS), to be discussed in this with compressive deformation along the extrusion axis and withdraw with presentation, consists of a Fabry-Perot cavity formed between two bonded subsequent tensile deformation. The recovery (de-twinning) of the twins at the surfaces: a corrugated diaphragm with a center rigid body (or boss) which maximum tensile strain is observed to decrease with increased cycles, that is deflects under external pressure and keeps a high alignment tolerance and a glass the overall twin volume fraction increases. In particular, parent grains which surface with an optical fiber insert. The Fabry-Perot cavity and optical fiber have initially have their plane normals parallel to the straining direction cease to been used as the sensing element and interconnect, respectively. The Fabry- de-twin completely at higher cycles. Despite this, no significant repartition Perot cavity has been fabricated using the MEMS technology. Micromachining of the internal stresses amongst the different grain orientations was observed. techniques make Fabry-Perot sensors very attractive by reducing the size and the However, a significant increase in peak breadth was observed with increased cost of the sensing element. cycle, indicative of increased defect or dislocation density which may inhibit the motion of the twin boundaries. 11:50 AM Studies of PMD Intrinsic Dynamics of Spooled Fibers under Highly Stable 9:25 AM Conditions: Julio Martinez1; 1New Jersey Institute of Technology Elastic and Plastic Behaviors in Duplex Steel Characterized by In-Situ State of polarization (SOP) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of Neutron Diffraction and Self-Consistent Model: Nan Jia1; Yandong Wang1; optical communications fibers in an environmentally controlled atmosphere were Ru Lin Peng2; D. W. Brown3; 1Northeastern University, Key Laboratory for measured at 1550 nm with a 100 nm bandwidth over extended time periods. The Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE); 2Linköping University; 3Los W test fibers, which comprised various dispersion compensation module (DCM) Alamos National Laboratory spools, were sealed within a vibration-isolated isothermal chamber (three-sigma For duplex alloy being subjected to thermo-mechanical treatments, the E temperature variation less than 0.02°C). Autocorrelation function analysis, respective thermal expansion and different mechanical behaviours of each D which is used to establish the average drift time associated with intrinsic fiber constituent phase may lead to a non-uniform partition of stresses between the N decorrelation, reveals slowly varying intrinsic dynamics and suggests non- phases. In addition, the grain-orientation-dependent elastic/plastic anisotropy in constant dielectric properties of the fibers in a stabilized environment. However, each phase may cause micro-mechanical interactions which modify further the E the dynamical magnitudes are much smaller than in fiber-optic communications microscopic load partitioning. In current work, neutron diffraction experiments S links, particularly in buried sections, which are subject to seasonal temperature on the spectrometer for materials research at temperature and stress (SMARTS) D changes and other environmental disturbances. The results are particularly was employed on an austenite-ferrite stainless steel for tracing the evolution of relevant to the hinge model of PMD, which attributes most of the PMD variability micro-stresses that underlies the load sharing among different grain orientations A in a fiber-optic link to environmental exposure of the DCMs. in phases under stress and temperatures fields. Based on the diffraction measured Y lattice strain distributions on multiple lattice reflections, the anisotropic elastoplastic properties of the duplex steel were simulated using a Visco-Plastic A Self Consistent (VPSC) model. Some modelling parameters describing the Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials mechanical behaviours of constituent phases were derived from nanoindentation M Behavior: Stresses/Strains and Structure experiments in combination with EBSD technique. Sponsored by: National Science Foundation, The Minerals, Metals and Materials 9:45 AM Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee PRELIMINARYCyclic Twinning-Detwinning Behavior during the Cyclic Deformation of 1 2 Program Organizers: Rozaliya Barabash, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Yandong a Wrought Magnesium Alloy, ZK60A: Liang Wu ; Ashutosh Jain ; Donald Wang, Northeastern University; Peter K. Liaw, University of Tennessee Brown3; Grigoreta Stoica1; Sean Agnew2; Bjorn Clausen3; Douglas Fielden1; Peter Liaw1; 1University of Tennessee; 2University of Virginia; 3Los Alamos Wednesday AM Room: 391 National Laboratory March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center The twinning and detwinning behavior in a strongly textured magnesium alloy was investigated using in-situ neutron diffraction during the cyclic deformation Session Chairs: Yandong Wang, Northeastern University; Peter Liaw, along the prior extrusion direction. The initial preferred orientation places the University of Tennessee c-axis in most grains perpendicular to the loading axis, and this favors extensive {10-12}<10-11> tensile twinning under compressive loading. In contrast, the 8:30 AM Keynote grains are not favorably oriented to undergo such twinning during monotonic In-Situ Monitoring of Weld Transformations and Their Effect of Weld tensile loading along the prior extrusion axis. This is the reason for the well- Residual Stresses: Philip Withers1; Harry Bhadeshia2; John Francis1; Laura known tension-compression strength asymmetry of wrought magnesium Pocock1; Howard Stone2; 1University of Manchester; 2University of Cambridge alloys. The unique orientation relationship between the parent grains and the The volume and shear changes that occur during martensitic transformation twin grains also favors detwinning during the subsequent loading reversal. The can have a marked effect on the final weld residual stress field. Until recently neutron diffraction indicates that such twinning and detwinning alternates with

the cyclic loading. However, a small volume fraction of residual twins gradually 11:25 AM increases with increasing cycles, which may be an important factor in dictating Variation of Residual Stresses in Drawn Copper Tube: Adele Carradó1; the low-cycle fatigue behavior of the magnesium alloy. Sebastian Brueck2; Laurant Barrallier3; A. Fabre3; Uwe Struhr4; Thomas Pirling5; Heinz Palkowski2; 1Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strausbourg 10:05 AM Break (IPCMS); 2Technical University of Clausthal; 3ENSAM Aix en Provence; 4Paul- 10:15 AM Invited Scherrer-Institut; 5Institut Laue-Langevin Microstructure, Texture, and Residual Stresses in a Friction Stir Processed Seamless tubes are used for many applications, e.g. in heating, transport gases AZ31B Magnesium Alloy: Hahn Choo1; Wanchuck Woo1; Michael Prime2; and fluids, evaporators as well as medical use and as intermediate products for Zhili Feng3; Bjorn Cluasen2; 1University of Tennessee; 2Los Alamos National hydroforming and various mechanical applications. They are produced by cold Laboratory; 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory drawing in one or several steps to reach the final dimension. The production of Spatial variations of microstructure, hardness, chemical composition, tensile rough tubes is normally done by extrusion or rolling on 3-roll-mills, typically behavior, and texture were investigated in a friction-stir processed (FSP) AZ31B resulting in ovality and eccentricity in the tubes. Ovality and eccentricity lead magnesium alloy. Residual stresses were also measured using two different to non-symmetric material flow during the cold drawing process and therewith methods: neutron diffraction and contour method. No significant variations in to inhomogeneous deformation. Because of this non-axisymmetric behavior and the hardness and chemical composition were found in the FSP zones including deviations over the length of the tube caused by moving tools, inhomogeneous the severely deformed stir zone (SZ), which had a finer grain size compared residual stresses are generated. To understand the interconnections between the to the heat-affected zone and base material. On the other hand, significant geometrical changes in the tubes and the residual stresses, the residual strains changes in the yield strength, texture, and residual stresses were observed in the in a copper tube were measured by neutron diffraction and compared with its FSP zones. The relationship between the texture variations and yield-strength changing geometry over length and circumference. reduction; and its influence on the decrease in the residual stress near the SZ 11:45 AM Invited is discussed. Finally, the residual stresses measured by neutron diffraction Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction Study of Internal Stress in and contour method are compared, and the effect of the texture on the neutron Thermomechanically Fatigued Single Crystal Superalloy: Erdong Wu1; Jun diffraction residual stress measurements will be discussed. Zhang1; Sucheng Wang1; Bo Chen2; Guangai Sun2; Vincent Ji3; Darren Hughes4; 10:40 AM Thilo Pirling4; 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal Research; Residual Stresses in LENS®-Deposited AISI 410 Stainless Steel Plates: 2Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Liang Wang1; Haitham Kadiri1; Sergio Felicelli2; Phillip Pratt2; John Berry2; Chemistry; 3Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Matériaux, École Nationale Supérieure Camden Hubbard3; 1Mississippi State University, Center for Advanced Vehicular d’Arts et Métiers; 4Institut Laue-Langevin Systems; 2Mississippi State University; 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory The relationship between internal stress and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) The residual stress in thin plate components deposited by the Laser in a Ni-based single crystal superalloy grown along [001] axis is studied by Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) process was investigated experimentally and neutron and X-ray diffraction. The macroscopic internal stresses in the alloy numerically. Neutron and X-ray diffraction residual stress mapping was used generally increase with the TMF cycles until the sample is necked. However, the to characterize the through-thickness stresses and surface stresses in LENS®- internal stress in the precipitate γ’ phase increases more significantly than that in W deposited AISI 410 stainless steel thin wall plates. Using the commercial welding the matrix γ phase during TMF. The stress developed during TMF cycles in the E software SYSWELD, a thermo-mechanical three-dimensional finite element vertical channel of the γ phase along the loading axis is compressive, whereas model was developed, which considers also the effect of metallurgical phase that in the horizontal channel is tensile. The microstrains and mosaicity in the D transformations. The model was employed to predict the temperature history γ/γ’phases also increase during TMF, but the trends of their developments are N and the residual stress field during the LENS® process. Several simulations not consistent with that of the internal stresses. These trends and the associated E were performed with the geometry and process parameters that were used to TEM examination indicate that the failure by TMF is mostly caused by the S build the experimental samples. The origin of the residual stress distribution is development of defect related stresses in the γ’phase. discussed based on the thermal histories of the samples, and the modeling results 12:10 PM D are compared with measurements obtained by diffraction mapping. Investigation of Residual Stresses in Austenitic Stainless Steel with X-Ray A 11:00 AM Invited Area Detector: Leng Chen1; 1University of Science and Technology Beijing Y Application of In-Situ Characterization Methods in Developing the An approach to residual stresses measurement was proposed based on X- Advanced Numerical Models to Predict the Constitutive Behaviors of TRIP ray area detector diffraction system, which gives a direct relationship between A Steels: Xin Sun1; W.N. Liu1; M.A. Khaleel1; Z.H. Cong2; N. Jia2; Yandong Wang2; the diffraction cone distortion and strain tensor. The benefit of the new method P.K. Liaw3; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 2Northeastern University; is that all the data points on diffraction rings are used to calculate stresses so M 3University of Tennessee as to get better measurement result with less data collection time, and have Compared to other advanced high-strength steels, TRIP steels exhibit better many advantages over the conventional X-ray diffraction in dealing with highly ductility at a given strength level and can be used to produce complicated textured materials, coarse-grained materials, or weak diffraction intensity which automotive parts. This enhanced formability comes from the transformation of attributed to “virtual oscillation” function of X-ray area detector. Results of retained austenite to martensite duringPRELIMINARY plastic deformation. Development of an the residual stresses measurements in austenitic stainless steel with X-ray area advanced quantitative microstructure-based constitutive model for capturing the detector were described. deformation behavior of the TRIP steels is the first step in predicting optimum processing parameters in steel productions. To develop the micro-mechanical model accounting for the complex deformation behaviors of TRIP steels, in- situ high-energy X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments have been used in this study to quantify the lattice stress-strain relations to validate various numerical results. Some new progresses of experimental and theoretical work will be presented in this talk. The applications of those advanced models in the development of newer steel products as well as the associated manufacturing processes will be elucidated.

298 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

9:50 AM Magnetic Order in Proton Irradiated Graphite: Curie Temperatures and Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: Magnetoresistance Effects: Jose Barzola-Quiquia1; Pablo Esquinazi1; D. Carbides, Semiconductors and Other Non-Metals Spemann1; M. Rothermel1; T. Butz1; N. García2; 1University of Leipzig; 2Consejo Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, American Nuclear Society, Superior de Investigaciones Científicas TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Committee Defect induced magnetic order is a new phenomenon in material science Program Organizers: Gary Was, University of Michigan; Stuart Maloy, Los Alamos that refers to the triggering and manipulation of magnetic order and magnetic National Laboratory; Christina Trautmann, Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung; moments in nominally non-magnetic materials by lattice defects and/or non- Maximo Victoria, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory magnetic add atoms. A noticeable example of this effect is the magnetic order at room temperature produced by proton irradiation of graphite. In this work Wednesday AM Room: 389 we have managed to increase the ferromagnetic signal by cooling the graphite March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center samples at 110K during proton irradiation, diminishing in this way annealing Session Chairs: Christina Trautmann, Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung effects. SQUID measurements of the magnetization show a fluence dependent (GSI); William Weber, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Curie temperature. The longitudinal magnetoresistance and the Hall effect show an irreversible behavior similar to that found in ferromagnetic films indicating spin/domain reorientation effects. The observed magnetoresistance effects and 8:30 AM Curie temperatures above room temperature are promising facts that may lead to The Evolution of Charged-Particle Irradiation Damage in Silicon Carbide: useful carbon-based devices in the near future. William Weber1; Fei Gao1; Ram Devanathan1; Yanwen Zhang1; Weilin Jiang1; In-Tae Bae1; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 10:10 AM Break Experimental charged-particle irradiations and multi-scale computer 10:30 AM simulations have been used to investigate the primary damage state and evolution Search for Radiation Cation Defects in Binary Ionic Crystals: Aleksandr of radiation damage in silicon carbide as functions of temperature and charged- Lushchik1; 1University of Tartu particle mass and energy. Atomistic simulations of energetic collision cascades The creation processes of anion and cation structural defects under irradiation indicate that single interstitials, vacancies, antisite defects, and small defect of wide-gap (7-15 eV) binary dielectrics by fast electrons, alpha-particles, clusters are produced. Atomistic simulations have determined the activation heavy ions and VUV radiation of 7-35 eV have been investigated in a wide energies for close-pair recombination and long-range diffusion, which are temperature range (5-750 K) using the methods of optical and thermoactivation used in a kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) simulation model to describe isochronal spectroscopy. Besides universal impact mechanism, Frenkel defects are formed annealing of defects in SiC between cascade events. At the charged-particle at the decay of various intrinsic and impurity-related electronic excitations. fluxes normally used in the laboratory to simulate neutron irradiation damage, Using pure and doped LiF and NaCl crystals as an example, it is shown that the ratio of ionization rate to displacement rate in SiC has a significant impact the nonimpact creation of cation Frenkel defects via the decay of electronic on observed temperature-dependent processes. A fundamental understanding of excitations is responsible for several radiation effects at 400-800 K. At low these ionization effects is needed if charged-particle irradiation results are to be temperatures, the creation efficiency of cation defects by X-rays in these crystals W used to develop predictive models of damage evolution in SiC. is low. Thus, a search for cation defects is especially promising under crystal 9:10 AM irradiation by heavy ions providing extremely high density of excitations and E Proton Irradiation Study of GFR Candidate Ceramics: Jian Gan1; Yong suitable conditions for high-temperature defect stabilization. D Yang2; Clayton Dickerson2; Todd Allen2; 1Idaho National Laboratory; 2University 10:50 AM N of Wisconsin-Madison Behavior of 6H-SiC Irradiated to Extremely Low Doses: Weilin Jiang1; E This work investigated the microstructural response of ZrC, ZrN, TiC, TiN Ponnusamy Nachimuthu1; William Weber1; Lev Ginzbursky2; 1Pacific Northwest S and SiC irradiated with 2.6 MeV protons at 800°C to a single dose in the range National Laboratory; 2L.G. Tech-Link of 1.5 to 3.0 dpa depending on the material. The change of lattice constant Irradiation of 6H-SiC single crystals was performed using energetic H+ ions. D evaluated using HOLZ patterns is not observed and is small when measured The changes in lattice parameters were measured as a function of dose using A using XRD for the irradiated samples up to 1.5 dpa for 6H-SiC and up to 3.0 dpa high-resolution x-ray diffraction. In general, the lattice parameter changes are Y for ZrC and ZrN. In comparison to Kr ion irradiation at 800°C to 10 dpa from the small and anisotropic at extremely low doses. The c-axis lattice parameter c previous studies, the proton-irradiated ceramics at 3.0 dpa show less irradiation increases monotonically with the increasing dose, which could be attributed to damage to the lattice structure. The irradiated ZrC exhibits faulted loops which aligned interstitials along the c-axis. In contrast, the a-axis lattice parameter a A are not observed in the Kr ion irradiated sample. The irradiated ZrN shows the decreases at the extremely low doses, which may originate from the irradiation- M least microstructural change from proton irradiation. The microstructure of 6H- induced vacancies and the possible formation of antisite defects. As a result, an SiC irradiated to 3.0 dpa consists of black dot type of defects at high density. initial volumetric contraction of the unit cell occurred. To our best knowledge, 9:30 AM this behavior of 6H-SiC has not been reported previously. As the dose increases, Light and Heavy Ions Effects on thePRELIMINARY Electrical and Mechanical Properties both parameters a and c increase with respect to the initial disordering stage. of GPC:SiC Composites: B. Chhay1; Claudiu Muntele1; D. Ila1; 1Alabama Eventually, the interstitial concentration reaches to such a level that lattice A&M University expansion becomes dominant along all directions. Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC) is a unique biocompatible material that 11:10 AM can withstand high temperature and present excellent mechanical and electrical Vacancy Cluster Dynamic in Silicon: Nelída Smetniansky-De Grande1; Martín properties. When nanoparticles of Silicon Carbide (SiC) is added in the GPC Alurralde1; Julian Fernández1; 1National Commission of Atomic Energy matrix, the electrical conductivity of the composite increases as well as the Most of electronic devices in satellites are made of silicon. In space mechanical performance. In this work, we used a molding method to prepare environment they are in extreme conditions including radiation due to charged samples of SiC/GPC composite with 3 different concentrations of SiC and we particles (mainly electron and protons). At microscope scale the impinging bombarded them with light and heavy ions to study the induced changes in the particle can transfer enough energy to lattice atoms to displace from its electrical resistivity and in the Young’s modulus of the composites. Results will position producing defects (self-interstitials, vacancies and clusters). In order be presented during the meeting. This research was sponsored by the Center for to predict the degradation of the device it is necessary to know the evolution Irradiation of Materials, Alabama A&M University and by the AAMURI Center and distribution of defects. Most of studies on defect evolution were done on for Advanced Propulsion Materials under the contract number NNM06AA12A defects produced during fabrication process or implanted for doping, both cases from NASA, and by National Science Foundation under Grant No. EPS- at substantially high temperature. In space the temperature changes from -100 0447675. to 100°C. At this temperatures the mobility of vacancies is several order higher

than of interstitials, the proposed model consider that only vacancies are moving 9:05 AM to study the evolution of the distribution of vacancies, interstitials and clusters Interfacial Reaction and Thermal Fatigue of Zn-4wt.%Al-1wt.%Cu/Ni using computational techniques. Solder Joint: Yoshikazu Takaku1; Ikuo Ohnuma1; Yasushi Yamada2; Yuji Yagi2; Ikuo Nakagawa3; Takashi Atsumi3; Kiyohito Ishida1; 1Tohoku University 11:30 AM Graduate School of Engineering; 2Toyota Central Research and Development Trim as a Tool to Study Radiation Effects on Solar Cells: Martín Alurralde1; Laboratory Inc.; 3Toyota Motor Corporation Alberto Filevich1; 1National Commission of Atomic Energy The Zn-Al-Cu eutectic alloy (Tm=381°C) is a candidate for use as a Pb-free The Trim code is a very used tool to study ions in matter, but has its limitations high temperature solder as a substitute for Pb-base high solders. It is suitable specially when several layers with very different thickness are together. This for severe working environments such as the engine room of hybrid vehicles paper shows how to applied this code to predict the degradation of a multijunction equipped with an inverter system as well as a heat engine. In this study, the solar cell, the so call CAC method. interfacial reaction between Zn-Al-Cu alloys and the Ni substrate during soldering and thermal cycling was investigated. Semiconductor chips and Ni- plated Cu substrates were soldered with Zn-Al-Cu alloys at various temperatures Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive under a nitrogen atmosphere. The soldered assemblies were then heat-treated at 200°C and 300°C to examine the microstructural evolution at the soldered Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII: Session interface. The effect of severe thermal cycles between -40°C and 250°C III in the air on the microstructure and fracture behavior at the solder joint was Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, investigated. Even after a 1000-cycle test, the thickness of Al3Ni2 layer formed and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee at the interface was quite small. Program Organizers: Sinn-wen Chen, National Tsing Hua University; Srinivas Chada, Medtronic; Chih Ming Chen, National Chung-Hsing University; Hans Flandorfer, 9:20 AM University of Vienna; A. Lindsay Greer, University of Cambridge; Jae-Ho Lee, Hong Ik Dissolution and Interfacial Reaction between Cu and Sn-Ag-Cu Solders: University; Kejun Zeng, Texas Instruments Inc; Katsuaki Suganuma, Osaka University Chih-Chiang Chang1; C. Robert Kao1; 1National Taiwan University In electronic packaging, the dissolution of the Cu layer of the under-bump Wednesday AM Room: 278 metallizations or surface finishes during reflow is one of the most important March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center processing concerns. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigade in Session Chairs: Yee-wen Yen, National Taiwan University of Science and depth the dissolution of Cu into SnAgCu solders with various Cu concentrations. Technology; Alexandre Kodentsov, Eindhoven University of Technology The effect of solder volume on dissolution rate will also be studied. In this study, solder balls of different concentrations Sn3AgxCu(x=0/0.3/0.5/0.7wt.%) and different diameters, 500 or 760µm, are employed to study the influence of Cu 8:30 AM Invited concentration as well as the solder volume. It is found that the Cu concentration Interactions in the Sn-Cu-Ni System: Alexandre Kodentsov1; 1Eindhoven and solder ball volume have very strong effect on the Cu consumption rate. University of Technology The different initial Cu concentration in the SnAgCu ternary solder changed W It was found that small additions (a few percents) of Ni in Cu significantly alter the dissolution driving force(the Cu concentration gradient). The results of this E the course of the interfacial reactions. No Cu3Sn is formed at the substrate/solder study suggeste that a high Cu-content SnAgCu solder can be used to reduce the interface, and the Cu6Sn5-based reaction product was found to grow almost an dissolution of Cu pad. D order of magnitude faster compared to that in the Cu/Sn binary diffusion couple. N Though this demonstration is a really remarkable one, given the fact that the Sn- 9:35 AM Cu-Ni system is, perhaps, the most important material system for Pb-free solder Interfacial Reaction between Sn-Ag-Bi-In Lead-Free Solder and Copper E 1 1 1 technology, little is yet known in a detail way on the mechanism governing this Substrate: Ming-Hsiun Chen ; Che-Hsiun Huang ; Wei-Tang Chen ; Albert S peculiar reaction phenomenon. Since the additions of the alloying element to the Wu2; 1National Taipei University of Technology; 2National Central University D Cu6Sn5-superlattice results in changes of electron concentration in the system, It is still important to find a new solder alloy system for the replacement of A it may be conjectured that the presence of Ni-atoms stabilizes a long-period eutectic SnPb solder. Though Sn-Ag-Bi alloy is one of the choices for lead-free superlattice of the low-temperature modification of the Cu6Sn5-phase. solder, bismuth usually deteriorates the mechanical properties of the joints. The Y addition of indium can lower the melting point of the alloy but will not reduce 8:50 AM the mechanical strength of the joints. In this study, we investigated the interfacial Interfacial Behavior between Bi-Ag Solders and the Ni Substrate: Hsin-Yi reaction between Sn-Ag-Bi-In solder and Cu substrate. By using different reflow A 1 1 1 Chuang ; Jenn-Ming Song ; National Dong Hwa University conditions, the growth of intermetallic compound was conducted by measuring M This present study investigated the interfacial reaction between molten Bi- the thickness versus reflow time and temperature. The interfacial reaction for Ag alloys and Ni substrate. The kinetics of substrate dissolution and the growth different contents of indium added in the Sn-Ag-Bi system was also studied. The of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were explored. The results show that compounds formed in the reaction are mainly Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn at the interface. the dissolution could be divided in two stages, namely, the linear stage and the The kinetics of compound growth was also investigated in this study. steady stage. Ni dissolution obeyedPRELIMINARY the parabolic relationship in the former stage about 20 minutes, afterward the dissolution remained almost constant. Two 9:50 AM IMCs, NiBi3 and NiBi, were observed at the interface. Based on the differences Thermal Stability Improvements in Cu Metallization on Barrierless in the composition and morphology, it could be demonstrated that NiBi3 formed GaAs: Wean-Kuan Leau1; Jinn. P. Chu1; V.S. John1; 1National Taiwan Ocean via interfacial reaction as well as crystallization in isothermal period and also University during solidification. The NiBi layer formed between NiBi3 and Ni substrate Barrierless copper metallization of GaAs device was performed using Cu/ was believed growing through a solid-state transformation. It was also found GaAs and Cu(TaNx)/GaAs structures by co-sputtering system. The pure Cu and that the Ag addition accelerated the dissolution of Ni and thus the growth of Cu(TaNx) films were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, focussed ion beam, Ni-Bi IMCs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low angle X-ray diffractometry, which authenticates the results. The Cu films on GaAs were very stable up to 350°C for 1 hour. The Cu(TaNx) films on GaAs show better thermal stability up to 450°C for 1 hour. The thermal stability improvement by doping a minor amount of TaNx into Cu has been confirmed. The thermal property and microstructure results will be presented and discussed. 10:05 AM Break

300 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

10:20 AM Invited 11:25 AM Suppressing the Growth of Cu5Zn8 Intermetallic Layer in Sn-Zn-Ag-Al- Modelling Sn-Cu Interfacial Reactions with the Phase Field Method: An Ga/Cu Solder Joints: Kwang-Lung Lin1; R. Lai1; Budiman Salam1; 1National Serbruyns1; Nele Moelans1; Bart Blanpain1; Patrick Wollants1; 1Katholieke Cheng Kung University Universiteit Leuven The presence of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the interface During soldering and subsequent thermal cycling, an intermetallic compound between solder and substrate indicated a bond actually formed between the solder (IMC) layer is formed between the molten solder and the solid substrate, which and the substrate. Besides its advantage for bonding the solder and the substrate, is required for a strong bond. However, thick IMC layers are detrimental for its disadvantage is that it is generally the most brittle part of the solder joint. mechanical properties of the joint. Therefore, their growth has to be controlled. In this study, the growth of IMC layers was seen slower as the silver content The behaviour of the IMC layers in Sn-Cu systems is studied using a phase-field increased in the Sn-8.5Zn-Ag-Al-Ga/Cu alloy systems. The experimental results model. In the phase field method, microstructures are represented by a set of phase show that the total thickness of the IMC layers in the studied solder alloy with field variables that are continuous functions of the spatial coordinates and time. 1.5wt.% silver content is about half that in the studied solder alloy without The model uses a diffuse interface approach, which allows the consideration of silver added. The reduction might be due to the formation of the (Ag, Cu)-Zn several concurrent microstructural processes for complex morphologies, without intermetallic at the interface of the silver added solder which in the no silver a considerable increase of the mathematical complexity. Influence of diffusion solder, Cu5Zn8 was normally found. coefficient ratios, start concentrations, elastic properties and other parameters are investigated. 10:40 AM Interfacial Reaction between Eutectic SnZn Solder and Thin-Film Cu 11:40 AM Substrate: Chih Ming Chen1; Chih Hao Chen1; 1National Chung-Hsing Prediction of the IMC Formation at the Interface between Two Metals: University Huashan Liu1; ZhanPeng Jin1; 1Central South University SnZn eutectic alloy is a promising lead-free solder. Copper is a common Formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the interface between 2 metallic substrate in electronic devices. Thus, interfacial reactions at the SnZn/ metals during soldering processing may inevitably affect the electrical and Cu solder joints are studied extensively. However, the Cu is usually the bulk mechanical performance of integrate circuits (ICs). Hence prediction of the type; interfacial reaction regarding the thin-film Cu substrate is not studied formation sequence of IMCs benefits the design of electronic packaging process yet. In this talk, we will present that the interfacial reaction of thin-film Cu is and packaging structure as well. By involving the effect of both thermodynamic different from that of bulk Cu. Reaction product and interfacial morphology will and kinetic factors (including nucleation and growth) on phase formation, 2 be discussed and compared between the bulk and thin-film Cu types. empirical models were respectively proposed to predict the phase formation at the interface between 2 metals with different structures and with the same structure. 10:55 AM Applications of these models on the interfacial reactions between pure elemental Interfacial Reactions between Pb-Free Solders and In/Ni/Cu Substrates: pairs of metals such as Ni/Sn, Cu/In, Cu/Sn, Ni/Bi and Co/Sn, and Al/Cu and Yee-wen Yen1; Wei-kai Liou1; Hong-yao Wei1; Chiapyng Lee1; 1National Taiwan Al/Ni at different temperatures show good agreement with experiments and the University of Science and Technology examination of their credibility for multi-component systems is underway. This study investigated the interfacial reactions between Pb-free solders-Sn- 3.0 wt%Ag-0.5 wt%Cu (SAC) and Sn-0.7 wt%Cu (SC), and In/Ni/Cu multilayer W substrates by the diffusion bonding method. The reflow temperatures were at E 160, 180 and 200°C for various lengths of time, and then samples were annealed Pyrometallurgy - General Sessions: Pyrometallurgy at 100°C for 100 to 500 hours. The experimental results show that the scalloped Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and D Cu6Sn5 phase was formed and spread over the SAC/In/Ni/Cu and SC/In/Ni/Cu Processing Division, TMS: Pyrometallurgy Committee N interface. The ternary Ni-In-Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) was formed when Program Organizer: Boyd Davis, Queens University the samples were aged at 100°C. At the reflow temperature was increased to E 200°C, only one Cu6Sn5 phase was formed on the solder/substrate interface even Wednesday AM Room: 283 S the reaction couple was aged at 100°C for 500 hours. According to mechanical March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center D test, the formation of the Ni-In-Sn ternary IMC cause the mechanical strength of Session Chair: Michael Potesser, University of Leoben A the solder joint decrease. Y 11:10 AM Local Resistance Measurements via Four Points Probe (4pp) Method in 8:30 AM Eutectic Solder Assembly after Temperature Cycling Test by SEM Internal Enhanced Reduction of Self-Reducing Pellet of Chromites with Fe-Si A Probing Technique: T.I. Shih1; Yung-Chi Lin1; Jeng-Gong Duh1; Tom Hsu2; Addition in the Reductant: Cyro Takano1; Adolfo Zambrano1; Marcelo M 1National Tsing Hua University; 2United Microelectronics Corporation Mourao1; 1University of Sao Paulo Interfacial reaction for the flip chip solder bump of Sn63-Pb37 structure and Fe-Cr-C production is a very high electrical energy consuming process. electrical characterization for lead-free materials in the bump technology under When self-reducing agglomerates are used it is expected to decrease up to 10% TCT of environmental tests were investigated.PRELIMINARY In the industry, there is very of this electrical energy. This research aims to understand how the synergetic limited success in understanding the precision of electrical resistance via four effects are when stronger reductant, like Fe-Si, is substituted for coke. Brazilian points probe method, as well as in reducing resistance errors due to inaccuracy in chromites containing 41.2%Cr2O3 were mixed with petroleum coke, small the positions of the probes. The present study was aimed to provide an innovative amount, 1%, 2% and 4% of Fe-75%Si and agglomerated with cement as the attempt to cast additional light on this critical subject through local nano-probing binder. The mixture was pelletized, dried and submitted at temperatures 1773K in a high-resolution scanning analytical electron microscope (FEI XL-30). The up to complete the reactions. The results showed that the reduction reactions microstructure, elemental distribution and electrical characterization of IMCs were 1.4 and 2 times faster with 1% and 2%Fe-Si addition, respectively, than were thoroughly examined using an integrated combination set-up of FE- with no addition. The microscopic analysis showed that a liquid phase formed EPMA, SEM nano-probing system and SELA-EM2. This allows us to obtain but the pellet did not collapse and indicated that the coalescence of the metallic a well-documented correlation between the electrical properties of the specific phase depends on the dissolution of the pre-reduced particles of the chromites IMCs and their morphology as well as microstructure. into slag.

8:55 AM 10:55 AM Improvements Carried out at Huelva Smelter in the 2007 General Production of Separating Precious Metals from Base Metals in Gold- Shutdown: A Review: Rafael Fernandez-Gil Bando1; Carlos Ortiz1; Juan Antimony Alloys by Selective Chlorination Leaching under Controlling Moreno1; 1Atlantic Copper SA Potential: Liu Weifeng1; Yang Tianzu1; Dou Aichun1; Chen Fangbin1; Liu Yong1; The Huelva Flash Smelting Furnace was commissioned in September 1975. 1Central South University The Smelter and the Acid Plant was expanded in 1995 to its present capacity Owing to the existing problems in the electrolysis of gold-antimony alloys of 300,000 tpa new copper equivalent and one million tonnes of concentrate process, the new hydro-technology of separating precious metals from base per year. During these years of operational experience, most of the initial metals have been studied in china. In this paper, the new hydro-technology practices have been reviewed, process control has drastically improved and main of separating precious metals from base metals has been introduced in detail. process equipment has been modernised. The fourth Flash Furnace campaign The technology of selective chlorination leaching under controlling potential lasted 9 years (1995-2004) during which 8 million tonnes concentrate were has been applied to treat the gold-antimony alloys. The impurity metals were smelted. Increasing in sulphur content in concentrates and new environmental removed effectively since the leaching efficiencies of copper, nickel and requirements imply new challenges for smelters to keep production and operation antimony are over 99%, with direct recovery of gold being 99.83%. Silver, costs. This paper is an overview of the modifications and improvements carried antimony, copper and nickel were recovered effectively. The crude gold powder out in the 2007 general shutdown in Smelter and Acid Plants. Also environmental containing 94% gold can be obtained from the residue. The direct recovery of improvements carried out on Smelter gasses treatment systems are described. gold can be improved from 70% to 99.83%. This technology has been applied successfully in the treatment of gold-antimony alloys since September 2005. 9:20 AM Many former procedures have been cancelled, such as electrolysis, Anode slime Impurities Behavior under Oxidization and Reduction Conditions of Non- leaching by nitric acid, smelting in crucible and blowing in muffle. Ferrous Pyrometallurgical Process: German Wastavino1; 1IM2 Codelco In recent years the amount of the impurities such as As and Sb in the smelting process has increased because of the quality of the copper concentrate, producing a high variation of the concentration of impurities in the anode. This behavior Recycling: Light Metals create an additional problem in the electrolytic refining because it affects the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and ratio As/(Sb+Bi), increasing the concentration of As and Sb in the cathode. Processing Division, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Recycling and Environmental The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of oxidization and reduction Technologies Committee conditions in different processes.Teniente Converter, Pierce Smith Converter Program Organizers: Christina Meskers, Delft University of Technology; Greg and Slag Cleaning Electric Furnace were evaluated under different industrial Krumdick, Argonne National Laboratory sceneries to achieve a high impurities volatilization. The present work describes the main results and conclusions of this study. It was found that the behavior Wednesday AM Room: 280 of impurities in electric furnace might limit the process, because the recovered March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center metal contains high concentration of As and Sb which is usually recirculated to conventional converting process. Session Chair: Christina Meskers, Delft University of Technology W 9:45 AM Break E 8:30 AM 10:05 AM Dynamic Processes for the Recycling of Low-Quality Aluminum Charge D 1 New Pyrometallurgical Bullion Lead Refining Process: Michael Potesser ; Materials: Simon Lekakh1; David Robertson1; Sergey Rimoshevsky2; Leonid 2 1 1 2 N Burkhardt Holleis ; Helmut Antrekowitsch ; University of Leoben; Messer Tribyshevsky2; Vladimir Tribyshevsky2; 1University of Missouri-Rolla; E Austria GmbH 2Belarusian National Technical University S After the primary or secondary lead production the bullion lead is remelted Melting processes may be classified into two groups – stationary and and charged into a vessel with following refining process. The removing of dynamic. In stationary processes the melt and solid charge are immovable or D arsenic, antimony and tin takes place by salt slags or oxidizing gases like air listlessly moving by natural convection. In dynamic processes there is active A or pure oxygen. Due to the increasing lead price Messer Austria GmbH and motion of the solid charge and melt inside the furnace by external mechanical Y in cooperation with the institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy at the University of or electromagnetic forces. Features of these processes were analyzed from the Leoben developed a new process named OXIPOT for the refining of Sn, As point of view of metal recovery and energy efficiency when charge materials and Sb. The OXIPOT process bases on the bottom purging technology with a with different metallurgical quality were used. The dynamic melting processes A ceramic or steel purging device. This leads to an increased retention time of the have the possibility of increased aluminum recovery from low-quality scrap M refining products due to the deeper bath level and an optimized specific reaction with oxidized surface, such as turnings and dross, by effective separation of melt volume concerning the bubble size. This paper describes the process, pilot plant, from slag with using special fluxes. The melting parameters in a dynamic rotary thermodynamic calculations for the optimisation concerning the selectivity of furnace were experimentally studied and computationally modeled. Technical element removal and an economic calculation. results will be presented of using a small size (0.5 t) rotary furnace for recycling 10:30 AM PRELIMINARYlocally-sourced low-quality aluminum charge materials over a period of several The Investigation of Domestic Iron Ores for Sponge Iron Production: Ercin years. Ersundu1; Nuri Solak1; Süheyla Aydin1; 1Istanbul Technical University 8:50 AM In the present work, three different domestic iron ores; Sivas Divrigi B Head Fundamental Study of the Decoating of Aluminium Beverage Can: Xiangjun high grade hematite, Malatya-Hekimhan-Hasançelebi medium and low grade Zuo1; Lifeng Zhang1; 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology magnetite lump ores reduced with Soma-Kisrakdere lignite coal to investigate The first step of the recycling of aluminium beverage can is decoating, removing their suitability for sponge iron production. In the experimental studies different surface layer of plastic (polyester coat on the inwall of can) and paint (on the operation parameters were selected being Cfix/Fetot ratio, temperature in the ectotheca). In the current study, Small pieces of Carlsberg beer can were heated range of 1100-1250°C and time, to determine their effects on metallization. in TG/DTA and MS machines at different heating rates and different carrying gas Metallization degree of 88% was calculated in the reduction experiments realized flow rates. SEM is used to observe the structure of the samples before and after by using Sivas Divrigi B Head lump ore, whereas for Malatya-Hekimhan- decoating. The activation energy of reactions at different temperature is deduced Hasançelebi magnetite lump ores 65-70% metallization degrees were obtained. according to the experimental data. A model has been developed to describe the Additionally, kinetic calculations have been performed and it was found that the decoating process. reduction reactions obey the Ginstling – Brounshtein type diffusion controlled model. Activation energy values were determined in the range of 55–150 kJ/mol for different types of iron ores, which is in agreement with the literature data.

302 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

9:10 AM 9:00 AM The Recycling of Aluminum from Building and Construction (B and C) Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Seamless Tubing: Donald Mitchell1; Applications: Subodh Das1; John Green2; John Kaufman1; 1Secat Inc; 2JASG Todd Leonhardt1; 1Rhenium Alloys Inc Consulting An increase in demand for longer length and thinner wall tubing, along The aluminum industry is a leading proponent of global sustainability and has with technological advancements in design and applications have resulted for many decades strongly advocated recycling of the metal. Recycled aluminum in requirements of higher quality and greater precision of molybdenum and is a key and growing component of the U.S. metal supply and in recent years has molybdenum alloy seamless tubing. Several methods of production will be actually exceeded the aluminum supplied from primary production. The use of discussed; including plug drawing and mandrel drawing. Mechanical properties recycled aluminum saves ~95% of both the energy and emissions associated with and microstructures will also be illustrated and discussed. Several of the industries the smelting of aluminum and reduces reliance on foreign imports. This paper benefiting from these materials are temperature measurement, medical, nuclear, explores the recycling of aluminum from the building and construction (B and and aerospace. C) markets, taking advantage of a European study by Delft Technical University. 9:25 AM Significant potential savings from recycling during building demolition with The Response of an NbSi Alloy to Net Shape HIPping: Qiang Li1; Roger aluminum recoveries averaging ~95% are demonstrated. A rudimentary on-site Morrell2; Xinhua Wu1; 1University of Birmingham; 2National Physical alloy sorting scheme is proposed and a pathway forward is suggested to validate Laboratory the sorting approach and confirm the recycling potential. Further, the potential Hot Isostatic pressing (HIPping) has been used to consolidate atomised for reuse of the resultant alloy content is considered. Nb-16Si-25Ti-8Hf-2Cr-2Al using a three stage HIPping process to produce 9:30 AM a near net shape component. The creep and oxidation behaviour of the as- Microstructures Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Rare Earth HIPped powder have been assessed. The consolidation during HIPping has been Magneium Alloy Machined Chips Recycled by Severe Plastic Deformation: monitored using analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Tao Peng1; Qudong Wang2; 1Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Materials X-Ray diffraction. The powder is HIPped in mild steel tooling to define the Science and Engineering; 2Shanghai Jiaotong University, State Key Laboraroty shape after which it is de-canned and HIPped at higher temperatures in order of Metal Matrix Composite to remove the remaining porosity. Young’s modulus and the shear moduli of GW103K Rare earth magnesium alloy machined chips were recycled by the powder-HIPped samples have been measured and are similar to those found CEC (cyclic extrusion compression) technology. In this work, the total recycling in cast samples. The oxidation properties are similar to those of cast samples course mainly included sintering technology of Machined chips and CEC of the but the creep properties are worse, presumably because of the fine scale of the sintered billets. Machined chips were sintered at the temperature of 673K, 723K microstructure. These observations are discussed in terms of using HIPping of and 773K with a pressure of 250 Mpa in air. Those sintered billet were then powder to produce Net Shape components of NbSi-based alloys. extruded at 773K. CEC not only made machined chips excellent metallurgical 9:50 AM bonding, reduced the porosity, but made uniform dispersion of oxide Development of Irradiation Hardening of Unalloyed and ODS Molybdenum contaminants and grains refinement with the incressing of extrusion passes. The during Neutron Irradiation to Low Doses at 300C and 600C: Brian extrusions processed from machined chips showed a good combination of high Cockeram1; Lance Snead2; Richard Smith1; 1Bechtel Bettis Inc.; 2Oak Ridge ultimate tensile strength of 400~460Mpa, high 0.2% proof stress of 300~350 W National Laboratory Mpa and elongation to failure of 5~10% at the room temperature which had Unalloyed molybdenum and Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) E higher strength and equivalent elongation compared with those of extrusions molybdenum were neutron irradiation at nominally 300C and 600C in the processed from the cast ingot. D high fluence isotope reactor (HFIR) at relatively low fluences that correspond N to nominal displacement doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.3 dpa. Following Irradiation hardening occured at neutron fluences of 1.3 dpa with an increase in yield stress, E a significant decrease in uniform elongation, and elevation of the Ductile to S Refractory Metals 2008: Processing Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT). The hardening behavior was evaluated Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials D Division, TMS: Refractory Metals Committee by comparing the observed defect and defect cluster formation and accumulation A Program Organizers: Todd Leonhardt, Rhenium Alloys Inc; Jim Ciulik, University of with indirect measures of defect density obtained from electrical resistivity Texas at Austin measurements, hardness measurements, and tensile properties. The influence Y of temperature on the mobility of defects and resulting properties also was Wednesday AM Room: 388 evaluated. Additionally, the role of microstructure and grain size on irradiation A March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center hardening was evaluated by comparing the results for unalloyed molybdenum and ODS molybdenum. M Session Chairs: Todd Leonhardt, Rhenium Alloys, Inc; James Ciulik, University of Texas at Austin 10:15 AM Break 10:25 AM PRELIMINARYConsequences of Crystal Orientation on Fabricating Single or Multi- 8:30 AM Introductory Comments Crystal Nb SRF Cavities: Derek Baars1; Thomas Bieler1; Chris Compton1; 8:35 AM Terry Grimm1; 1Michigan State University Transitions from Tool Steels (H-13) to Refractory Metals (Mo, Ta, W) Manufacturing superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities from single through Laser Powder Deposition: James Sears1; 1South Dakota School of crystal niobium is being investigated as an alternative to polycrystalline niobium Mines and Technology for several reasons: 1) single crystal sheets may be cut directly from the purified Laser powder deposition of refractory metals, such as tantalum, molybdenum, ingot, eliminating the cost of rolling into polycrystalline sheet, 2) polycrystalline rhenium and tungsten, is being evaluated for manufacturing of permanent molds sheet texture varies among manufactures and even between batches, leading to for titanium casting, as internal cladding for gun barrels and shot liners for Mg variability in forming and surface finish, 3) a single crystal cavity has already and Al die casting. This work is focused on transitions from tool steel (H-13) to been tested and matches the capability of polycrystalline cavities. The effect these refractory metals via an intermediary material by successive layering by of various crystal orientations on dislocation density, surface quality, and Laser Powder Deposition. Issues related to transition materials used, powder recrystallization after plastic deformation similar to that anticipated for normal type and morphology, clad quality and dilution control that were encountered cavity assembly steps such as forming operations, chemical etches, and welding during this project are discussed. This work was performed under a grant from will be presented. the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Industrial Technology under contract DE-PS07-03ID14425: Industrial Materials for the Future Program.

10:50 AM Small-Scale Resistance Spot Welding of 50Mo-50Re Thin Sheet: Jianhui Xu1; Williams Umstead2; John Farrell2; Michael Effgen2; Tongguang Zhai1; Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature 1University of Kentucky; 2Semicon Associates Applications: Phase and Microstructure Evolution A 50Mo-50Re alloy, in a form of thin sheet (0.127 mm thick), was jointed Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials by small-scale resistance spot welding (SSRSW). The effects of six important Division, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of welding parameters, such as hold time, electrode, ramp time, weld current, Materials Committee electrode force and weld time, were studied systematically, in an attempt to Program Organizers: Young-Won Kim, UES Inc; David Morris, Centro Nacional optimize the welding quality. It was found that the commonly used criterion that de Investigaciones Metalurgicas, CSIC; Rui Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; the suitable nugget penetration was 80% of the thickness of the welded sheet in Christoph Leyens, Technical University of Brandenburg at Cottbus large-scale resistance welding was not applicable to SSRSW of the 50Mo-50Re Wednesday AM Room: 394 sheet, since a penetration larger than 80% found in this study did not deteriorate March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center the strength of the weld. The diameter of a nugget was only 30-40% of the electrode diameter in SSRSW due to the relatively low electrode force, compared Session Chairs: Rui Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Michael Loretto, with the high electrode force employed in large-scale resistance welding where University of Birmingham the diameter of nugget was almost 100% of the electrode diameter.

11:15 AM 8:30 AM Invited High Temperature Mo-Si-B Alloy Designs and Microstructures: J. Modulated Microstructures: A Novel Approach for the Design of TiAl Perepezko1; R. Sakidja1; 1University of Wisconsin-Madison Alloys: Fritz Appel1; 1GKSS Research Centre The multiphase microstructures that can be developed in the Mo-Si-B system Phase decomposition and ordering reactions in beta/B2-phase containing offer useful options for high temperature applications. Alloys based upon the TiAl alloys were utilized to establish a novel, previously unreported, type coexistence of the high melting temperature (>2100C) ternary intermetallic of in-situ composite. The characteristic constituents of this composite are Mo5SiB2 (T2) phase with Mo(ss) and Mo3Si phases allow for in-situ toughening laths with a modulated substructure that are comprised of several stable and and offer favorable oxidation resistance. A focal point of the microstructural metastable phases involving gamma, alpha-2, beta/B2, and orthorhombic B19. designs is the T2 phase which exhibits a range of solubility. Selected refractory The modulation occurs at the nanometre-scale and thus leads to a significant metal substitutional alloying has been examined to alter the solubility of the structural refinement. Interfacial dislocations and ledges accommodate the T2 phase and the relative phase stability as a method to develop multiphase lattice mismatch between the different phases and provide a fine dispersion microstructure design options. The observed alloying trends also highlight the of nucleation sites for mechanical twins. The phase transformations involved fundamental geometric and electronic factors that influence the relative stability in the formation of the microstructure were characterized by high-resolution of the T2 phase. Similarly, the systematic investigation of reaction kinetics electron microscopy. Microstructural control of the alloys can be achieved by involving the T2 phase has a direct application to the analysis of oxidation conventional thermo-mechanical processing, which however has to be tightly behavior and to the design of effective coating systems with self-healing and tailored to the alloy composition. Potential applications will be discussed by W gradient characteristics. addressing the strength, creep resistance and fracture toughness of the material. E 11:40 AM 9:00 AM D Influence of Texture and Velocity on the Dynamic Tensile Extrusion Strengthening of Lamellar TiAl Alloys by Dynamic Precipitation of Beta N Response of Tantalum: Fang Cao1; Ellen Cerreta1; George Gray1; 1Los Alamos Phase during Creep: Hanliang Zhu1; Kouichi Maruyama2; 1University of National Laboratory Queensland; 2Tohoku University E The mechanical behavior and damage evolution of tantalum are influenced Further improvement of their strength at elevated temperatures is necessary S by texture, strain rate, and grain size. The effects of original rolling texture for widespread applications TiAl alloys. In TiAl alloys, alpha2 Ti3Al phase D and grain size on the large-stain dynamic tensile extrusion process in a high transforms to gamma TiAl phase during high temperature exposure. This A purity Ta have been investigated and quantified in this research. The post- transformation results in disappearance of gamma/alpha2 boundaries, and the extrusion macroscopic evolution of the samples was captured using high-speed consequent weakening of the alloys. Recent TiAl alloys often contain beta Y photography in a modified Taylor Gun Facility. Post-mortem characterization of stabilizing elements to have their better formability. In such alloys, precipitation the microstructure, surface topography, texture, and substructure evolution was of beta particles takes place during the alpha2 to gamma transformation, and A conducted using optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), precipitation zones of dense beta particles are formed in place of prior alpha2 electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy plates. The precipitation zones can act as barriers to dislocation motion, and M (TEM), respectively. The dynamic tensile extrusion behavior and microstructure can bring about strengthening. Microstructural changes during creep exposure evolution in Ta have been compared to its responses under quasi-static and were studied up to 9000 h at 760C with Ti-47Al-2W-0.2Si alloy. Dynamic controlled high strain rate shear conditions to evaluate “path dependency” precipitation and dissolution of beta particles were observed during the creep effects on defect storage processes.PRELIMINARY tests. It will be discussed how to design the beta precipitation to improve its creep strength. 9:20 AM In-Situ Characterization of Phase Transformations and Microstructure Evolution in a γ-TiAl Based Alloy: Klaus-Dieter Liss1; Andreas Stark2; Arno Bartels2; Helmut Clemens3; Thomas Buslaps4; Dominic Phelan5; LaReine Yeoh1; 1Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation; 2Hamburg University of Technology; 3Montanuniversität Leoben; 4European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; 5University of Wollongong Phase diagrams and microstructures of titanium aluminides are rather complex and, so far, little data were observed in-situ at elevated temperatures. We report on two-dimensional high energy X-ray diffraction and complementary laser scanning confocal microscopy to characterize the appearing phases and to follow the phase evolution in-situ in real time. As an example, the microstructure evolution of a quenched γ-TiAl alloy, consisting of α2-Ti3Al grains at RT, has been followed in both reciprocal and direct space as a function of temperature up

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to 1400°C. At 600-800°C extremely fineγ -laths are formed in α2-grains occurring 11:00 AM through an oriented rearrangement of atoms. Streaks linking reflections of both Thermal and Stress Induced Formation of Ordered ω-Phase in Nb-Rich phases testify from coherent lattice and orientation gradients in the transforming γ-TiAl Based Alloys: Andreas Stark1; Arno Bartels1; Frank-Peter Schimansky2; crystallite. At temperatures above the eutectoid temperature recrystallization Rainer Gerling2; Helmut Clemens3; 1Hamburg University of Technology; 2GKSS effects and the γ->α phase transition take place leading to grain refinement. Research Centre; 3Montanuniversitaet Leoben The occurrence of ordered ω-phase B8 in γ-Ti-45at%Al with 5-10at% Nb 9:40 AM 2 and with or without small carbon additions was investigated. For the preparation Evaluation of Experimental Beta Gamma Alloys Produced via Powder of the alloys a powder metallurgical approach was used. The formation of ω- Metallurgy: Charles Yolton1; Jean Stewart1; Young-Won Kim2; Alojz Kajinic1; phase was observed and analyzed by X-ray diffraction and SEM/EBSD. In 1Crucible Materials Corporation; 2UES Ti-45at%Al-10at%Nb the B2-phase transforms into ω-phase during cooling Beta gamma alloys are a new class of gamma titanium aluminide alloys that after HIP at 1280°C. With ≤7.5at% Nb the ω-phase occurs during isothermal are under continued exploration to offer refined cast structures and improved compressive deformation at temperatures around 800°C. Here the supersaturated hot-workability and machine-ability over conventional gamma alloys. The α -phase after HIP transforms into ω-phase. Under compression stress at 800°C improved process-ability is associated with beta solidification and solid-state 2 the transformation is fast and needs only some minutes to take place. Without phase transformation pathways that yield significant amounts of finely dispersed applied stress also a transformation of α to ω-phase is observed at 800°C, but stable beta at processing temperatures. While beta gamma alloys offer improved 2 it takes several 100 hours. The amount of ω-phase increases with content of cast-ability, melting and casting of large ingots may still present challenges. Nb. Otherwise, carbon additions stabilize the α -phase and thus hamper its Powder processing of beta gamma alloys can offer certain advantages over 2 transformation into ω-phase. ingot metallurgy processing and the only size limitation is the volume of the vessel used for consolidation by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Two experimental 11:20 AM beta-gamma alloys, Ti-44Al-7(Nb, Mn) at% and Ti-44Al-4(Nb, Mo) (at%), A Numerical Model for the Effect of Nb on the Lamellar and Massive were selected for the present work and their powders were produced by gas Transformation in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys: Amin Rostamian1; Alain Jacot1; atomization. This paper will present the initial findings on production of beta 1Computational Materials Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de gamma alloys via a pre-alloyed powder route. Lausanne, Switzerland A phenomenological modelling approach has been developed for the 10:00 AM description of the massive and lamellar microstructures which form during Microstructure Evolution in Directionally Solidified Ti-(44,50)Al Alloy: cooling of TiAl-based alloys from the α phase region at high and moderate Zhong Li1; 1Harbin Institute of Technology cooling rates, respectively. The nucleation of both massive and lamellar γ is The microstructure evolutions in directionally solidified Ti-(44, 50) at%Al described by classical heterogeneous nucleation theory which takes into account alloys have been investigated at different growth rates. The detailed phase that nuclei are formed predominantly at α grain boundaries. The growth rate and microstructure formation from initial transient to steady growth and the of the massive phase is calculated with an expression for interface-controlled lamellar structure in the subsequent solid phase transition were observed. For reactions, while the thickening rate of the lamellae is described with a modified Ti-44at%Al, the primary phase was beta. Only beta growth was observed multi-component Zener model of precipitation. The model permits to investigate at a low growth rate, having a lamellar orientation of 0 or 45° to the growth the influence of nominal composition and cooling rate on the proportion of W direction. But at a high growth rate, the primary beta(β) of dendrites surrounded massive and lamellar γ in the microstructure. The effect of Nb additions on the by peritectic alpha(α) and solidification gamma(γ) phase in interdendritic region E transformation kinetics is discussed and calculated CCT diagrams for different were observed. The lamellar orientation was 45° to the growth direction. For Nb contents are compared with experimental data published in the literature. D Ti-50at%Al, the primary phase was alpha. In present growth rate range, dendrite N of alpha(α) surrounded by the peritectic gamma(γ) was observed. The gamma(γ) 11:40 AM by peritectic reaction shows a typically facet growth parallel to growth direction. Understanding the Massive Transformation in TiAl Alloys Using End E The lamellar orientation was 90° to the growth direction. Quenching: H. Saage1; D. Hu1; H. Jiang1; Michael Loretto1; X. Wu1; 1University S of Birmingham, IRC in Materials 10:20 AM Break D The influence of composition and of other variables such as cooling rate and A 10:30 AM Invited grain size on the massive transformation in a wide range of TiAl alloys has been Alloy Design Concept for Development of Wrought Gamma Titanium studied with the aim of developing alloys that can transform massively on air Y Aluminides - Roll of Interstitial and Substitutional Elements in Micro- cooling rather than on quenching. The main experimental tool which has been structural Control: Masao Takeyama1; 1Tokyo Institute of Technology used is end quenching using the Jominy technique. Examination of longitudinal A Cast TiAl based alloys are in practical use for automobile and jet engine samples taken from different alloys reveals in a particularly simple way the components. In contrast, the wrought alloys are currently under progress. This factors which influence the transformation. Optical and analytical scanning M talk gives the alloy design concept and thermo-mechanical controlled processing and transmission electron microscopy have been used to characterise the (TMCP) methods for the development of wrought gamma alloys, based on the microstructures of TiAl alloys with limited additions of alloying elements and phase equilibria, phase transformations and kinetics of precipitation in Ti-Al- alloys with significant additions of Ta and Nb with a range of oxygen contents M ternary systems. Emphasis will be PRELIMINARYplaced on the role of substitutional and and different grain sizes. The observations made on the Jominy samples allow interstitial elements in microstructure control. The appropriate addition of an understanding of the sensitivity of the transformation behaviour to all of substitutional β stabilizer M (V, Nb, Cr, Mo) creates the novel transformation these experimental variables and it has been shown that 25mm diameter samples pathway of β->α-> β+γ. This transformation makes it possible to impart both hot of Ta-containing TiAl which have low oxygen contents (below 500wtppm) deformability in process and toughness in service by dispersing the β particles can transform through thickness when air-cooled. These observations will be within lamellae. . The combined addition of an interstitial element, carbon, discussed in terms of the possibility of using the massive transformation to refine stabilizes γ phase at lower temperatures, allowing us to control a fine-grained the microstructure of cast components of TiAl. fully lamellar microstructure with fine dispersion of p-type carbide (Ti3AlC) within lamellae.

12:00 PM to work hardening. In this presentation, we discuss detailed high-resolution Microstructure and Compressive Property in Aluminum-Titanium- transmission electron microscopy observations of dislocation-twin interactions Vanadium Ternary Alloys with Phase Constitutions Containing γ in a nanostructured Cu-30%Zn alloy processed by high-pressure torsion. We Intermtallics and β Phase: Tohru Takahashi1; Koshiro Otsuka2; Yohji Kojima2; also discuss the impact of these interactions on the ductility of the material. Yukiko Toyoda2; Daisuke Ashida2; 1Department of Mechanical Systems 9:05 AM Invited Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2Graduate Deformation and Toughening Mechanisms of Nanograins – Lessons from Student, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Nature: Xiaodong Li1; 1University of South Carolina Microstructure and compressive behavior have been investigated on several Seashells are natural nanocomposites with superior mechanical strength and aluminum-titanium-vanadium ternary alloys whose chemical compositions are toughness. What is the secret recipe that Mother Nature uses to fabricate seashells? varied along a conceivable conjugate line spanning between γ single phase and What roles do the nanoscale structures play in the inelasticity and toughening of β single phase. The Al Ti V alloy (V10) with the subscript numbers showing 50 40 10 seashells? Can we learn from this to produce seashell-like nanocomposites? Here the atomic fraction of each component, contained a small amount of β besides we will limit our focus to nacre (mother-of-pearl). The presentation summarizes the γ phase. The Al Ti V alloy (V30) showed a fine-grained dual phase 40 30 30 the recent discovery of nanoparticles “nanograins” in nacre and elucidates the microstructure of about a half-and-half mixture, and the Al Ti V alloy (V40) 35 25 40 roles that these nanograins play in nacre’s toughness. It was found that rotation was a coarse-grained β material. At an ambient temperature the V30 and V40 and deformation of aragonite nanograins are the two prominent mechanisms alloys were much stronger than the V10 alloy. But the harder phase intechanged contributing to energy dissipation in nacre. The biopolymer spacing between from β to γ at around 1000K as the temperature increased. Accordingly, the nanograins facilitates the grain rotation process. The digital image correlation compressive creep rate at elevated temperatures became much lower in V10 technique was used to map local, nanoscale strains to elucidate deformation and alloy. fracture mechanisms. This presentation also presents future challenges in the study of nacre’s nanoscale structure and mechanical properties. 9:25 AM Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International Multiple Deformation Mechanisms in Bulk Nanocrystalline Silver: Tongde Symposium: Deformation Mechanisms Shen1; Can Aydiner1; Donald Brown1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials We monitored the stress-strain relations of nanocrystalline silver in tension Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Shaping and and simultaneously recorded the synchrotron x-ray diffraction patterns. From Forming Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee the diffraction data, we deduced the grain sizes (GS), dislocation densities Program Organizers: Yuri Estrin, Monash University and CSIRO Melbourne; Terence (DD), and deformation texture. Our results suggest that the deformation of Langdon, University of Southern California; Terry Lowe, Los Alamos National nanocrystalline silver can be divided into three stages. In stage 1 (before Laboratory; Xiaozhou Liao, University of Sydney; Zhiwei Shan, Hysitron Inc; Ruslan yielding), strain increases GS but decreases the density of glissile dislocations. Valiev, UFA State Aviation Technical University; Yuntian Zhu, North Carolina State University In stage 2 (after yielding but before stage 3), strain largely increases the stress, but only slightly decreases GS and increases DD. The change in both GS and W Wednesday AM Room: 273 DD is completely reversible during unloading, suggesting that resistance for the March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center plastic deformation mainly comes from the rotation of grains, as evidenced by E the fact that no deformation texture is observed. In stage 3, strain increases both D Session Chairs: Zhiwei Shan, Hysitron Inc; Hans Fecht, Ulm University; the dislocation density and the deformation texture, indicative of the pile-up of Tongde Shen, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Igor Alexandrov, UFA State dislocations, similar to the plastic deformation of coarse-grained metals. N Aviation Technical University E 9:40 AM S Orientation Splitting and Its Contribution to Grain Refinement during 8:30 AM Invited Equal Channel Angular Extrusion: Yan Huang1; Philip Prangnell1; 1Universtity D Mechanisms of Deformation Behavior of Ultrafine-Grained Ti: Igor of Manchester A Alexandrov1; Roza Chembarisova1; Vil Sitdikov1; 1Ufa State Aviation Technical Mechanisms of grain refinement during ECAE of a single-phase aluminium Y University alloy have been studied using the high resolution EBSD technique. It was found A grain size is known to be one of the factors which define mechanical that, in addition to the formation of shear-plane cell bands (CBs) and shear properties of metallic materials. At the same time the mechanisms which regulate bands (SBs) by “simple shear”, the development of deformation bands due to A the deformation behavior of bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals produced by orientation splitting contributed significantly to the refinement of microstructure M the severe plastic deformation method are still a subject for intensive study and during the early stages of ECAE processing. “Regular” slab-like deformation fixed ambiguously. The report presents the developed model and the results of bands and “irregular” transitional bands were observed after 1st pass; both its application for kinetic modeling of the deformation behavior of UFG CP developed boundaries of high misorientations. During 2nd pass deformation, Ti. Conservative slip and non-conservative climb of dislocations, deformation moderate orientation splitting took place within the deformation bands, although twinning, dynamic strain ageingPRELIMINARY are considered as potential deformation new deformation bands were not detected. With increased strains, orientation mechanisms. A wide temperature-rate range of deformation modes is considered. splitting tended to occur within small volumes of material, assisting the evolution Conclusions about the role of the investigated mechanisms in the appearance of of the shear plane CBs and SBs into a fibre structure dominated by boundaries the peculiarities of the deformation behavior of UFG CP Ti are made. of high misorientations. The crystallographic features of the orientation splitting 8:50 AM were examined. Dislocation-Twin Interactions in a Nanostructured Cu-30%Zn Alloy: Zhiwei 9:55 AM Wang1; Xiaozhou Liao1; Yonghao Zhao2; Enrique Lavernia2; Yuntian Zhu3; Zenji Plastic Deformation of Fully Dense Nanocrystalline Material: Hans Fecht1; Horita4; Terence Langdon5; 1University of Sydney; 2University of California, Youlia Ivanisenko2; 1Ulm University; 2Research Centre Karlsruhe Davis; 3Los Alamos National Laboratory; 4Kyushu University; 5University of We present results on the fundamentals of plastic deformation in fully dense Southern California bulk nanocrystalline metals with a mean grain size between 10 and 30 nm Nanostructured metals and alloys usually demonstrate very high strength prepared by an innovative and new combination of Inert Gas Condensation (IGC) but suffer from poor ductility because of the lack of work hardening. This lack and subsequent Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) technique. The model system of work hardening in nanostructured materials has been explained as a lack of investigated is Pd (fcc) at the first stage and several single-phase Pd alloys. mechanisms in accumulating dislocations within the grains of nanostructured The experiments focus on mechanical tests using new testing equipment for materials during deformation. Recently, it was reported that twin boundaries may miniaturized specimens. The aim is to obtain a significantly improved database be good barriers to block and accumulate dislocations and thereby contribute of materials behaviour for these alloys at this very small grain size, since this

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has previously only been explored sporadically, and to elucidate and describe the twinning has recently been incorporated into the line profile analysis procedure: microscopic mechanisms that mediate the deformation. The obtained results are CMWP. The extended procedure, eCMWP is applied to HPT processed Al alloys, important not only for fundamental material science, but also allows to elaborate pure Ni, Cu and Cu-Zn alloys and ECAP processed Ti. The frequency of twin the principles of development of technically feasible nanostructured materials boundaries is determined and discussed in correlation with dislocation density, providing the highest level of strength and ductility of these materials. crystallite or subgrain size, size-distribution and mechanical properties. 10:10 AM Break 11:35 AM Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Ultrafine Grained Materials Produced 10:25 AM Invited by ARB and Subsequent Annealing: Naoki Takata1; Yoshitaka Okitsu2; Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanisms in Ultrafine-Grained Nobuhiro Tsuji1; 1Osaka University; 2Honda R&D Company, Ltd. Metals: Heinz Werner Höppel1; Johannes May2; Doris Amberger2; Mathias For automobile applications, dynamic deformation behaviors of materials are Göken2; 1Institute of General Materials Properties WW I; 2University of important to guarantee the safety in collision. In the present study, we fabricated Erlangen-Nuernberg the ultra-low carbon steel and pure aluminum sheets with various grain sizes Ultrafine-gained (UFG) metals exhibit very promising mechanical properties ranging from 0.2 to 10 micrometer through accumulative roll bonding (ARB) under monotonic loads: High specific strength is paired with a relatively and subsequent annealing at various temperatures. Mechanical properties of high ductility. Although, some authors reported a strongly increased ductility these materials were examined at various strain rates ranging from 10-2 s-1 to (elongation to failure), others observed a reduced ductility compared to the 103 s-1 for clarifying the dynamic deformation behaviors of the ultra-fine grained CG counterparts. The enhanced ductility has been found so far for UFG Cu materials. The flow stress in the dynamic deformation was much higher than and Al and Al-alloys. In all these cases, the ductility increases as the strain rate that in the quasi-static deformation. It was found that yield-drop phenomenon decreases. Unfortunately, the deformation mechanisms behind are currently of the ultra-fine grained materials significantly depended on the strain rate. It unclear and are in the centre of the scientific discussion. Grain boundary could be concluded that the dynamic deformation behavior of the ultra-fine sliding, Coble creep as well as thermally activated annihilation processes are the grained materials was attractive compared with that of the same materials with proposed mechanisms. By reviewing relevant results published in literature on conventional grain size. SPD-processed and PED-materials and also analysing new results obtained on UFG Aluminium alloys the objective has been to clarify that point. The proposed 11:50 AM mechanisms are also discussed with respect to the cyclic deformation behaviour Strain Rate Sensitivity of Ultrafine-Grained Copper with Nano-Scale Twins: of UFG materials. Lei Lu1; Ming Dao2; Suresh Subra2; 1Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Metal Research; 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10:45 AM We have conducted systematic experimental studies of the effects of nano- In Situ TEM Compression Tests on FIB Fabricated Single Crystal Ni Pillars: scale twin concentration, at a fixed ultra-fine grain size, on the deformation Zhiwei Shan1; Raj Mishra2; S.A. Syed Asif1; Oden Warren1; Andy Minor3; and ductility of ultrafine-grained copper prepared by pulsed electrodeposition 1Hysitron Inc; 2General Motors; 3Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory technique. It is demonstrated that increasing the nano-scale twin density, while Single-crystal Ni pillars of nominal diameters between 150 and 400 nm keeping the grain size fixed, results in significant increases in strength and were micromachined using focused ion beam (FIB). TEM observations showed strain-rate sensitivity. It is also found that the activation volume associated with that the pillars had a high density of defects after FIB processing and a side W this deformation process significantly decreases with increasing twin volume wall taper angle of about 4.5 degree. In-situ TEM compression tests using a fraction. These results point to the trend that refining structural dimensions E diamond flat punch were performed on pillars of several different sizes. Our through the introduction of nano-scale twins has the same effect on strength observations showed that: i) dislocation density always decreased dramatically D and hardness as grain refinement. In addition, nano-scale twins are also found during the deformation test and in some cases a dislocation-free pillar was the N to provide enhanced ductility. Results of uniaxial tension, strain-rate jump, and end result; ii) the high resolution load vs. displacement curves exhibit extremely instrumented nanoindentation tests will be reported in this presentation and some E irregular profile and were very sensitive to the loading conditions and the sample related modeling results will be briefly referred to with respect to the possible S size; iii) Unlike those bulk materials, the strain hardening observed in our work deformation mechanisms. resulted from the dislocation starvation. The underlying physical mechanisms D controlling the nanoscale pillars during deformation will be discussed in light 12:05 PM A of the above findings. Effect of Initial Morphology on Low-Temperature Superplasticity of Y Submicrocrystalline Ti-6Al-4V: Young Gun Ko1; Dong Hyuk Shin2; Chong Soo 11:00 AM Invited Lee3; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2Hanyang University; 3Pohang Dislocation Dynamics in Nanocrystalline Nickel: Scott Mao1; Zhiwei Shan1; University of Science and Technology A Eric Stach2; Jorg Wiezorek1; David Follstaedt3; James Knapp3; 1University of A present study was made to investigate the superplastic deformation behavior of Pittsburgh; 2Purdue University; 3Sandia National Laboratories M ultra-fine grained (UFG) Ti-6Al-4V in relation to its initial morphology of alpha/ It is believed that the dynamics of dislocation processes during the deformation beta phase. Ultra-fine grained microstructures were produced via equal-channel of nanocrystalline materials can only be visualized by computational simulations. angular (ECA) pressing at 873 K using two different initial microstructures, Here we demonstrate that observations of dislocation processes during the i.e., equiaxed and lamellar microstructures. After imposing an effective strain deformation of nanocrystalline Ni withPRELIMINARY grain sizes as small as 10nm can be up to 4, alpha and beta grains in both microstructures were significantly refined achieved by using a combination of in situ tensile straining and high-resolution to ˜ 300 nm in diameter, and however, beta-phase grains were more uniformly transmission electron microscopy. Trapped unit lattice dislocations are observed distributed in the initial lamellar microstructure resulting in higher area fraction in strained grains as small as 5 nm, but subsequent relaxation leads to dislocation of alpha/beta interface than the initial equiaxed structure. The flow behavior of recombination. UFG Ti-6Al-4V alloy was well described by the constitutive equations which 11:20 AM consisted of grain matrix deformation and grain/phase boundary sliding. It was The Role of Twinning in UFG Fcc and Hexagonal Metals Determined found that higher superplasticity can be obtained in the UFG microstructure by X-Ray Line Profile Analysis: Levente Balogh1; Tamas Ungar1; 1Eotvos when using the fine lamellar microstructure as an initial material. University 12:20 PM Award Ceremony for Posters The appearance of stacking faults or twin boundaries in coarse grain materials is determined by the stacking faults energy (SFE). In most of the pure fcc or bcc metals the SFE is so large that plastic deformation is carried almost solely by dislocation activity. In submicron or nanometer grain size materials the creation and/or mobility of dislocations can be so difficult that faulting or twinning can become an alternative channel for carrying of plastic deformation. Faulting and

3:00 PM Grain Growth Behavior and Consolidation of Ball Milled: Rajeev Gupta1; 2008 Nanomaterials: Fabrication, Properties, and Raman Singh1; Carl Koch2; 1Monash University; 2North Carolina State Applications: Theory University Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, Nanocrystalline iron-chromium alloys may provide considerable corrosion and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee resistance, even at low chromium contents. However, processing of such alloys Program Organizers: Seong Jin Koh, University of Texas; Wonbong Choi, Florida could be a challenge. This paper describes successful synthesis of nanocrystalline International University; Donna Senft, US Air Force; Ganapathiraman Ramanath, Fe-10%Cr alloy by ball-milling route. In the absence of suitable hot compaction Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Seung Kang, Qualcomm Inc facility, the alloy powder could be successfully compacted close to the desired density, by employing a step of prior annealing of the powder. Grain growth Wednesday PM Room: 274 behaviour of Fe-10%Cr nanocrystalline alloy was investigated at 500, 600 and March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center 700°C. At 500°C, no appreciable grain growth was observed, after the initial Session Chair: To Be Announced grain growth. However, sudden and rapid grain growth was observed after 90 at 600°C, and 30min at 700°C. The paper will present the grain growth kinetics and successful processing of nanocrystalline iron-chromium alloys, and preliminary 2:00 PM Invited results of their corrosion tests. Understanding Mechanisms of Growth of Nanostructures during Wet Chemical Synthesis: N. Ravishankar1; 1Indian Institute of Science 3:15 PM In spite of their simplicity, most wet chemical synthetic methods are too Theory of the Large Melting Point Hysteresis of Ge Nanocrystals Confined 1 1 1 1 1 2 reagent-specific and there is very limited fundamental understanding of within Silica: Daryl Chrzan ; I. Sharp ; Q. Xu ; C. Yuan ; C. Liao ; J. Ager ; E. 1 1 nanostructure growth. While control of shape during synthesis is reasonably Haller ; University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National 2 well understood, understanding the general mechanisms of shape control are still Laboratory; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory elusive. In this talk, I shall illustrate two examples of anisotropic shapes (1-D Recent experiments demonstrate that Ge nanocrystals confined within a silica nanowires and 2-D platelets) and discuss the mechanisms of their formation. In matrix display an extremely large (470 K) melting-point hysteresis centered particular, I will illustrate that the mechanism of shape control for the formation (approximately) on the bulk melting point of Ge. This behavior stands in of 2-D crystals is directly related to the driving force available for interface marked contrast to bulk solids that, in general, cannot be superheated. Further, motion and is far more general that imagined earlier. The proposed mechanism is since the silica is amorphous, one cannot invoke lattice registry effects to applicable for a variety of situations ranging from wet chemical synthesis, vapor explain the observations. We show that a classical nucleation theory is able to phase methods and the formation of inorganic phases by biomineralisation. Such explain quantitatively experimental observations. The theory properly reflects an analysis provides predictive capabilities and enables rational synthesis of 2-D the geometry of the confined nanocrystals, and the impact of this geometry on nanostructures. the nucleation kinetics. Further, the theory relies on generally accepted values for interface energies and latent heats. Thus, there is no need to assume that 2:30 PM interface energies depend on nanocrystal radii, nor to invoke atomic scale effects Chemical Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Cubic Morphology Fe<3>Pt to explain the observations. This work is supported by the U. S. Department of Nanoparticles: Mohammad Shamsuzzoha1; Madhuri Mandal1; David Nikles1; Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. 1University of Alabama Fe<3>Pt nanoparticles of cubic crystal morphology with sizes in the order 3:30 PM 1 1 of 40 nm were prepared by the use of TX-100 micelles template during the Cold Rolling of Nano-Crystalline Nickel: Andreas Kulovits ; Scott Mao ; Jorg 1 1 reduction and decomposition of platinum acetylacetonate and iron pentacarbonyl Wiezorek ; University of Pittsburgh W respectively. The nanoparticles thus prepared have an ordered simple cubic Good quality bulk nanocrystalline (NC) metals offer potential property structure and are supermagnetic. However, upon annealing with progressively enhancements compared to their coarse-grained (CG) counterparts. However, E increasing temperature, the nanoparticles showed a drastic drop in the value of effects of the reduction of the grain size to the nanoscale involve changes in D magnetic moment at 47°C. This anomalous magnetic behavior is attributed to the plasticity mechanisms. Dislocation processes responsible for work hardening N occurrences of the Curie temperature for the particles. These cubic morphology and deformation texture development in CG metals may not be directly particles owing to their facted morphology as well as of magnetic properties applicable to otherwise equivalent NC metals. Thus, it is important to study the E appear a suitable candidate for the hyperthermia therapy in cancer treatment. microstructural changes occurring during manufacture of engineered components S from NC metals. We use fully dense electrodeposited NC Ni (grain size ~30nm) 2:45 PM to study the microstructural evolution during cold-rolling at room temperature D Structural and Thermodynamical Study of CoPt Nanoparticles: Yann to reduction in thickness up to 85% (true strain equivalent ~ 1.9). We determined A Le Bouar1; Christian Ricolleau2; Damien Alloyeau3; Cyril Langlois2; Annick the changes in texture, grain boundary character and grain sizes as a function of Y Loiseau3; T. Oikawa4; 1Laboratoire d’Etudes des Microstructures, Centre rolling strain using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and Nationals de la Recherche Scientifique;2 LMPQ, Université Paris 7; 3Laboratoire measured the hardness. Results for NC and CG Ni are compared. d’Etudes des Microstructures, OfficePRELIMINARY National d’Etudes et Recherches P Aérospatiales; 4Jeol Ltd. 3:45 PM Break M The present work is focused on the study of the size effect on the 4:00 PM Invited thermodynamical behavior of CoPt nanoparticles. Pulsed laser deposition Understanding of Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity Layered Crystals and technique (PLD) is used to synthesize nanoparticles of controlled composition Nanolaminates: Pawel Keblinski1; 1Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and size, on amorphous carbon or alumina. To characterize the particles, we use Using molecular dynamics simulations and vibration mode analysis we conventional TEM, nanoprobe electron diffraction, High Resolution Transmission investigate the mechanism underlying ultra-low thermal conductivity of Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). layered crystals thin films observed in recent experiments (Chiritescu at al, The crystal parameters of the particle, determined by electron diffraction, is Science 315, 351-353, 2007). In particular, we compare film size dependence found proportional to the composition of the particle. The 3D morphology of the of thermal conductivity of ordered and out-of-plane disordered layered crystals. nanoparticles has been determined using focal series and electron tomography The disorder, indeed, significantly reduces thermal conductivity. It also makes experiments. The particles (from 2 nm to 12 nm) are slightly faceted and exhibit the film thickness dependence weak by comparison with that characterizing ellipsoidal shapes elongated in the plane of the substrate. Finally, we study ordered layered crystals, however, the film thickness dependence it is not the order-disorder transition in the nanoparticles as a function of their size by completely eliminated. We will also discuss the potential of designing low annealing either ex situ or in situ in the microscope. thermal conductivity nanolaminates involving alternating layers of soft and hard materials.

308 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

4:30 PM between grains that prevents the grain growth at intermediate temperatures. Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity Measurements Parallel and Z-contrast imaging showed the nanocrystalline pockets containing higher Zr, Perpendicular to the Long-Axis of Cobalt Nanowires: Nihar Pradhan1; which stabilizes the amorphous region. Huanan Duan1; Jianyu Liang1; Germano Iannacchione1; 1Worcester Polytechnic 5:30 PM Institute Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Cu-Sn Alloys Produced by Hot We present specific heat (Cp)and thermal conductivity (κ) measurements on Rolling of Ball-Milled Powders: Hee-Tae Jeong1; Jae-Hyuk Shin1; Hyun-Joo cobalt nanowires (CoNWs) parallel and perpendicular to the nanowire long-axis Choi1; Donghyun Bae1; 1Yonsei University from 300 to 400 K. Parallel measurements were done by growing the nanowires During the past decade, lots of interests have been given to the fabrication of within the highly ordered, dense packed, array of parallel pores in aluminum- bulk nanostructured metallic materials for structural applications. In the present oxide. Measurements perpendicular to the long-axis of CoNW were done by study, the mechanical properties of hot-rolled Cu100-xSnx, x=5, 10, 15, and depositing a thin film of CoNWs within the calorimetric cell. The specific heat 22 wt.%, alloys were investigated. The powders for the consolidation process both parallel Cp and perpendicular Cp deviates at higher temperatures strongly were produced by mechanical alloying. With a proper milling condition, the from bulk, amorphous,powder cobalt. The perpendicular thermal conductivity produced powders, in the range of Sn content up to 22 wt.%, were found to follows a similar a bulk-like behavior,exhibiting a maximum value near 365 have single phase of α-(Cu,Sn) solid solution and the grain size of the powder K indicating the onset of boundary-phonon scattering. The parallel thermal was below 50 nm. Hot-rolling process was employed to fabricate the plates. The conductivity does not display any maximum but rather is a smooth increasing microstructures, mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and ductility, and function of temperature over the range studied and appears dominated by strain rate effects, of the as-rolled and heat-treated plates and their deformation phonon-phonon scattering. mechanism will be presented. 4:45 PM Nanoscale Properties Resulting from d States in Complex Metallic Alloys: Esther Belin-Ferré1; Jean-Marie Dubois2; 1National Center of Scientific Research; 2Institut Jean Lamour 3-Dimensional Materials Science: Modeling and Many complex compounds exist in alloys like Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Zn or Al-Metal Characterization across Length Scales III and Mg-Metal. The electronic structure of their valence band was investigated Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials using X-ray emission spectroscopy, which provides separately the electron Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee energy distribution around each chemical species in the solid, averaging the data Program Organizers: Michael Uchic, US Air Force; Eric Taleff, University of Texas; over all sites. We discuss the nanoscale properties originating from Al 3s,d and Alexis Lewis, Naval Research Laboratory; Jeff Simmons, US Air Force; Marc DeGraef, Mg 3s,d states in several complex alloys comparatively to the pure metals as Carnegie Mellon University well as to other simpler structures, thus evidencing the importance of Al and (or) Wednesday PM Room: 286 Mg d-like states at the Fermi level. By comparison to simple alloys containing March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center a transition metal, it is suggested that Al or Mg d-like states play a significant role in the formation of a pseudo-gap at the Fermi level and therefore contribute Session Chairs: Eric Taleff, University of Texas; Jaimie Tiley, US Air Force to select and stabilize complex structures based on icosahedral clusters of nanometer size. 2:00 PM Invited 5:00 PM 3D X-Ray Microscopy Investigation of Materials Microstructure: Bennett Structure and Hardness Evolution in Nanocrystalline LIGA Fabricated Larson1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1 2 1 Ni-6.7at%W Alloy at 873 K: A.S.M.A. Haseeb ; Klaus Bade ; University of X-ray structural microscopy using polychromatic x-ray microbeams now 2 Malaya; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe provides the capability to measure local crystal microstructure and strain in W Nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys have good potential in LIGA fabricated MEMS. deformed materials with submicron spatial resolution in three-dimensions. 3D x- Thermal stability of Ni-6.7at%W alloy prepared on silicon wafer using PMMA ray microscopy measurements performed on 3D grids lead to dislocation density E resist irradiated by synchrotron x-ray, as well as on copper is investigated. The tensors for characterizing deformation in terms of geometrically necessary D grain size of Ni-6.7at%W alloy increases from 21 nm to 31 nm upon heating at dislocation (GND) densities. 3D x-ray microscopy measurements made on N 873 K for 48 hours. Grain growth exponent is found to be 2.25, which indicates single crystal copper indented with a 100 micron radius spherical indenter will be an insignificant role of grain boundary diffusion. The microhardness ofthe presented in terms of 3D spatially resolved rotation maps and dislocation density E alloy decreases from 705 to 420 HV following the Hall-Petch relationship with tensors. These measurements will be compared with (collaborative) computer S grain size. Under the same heating condition, the hardness of sulphamate Ni simulations for spherically indented copper to illustrate the connection between D decreases from 324 to 92 HV. The initial cross sectional banded microstructure experiment and computations. Exploiting the confined deformation volumes A of LIGA test microcomponent persists during heating at 873 K for 48 hours. A associated with indentation provides a direct and absolute linkage between 3D x- comparison with literature data on nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-P alloys reveals ray microscopy measurements and computer simulations on mesoscopic length Y that Ni-6.7at%W alloy possesses a muchPRELIMINARY more stable structure at 873 K. scales. Research sponsored by the DOE BES-DMS&E and performed at the 5:15 PM DOE supported APS at ANL and SHARE at ORNL. P Phase Formation in (Co0.95Fe0.05)89Zr7B4 Nanocrystalline Alloys during 2:30 PM 1 2 1 M In-Situ Heating: Ramasis Goswami ; Matthew Willard ; SAIC/Naval Research Non-Destructive 3-D X-Ray Diffraction Imaging at the Nanoscale: Barry 2 Laboratory; Naval Research Laboratory Muddle1; Rouben Dilanian2; Nadia Zatsepin2; Andrei Nikulin2; 1Monash Nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys are interesting for inductor applications University, Centre for Design in Light Metals; 2Monash University, School of due to their balanced magnetic properties resulting, in part, from their unique Physics microstructure. Understanding the microstructure formation is an important for Approaches to non-destructive, 3-D x-ray imaging with nanoscale (10- optimization of the magnetic properties. In this study, phase transformations in 30nm) spatial resolution typically fall into two categories: (i) those employing a (Fe0.05Co0.95)89Zr7B4 melt spun alloy have been investigated by in-situ refractive x-ray lenses to deliver 3-D microscopy in scanning or full-field heating in the transmission electron microscope. The sample in the as spun transmission modes, and (ii) those using an iterative oversampling algorithm condition consists of fine BCC crystallites dispersed in amorphous matrix. At to retrieve phase from multiple 2-D maps of diffracted intensity to deliver lens- higher temperatures, above secondary crystallization, the amorphous matrix free, coherent diffractive imaging. Both approaches require highly coherent x- dissociates into Zr-intermetallics and the grains coarsen significantly. HRTEM rays and tomography is necessary for full 3-D imaging. The present alternative on samples annealed at 550°C showed 8-10 nm grains, both BCC and FCC, are employs a crystal analyser to collect diffracted intensity as a function of spherical surrounded by with the residual amorphous matrix, forming a barrier for diffusion coordinates in reciprocal space and an iterative algorithm is used to reconstruct

the 3-D form of the average diffracting object with a spatial resolution of a few a precipitation hardened, multicomponent, high-strength low-carbon (HSLC) nanometres. The technique is insensitive to the coherence of the x-ray beam, and ferritic steel being developed for naval applications. We illustrate that the mean

3-D reconstruction is possible without tomographic synthesis. Application to radius, R(t), and number density, NV(t), of the precipitates can be measured directly characterisation of nanoparticulate in a range of dispersed-phase nanocomposite thereby characterizing their morphology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the structures will illustrate the approach. elemental concentration profiles, solute partitioning, phase compositions, and supersaturations can be obtained; yielding detailed compositional information 2:50 PM about the precipitates, matrix, and interfacial region. The acquired results are Reconstructing 3D Microstructure from X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy correlated to bulk mechanical properties (yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, Data: Robert Suter1; Chris Hefferan1; Frankie Li1; Robert Moore1; Brian Tieman2; plasticity at failure, Charpy V-Notch values) and strengthening mechanisms, Ulrich Lienert2; 1Carnegie Mellon University; 2Argonne National Laboratory precipitate growth and coarsening models, or can be used as input or to refine X-ray diffraction microscopy makes it possible to non-destructively computational models such as the commercially available Thermo-Calc or measure volumes of microstructure. As such, it is possible to perform dynamic Precipi-Calc programs. measurements of the response of ensembles of grains to stimuli such as heat or stress. Forward modeling methods for analyzing the data use computer 4:30 PM simulation to adjust simulated local crystallographic parameters to match Microanalysis and Modeling of TiNi-Based Shape Memory Alloys with observed diffraction. This method is flexible since multiple phases and complex 3-D Local Electrode Atom Probe Tomography: Matthew Bender1; Gregory scattering can be incorporated but it is also computationally intensive. We Olson1; 1Northwestern University describe successful reconstruction of an aluminum polycrystal. We interpolate 3-D local electrode atom probe (LEAP) tomography is utilized to support the layer-by-layer reconstructions onto a cubic array of voxels, mesh boundaries computational design of nanoscale precipitation-strengthened TiNi-based shape- with triangles, and use smoothing algorithms to remove steps and optimize grain memory alloys. Using LEAP tomography, the otherwise unattainable B2-L21 boundary locations. The resulting map includes grain geometries, boundary phase relations for Ni-Ti-Al-Zr alloys at 600°C are mapped. Results indicate that

types, and internal structure such as orientation gradients. The feasibility of Zr addition has the unintended effect of stabilizing unwanted metastable Ni4Ti3 extending this type of analysis to large volume data sets and the necessity of phase; therefore, phase relations of Ni-rich precipitates are also studied and parallel computing architectures will be discussed. optimized alloy compositions are designed to avoid them. Precipitate growth and coarsening of aluminide precipitates is investigated with LEAP tomography, 3:10 PM revealing that optimal microstructures occur in the early stages of precipitation NanoCT: Analysis of Internal Microstructures with High Resolution rather than at equilibrium. Using experimentally calibrated models, a superelastic Computed Tomography: Kathleen Brockdorf1; David Lehmann1; 1Phoenix X- biomedical Ni-Ti-Al-Zr alloy for the application of stenting a superficial femoral ray artery is designed to have low-misfit coherent precipitation strengthening, desired High-resolution X-ray tomography allows the visualisation and spatial analysis transformation temperatures, and enhanced radiopacity absorption, within the of internal microstructures of small samples. The nanotom of phoenix|x-ray is constraint of practical processing temperatures. Mechanical testing validates the the first 180 kV nanofocus computed tomography system tailored specifically expected high-performance properties of designed alloys. to the highest-resolution applications in the fields of material science, micro electronics, geology etc. with exceptional voxel-resolutions down to <0.5 4:50 PM microns. By granting the user the ability to navigate the internal structure of Pulsed-Laser (3D)Atom Probe Tomography of Spinodal Decomposition and an object slice-by-slice in a non-destructive manner, the system creates new Transition Carbide Formation during Tempering of Low C-High Si-Low Ni analysis capabilities thus far have been unreachable: Any internal detail showing Martensitic Steel: Padmanava Sadhukhan1; Don Sherman2; Gregory Olson3; a contrast in material, density or porosity can be visualized and distances can be 1Northwestern University; 2Caterpillar Inc; 3Northwestern University, Questek measured. By this way different metal phases of alloys or the texture of fibres Innovations LLC in composite materials with only a few microns diameter may be analysed. This Pulsed-Laser Atom-Probe(AP) tomography has been used to study kinetics W opens a new dimension of the 3D-microanalysis and will partially substitute of spinodal decomposition/transition e’-carbide formation in 0.29C-1.52Si- E destructive methods like traditional slicing – saving costs and time per sample 0.19Ni low-alloy tough-steel. The as-quenched martensite specimens were D inspected. (1)aged at room-temperature for prolonged period, and (2)tempered at 215C for various times. Carbon segregation was analyzed using (3D) Local-electrode 3:30 PM Break N AP(LEAP™) carbon distribution maps, with an average of 35-40 Million E 3:50 PM ions collected. Composition of carbon-enriched regions,modulations and S Atom Probe Tomography: Reconstructing and Quantifying Microstructural transition-carbides have been analyzed using both cylindrical 1D-composition Features from Atoms: Michael Miller1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory profile method along different axes and proximity-histogram concentration D Major advances have occurred in atom probe instrumentation of over the last profile method. The latter separates the interfacial regions from the precipitate/ A few years. Datasets containing the atomic coordinates and the mass-to-charge concentrated cores, with the precipitates binned in 1nm3 volume increments. Y state ratios of almost a billion atoms have been generated. Although standard Analysis of concentration-profiles of these carbides have been compared visualizations methods such as atom maps and isoconcentration surfaces provide to earlier observed modulations/transition carbides using APFIM/TEM in valuable information on the phasePRELIMINARY distribution and morphology, it is difficult high-Carbon Fe-Ni-C martensites. Steel specimens were provided by AMT, P to extract quantitative information on the distribution of solutes and sizes of Caterpillar. Financial support from ONR(N00014-01-1-0953) is acknowledged. M the microstructural features present directly from these methods. Therefore, Atom-probe analyses were performed at Northwestern-University Center for statistical based methods have been developed to perform these types of Atom-Probe Tomography(NUCAPT). LEAP™ tomograph was purchased with analysis. The concepts underlying these methods and the issues of implementing funding from NSF-MRI(DMR-0420532) and ONR-DURIP(N00014-0400798) them at the atomic level will be discussed. Research at the Oak Ridge National programs. Laboratory SHaRE User Facility was sponsored by Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. 5:10 PM Department of Energy. Microstructure Evolution of the High Carbon Pearlitic Steel Wires by Using 4:10 PM LA-3DAP: Yang Yo Sep1; Park Chan Gyung1; Bae Jong Gu2; 1POSTECH MSE; Subnanoscale Characterization of a Multicomponent Steel by 3-Dimensional 2KISWIRE Research and Development Center Atom-Probe Tomography: R. Prakash Kolli1; David Seidman1; 1Northwestern A three dimensional knowledge of the atom-scale structure is necessary for University improving the design and understanding of the modern materials. Laser assisted We describe briefly the atom-probe tomography (APT) methodology, atom probe is used to obtain atom by atom 3D reconstruction to characterize which possesses a resolution of ca. 0.2 to 0.5 nm, and the compositional and three versions of several alloys in high carbon steel wires. Since steel wires morphological results that can be obtained using it. We then present results from experience the heavy drawing process, the carbon atoms in cementite moved into

310 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

ferrite matrix. It is worthy to find the reasons why carbon dissolution is occurred, liquor with stronger hydrate crystals. It will allow to reduce the attrition index since the cementite dissolution is strongly related with mechanical properties, from ~ 33-35 to ~ 20%. especially fatigue resistance. To identify the carbon movement in the cementite 3:20 PM and ferrite, the steel wires were fabricated depending on the carbon content Using a Statistical Model in the Red Mud Filtration by Means of DOE: and drawing condition. The carbon atoms moved into ferrite with increase of Jorge Lima1; Américo Borges1; 1Alunorte drawing strain, regardless carbon contents. It revealed that the fatigue resistance ALUNORTE was conceived to dispose the red mud using dry-stacking of all steel wires decreased with increase of carbon content and drawing strain technology, making use of deep-thickeners in the last stage of the washing circuit resulted from the increase of cementite dissolution. and vacuum drum filters in the red mud filtration area, reducing the caustic concentration from 65 g/L in the last washers down to 7 g/L at filters discharge. This paper aims to present a DOE program with two levels and five factors at Alumina and Bauxite: Operations red mud filtration. Dilution, rotation, condensate, level in the basin and vacuum had been considered as variables of control. The output variable considered Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee was the caustic concentration in the filtered red mud. The DOE measured the Program Organizers: Sringeri Chandrashekar, Rio Tinto Aluminium Limited; Peter magnitude of the control variables and the influences on the output variable, McIntosh, Australus Management Services making possible to model the filtration process, aiming to control the caustic concentration in the red mud below the target of 7 g/L. Wednesday PM Room: 296 3:45 PM Break March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center 4:00 PM Session Chair: Milind Chaubal, Sherwin Plant Process Diagnosis Based on Neural Network Expert System for Gas Suspension Calcination of Aluminum Hydroxide: Dai fei Liu1; Jie Li1; Feng 1 1 1 1 2:00 PM Introductory Comments qi Ding ; Zhong Zou ; Xiang tao Chen ; Central South University Stable and effective operations in the gas suspension calcination of aluminum 2:05 PM hydroxide can save energy, increase yield and reduce exhaust emission. But The Kinetics of Quartz Dissolution in Caustic Solutions and Synthetic Bayer this goal hasn’t been reached because the roasting process is too complex. Until Liquors: Bingan Xu1; Christine Wingate1; Peter Smith1; 1CSIRO now there is few process diagnosis models discussed or built in the published The Oku-Yamada (O-Y) equation (1971) has successfully estimated quartz literatures. This paper presents a process diagnosis system, which uses neural attack for many bauxites. However it is often used outside its development network and expert system, and comprises four parts, namely state analysis conditions (particularly temperature). This paper examines the kinetics of quartz module, energy evaluation module, parameter optimization module and control attack for quartz in pure caustic and synthetic Bayer liquor, and for an Australian guidance module. In the system the state analysis module is used to analyze bauxite in synthetic liquor. Under typical conditions, the attack of quartz in pure process state, the energy evaluation module is to compute energy costs and the caustic was well modeled by the O-Y equation but it tended to over-estimate parameter optimization and control guidance module are to deduce other useful attack in synthetic liquor. The equation also over-estimated attack on coarse results and optimization parameters. The application of this system indicates that particles and under-estimated attack on fine particles, suggesting quartz surface the identifying accuracy for abnormal process achieved 90% and temperature area (not a factor in the O-Y equation) is important. Quartz attack on bauxite was error was within ±5°C, real-time evaluation and optimization provided good modeled well suggesting that the quartz size distribution was comparable to that guidance for practice. in Oku and Yamada’s bauxite. Measured quartz attack at higher temperatures (240-280°C) showed the same trends as lower temperatures, suggesting the 4:25 PM 1 1 1 equation can be used for bauxite in this temperature range. Review on the Quality of Alumina: Wangxing Li ; Dalin Fan ; Zhonglin Yin ; Zhanwei Liu1; 1Zhengzhou Research Institute of Aluminum Corporation of W 2:30 PM China Limited E Improvement in Vanadium Salt Separation: P.K.N. Raghavan1; 1Bharat After China entered WTO, the important tasks facing our alumina industry D Aluminium Company Ltd., (A Unit of Vedanta Resources Plc.) are actively participating in international cooperation and competition in a In the work presented here an attempt has been made for improving the global economy. With the development of aluminium smelting technology and N extraction of Vanadium Sludge from the Bayer’s Liquor and improving greater attention given to the environmental protection, the quality requirements E the quality of the Sludge. This paper also deals with our experiments on the of alumina are more strictly. The effects of alumina quality on the aluminium S processing of Vanadium Sludge for the recovery of Caustic Soda and the other smelting are discussed in this paper. The differences between domestic and value added products.Laboratory Scale experiments were carried out with the foreign alumina products in chemical components and physical properties are D Vanadium Sludge produced from our Alumina Plant by treating it with Wash also presented in this paper. The measures of improving the quality of alumina A Water to improve the Vanadium Salt quality. Our experiments on improving the are explored, so the alumina products can meet the requirements of aluminium Y Vanadium Salt yield by chilling the strong liquor, has shown an improved salt smelting. yield. This paper also deals with the optimumPRELIMINARY temperature to which the liquor is to be cooled to get higher yields at Plant Condition. 4:50 PM P Bauxite Digestion Studies for Optimiztion of Operating Parameters: P.K.N. 2:55 PM Raghavan1; 1Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd., (A Unit of Vedanta Resources M Potential of Improvement of Atmospheric Pressure Bauxite Digestion Plc.) Circuit: Alexander Suss1; Nikolay Ivanushkin2; Irina Paromova1; Andrey Alumina extraction from bauxite by the Bayer’s process requires an efficient Panov1; Anatoly Lapin1; Tatiana Gabrielyan1; 1Russian National Aluminium- digestion process. Bauxite digestion depends much on the temperature-pressure Magnesium Institute; 2Russian Aluminum Company conditions, the recycled liquor concentration bauxite mineralogy and charge The paper describes the work on elaboration of two - stages counter current quantity. The productivity of the entire Bayer process depends to a large extent digestion circuit for pure gibbsite bauxites from Fria deposit in Guinea. With the on the digestion process. High-pressure digestion (235 to 245 0c) is used for alumina recovery at the same level as for single stage digestion the transition boehmitic and diasporic bauxite. A need has been felt to optimize the digestion to the 2 stages allows to obtain higher RP in the liquid phase for non-autoclave conditions in order to achieve low caustic soda loss coupled with minimum digestion in agitations. The expected production growth after implementation bauxite consumption. In an effort to achieve the above-mentioned goals a series of of 2 stages counter current digestion circuit at Friguia Alumina Refinery will experiments were conducted to find out the best parameter for conducting digestion be ~ 50 ktpy. The higher RP ratio increases the agglomeration capacity of green at laboratory scale. The effect of deslication and digestion temperature, bauxite charge, lime quantity and digestion liquor MR is discussed in these paper.

materials. In this paper influences of pressing modes to powder compact method are studied. Mix Al powders with foaming agent(TiH2), and then press them Aluminum Alloys: Fabrication, Characterization and into precursors with two different pressing modes: 300MPa cold pressing mode Applications: Composites and Foams and 300MPa cold pressing + 300MPa hot pressing mode. The precursors are Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, analyzed by SEM. It can be shown that there are many tiny holes existed in TMS: Aluminum Committee the precursor using cold pressing mode, and it’s adverse to the preparation of Program Organizers: Subodh Das, Secat Inc; Weimin Yin, Secat Inc foam aluminum. However, using cold pressing +hot pressing mode, it can be shown that tiny holes are eliminated after hot pressing, high density precursors Wednesday PM Room: 293 are obtained, and it’s useful to the preparation of foam aluminum. March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center 3:15 PM Session Chairs: Subodh Das, Secat Inc; Weimin Yin, Secat Inc; Shridas Influencing Factors on Preparation of Aluminum Foam Core Sandwich Ningileri, Secat Inc Panels by the Elemental Powder Metallurgy Method: Hong Li1; Guangchun Yao1; Guoyin Zu1; Yihan Liu1; 1Northeastern University Pure Al powder was applied as raw material. Foaming agent TiH2 and pure 2:00 PM Al powder were blended with different amounts of element powders Si and Mg. Development of High-Strength Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloys by Nano-Refining Pure aluminum panels Al-foam sandwich were fabricated through cold rolling the Constituent Si Phases: Mohammad Shamsuzzoha1; Frank Juretzko1; of mixed powder with two panels and then foaming in a furnace. The effects of Anwarul Haque1; 1University of Alabama cold rolling reduction rate, foaming temperature and time on foaming results Among the structural light weight materials, Al-Si alloys have established were studied. The results show that when the cold rolling reduction rate is in itself as the most widely used Al-alloys for aerospace and automotive the range of (60~70%), the binding between panels and core is perfect after applications. Our recent efforts have demonstrated that it is possible to develop foaming, which is metallurgical binding. Moreover, foaming effect of the core primary Si-phase free hypereutectic Al-Si alloys by a casting method. In the shows good. The optimal foaming temperature and foaming time for good continuation of this effort, an Al- 17wt%Si alloy that has a microstructure in foaming results are 630~640°C and 7~9 min, respectively. which silicon phase assumes nano sized fibrous morphology has been developed by directional casting. The fabrication and characterization of this unique Al- 3:30 PM

Si alloys are presented. The mechanical properties of this alloy based on first Foam Structure and Mechanical Properties of AlCu5Mn Foam Stabilized principle, are also discussed. by Short Carbon Fibers: Zhuokun Cao1; Bing Li1; Guangchun Yao1; Yihan Liu1; 1Northeastern University of China 2:20 PM Categories of commercial aluminum alloy foams are quite limited. As for Fabrication of Aluminum Composites with Gradient Cladding Interface by Al-Cu alloy, which possess good mechanical property and machinability, Continuous Casting: Weiwen Zhang1; Datong Zhang1; Yuanyuan Li1; 1South manufacture of such alloy foams encounters technical difficulties involving foam China University of Technology stability and chemical component change. In the present paper, AlCu Mn alloy A method named double-stream-pouring continuous casting (DSPCC) was 5 foam was fabricated using short carbon fibers with copper coating as stabilizer. proposed to produce bimetallic composites with gradient cladding interface. The The volume fraction of fibers used is as low as 0.7vol.%, so its influence on characteristics of DSPCC and the differences between DSPCC and conventional mechanical property is quite little. Relative density, average cell wall thickness continuous casting were highlighted. According to the trials in Al-Zn-Mg, and mean cell size is measured, and the mechanical property of this new foam Al-Cu-Mg, Al-Mn and Al-Mg-Si alloy systems, it is found that the interfacial is also characterized. It is evidence that this foam show uniform structure, high zone dimensions can be controlled by adjusting the alloy composition and weight efficiency and good energy absorption. solidification processing parameters, such as the temperature of the melts, the W casting speed and the depth of the submerged nozzle in the mold. A 2024/3003 3:45 PM composite having the equivalent corrosion resistance to 3003 alloy was prepared Effects of Si and Mg on Preparation of Aluminum Foam Core Sandwich E by DSPCC. After plastic deformation and T6 heat treatment, the tensile strength Panels: Hong Li1; Guangchun Yao1; GuoYin Zu1; Yihan Liu1; Bing Li1; Zhiqiang D and yield strength of the composite are 2.56 and 4.05 times of that of 3003 alloy, Guo1; 1Northeastern University

N respectively and the elongation of the composite is still as high as 21.6%. Pure Al powder was applied as raw material. Foaming agent TiH2 and pure Al powder were blended with different amounts of element powders Si and Mg. E 2:40 PM Pure aluminum panels Al-foam sandwich were fabricated through cold rolling Study of Different Magnesium or Silicon Content on Microstructures in S of mixed powder with two panels and then foaming in a furnace. The effects In-Situ Mg Si/A1 Alloy Composites: Jing Qingxiu1; Zhu Yinglu1; 1Institute 2 of particle size of Si and addition of Mg on foam structure were discussed. D of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and The results show that, the melting temperature of the core decreases and pure A Technology aluminum panels are protected from softening when Si is added to produce In-situ Mg Si reinforced Al alloy composites were fabricated by common Y 2 AlSi alloy through powder metallurgy. The cell structure could be improved by weight casting technique. Effects of different Mg and Si content and heat decreasing the particle size of Si. When a little amount of Mg is added, complex treatments on microstructures of materialsPRELIMINARY were studied. The results indicate that compound Al3.21Si0.47 and Mg Al (SiO ) are produced and stable cell walls P effect of combined modification of rare earths and Strontium salt on primary a- 3 2 4 3 are obtained. M A1 is very good, while not obvious on eutectic α-A1. Eutectic Mg2Si nucleates at crystal boundaries, with shaping undeveloped Chinese characters-like in a 4:00 PM Break hypoeutectic Al-Mg Si system which contains more Si element, while eutectic 2 4:10 PM Mg Si is surrounded by α-A1 and grows to integrated Chinese characters-like 2 Study on the Bubble Stable Mechanism of Foam Aluminum: Li Wei1; shape in a nearly eutectic Al-Mg Si system in which little Si contained. Eutectic 2 1Shenyang Ligong University, Materials Science and Engineering College Mg Si is fined to particle or short cosh in a heat treatment process, and the size of 2 This is a study on preparing foam aluminum by powder metallurgy. In this primary Mg Si is also reduced at some extent, from about 15µm to 8µm. 2 research raw materials are pure aluminum powder, aluminum powder added 3:00 PM carborundum and aluminum powder added aluminum oxide. The microstructure Influences of Pressing Modes to the Density of Precursor: Zhiqiang Guo1; of cell wall of foam aluminum, the viscosity and surface tension of melt are Guangchun Yao1; Yihan Liu1; 1Northeastern University, School of Materials and investigated. The bubble stabilities which are controlled through adding Metallurgy carborundum and aluminum oxide are discussed, and the mechanism of bubble’s There are many factors influence the preparation of foam aluminum, but the stability is analyzed. The results showed that the homogeneity of bubble holes density of precursors is the first important thing to get high quality foam aluminum of foam aluminum is batter which is obtained by adding carborundum and

312 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

aluminum oxide practical into the raw materials. Observing SEM can indicate 5:50 PM that carborundum and aluminum oxide practical distribute evenly on cell wall The Effects of Mg Addition and TiH2 Pre-treated on the Stability of of foam aluminum. It is means that during foaming a lot of carborundum and Aluminum Foams Made by Powder Compact Method: Zhiqiang Guo1; aluminum oxide practical distribute diffusively in liquid aluminum melted Guangchun Yao1; Yihan Liu1; 1Northeastern University, School of Materials and or mid-melted. It increases the viscosity of melt so that stability of bubble is Metallurgy increased. Aluminum foams produced by melting powder compacts containing a blowing agent are usually non-uniform which might lead to inferior mechanical 4:30 PM properties. The reasons for this can be thermal gradients during foaming and Study on the Control of Foam Gradient by Foam Melting: Wang Yong1; a blowing agent which is not adapted to the melting range of the alloy to be Guangchun Yao1; Li Bing1; Cao Zuo-kun1; 1Northeastern University foamed. In this paper TiH is pre-treated in air at 520°C, and Mg with different The solidification modes of foamed Al and its influence on the cell structure 2 contents are also added to improve the stability of foams. It can be found that are studied, and the changes of volume and porosity of foamed melt during precursors foamed in an early time and with the oxidation treatment of TiH solidification process are discussed. It is demonstrated that the evolution of the 2 powders at 520°C. An increase in expansion was affected by the addition of Mg cellular structure is influenced by different solidification mode in the process. particles to Al foams and the stability is also improved. Enhanced wetting, due to The relation of the foam growth height with time is researched. The foam reaction with Mg, enables the particles to be embedded in the cell walls, making evolvement of the melt in the solidification phase is discussed. Some conclusions them more effective at foam stabilization. are obtained: the evolution of cellular structure is influenced by many processing factors such as viscosity, foaming time and solidification mode. Al foam melt is 6:05 PM prone to solidify with planar front, using special solidification mode can control Study on Powder Metallurgy Foaming Process of Rolled Precursor: Guoyin the gradient of the cellular structure effectively, and the bubble size has a certain Zu1; Guangchun Yao1; Hong Li1; Liang Hao1; 1Northeastern University, School relation with the cooling time. of Materials and Metallurgy The powder metallurgy foaming process of rolled precursor was investigated 4:50 PM in this paper, evolvement process of high tightness core to foam structure was The Effect of Complex Modification and Melt Mixing Treatment on analyzed, efficiency approach to increase stability of foam structure was studied, Microstructure in In-Situ Mg Si/Al-Si Composite: Jing Qingxiu1; Huang 2 and the optimal foaming process was obtained. The results showed that cracks Xiaodong2; 1Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Institute of Material and drainage during foaming were inhibited by heat treatment of foaming agent and Chemistry Engineering; 2Jiangxi University of Science and Technology TiH and proper quantities addition of Mg to body system. The optimum heat The effect of SrCl and RE complex modification and melt mixing treatment on 2 2 treatment way of TiH was that heat preserving at 450°C for 1 hour, and Mg microstructure in in-situ Mg Si/Al-Si composite was investigated in this paper. 2 2 addition was 1wt.%. The optimum foaming temperature of rolled precursor was It is found that primary Mg Si particles have been greatly refined from 25µm 2 620~630°C, ideal core foam structure was obtained when at 620°C for 4~6min. to below 8µm with morphology changing from polygonal to quadrangle in the optimum melt mixing condition and with the optimum content of SrCl2 and RE addition. The result also indicates that, with the increase of SrCl2 and RE content, the pseudo-eutectic Mg Si is changed gradually from agglomerated coarse tablet 2 Aluminum Reduction Technology: Fundamentals, to dispersed spots or slim bars. The growth of Mg2Si follows not only the twin plane re-entrant edge (TPRE) mechanism, but also layer mechanism as well. Low Melting Electrolytes, New Technologies Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, 5:10 PM TMS: Aluminum Committee Study on Sound Insulation Performance of Al Foam Sandwich Board: Program Organizers: Martin Iffert, Trimet Aluminium AG; Geoffrey Bearne, Rio Tinto Guoyin Zu1; Guangchun Yao1; Hong Li1; 1Northeastern University, School of Aluminium Tech Materials and Metallurgy W Sound reduction index of Al foam bare board and sandwich board was tested Wednesday PM Room: 298 using standing wave method, the effect of density and thickness on acoustical March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center E behavior of Al foam sandwich board was studied. The results showed that, D Session Chair: Victor Buzunov, United Company «Russian Aluminum» sound reduction index of Al foam sandwich board increased with the increase N of sound wave frequency, sound reduction index during difference frequency E was controlled by difference mechanism, it could be divided into three regions: 2:00 PM rigidity and damp control region, quality control region and mixing influence Technical Contributions of the Late Warren Haupin – A Review: Jay S region. With the increase of density and thickness of Al foam sandwich board, Bruggeman1; 1Alcoa Inc. D the sound insulation performance enhanced gradually, sound reduction index From his pioneering work in pot heat balance measurements and modeling A increased with the increase of sound wave frequency. to his fundamental studies on anode effects and electrode processes, the late Warren Haupin often laid a foundation of understanding for others to build on. Y 5:30 PM This paper reviews Haupin’s major technical contributions as a tribute to the Effect of Cold-Rolling Bonding ProcessPRELIMINARY on Microstructure and Properties man who impacted the aluminum industry so much. of the Sandwich Aluminum Foil for Automobile Heat Exchanger: Guoyin P Zu1; Ning Wang1; Jiuming Yu1; 1Northeastern University, School of Materials 2:25 PM M and Metallurgy Top Heat Loss in Hall-Heroult Cells: Xian Chun Shen1; Margaret Hyland2; The cold-rolling bonding process of sandwich aluminum foil for automobile Barry Welch3; 1CITIC International Cooperation Co., Ltd.; 2University of heat exchanger was investigated, and the effect of deformation rate in the first Auckland; 3Centre for Electrochemical and Mineral Processing, University of pass, the clad thickness and the final annealing schedule on microstructure and New South Wales properties of the sandwich foil was analyzed. The results showed that under The top heat losses were measured in industrial Hall-Heroult cells, including deformation rate of 30%-50% in the first pass, the initial bonding can be heat losses from different cover materials, anode assemblies and off-gas. The gained between the clad A4045 and the core A3003, the upper clad thickness effect of the top heat loss on cell energy balance was discussed. of the product was probably the same as the lower one. The final clad radio was influenced by deformation rate and initial thickness of the rolled piece; it increases with the increasing of deformation rate and initial thickness. The cladding foil had the best sagging resistance when the cold-rolling deformation rate was 25%-35%.

2:45 PM 4:15 PM Electrolysis of Aluminum in the Low Melting Electrolytes Based on Chemical and Electrochemical Reactions in the Al-Al2O3-Na2SO4 System Potassium Cryolite: Yurii Zaikov1; Andrey Khramov1; Vadim Kovrov1; Vasily at 927°C: Xiao Yan1; Marshall Lanyon1; 1CSIRO Kryukovsky1; Alexey Apisarov1; Olga Tkacheva1; Nikolay Shurov1; 1Institute of Solubilities of a-Al2O3, ZrO2, and Y2O3 in Na2SO4–based melts and High Temperature Electrochemistry aluminum interaction with molten Na2SO4 were studied using an equilibration The aluminum electrolysis in electrolytes with composition (mas.%): technique. The Al2O3 solubility was determined to be 0.012 wt% in a pure KF(47,37)-AlF3(52,63) with CR=1,3 and KF(49,0)-AlF3(49,0)-LiF(2,0) with Na2SO4 melt in air, increased with increasing Na2O content over 0.2–4 mol% CR=1,58 at temperature 750°C was carried out in the lab scale cell with liquid Na2O. The ZrO2 and Y2O3 solubilities in the melts were below the detection aluminum cathode. As anodes, metallic Al-Cu and Ni-Cu-Al-Fe or cermet Cu- limits. An Al2O3 layer formed on the solidified aluminum surface after Cu2O or ceramic SnO2 materials were used. The alumina concentration was kept immersion in fused Na2SO4 in argon for 24 hours, whereas Al-Na-S mattes were on the 4,5 mas.% level. The region of anode current density was 0,4-0,6 A/cm2. not detected due to their dissolutions into molten Na2SO4. Cathodic reactions at Duration of experiments reached 96 hours. Temperature, voltage and current platinum, gold, and aluminum cathodes in the melts were also investigated using on the cell during electrolysis, voltage at the moment of current interruption electrolytic cells with a graphite rod or SOFC-type anode. The results indicated were recorded. The most steady anode materials have proved to be Cu-Al(3 or 5 that both aluminum and sodium were electrochemically deposited from the α- mas.%) and Cu2O-Cu(15 mas.%). Al2O3 saturated electrolytes. The possibility of using molten Na2SO4 as an alternative solvent for Al2O3 in aluminum electrowinning is discussed. 3:05 PM Influence of CaF2 on the Properties of the Low-Temperature Electrolyte 4:35 PM Based on the KF-Alf3 (CR=1,3) System: Alexander Dedyukhin1; Alexey Experimental Studies on Carbothemal Reduction of Andalusite Ore Apisarov1; Alexander Redkin1; Olga Tkacheva1; Yurii Zaikov1; 1Institute of for Al-Si Alloy Production: Jilai Xue1; Jianghua Ma1; Zhu Jun1; Lei Wang1; High Temperature Electrochemistry 1School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and The low melting electrolyte based on the KF-AlF3 (CR=1,3) system is very Technology Beijing prospective for development of the new energy saving aluminum production There are large reserves of andalusite ore in the northwest China, which technology. The low electrical conductivity of the KF-AlF3 (CR=1,3) system have great potential to use as raw materials for metal production. Experimental can be increased by the LiF addition. Calcium fluoride is always brought into the studies on carbothemal reduction of andalusite ore for Al-Si alloy production electrolyte as an impurity of the alumina. The influence of CaF2 on the properties were carried out in laboratory. Selected andalusite ore containing about 50%- of the low melting electrolytes at temperature below 800°C is not studied 60% Al2O3 and 30%-40% SiO2 was mixed with petroleum coke and bitumenite properly. Therefore electrical conductivity, melting point and calcium fluoride and briquetted under pressure. Gas emission during the carbothermal reduction solubility in the KF-AlF3 (CR=1,3) and KF-LiF-AlF3 (CR=1,3) systems within process was online monitored on the smelting furnace, and the products was temperature range 700-800°C have been studied. The CaF2 solubility increases analysed for metal purity and solid inclusions. The effects of briquette porosity, with LiF additions. The electrical conductivity dependence varies not linearly reaction temperature and the amount of reducing agents on metal quality, with the content of dissolved CaF2. The melting point of the electrolytes under recovery rate and Al/Si ratio will be described in details. The reaction mechanism study rises with the calcium fluoride concentration increase. involved will also be discussed. 3:25 PM 4:55 PM Temperature of Primary Crystallization in Part of System Na3AlF6- Effect of LiF on Physicochemical Properties of Molten Cryolite-Based K3AlF6-AlF3: Wang Jiawei1; Lai Yanqing1; Tian Zhongliang1; Li Jie1; Liu Aluminum Electrolyte: Hongmin Kan1; Zhongning Shi1; Zhaowen Wang1; Yexiang1; 1Central South University Yungang Ban1; Shaohua Yang1; Xiaozhou Cao1; Xianwei Hu1; 1Northeastern Methods for testing temperature of primary crystallization in aluminum University electrolyte melts were summarized, a classical thermo-analysis method was Effect of LiF on physicochemical properties of molten Cryolite-based W chosen, an experimental setup was built and its reliability was proved detailly. aluminum electrolyte system was investigated. Liquidus temperature, density E To get base datum of electrolytes and provide theoretical guidance for low and electrical conductivity of melts in the Na3AlF6-AlF3-Al2O3-CaF2-LiF D temperature aluminum electrolysis, temperature of primary crystallization in system were measured. The activation energy of conductance was obtained part of system Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3 were tested, the ratio of K3AlF6 to on the basis of the electrical conductivity data. The results showed that the N K3AlF6+Na3AlF6 was 0~20wt.%, and AlF3 would occupy 0~30wt.% of total liquidus temperature and the activation energy of conductance were reduced and E electrolytes weight. Results showed that, when AlF3 was below 20wt.%, adding the electrical conductivity was increased greatly by adding LiF. However, the S of K3AlF6 decreased temperature of primary crystallization, but when above density was increased with increasing LiF content in the acidic electrolytes. It 20wt.%, the effect of K3AlF6 on it was not obvious. To the samples with ratio of is disadvantageous for the operation of industry cell. The effects of LiF content D K3AlF6 to K3AlF6+Na3AlF6 0, 10, 20, when AlF3 was below 18wt.%, every on physicochemical properties of molten Cryolite-based aluminum electrolyte A adding 1wt.%AlF3 would decrease approximate 3.49, 2.33 and 1.59 respectively, were analyzed in theory. but when above 18wt.%, the effect of AlF3 on it became notable, every adding Y 5:15 PM 1wt.%AlF3 would all decrease about 10. PRELIMINARYThe Development of 85kA Three-Layer Electrolysis Cell for Refining of P 3:45 PM Break Aluminum: Hengchao Zhao1; Huimin Lu1; 1Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3:55 PM M After studying the thermal-electric distribution, magnetic field of the Electrical Conductivity of the Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3 Melts: Huang 85kA three-layer electrolysis cell deeply and systematically, some influence Youguo1; Lai Yanqing1; Tian Zhongliang1; Li Jie1; Liu Yexiang1; 1Central South regulations of the operating parameters to the cells have been disclosed. Based University on these works, a series of 85kA three-layer electrolysis cells with the Gadeau The electrical conductivity of Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3 melts was studied process electrolyte system for capacity of 20,000t/y refined aluminum have been with a Continuously Varying Cell Constant technique (CVCC). The reliability designed optimally; the operating parameters of the cells have been optimized; of experiment device was validated by testing the electrical conductivity of KCl some improvements have been applied on the 85kA three-layer electrolysis cells solution, molten KCl, and molten cryolite. To be used as a low temperature in order to operate the aluminum refining course automatically. The aim of high electrolyte for inert anodes, the melts contained 0, 20, 24, and 30 wt % AlF3 current efficiency 98.5% and low DC power consumption 14000kWh/t has come with 40 wt%K3AlF6 in Na3AlF6 + K3AlF6 mixture. The superheat was 20, true. 40, 60, and 80°C. The electrical conductivity data in the molten mixtures can be described by a simple equation of the Arrhenius type: Lnκ = A + B/Tκ = A + B/T where κ represents electrical conductivity (S•cm-1), T is temperature (K), A and B are constants for the measured system.

314 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

3:20 PM Modelling and Measurement of Metal Pad Velocity in a 208 Ka End-to- Aluminum Reduction Technology: Reduction Cell End Prebake Cell: Mohamed Mahmoud1; Mohamed Doheim2; Abdel Fatah El- Modelling Kersh3; Nabil Kotb4; Mohamed Ali1; 1Egyptalum; 2Assiut University; 3El Taif Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, University; 4El Minia University TMS: Aluminum Committee Measurements and modeling of flow characteristics are presented for turbulent Program Organizers: Martin Iffert, Trimet Aluminium AG; Geoffrey Bearne, Rio Tinto flow subjected to current-magnetic field interaction in 208 kA end to end prebaked Aluminium Tech cells. The numerical calculations of incompressible turbulent flow have been carried out by solving full time –averaged Navier-Stokes equation using finite Wednesday PM Room: 297 difference method. The k-epsilon turbulence model is modified to account for March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center near wall function. In this part, the electromagnetic force is introduced in the governing equations as source term. Velocity measurements in the metal pad Session Chair: Dagoberto Severo, PCE Ltd. were established using iron rod method. The calculated and measured velocities showed a good agreement and the model can be used to predict the velocity 2:00 PM profiles inside the molten melt regions at different operating conditions. Optimization in Magnetic Modeling: Stéphane Wan Tang Kuan1; Denis 3:40 PM Break Jacquet2; Thierry Tomasino1; Carlos Canutas De Wit2; 1Alcan; 2GIPSA- Laboratory, CNRS 3:50 PM The stability of the electrolysis cells represents a major challenge in terms Dynamics of the Gas Emission from Aluminum Electrolysis Cells: Laszlo of safety and current efficiency. In order to control stability, models are used Kiss1; Klára Vékony1; 1Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi to determine the magnetic field in the cells but also in the potrooms with final The evolution of gas has a strong impact on the operation of the aluminum outcome being an optimal cell busbar circuit. They also can be used to determine reduction cell. The dynamics of the bubble related phenomena involves the the current intensity and the position of a compensation loop if required. The nucleation travel and coalescence of the bubbles under the anode, and finally method we used allows a rapid optimization of the induced magnetic field their escape from the bath. Generally, it is assumed that the bubbles escape distribution at the various parts of a production line. It is based on a static freely and easily as they arrive to the upper horizontal surface of the bath. In the and nonlinear optimization technique. The paper presents a practical case of present paper, we analyze the case when the escape of the gas is hindered above magnetic optimization on a plant of AP30 technology integrating cost aspects. the bath, for example by the presence of a crust layer. If the gas accumulates The constraints and limits of such an approach are also mentioned. and forms a cushion under certain zones of the crust, its escape can provoke oscillations. This frequency is independent of the nucleation and even of the 2:20 PM formation of big coalesced bubbles under the anode. The dynamic character of Shallow Water Model for Aluminium Electrolysis Cells with Variable Top this phenomenon, which depends strongly on the geometry, will be illustrated by and Bottom: Valdis Bojarevics1; Koulis Pericleous1; 1University of Greenwich a simple mathematical model. The MHD wave instability in commercial cells for electrolytic aluminium production is often described using ‘shallow water’ models. The model is 4:10 PM extended for a variable height cathode bottom and anode top to account for Freeze Thickness in the Aluminum Electrolysis Cells: Laszlo Kiss1; Véronique realistic cell features. The variable depth of the two fluid layers affects the Dassylva-Raymond1; 1Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi horizontal current density, turbulent horizontal velocity circulation and the The presence of a frozen electrolyte layer (ledge) on the sidewall is vital for the resulting wave development. Instructive examples for the 500 kA demonstration aluminum reduction cell. The thickness of the ledge is the result of the complex cell are presented. interaction between heat balance, amperage, bath chemistry, cell resistance, bath movement etc. In the present paper, the general tendencies like the effects 2:40 PM W of increasing the amperage, the correlation between bath-ledge heat transfer Impact of the Vertical Potshell Deformation on the MHD Cell Stability and freeze thickness are analyzed. The analysis is based on the mathematical E Behavior of a 500kA Aluminum Electrolysis Cell: Marc Dupuis1; Valdis modeling of the heat balance of an aluminum reduction pot. The tendencies D Bojarevics2; Daniel Richard3; 1GeniSim Inc; 2University of Greenwich, School extracted from the results of the numerical simulations can be cast into simple of Computing and Mathematics; 3Hatch N functional or graphical forms that characterize the given cell design. In previous publications, it was rationalized that a large vertical potshell E deformation may have a negative impact on the operations of very high 4:30 PM S amperage cells. The MHD-Valdis non-linear Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic model Application of Mathematical Methods to optimize Aluminium Production was therefore extended to take into account the displacement of the potshell. The in Pre-baked Anode Cells: Vaycheslav Veselkov1; Alex Knizhnik2; Yuriy D MHD cell stability behavior of a 500 kA cell with a 17.3 meters long potshell Bogdanov1; Alexandr Kusakov1; Boris Zelberg1; 1JSC ; 2RUSAL A was then studied. The OA-300 cell as well as the aluminium production technology in 300 Y kA cells were developed by “SibVAMI”. At present studies aimed at increasing 3:00 PM PRELIMINARYcurrent load in the cell are performed. 330 kA amperage has been reached and Comparison of Various Methods of Modeling the Metal-Bath Interface: a possibility of further amperage increase is studied. Mathematical modeling P Dagoberto Severo1; Andre Schneider1; Elton Pinto1; Vanderlei Gusberti1; Vinko methods were used in order to study possibilities of current load increase and Potocnik2; 1PCE Ltd.; 2Vinko Potocnik Consultant M forecast results. The paper is dedicated to two of them: numerical modeling Correct evaluation of the stationary metal-bath interface in aluminum reduction in the ANSYS system and proper estimation coefficient to make up the anode cells is still a source of discussion and controversy. The objective of this paper change sequence. Numerical modeling of temperature fields in the cell was is to present some calculations of the interface performed by different methods, performed using parametrical construction of the model. Such an approach used in software packages and to compare them with measured metal-bath allowed estimation the cell efficiency at increased amperage. Estimation interface profile in a real cell. Our comparison includes shallow layer approach coefficient of current distribution irregularity in anodes is suggested as well as and 3D multiphase methods, such as homogeneous and inhomogeneous volume software allowing making up anode change sequences is described in the paper. of fluid (VOF). Different boundary conditions on the top of bath channels and The principle for the anode change sequence is suggested to provide the most different turbulence models are tested. Finally, a simple generic magnetic field uniform current distribution in the anodes. is proposed which could be used for future software benchmarking of this problem.

4:50 PM 2:30 PM Two-Dimensional Model of Melt Flows and Interface Instability in Surface Phase Separation and Flow in Vesicle Bio-Membranes: Shuwang Aluminum Reduction Cells: Mehdi Kadkhodabeigi1; 1Sharif University of Li1; John Lowengrub1; 1University of California, Irvine Technology Recent experiments of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) reveal that lipid bi- We derive a new non-linear two dimensional model for melt flows and layer membranes exhibit rich shape transition behaviors, such as bud formation. interface instability in aluminum reduction cells. This model is based on non- Physical processes like phase separation and bending are usually coupled with linear de St.Venant shallow water equations and contains the main features of morphology changes in membranes. Because of the presence of high-order an aluminum reduction cell. In this model we consider linear friction terms but nonlinear terms in these physical processes, it is highly challenging to simulate in a new way that has not been considered in previous works. Our results are phase decomposition and motion of phase boundaries on a moving surface. In in good agreement with the results of simulation of viscous flow. This model is this talk, we present a mathematical model describing the nonlinear coupling applicable both in determination of melt flows in molten aluminum and cryolite among the flow, vesicle morphology and the evolution of the surface phases. layers and also in finding the extreme limit for stability of interfacial waves in Our numerical method combines the immersed interface method to solve the an aluminum reduction cell. flow equations and the Laplace-Young jump conditions, the level-set method to represent and evolve the surface, and a non-stiff Eulerian algorithm to update the 5:10 PM mass concentration on the surface. Numerical results show detailed dynamics of Busbar Designing and Its Impacts on Steady Magneto-Hydrodynamic phase separation and shape transformation (e.g. bud formation). Characters of Aluminum Reduction Cells: Wei Liu1; Jie Li1; Yanqing Lai1; Yujie Xu1; 1Central South University 2:50 PM A simulation model was built to directly couple resulted currents in inside Coupled Composition-Deformation Phase-Field Simulation of Multicom- conductive parts and the busbars into the magnetic analysis, and electromagnetic ponent Lipid Membranes: Chloe Funkhouser1; William Jaquinde1; Francisco forces into the flow motion analysis. The model aided the design of the whole Solis2; Katsuyo Thornton1; 1University of Michigan; 2Arizona State University busbar system of a 320 kA based aluminum reduction cell involving the use of We investigate the morphological evolution of binary lipid membranes via a the L/S value of the resistance definition and the coefficient between the flex’s phase-field simulation. We consider membranes in which the local composition resistance and that of the connecting cathodic busbar between every two flexes. and shape are coupled through composition-dependent spontaneous curvature. The results from optimized Scheme G2 showed that this model effectively The evolution of the composition field is described by a Cahn-Hilliard-type adjusted the distribution of currents in local flexes, global busbars and the equation, while shape changes are described by relaxation dynamics. Our distribution of voltage potential in the metal. The vertical magnetic component method explicitly treats the nonlinear form of the geometrical scalars, tensors, was found to have max/min values 33 Gauss. The flow filed was investigated and differential operators associated with the shape of the membrane. We study with the k-e model. The max velocity of the metal was 20.1 cm/s and the morphological evolution and stability of lipid membranes initialized in a variety averaged was 8.9 cm/s with the interface heaved about 3.0 cm. of compositional and geometric configurations. Nearly planar membranes and spherical vesicles are considered. We discuss the effects of spontaneous curvature, bending rigidity, and line tension on the dynamics and final configurations. For the nearly planar case, microstructures are characterized quantitatively using Biological Materials Science: Mechanical Behavior of average domain size, shape anisotropy, and other statistical measurements. Biological Materials II 3:10 PM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials On Affinity in the Deformation of Biopolymer Networks: Erik Van der Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials 1 1 1 Committee Giessen ; Patrick Onck ; University of Groningen Program Organizers: Ryan Roeder, University of Notre Dame; Robert Ritchie, Networks of (usually cross-linked) biopolymers play a key role in various University of California; Mehmet Sarikaya, University of Washington; Lim Chwee Teck, biological functions, in particular in mechanotransduction. Well-known examples W National University of Singapore; Eduard Arzt, Max Planck Institute; Marc Meyers, are the cytoskeleton and collagen. The peculiar strain stiffening exhibited E University of California, San Diego by many of these materials has been the topic of intense investigations. The D current explanations can be classified in two groups. The first attributes strain Wednesday PM Room: 390 stiffening to the stiffening of individual filaments caused by entropic effects. The N March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center second explanation charges the non-affine distortion of the network, allowing E for a transition from a soft, bending-dominated response to one dominated by S Session Chair: John Nychka, University of Kentucky stretching of the filaments. By contrast, the entropic stiffening theory available to D date presumes affinity of the network distortion. Affinity or not has thus become 2:00 PM Invited a critical issue. Theoretical and simulation considerations, first in two and more A Effects of Cytoskeletal Dynamics on Cell Deformation and Function: Subra recently in three dimensions, are slowly getting supplemented with experimental Y Suresh1; Ju Li2; George Lykotrafitis1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology; observations. This paper aims at presenting a comprehensive, state-of-the-art 2Ohio State University PRELIMINARYview on affinity. All living matter such as tissues and cells differ fundamentally from 3:30 PM Break P traditional engineering materials in that they require the input of energy (ATP) M to function. Such metabolism introduces interesting non-equilibrium effects, 3:40 PM which fundamentally alter their mechanical behavior. A general framework Evaluation of the Elastic Properties of Human Corneas via Nanoindentation: for simulating cellular cytoskeletal dynamics (CD) (PNAS 104 (2007) 4937; Rut Rivera1; David Bahr2; Julie Last3; Christopher Murphy3; 1University of Puerto Biophys. J. 88 (2005) 3707) has been developed so as to model the self-assembly Rico at Humacao; 2Washington State University; 3University of Wisconsin of cytoskeleton of human red blood cells (RBC). The questions addressed include: The assessment of the mechanical properties of the cornea requires the ability (a) how do applied mechanical forces and ATP input influence cytoskeletal to probe spatially unique regions of the tissue, both laterally and through the reorganization? (b) how does such cytoskeletal reorganization facilitate cell thickness. Nanoindentation allows for these properties to be measured, but shape changes and motility through small blood vessels? and (c) how does brings specific challenges due to the material’s compliance and environmental the cytoskeleton recover its original shape upon release of the mechanical requirements. Utilizing a nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis method we or chemical energy? The CD simulation results resolve some long-standing have carried out indentations in human corneas and hydrogel based contact questions regarding RBC equilibrium shape and deformation response. lenses in a phosphate buffer solution. For the cornea the target layers of interest were the basement membrane and stroma. The elastic response of these surfaces for depths between 50 and 5000 nm is on the order of 10-1 MPa as a function of depth, with a viscoelastic response that appears to be relatively constant

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with depth. Challenges related to quantification of properties are discussed, nanostructure of the tubes and the mechanical response will be discussed. particularly issues of sensitivity to surface detection in solution with a material 5:20 PM that exhibits significant adhesion to mechanical probes. The Design of Material and Mechanical Properity of Stabilization Systems 4:00 PM and Special Medical Tools for Alloplastic of Hip Joint: Szota Michal1; Evidence of Van Der Waals Adhesion Found in Abalone Foot: Albert Lin1; Malgorzata Lubas1; Jozef Jasinski1; Bogdan Stodolnik2; 1Czestochowa Technical Ralf Brunner1; Po-Yu Chen1; Frank Talke1; Marc Meyers1; 1University of University; 2ZWM of Bialysto University of Technology in Suwalki California, San Diego There are different reasons for which the results of hip alloplasty become The attachment of abalone to surfaces was investigated and the stress for worse with time. Aseptic slackening of endoprosthesis is the main reason separation was measured and determined to be 0.15 MPa. The surface of the affecting a growth in dysfunction of the limb. In such cases the most effective abalone foot in contact with surfaces was characterized and is found to be method of repair the bone defects occurring in the vicinity of endoprosthesis is composed of fibers (setae) terminated by spatulae with a diameter of 200 nm in a an application both tightly stuffed allogenic bone grafts and metallic stabilizers. similar fashion to gekko feet. The areal density of the spatulae is 1.9 x 106/mm2. Secondary hip arthroplasty needs the massive and frozen bone grafts and metal Atomic force microscopy measurements show that the spatulae show bonding stabilizers in the form of nets and baskets, which strengthen and fasten the bone to surfaces and that the bonding force per spatula is 3 µN. This is characteristic defects. Stabilizers protect the graft against excessive overload occurring in of van der Waals forces in a similar way to gekko feet. This corresponds to a its surrounding, especially during heal process. In order to complete the bone theoretical attachent stress of 0.18 MPa, in accordance with the experimental defects a prototype batch of: -the bridging baskets in 12 type dimensions, - measurements. Other effects, such as capilarity and suction are also being strengthening baskets in 2 diameters, -strengthening meshes shaping by bending investigated. Research funded by the National Science Foundation Grant DMR and stamping. 0510138. 5:40 PM 4:20 PM Microstructure and Property of Titanium Using for Implants: Szota Michal1; Mechanics of Permanent Biological Attachment Systems: Tina Jozef Jasinski1; Bogdan Stodolnik2; 1Czestochowa Technical University; 2ZWM Steinbrecher1; Deane Harder2; Thomas Speck2; Oliver Kraft1; Ruth Schwaiger1; Bialystok University of Technology in Suwalki 1Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; 2University of Freiburg Oxidation is one of the most employed methods to improve titanium and Climbing plants have developed a variety of mechanical strategies to its alloys properties especially due to medical application. This process like permanently attach to supporting structures thereby achieving vertical growth. most of the thermo-chemical treatment processes substantially influences on Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) has specialized attachment pads the characteristic of surface layers and the same on its mechanical and useful that exhibit excellent mechanical performance. However, they have not yet properties. Oxide coatings produced during titanium oxidation were examined been investigated systematically with respect to interface, microstructure or due to their composition identification. Titanium was oxidized in fluidized bed mechanical behavior. In this study, the mechanical properties of attachment pads in temperature range between 500-700°C. Microstructures of titanium with on various substrates as well as the interface were investigated. Boston ivy was a visible oxide coating on its surface after thermo-chemical treatment and found to attach to many different substrates, e.g. to very smooth inorganic as changes of grain size in core of titanium samples are described. Moreover X-ray well as to rough organic substrates. In contact, the attachment structures lignify phase analysis of obtained oxides coatings was made as well as microhardness and stay attached even under extreme environmental conditions. Our tensile measurements of titanium surface layers after oxidation process. Finally, the tests show that a pad withstands stresses up to 4 MPa; failure never occurred at surfaces of titanium after oxidation in fluidized bed were measured by Auger the interface. Based on microscopical investigations, which indicate an almost electron spectroscopy. perfect plant/substrate form closure, the strategy of the plant to achieve this strong attachment is discussed.

4:40 PM Bulk Metallic Glasses V: Structures and Modeling II W Growth and Mechanical Behavior of Hydroxyl-Carbonate Apatite Layer on 1 1 2 1 Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials E 45S5 Bioactive Glass: Ding Li ; Fuqian Yang ; John Nychka ; University of Division, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee 2 Kentucky; University of Alberta Program Organizers: Peter K. Liaw, University of Tennessee; Wenhui Jiang, University D Bioactive glasses have been known for applications in bone replacement of Tennessee; Guojiang Fan, University of Tennessee; Hahn Choo, University of N implants. The formation of hydroxyl-carbonate apatite (HCA) layer and the Tennessee; Yanfei Gao, University of Tennessee E mechanical behavior of the HCA layer potentially determine the bioactive response of bioglasses in bone implants. In this work, the growth behavior of Wednesday PM Room: 393 S the HCA layer over 45S5 bioglass is evaluated in a simulated body fluid at a March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center D temperature of 37°C. After 24 hours immersion, the HCA layer fully covers the A surface of the 45S5 bioglass. The thickness of the HCA layer increases with Session Chairs: Katharine Flores, Ohio State University; Daniel Miracle, US the immersion time, following a parabolic relation. The localized mechanical Air Force Y behavior of the HCA layers is studiedPRELIMINARY by using the indentation technique. The effect of the HCA layer thickness on the mechanical response is probed. 2:00 PM Invited P 5:00 PM Effect of Liquid Fragility on Glass Forming Ability of Metallic Alloys: Oleg M Senkov1; 1UES Inc Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Biocompatible TiO2/Ti: Grant Crawford1; Nikhilesh Chawla1; Jack Houston2; Jan Ringnalda3; Tony Carpenter3; Analysis of the fragile behavior of glass-forming liquid in the temperature 1Arizona State University; 2Sandia National Laboratory; 3FEI Company range between the liquidus Tl and glass transition Tg temperatures allowed us to Titanium oxide coatings have been shown to exhibit desirable properties identify unique correlation between the critical cooling rate for glass formation as biocompatible coatings. In this talk we report on mechanical properties and Rc, liquid fragility index m and reduced glass transition temperature Trg=Tg/Tl. Correspondingly, a new GFA parameter F1, which is proportional to –log(Rc) deformation behavior of TiO2 nanotubes grown on pure titanium substrates through anodic oxidation. By adjusting the processing conditions, the coating thickness, and is a function of Trg and m was proposed. F1 increases with an increase in tube diameter and tube wall thickness were varied. Characterization of the as- Trg and a decrease in m and varies from ~ 0 in the case of the extremely fragile processed coatings was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, Focused liquid (e.g. pure metals) to ~ 0.8 in the case of the extremely strong liquid (e.g. Ion Beam milling, and transmission electron microscopy. Nanoindentation, SiO2). Validity and universality of this GFA parameter F1 was experimentally using an Interfacial Force Microscope, was employed to accurately probe the verified for a number of bulk metallic and non-metallic glasses. On the other Young’s modulus of the nanotubes. This technique was also used to study the hand, when used separately, Trg and m were shown to be able to predict GFA inelastic deformation behavior of the nanotubes. The relationship between the only in special cases.

2:20 PM Invited 3:35 PM Invited New Generation of Structural Materials: Solid Solution Alloys with High Amorphous Structure with Inhomogeneity for Enhancement of Plasticity: Entropy of Mixing and Bulk Metallic Glasses: Zhang Yong1; 1University of Do Hyang Kim1; Hye Jung Chang1; Eun Soo Park2; Won Tae Kim3; 1Yonsei Science and Technology Beijing University, Department of Metallurgical Engineering; 2Harvard University, According to Gibbs phase rule, a great number of intermediate phases will School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; 3Chongju University, Division of form for the multi-principal components materials (also high-entropy alloys, Applied Science HEAs), which are located at the center of the phase diagram, and solid solution Design of amorphous structure with inhomogeneity, which includes phase generally forms at the terminal side of the phase diagram. However, it is inhomogeneous distribution of chemical bonding, clustering and free volume is recently reported that some HEAs form simple solid solution rather than many suggested as one of the possible ways for enhancement of plasticity in monolithic intermediate phases. In this paper, phase-formation rule of HEAs was obtained metallic glasses. In the present study, the possible routes and mechanisms for in terms of the atomic-size factor (δ) and enthalpy of mixing (∆Hmix) by the enhancement of plasticity in monolithic glass alloys will be presented. Ti- summarizing the literature data reported, and its validity was also verified by our Zr-Ci-Ni-Be and Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Nb-Al metallic glass alloys exhibit enhanced experimental results. The mechanical properties of the HEAs were compared compressive plasticity due to the presence of quenched-in icosahedral nuclei in with those of the bulk metallic glasses. as-cast state. While Ni-Nb and Cu-Zr based alloys exhibit enhanced plasticity with the addition of elements having positive heat of mixing with constituent 2:40 PM Invited elements. The detailed structural analysis implies that the degree of preferential The Influence of Shear on the Viscosity and Crystallization of Bulk Metallic bonding increases with increasing the difference in the heat of mixing between Glass Forming Liquids: Ralf Busch1; 1Saarland University the elements and with increasing the amount of additional element. The The shear rate and temperature dependence of the viscosity and the onset inhomogeneous amorphous structure might induce more sites for initiation of of crystallization in several bulk metallic glass (BMG) forming liquid has shear bands and finally can distribute the localized stress. been measured in the liquid and undercooled liquid state. The alloys show pronounced shear thinning especially close to the liquidus temperature. With 3:55 PM Break increasing temperature this behavior gets less pronounced and in certain alloys a 4:00 PM Invited transition to a Newtonian liquid is observed, which is associated with the change Characterizations of Mechanically Alloyed Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glass from strong to fragile liquid behavior. In general, we find that the shear rate Composites Containing Carbon Nanotube: Chih-Feng Hsu1; Pee-Yew Lee1; effects are more pronounced in strong liquids than in fragile liquids. Shearing 1National Taiwan Ocean University the liquid accelerates the crystallization process and shifts the time-temperature This study explored the feasibility of preparing Ti50Cu28Ni15Sn7 bulk metallic transformation diagrams to shorter times. We discuss the influence of shearing glass composite by powder metallurgy route. The CNT / Ti50Cu28Ni15Sn7 not only on the kinetics but also on the thermodynamic driving force that leads metallic glass composite powders can be formed by mechanical alloying process. to faster crystallization. The DSC result shows that the thermal stability of the Ti50Cu28Ni15Sn7 3:00 PM Invited amorphous matrix is affected by the presence of the CNT particles. The bulk Structure and Phase Transformation in Metallic Glasses: Xun-li Wang1; metallic glass composite was successfully prepared by vacuum hot pressing Alexandru Stoica1; Dong Ma1; Matthew Kramer2; James Richardson3; Chain the as-milled CNT / Ti50Cu28Ni15Sn7 metallic glass composite powders. A Liu1; Michael Miller1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2Iowa State University; significant hardness and fracture strength increase with the CNT additions was 3Argonne National Laboratory observed for the consolidated composite compacts. The compressive fracture Bulk metallic glasses were discovered more than 20 years ago. Despite strength and elastic strain of the composites reaches 1937 MPa and 13 %, extensive research efforts since then, mostly experimental, the structure of respectively, for the 12 vol. % CNT specimen. The effects of the CNT addition metallic glasses is still not well understood. In this talk, we describe some recent on the thermal stability and mechanical property of CNT/Ti50Cu28Ni15Sn7 neutron and synchrotron diffraction experiments and the insights thus gained bulk metallic glass composites were discussed. W on the local and medium-range ordering in these glassy alloys. The structural 4:20 PM evolutions at local and nano scales are studied by in-situ scattering experiments E Neutron Diffraction Studies of Zr-Cu Metallic Glasses: Dong Ma1; Alexandru during devitrification. The experimental results are correlated with analysis by D Stoica1; Xun-li Wang1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory atomic probe tomography. This research was supported by Office of Basic Energy Recently we reported an observation of negligibly small volume of mixing N Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 in the formation of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs).1 In particular, as the basis E with UT-Battelle, LLC. The work at Ames Laboratory was supported by the of most technologically usefully BMGs, binary Zr-Cu glasses exhibit an ideal- U.S. Department of Energy through Iowa State University under contract No. S mixing characteristic by following Vegard’s law in terms of atomic volume. W-7405-ENG-82. Work at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by U.S. Here we present a neutron diffraction study to show a close correlation between D Department of Energy under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38. A local structural configuration and atomic volume in Zr-Cu glassses. Our study 3:20 PM offers a new perspective on the disordered structure in metallic glasses. This Y Characterization of Glass and Nanocrystalline Composite Structure in research was supported by Division of Materials Science and Engineering, U.S. Highly Driven Marginal Glass FormingPRELIMINARY Alloys: Eren Kalay1; Scott Chumbley1; Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT- P Iver Anderson1; 1Ames Laboratory/Iowa State University Battelle. 1D. Ma, A.D. Stoica, and X.-L Wang, “Volume conservation in bulk Al-Rare Earth (RE) based alloys are important marginal glass forming alloys, metallic glasses”, Applied Physics Letter, 91(2007)021905. M where glass formation is often accompanied by the presence of nanocrystals 4:35 PM during solidification. Among these alloys, the Al-Sm system has attracted A Simple Model to Predict the Temperature Dependence of Elastic Moduli interest due to its wide glass formation range. Thus, Al(100-x)Smx (x=8,10,12, of Bulk Metallic Glasses: Zhiying Zhang1; Veerle Keppens1; Takeshi Egami1; and 14) binary alloys were produced using Cu-block single-roller melt spinning. 1University of Tennessee The as-quenched phase was studied by high resolution electron microscopy In the past few years, significant research efforts have been devoted to the (HRTEM) in combination with energy loss (EELS) and energy dispersive study of the elastic moduli of bulk metallic glasses. These studies are partially spectroscopy (EDS)and by x–ray diffractometry (XRD). The structure of the triggered by the reported correlation between the energy of fracture and the as-quenched nanocrystalline phase is sensitive to initial composition of liquid Poisson ratio for bulk metallic glasses, with brittle glasses displaying a low and has a typical length scale of 5 nm. The appearance of pre-peaks on XRD Poisson ratio. However, reliable measurements as a function of temperature on diffraction patterns and low calculated activation energies for the decomposition high-quality materials are often time-consuming. We report a simple model to of amorphous product phases at different compositions indicate some local predict the temperature dependence of elastic moduli of bulk metallic glasses ordering on quenching. from room temperature measurements, using the Varshni Equation and the basic assumption that between absolute zero and the melting point, the shear and

318 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

bulk moduli change resp. by 45% and 22%. This model has been tested using 5:35 PM experimental data obtained on a large variety of bulk metallic glasses, and the A Thermodynamic Description of the Metallic Glass State Using the Central predicted values are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental Atoms Model: Eric Lass1; Gary Shiflet1; Aiwu Zhu1; Joseph Poon1; 1University results. of Virginia The thermodynamic properties of the metastable amorphous phase in metallic 4:50 PM glass systems have been studied using the central atoms model. By consideration Ni and Cu Free Vitreloy: Aaron Wiest1; Gang Duan1; Annelen Kahl1; Joseph of the shell or “cage” of nearest neighbors (NN) surrounding a given atom, an Schramm1; Landon Wiest2; Andrew Peck3; Georg Kaltenboeck1; Marios understanding of short range order, its temperature dependence, and the effects Demetriou1; William Johnson1; 1Caltech; 2Brigham Young University; 3Pasadena on the thermodynamics of the system are obtained. Certain NN combinations City College are more stable relative to others, depending on bulk composition, atomic size, Investigation of the ZrTiBe system revealed three regions of interest. One chemical heats of mixing between elements, etc. The resulting expressions for region contains bulk glass forming alloys having critical casting thicknesses as the thermodynamic functions are dependent on the probability distribution of high as 6mm and densities as low as titanium. Another region forms in-situ beta the possible NN cages. This model allows for a more accurate description of the phase composites that exhibit moderate ductility. The third region contains alloys supercooled liquid state by the introduction of such irregularities as a variable exhibiting large supercooled liquid regions and eutectic crystallization. We will number of NN between atoms of like and unlike species. It is shown the even show that partial substitution of Be in a base ternary glass with various late in a simple binary system the local structure around the different species varies transition metals (excluding Ni and Cu) yields a glass with properties drastically dramatically. improved over the ternary base alloy. This suggests that Vitreloy alloys derive their properties from their ternary counterparts. Using our ternary map as an 5:50 PM alloy development tool, Ni and Cu free compositions with casting thicknesses in Diffusion Mechanism in Metallic Glasses from Bond Defects Perspective: excess of 1cm, yield strengths > 1.7GPa, ∆T=150C, and compressive ductility Aiwu Zhu1; Gary Shiflet1; S. Poon1; 1University of Virginia in excess of 2% were found. Diffusion in metallic glasses and deeply undercooled liquids is analyzed from the perspective of structural defects induced by the bond deficiencies (BD). The 5:05 PM elementary process is considered to be thermally activated hopping of diffusing Structural Evolution and Phase Analysis of Bulk Amorphous Zr Cu 56.6 17.3 atoms between the first-neighbor and the second neighbor positions at the BD Ni A Ti Alloy: Dawei Xing1; Jun Shen1; Jianfei Sun1; Gang Wang1; Yulai 12.5 l9.6 4 defects that requirescooperative movement of multiple adjacent atoms. The Gao1; Demin Chen1; Peter K. Liaw2; 1Harbin Institute of Technology, School of activation energy Q will then depend on the bond strengths, size of diffusing Materials Science and Engineering; 2University of Tennessee atoms, the elastic constant of the matrix and the effective number of matrix The structural evolution of bulk amorphous Zr Cu Ni Al Ti alloy in a 56.6 17.3 12.5 9.6 4 atoms that are involved. Application to the Zr-Ni and Ti-Ni systems shows the as-cast wedge ingot was studied by OM, SEM, and TEM to clarify the competing atomic size effect of diffusing atoms agrees with experimental measurements. relationship between the crystalline phases and amorphous phase during cooling. Most of the other observations including the effects of isotopes, of pressure and It was found that there were three clear zones; amorphous, partially-crystallized, the shape slope of the Q versus pre-exponential factor can also be explained and crystallized areas, from the thin to thick ends of the wedge ingot. These three accordingly. zones were dominated by the amorphous, the intermetallic phase CuZr2+NiZr2,

Cu10Zr7+Zr3Al, and Zr2Ni, respectively. The precipitation of these phases was dependent on the cooling rate. The observations were discussed in terms of a schematic Time Temperature Transition(TTT) curve of Zr Cu Ni Al Ti . 56.6 17.3 12.5 9.6 4 Cast Shop Technology: Casting Processes and This finding may gives a direct evidence to that Zr-Cu has a larger glass-forming Quality Analysis tendency than that of Zr-Ni, and GFA may be improved by restraining Zr2Ni phases through removing all the Ni elements in a Zr-based multi-component Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Aluminum Committee W alloy. Program Organizers: Hussain AlAli, GM Casthouse and Engineering Services, 5:20 PM Aluminium Bahrain Company (ALBA); David DeYoung, Alcoa Inc E A New Criterion for Predicting the Onset of Glass-Like Temperature D Dependent Behavior in Simple Liquids: Rachel Aga1; James Morris1; Valentin Wednesday PM Room: 295 March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center N Levashov2; Takeshi Egami2; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2University of E Tennessee Session Chair: Neil Hall, BHPBilliton - Bayside Aluminium We present simulations on the temperature-dependence of the shear viscosity S and diffusion coefficient of a monatomic glass-forming liquid. Changes in D temperature-dependent properties include deviation from Arrhenius behavior, 2:00 PM A and temperature-dependence of the effective diameter from the Stokes- A Comparison of Various Technologies in Mold Metal Level Sensing Einstein relation. We introduce a definition for the term “liquid-like” based Applications: Mike Anderson1; 1Wagstaff, Inc. Y on experimental viscosities from variousPRELIMINARY atomic liquids at their melting This paper offers a comparison of various technologies utilized in open temperatures. The above changes in dynamical behavior occur when the system top direct chill aluminum casting molten metal level sensor applications. The P has departed the liquid-like dynamical regime, and is now exhibiting glass-like strengths and weaknesses of each technology along with their effects on the temperature-dependent behavior. In the glass-like regime, there is an increasing mold metal level control process are discussed. M spread in the values of time correlations for shear stress components. In contrast, 2:20 PM the spread is constant when the system is liquid-like. The development of a Characterization of the Microstructure of the 8006 Alloy Sheets and Foils: double-peaked g(r) is strongly correlated with the transition from liquid-like to Carmen Stanica1; Petru Moldovan2; Gheorghe Dobra1; Cristian Stanescu1; glass-like temperature-dependent dynamics. This research has been sponsored 1ALRO S A; 2Polytechnic University of Bucharest by the Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Office of Basic Energy The paper presents the evolution of the 8006 alloy microstructure in the Sciences, US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR-22725 plastic deformation process; the paper’s purpose is to set the causes for the with UT-Battelle. defective conditions of the different size sheets and foils. The experiments put in evidence the defective conditions caused by the presence of iron, manganese and silicon compounds in the 8006 alloy structure, as well as the conditions occurred in the rolling process. The slab microstructures before and after homogenization were compared to the microstructures of foils and sheets obtained by plastic deformation. The techniques of optical quantitative microscopy, electronic

microscopy SEM/EDS and electronic microscopy at the JXA micro analyzer into the mold as soon as the detection of the bleedout occurs to stop the flow of to highlighting the process and material factors responsible for the presented molten metal. Due to the number of strands on a typical table it can be difficult defective conditions. to detect the location of the bleedout until a considerable amount of molten metal has entered the pit. A bleedout detection system has been developed that quickly 2:40 PM detects the bleedout and alerts the operator to its location. Testing of the system Determination of TiB Inclusions in Al-Billets by Single Spark Emission 2 has been completed and will be presented. Spectrometry: Marcel Rosefort1; Frank Urbanek1; Joerg Niederstrasser2; Hubert Koch1; 1Trimet Aluminum AG; 2OBLF Gesellschaft fuer Elektronik- 4:10 PM und Feinwerktechnik mbH Wrinkling Phenomena to Explain Vertical Fold Defects in DC-Cast Al- Aluminum safety parts and aluminum bright shining components, especially Mg4.5 Sheet Ingots: J. Lee Davis1; Patricio Mendez2; 1Novelis; 2Colorado for automotive applications, have to be nearly free from inclusions due to their School of Mines influences on mechanical properties and surface quality, respectively. Onthe Some Al-Mg4.5 aluminum ingots cast by the direct chill method are subject other hand grain refinement is essential. For this purpose Titanium/Boron based to surface defects which appear to originate on the molten surface while others

master alloys are used, which can lead to TiB2 agglomerations in the billet. The are not. Defects – commonly called “vertical folds” – are frozen into the solid usual method for quality control is microscopic examination of the specimen. ingot and must be removed prior to rolling. Vertical folds are found on top of The growing demand for high quality billets has created a need for faster and the molten ingot surface where areas of thin oxide skin are (1) bounded by cost-efficient methods of quality control. Single spark spectrometry promises physical constraints and (2) stretched. The mechanism of wrinkling is suggested

fast determination of inclusions, especially of TiB2-particals or agglomerations. for the formation of vertical folds. Wrinkling behavior is described by physical Statistical evaluation of single spark spectrometry data allows the determination and mathematical expressions for an elastic sheet in tension. The frequency and

of distribution and size of TiB2-agglomerations. This paper covers the application amplitude of vertical folds in DC-cast aluminum is found to obey wrinkling laws of single spark emission spectrometry to Al-billets, the graphical and statistical based on the thickness, length, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the thin, analysis and an outlook on the quality control using this new technique. elastic oxide sheet. 3:00 PM 4:30 PM Mastering the Strip Geometrical Tolerances with the Twin-Roll Continuous Hydrogen Measurement Practices in Liquid Aluminium at Low Hydrogen Strip-Casting Technology: Frederic Basson1; Marc Bosch1; Philippe Charlier1; Levels: Mark Badowski1; Werner Droste1; 1Hydro Aluminium Deutschland 1Novelis PAE GmbH From Pechiney to Novelis, and today with Hindalco in the Aditya Birla Today, the most common measurement systems for hydrogen content in Group, Novelis PAE has been a major actor in developing twin-roll continuous aluminium melt use the principal of a carrier gas and heat flux sensitivity (thermal strip-casting technology for more than five decades. In the recent years, driven conductivity cell). Current publications indicate, that the ambient humidity might by the higher speed capabilities of the latest generation rolling mills, customer influence hydrogen readings due to diffusion of water into the measurement requirements and technological developments have both been focused on loop. New systems – using the principal of electro-motoric-force-measurements tightening the strip geometrical tolerances, in order to improve the consistency between different hydrogen levels – enter the market. A comparison of these of the strip cross profile and longitudinal gauge variations. To meet these newer and older ways to determine hydrogen levels in liquid aluminium in a low demanding requirements, the highly proven Jumbo 3CM® continuous casting hydrogen regime will be presented. technology includes advanced technological features addressing each casting 4:50 PM process parameter impacting the solidification and thus the strip geometry : metal Investigation of Hydrogen Measurement Technique for Molten Aluminum: feeding system with accurate metal level regulation and temperature control, Juan Moreno Exebio1; Daniel Larouche1; Dany Paquin2; Jasmin Proulx2; Claude homogeneous roll water cooling system, highly reactive hydraulic gap control, Dupuis3; 1Laval University; 2ABB; 3Alcan International Limited improved shell coating control, together with an in-line cross and longitudinal On-line measurement of hydrogen content in molten aluminum alloys based W strip profile monitoring. on the Sievert’s law is the most widely used method in the aluminium industry. E 3:20 PM For more than 15 years, the AlSCAN analyzer has been recognized as the D On the Formation of Interdendritic Cracking Phenomena in Direct industry reference for hydrogen measurement because of its good reproducibility N Chill Casting of Aluminum Alloy Slabs: Mostafa El-Bealy1; 1Ain Shams and its high robustness. It is well known that ambient conditions surrounding E University the molten aluminium are the main factors affecting the concentration of The formation mechanism of interdendritic cracking phenomena of dissolved hydrogen. This paper presents the results of a detailed investigation S continuously cast aluminum alloy slabs has been studied by metallographically of the key components and operating parameters of the AlSCAN technique on D examining slab sample and by performing a set of mathematical analyses of the measurement of dissolved hydrogen in molten aluminium alloys. Impact A heat flow, solidification and interdendritic strain phenomena. The model also of ambient humidity in the vicinity of the measurement circuit is highlighted. combines an interdendritic cracking model with concept of the effect of different Improvement to the current technology is proposed. Y dendritic solidification behaviors on Bealy’s interdendritic cracking susceptibility 5:10 PM function “BICSF” and elementary interdendritic area “EIA”. The study has PRELIMINARYAb-Initio Predictions of Interfacial Heat Flows during the High Speed Thin revealed that the interdendritic cracking phenomena can be classified principally P Strip Casting of Metals and Alloys: Jinsoo Kim1; Donghui Li1; Mihaiela Isac1; into macro and micro cracks. The type of interdendritic crack depends mainly Roderick Guthrie1; 1McGill University, McGill Metals Processing Centre M on the degree and pattern of macrosegregation. The analysis of interdendritic The purpose of this study was to develop ab-initio mathematical and cracking by mathematical modeling indicates that Bealy’s interdendritic cracking computational models aimed at predicting instantaneous heat fluxes when a susceptibility function (BICSF) measures qualitatively the susceptibility of liquid metal or alloy contacts a colder substrate. Semi-analytical and fully interdendritic micro or macrocracking during the interdendritic coherent region computational models have been developed to determine whether measured in the mushy zone. However, the elementary interdendritic area EIA is to instantaneous heat fluxes associated with the strip casting of aluminum and simulate qualitatively crack initiation and propagation. magnesium alloys on copper, steel, and variously plasma-coated steel substrates, 3:40 PM Break can be inferred from first principles. It is shown that the thermal properties of the melt and substrate are critical in determining the peak heat fluxes achieved 3:50 PM during metal/mould contact, a cold copper substrate being more effective than Wagstaff Bleedout Detection System: Mike Anderson1; 1Wagstaff, Inc. steel. However, the net amount of heat extracted tends to favor a steel substrate. Bleedouts during continuous casting of extrusion billets are undesirable. The surface texture of a belt and presence of gas, and or liquid/solid films among Typically damage to equipment and large amounts of metal in the casting pit can the “valleys” between the peaks where perfect thermal contact is assumed, is also result. In extreme cases an explosion can occur. To prevent this, a plug is inserted shown to be of great significance. The way in which the liquid metal first contacts

320 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

the substrate (i.e. the liquid metal delivery system), is similarly important in 2:40 PM determining the shapes of the instantaneous heat flux curves, as are the rates at Titanium Smelting Process Using Selective Chlorination and Preform which the metal strip decouples from the substrate. The computational models Reduction Process: Haiyan Zheng1; Toru Okabe1; 1University of Tokyo developed, allows various scenarios to be effectively studied, and experimental For efficiently producing metallic titanium with high productivity and low curves matched with “predicted” curves based on reasonable assumptions. The cost, a new high-speed, semi-continuous, and environmentally sound titanium use of such models can help guide operators of near-net shape casting machines production process is investigated. In practice, iron (Fe) removal directly from in their quest to effectively control interfacial heat fluxes during the formation titanium ore (ilmenite) by selective chlorination using calcium chloride (CaCl2) of sheet products. and water vapor at 1023~1293 K was carried out. The obtained deironized titanium ore was directly reduced to metal by calcium (Ca) vapor at 1273 K 5:30 PM Panel Discussion using the preform reduction process (PRP), which is based on the metallothermic reduction of titanium oxide in the preform. After the PRP, titanium powder with 98% purity was obtained from the upgraded ilmenite ore. It is demonstrated that Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials: Fe in the ilmenite was successfully removed and PRP is a feasible process for producing metallic titanium powder with certain purity (>98%). Recovery of Characterization of Microstructure and Properties of chlorine from iron chloride waste—generated by the chlorination process—is Materials IV also investigated in order to develop an environmentally sound process. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and Processing Division, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee 3:00 PM Program Organizers: Jian Li, Natural Resources Canada; Toru Okabe, University of Thermal Resistant Polymers Modified with Ionic Groups for Ion Selective Tokyo; Ann Hagni, Intellection Corporation Membranes: Ana Lucia Skury1; Márcia Azevedo1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Wednesday PM Room: 284 The development of polymer materials capable of standing elevated March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center temperatures and still exhibiting high permeability and selectivity for protons, is of interest in fuel cell technology. Many engineering thermoplastic polymers Session Chairs: Toru Okabe, University of Tokyo; Yoshitaro Nose, Kyoto have been considered as possible substitutes for perfluorinated ionomers, provide University that a charge group (sulfonic) is introduced into the structural unit. However, the final properties of such polymers do not allow their application in an industrial 2:00 PM scale. In this work, polyetherimide (PEI) and poly(4,4’-diphenylether-1,3,4- Formation of Silicon Carbide Crystals on Porous Silicon Substrate by oxadiazole) (POD-DPE) were investigated. The polymer characterization was Reaction Diffusion at Low Temperatures: Yoshitaro Nose1; Kohei Hosokawa1; accomplished by TGA, intrinsic viscosity, IEC and ion permeability. The IEC Tetsuya Uda1; Yasuhiro Awakura1; 1Kyoto University and an increase in the water sorption showed that both polymers were effectively We tried the formation of silicon carbide crystals by reaction diffusion of sulfonated. The results indicated that the sulfonation lead to a significant reduction silicon and carbon at low temperatures. In general, silicon carbide crystals form in the degradation temperature of the polymer. In comparison with commercial on a silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition at temperatures above 1200°C polymers, the degradation temperature of the PEI(S) is higher, which makes this since atomic diffusion is very slow in this system; however, the formation at low polymer useful for applications involving ion transport. temperatures is desirable. We thus considered utilizing porous silicon substrate, 3:20 PM Break which has many pores of the nano-micron size on the surface, to promote carbon diffusion. Porous silicon substrates were fabricated by electrochemical method 3:40 PM and its porosity and pore size were controlled by the kind of bath, current density Influence of Centrifugal Casting Processing Parameters on the Distribution and time. When the substrate was annealed at 1000°C for 10h after carbon of Reinforcing Particles in Aluminum Matrix Composites: Tunde Adelakin1; W deposited, the formation of silicon carbide crystals was observed on the porous Gustavo Gutierrez1; Oscar Suarez1; 1University of Puerto Rico silicon by Raman spectroscopy, while it was not observed on the single crystal In the whole range of functionally-graded materials (FGM), aluminum E substrate. metal matrix composites (AMC) have attracted much interest partly due to their D high wear resistance and high mechanical strength and toughness. Additional 2:20 PM N features, such as low density and low production costs, can be obtained when Effects of Microalloying on an Innovative Quenched and Tempered Plastic E the aforementioned FGM AMCs are reinforced with AlB and AlB particles. Mold Steel: Donato Firrao1; Paolo Matteis1; Pasquale Russo Spena1; Giovanni 2 12 Centrifugal casting process then allows gradually redistributing those denser S Mortarino1; Maurizio Chiarbonello1; Maria Pinasco2; Maria Ienco2; Matteo reinforcements. With increasing rotational speed the reinforcing particle Fabbreschi2; Giuseppe Silva3; Barbara Rivolta3; Riccardo Gerosa3; Maria Tata4; D distribution changes along the centrifugal force (longitudinal) direction of Severino Missori4; Roberto Montanari4; Andrea Ghidini5; 1Politecnico di Torino; A the cast, the highest being at the periphery decreasing towards the inner zone 2Università di Genova; 3Politecnico di Milano; 4Università di Roma Tor Vergata; close to the pouring end. The effect of the functional compositional gradient on Y 5Lucchini Sidermeccanica superficial hardness and micro hardness measured along the casting longitudinal Molds for large plastic automotivePRELIMINARY components are machined from pre- direction is discussed. The relationship between casting time and pouring hardened steel blooms. Due to the size, the heat treatment of the commonly P temperature with the attained particle distribution is also investigated. employed ISO 1.2738 steel yields mixed microstructures (varying from M surface to core) and low toughness. An alternative steel is examined, which 4:00 PM is microalloyed (noticeably with Nb, Zr and B) with the aim of limiting the High Pressure Assisted Sintering of Nanostructured B-Si-Cu-Diamond austenitic grain growth, increasing the hardenability, and ultimately improving Composites: Ana Lucia Skury1; Sergio Monteiro1; Guerold Bobrovnitchii1; the strength and toughness combination. Although the hardenability calculated Márcia Azevedo1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense without the microalloying elements would be similar to the 1.2738 steel, perlite The synthesis of advanced materials with superior performance and properties was avoided at core of a large quenched and tempered bloom (1x1.2 m section), is of growing scientific and technological interest. In particular, significant whereas it occurred at core of similar 1.2738 blooms. Previous investigations achievements have been attained in the synthesis of nanocomposites associated of the microalloyed bloom pointwise microstructural and mechanical properties with superhard materials. This work investigates nanostructured composites are extended.Moreover, microalloying effects are examined by comparing the obtained by high pressure and high temperature sintering of synthetic diamonds properties of samples with and without the microalloying elements, that were combined with boron, silicon and copper. Diamond powder was mixed with B, laboratory heat-treated simulating a bloom core thermal history. Si and Cu, also in the form of powder. The mixture was then submitted to high energy wet milling until a nanopowder was formed. Sintering of this resulting nanopowder was carried out at 5.6GPa of pressure and 1300°C. X-ray diffraction

and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the formation of new phases microscopy. The powders are produced by chemical delithiation using a solution

in a welll consolidated nanostructure with relatively high density. of NO2BF4 in acetonitrile (CH3CN) at different ratios of LiCoO2: NO2BF4. Our results show at high removal rates an inhomogeneous and highly strained 4:20 PM microstructure is formed. Studied Carbon Paste Electrode Modified by Nickel(II) Complex of Taurine- 5-Bromosalicylaldehyde Schiff Base: Wen Yuqing1; Liu Zheng1; 1Guilin 2:20 PM University of Technology, Department of Material and Chemical Engineering Application of High-ε Ceramics for Enhanced Sensitivity of Electron Synthesized 5-bromosalicylaldehyde Schiff base and its nickel complex by Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer: Ilia Geifman1; Iryna Golovina1; the solution mothod, carried on the attribute and the confirmation to the product Anatoliy Belous2; 1Institute of Semiconductor Physics of NASU; 2Institute of structure by the ultra-violet spectrograph, IR Spectrum, TG. With oxidation peak General and Inorganic Chemistry of NASU current of the cyclic voltammograms changing, studied the characteristic of Earlier the application of single-crystal ferroelectric resonators improved the carbon paste electrode modified by the bromide salicylaldehyde Schiff base the sensitivity of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method up to 44

nickel (II) complexes as active substances, the effect of electric activity of the times.1 In the present work new EPR resonators were developed and tested by type and loadings. Graphite loadings, paraffin loadings to the cyclic voltammetry using ceramic materials having high dielectric constant, ε=80-160. Designed of electrode. Studying the chemical modified carbon paste electrode for the resonators have high quality, Q=103-104, and enhance the sensitivity of EPR electrocatalytic oxidation activeness of the formaldehyde by oxidation peak spectrometer up to 60 times. The advantages of new ceramic resonators are: 1) current and redox peak of the cyclic voltammograms as the target. When the cheaper synthesis and simplified fabricating technology; 2) wider temperature formaldehyde range of the concentration from 0.001mol/L to 0.01 mol/L, the interval of usage; 3) higher precision in registering EPR spectra. Due to high linear relations is the peak electric current changing and the concentration of ε and low tanδ of applied ceramic material, the resonator increases microwave formaldehyde, the result show can the quantitative analysis of formaldehyde by magnetic field on a sample, thereby improving EPR signal strength. The the modified carbon paste electrode. ceramics is made on the basis of titanates of complex oxides of rare-earth and alkali metals, and have perovskite or potassium-tungsten bronze type structure. 4:40 PM I.N.Geifman, I.S.Golovina, J. Magn. Reson. 174, no.2, 292-300 (2005). The Surface Interaction of Pyrite in No Water Conditions: Dan Li1; Qiyuan 1 Chen1; Zhoulan Yin1; 1Central South University 2:40 PM Ultrafine grinding pyrite was used ball grinder with particle size analysis. Characterization of Anatase Synthesized by Sonochemical Means and Results show that grinding pyrite powder in anhydrous ethanol is better than Effects of Heat Treatments: Leonardo Gonzalez-Reyes1; Isaias Hernández- grinding in dry-mill powder particle size changes, anhydrous ethanol grinding Pérez2; Francisco C. Robles Hernández3; Jose de Jesus Cruz Rivera4; Elsa was more efficient; Add several common aids, Sodium hexameta phosphate was Miriam Arce-Estrada1; 1Instituto Politecnico Nacional; 2Universidad Autónoma found in pyrite ultrafine grinding process played better grinding effects; Powder Metropolitana-A, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; 3Transportation saturated with vertical velocity measurement pyrite powder at different liquid Technology Center Incorporated; 4University of San Luis Potosí, Facultad de medium of wettability, It was found pyrite powder in the body of anhydrous Ingenieria-Instituto de Metalurgia ethanol wettability was the best, followed by anhydrous acid, other organic In the present research were characterized anatase particles produced by solvents pyrite wettability was bad; turbidimetric method using the principle, sonochemical means. The TEM, XRD and SEM confirmed that sonochemical spectrophotometer using different solvents pyrite dispersion effect, drawn in the synthesis is an effective method to produced nanometric anatase. Relatively aids solution, Pyrite Powder in the sodium hexameta phosphate solution to the low temperature, 500°C, heat treatments show that anatase can be coarsened dispersion stability was the best, but in non-aqueous environment, pyrite powder from 6.4 nm to 28.3 nm after 72 hours of heat treatment and in the absence in anhydrous ethanol in the dispersion stability was the best, pyrite powder in of phase transformations. Anatase coarseness following a behavior similar to water dispersion stability was bad. the one described by the LSW theory. The heat treated anatase particles show significant morphological changes as a function of heat treatment time and this W directly affects the surface area of the anatase particles. In addition, the results E of the effects of heat treatment on Photocatalytic activity are presented. The D Complex Oxide Materials - Synthesis, Properties and characterization of the anatase particles were carried out by means of BET, N Applications: Ferroelectric/Dielectric Oxides TGA, XRD, Raman, FTIR, UV-Vis and TEM. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, 3:00 PM E and Photonic Materials Division Current Density Influences on Morphology and Adhesion of RuO ·nH O Program Organizers: Zhiming Wang, University of Arkansas; Ho Nyung Lee, Oak 2 2 S 1 1 Ridge National Laboratory Films Electrodeposited on Tantalum Substrate: Hui Qin ; Central South D University A Wednesday PM Room: 277 Effects of the different current density on morphology and adhesion of March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center RuO2·nH2O films were investigated by galvanostatic deposition. The mechanism Y of electrodeposition of hydrous ruthenium oxide was discussed. We can observe Session Chair: To Be Announced PRELIMINARYsome morphological changes as the samples under SEM(Scanning Electron P Microscope). When different current density are applied but the capacitance appears to be sensitive to this variable. Elements of films were analyzed by 2:00 PM M Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS); Phases of films were analyzed by X- Effect of Delithiation Rate on the Microstructure in Li CoO - A Transmission X 2 ray Diffraction meter(XRD);Zeta potential of colloid solution was analyzed by Electron Microscopy Study: Heike Gabrisch1; Tanghong Yi1; Qingfeng Xing1; DELSA 440SX Analyzer. It can be concluded that the thickness of RuO ·nH O 1University of New Orleans 2 2 films on tantalum substrate would increased with the cathodic current density, LiCoO in the rhombohedral R-3m form is used as intercalation compound in 2 but the trend of the crack of RuO ·nH O films proportional to the cathodic current rechargeable Li-ion batteries. During electrochemical charge discharge cycling 2 2 density after they were dried in atmosphere. when cathodic current density up to lithium is extracted and re-inserted into the crystal lattice accompanied by 10mA/cm2, RuO ·nH O film flaked away from the tantalum substrate, adhesion reversible changes in the stacking order of the lattice. With lithium extraction 2 2 of RuO ·nH O film was very poor and hydrous ruthenium oxide easily drop from the electrostatic repulsion between neighboring CoO slabs increases, leading 2 2 2 tantalum substrate. to an expansion of the crystal lattice along the c-axis accompanied by a smaller contraction of the a-lattice parameter. Only little is known on the homogeneity of the lithium distribution within a population of powder particles of average

composition LixCoO2 or on concentration gradients within one particle,

(0≤x≤1). We compare the microstructure of LixCoO2 using transmission electron

322 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

3:20 PM of superconducting transition at ~91K with shielding fraction of 44% of the The Rule of NanoBoehmite on Spinel Formation in Magnesia Spinel Micro -1/(4p) value. Composites: Hamid Zargar1; Farhad Golestanifard1; Hamidrea Rezaie1; 1Iran 4:55 PM University of Science and Technology Oxidation Resistance and Characterization of Nb-Cr-W Superalloys at The amounts of formed spinel were investigated systematically at temperatures Elevated Temperatures: Daniel Castro1; 1University of Texas - El Paso of 700-1500°C for four different groups of micro composites starting material The importance of turbine engines in aerospace and energy sectors of containing 0,3,5 and 7 percents nano boehmite as an additive. In this regard, industry has lead to the research of high temperature, low oxidation, super nanoboehmite added dead burnt magnesia and reactive alumina were mixed, alloys for turbine engine component fabrication. An interest in niobium based pressed and fired orderly. FTIR was utilized in order to prove spinel formation as superalloys has developed due to it’s high service temperature capability and well as XRD patterns for both low and elevated temperatures. Results are shown oxidation resistance when alloyed with chromium and tungsten. Samples from that nano spinel was homogeneously formed on MgO surface at temperature as two different Nb-Cr-W alloy compositions were oxidized at temperatures 700- low as 700°C which these may act as seeds for spinel formation. It was cleared 1400°C and analyzed under a SEM. Previous research on similar alloys with that the more nano boehmite results in lower permanent linear change (PLC). It significantly less Chromium illustrated Nb2O4 as the primary oxide constituent. was also found that spinel formation prohibited at temperatures above 1100°C However, alloys studied in this research have affirmed new oxides and oxidation with nanoboehmite addition. This project is aimed to applying nanotechnology mechanisms in the Nb-Cr-W alloy system. A change in oxidation mechanism in Iranian refractory industry where is the largest producer in the Middle East. is apparent in the samples exposed to temperatures in excess of 900°C. In the 3:40 PM Break resolve of this research, identifying a new oxide formation and mechanism has affirmed the need for more oxidation research in Nb-Cr-W alloys. 3:55 PM Study of the Superficial Behavior of Inorganic Pigments (Iron :Oxides) Oscar Restrepo1; Federico Vásquez1; Oswaldo Bustamante1; 1Universite Nacional De Colombia Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics: Present work present the variation of the surface conditions of a pigment Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (iron oxide Fe2O3). We determine how the surface effects of particles, governed to a great extent by pH of the suspension, affect the behaviour of the fluid like Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, and Photonic Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, colloid as far as viscosity and fluidity, and as well, those changes generated in ASM Materials Science Critical Technology Sector, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of the surface of particles modify the behaviour like pigment. The best conditions Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and Engineering to work a pigment suspension and the best conditions settle down to which the Committee, TMS/ASM: Phase Transformations Committee pigment offers excellent benefits, directed to reductions of costs in manufacture Program Organizers: Yunzhi Wang, Ohio State University; Long-Qing Chen, and application of the pigment because of smaller costs of operation, low power Pennsylvania State University; Jeffrey Hoyt, McMaster University; Yu Wang, Virginia consumptions in agitation and handling of higher concentrations in suspensions Tech (obtaining of the low viscosities), and as pigment their characteristics of dispersability and colorimetric improved. Wednesday PM Room: 288 March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center 4:15 PM Study on Structure and Properties of Glass Ceramics from Converter Slag: Session Chairs: Jeff Simmons, Air Force Research Laboratory; Zi-Kui Liu, Jiang Maofa1; Zhang Dayong1; Shi Peiyang1; 1Northeastern University Pennsylvania State University Glass ceramics with converter slag as a raw material were prepared with the melting method. The effects of the mass fraction of converter slag on 2:00 PM Invited crystallization behavior and properties were studied by SEM, XRD and EDS. MatCASE and CCMD: Integrating Materials Simulation and Design: Zi- W The results showed: With the mass fraction of converter slag increasing, the Kui Liu1; 1Pennsylvania State University transition temperature and melting temperature of glass gradually dereased; the E Individual phases are the building blocks of microstructures which dictate intensity of diffraction peak gradually increased, and the crystal phase of glass D the performance of materials. Developing efficient approaches in accurately ceramics were Ca1.018(Mg0.733Fe0.293)((Si1.67Fe0.304)O6) with Ca(Fe, obtaining properties of individual phases is critically important in creating N Mg)Si2O6, and the results of EDS showed there were Fe, Ca, Si, Mg and Al in knowledge base for materials design and simulation, and promoting the paradigm E glass, which the same as the results of XRD; the crystals rate increased, and the shift towards integrated computational-prediction and experimental-validation dimension of the crystals firstly increased and then decreased; the michardness S approaches. In this presentation, our approach integrating first-principles and the bulk density firstly decreased and then increased, which were the calculations and CALPHAD modeling is presented through calculations of D maximum when the mass fraction of converter slag was equal to 70%. thermodynamic properties, thermal expansion coefficient, lattice parameters, A 4:35 PM elastic coefficients, and diffusion coefficients. Those properties are further used Y Synthesis of Superconductor Oxide Ceramics by Combustion of Carbon as guidance in processing design and input data in phase-field simulations of Nanoparticles: Karen Martirosyan1; PRELIMINARY Eduard Galstyan2; Y. Xue2; Dan Luss3; microstructure evolutions in the framework of our Materials Computation and 1University of Houston, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Simulation Environment (MatCASE) [J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des., Vol.11, P 2University of Houston, Texas Center for Superconductivity; 3Department of 2004, 183–199] and the NSF Center for Computational Materials Design M Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston [Proceedings Education and Professional Development, Materials Science & We report a novel cost-effective and simple method to produce a superconductor Technology 2006, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2006, pp. 111-118]. YBa2Cu3O7-x powder (1-2µm) by self-sustaining one step process, named 2:25 PM Invited Carbon Combustion Synthesis of Oxides (CCSO). It produces YBCO much Discovery of Novel Hydrogen Storage Materials: An Atomic Scale faster (order of seconds) than the common calcination process (order of Computational Approach: Christopher Wolverton1; 1Northwestern University hours) without any external power consumption and using rather inexpensive Practical hydrogen storage for mobile applications requires materials that raw materials. In CCSO the exothermic oxidation of carbon (-393.5 kJ/mol) contain large amounts of hydrogen, have low decomposition temperatures, nanoparticles generates a thermal reaction wave with temperature up to 850°C and fast kinetics for absorption and desorption. Unfortunately, no reversible that propagates at a velocity of 1 mm/s through the solid reactant Y2O3, BaO2, materials are currently known that possess all of these attributes. We present CuO mixture converting it to the YBCO. The carbon is not incorporated in the here results from an effort we have been developing over the past few years product and is emitted as CO2 from the sample generating high porous (~70%) directed a predicting novel hydrogen storage materials from a computational and friable product. The variations of the magnetization of as-synthesized first-principles approach. Such an approach requires several key capabilities: (i) samples have been determined by SQUID magnetometer and show the onset

Accurate prediction of decomposition thermodynamics, (ii) Prediction of crystal non-isothermal processing of complex alloy systems of 10 or more elements, so structures for unknown hydrides, and (iii) Prediction of preferred decomposition modifications of the method were required to simulate concurrent nucleation and pathways. We show examples of progress we’ve made in these three areas: growth of reduced constitutional complexity systems. The concurrent nucleation (i) prediction of hydriding enthalpies and free energies across a wide range of and growth model allows for simulations of non-isothermal transformations hydride materials, (ii) prediction of crystal structures for multivalent alanates and for validation of proposed transformation mechanisms. A pseudobinary and borohydrides, [such as Ca(AlH4)2 and Mg(BH4)2], and (iii) predicted model was developed that reduces the constitutional complexity, but involves decomposition pathways for Li4BN3H10 and destabilized systems based on approximating a complex system with a fictitious binary system, so an exact combinations of LiBH4, Ca(BH4)2 and metal hydrides. These capabilites have fit is not possible. We are, thus, developing an algorithmic calibration method led to the prediction of several novel high-density hydrogen storage materials that minimizes deviations from target values. Finally, a ternary model is being and reactions. developed that accounts for transient diffusional effects. This model directly integrates commercial CALPHAD-type databases into the simulation. Selected 2:50 PM results will be given. Multiscale Simulation of Processing of Ni-Base Superalloys: Nils Warnken1; Henrik Larsson2; Roger Reed1; 1University of Birmingham; 2KTH 4:30 PM Invited The solidification and subsequent homogenisation treatment of a Ni-base Phase-Field Model for Grain Growth in Nanocrystalline Metals: Ingo superalloy have been simulated using phase-field (MICRESS), a front-tracking Steinbach1; Xiaoyan Song2; 1RWTH-Aachen; 2Beijing University of method and a method based on homogenisation (part of the DICTRA software). Technology Obtained results are compared with experimental data. Directional solidification We investigate the correlation between size dependent thermodynamics and further cooling are modelled using macro-scopic heat transfer Finite and grain growth kinetics of nano crystalline metals both theoretically and Element Analysis (ProCAST), yielding temperature history data for use in the experimentally. The theoretical approach is based on the multi-phase-field micro models. We discuss the relative advantages of the different methods and method considering volume expansion of the grain boundaries with respect to demonstrate how these tools can be used to optimise the homogenization heat the bulk crystal. Also temperature dependence of the elastic constants is taken treatment of complex Ni-base superalloys. into account to investigate the destabilizing effect of increased temperatures on nanograin structures. Experimental results in pure nano crystalline Co showing 3:05 PM a discontinuous nanograin growth at a certain temperature are used to verify the Modelling of the Discontinuous Precipitation Reaction with the Phase-Field model. Method: Lynda Amirouche1; Mathis Plapp2; 1Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene ; 2Ecole Polytechnique 4:55 PM The discontinuous precipitation reaction appears in many industrial alloys Model for Ion Beam Synthesis of Nanocrystals: C. Yuan1; I. Sharp1; S. Shin1; and often results in a degradation of the alloy microstructure, accompanied by a C. Liao1; J. Guzman1; J. Ager III2; E. Haller1; D. Chrzan1; 1Lawrence Berkeley drastic deterioration of its mechanical properties. It transforms a supersaturated National Laboratory; Department of Materials Science, University of California mother phase into a two-phase structure consisting of lamellar precipitates and at Berkeley; 2Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory the depleted mother phase. The rate-limiting process is the surface diffusion of A model for the ion beam synthesis of nanocrystals within an amorphous solute along grain boundaries and interfaces. We formulate a phase-field model matrix is developed. The model includes implantation of high-energy ions, for the description of the discontinuous precipitation reaction and study the motion of these ions in the matrix, and ion beam damage to the growing structure and growth speed of regular (spatially periodic) precipitation fronts. clusters. The model is studied using both a rate-equation based theory and We find that the shape and the steady-state growth speed of the precipitates are kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and the predictions of both methods are in strongly influenced by the relative magnitude of surface diffusivity, volume substantial agreement. The model demonstrates that during implantation the diffusivity, and grain boundary mobility. We also find that steady states do not island size distribution evolves through a nucleation phase to a growth phase exist for certain ranges of these parameters. These findings will be discussed and and, ultimately, to a distribution that represents the balance between growth W compared to several theories for discontinuous precipitation. and ion beam damage. The model is compared with experimental results for Ge implanted into silica and results in a scaled nanocrystal size distribution that is in E 3:20 PM excellent agreement with experimental observations. This work was supported D Diffusion Databases for Mg-ICME: Nagraj Kulkarni1; Peter Todd1; Yong-ho by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. N Sohn2; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2University of Central Florida E The development of high fidelity diffusion databases is an integral component 5:10 PM of a global Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) initiative Examination and Simulation of the Transformation Path in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys: S in Mg-based alloys. In the current approach, an experimental approach for the Orlando Rios1; Damian Cupid1; Hans Seifert2; Fereshteh Ebrahimi1; 1University D development of robust tracer diffusion databases in light metal alloys systems of Florida; 2Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg A is proposed that does not invoke any of the previous assumptions in the Ti-Al-Nb alloys with at least 40% Al have shown promising properties for phenomenological theory of diffusion. Such an approach is based on modern high temperature applications. The phase diagram for this system has been Y SIMS measurements of diffusion depth profiles of stable isotopes (tracers) on well researched however several controversies including the extension of samples prepared using conventionalPRELIMINARY or combinatorial techniques. In comparison the beta phase field into the aluminum rich corner exist. We have combined P with previous diffusion measurements made using radioactive isotopes, it is computational and experimental efforts to evaluate the transformation paths in expected that the time required for measurements and the subsequent analysis Al rich corner of this system. We have limited our studies to the two-phase region M to develop a tracer diffusion database using stable isotopes will be significantly where gamma, TiAl(+Nb) and sigma, Nb2Al(+Ti) phase are stable in the 1200 reduced. The current effort will include 4 ternaries from the Mg-Al-Mn-Zn to 800C temperature range. DTA and high temperature XRD techniques with system. Preliminary results will be presented. capabilities up to 1600°C were employed in order to determine the transformation temperatures and stable majority constituent phases, respectively. Experimental 3:35 PM Break observations revealed an extended beta phase field beyond the previously 4:05 PM Invited reported phase boundary. The CALPHAD methodology was used to calculate Developments in Phase Field Modeling for Ni-Base Alloys in Industrial the liquidus surface and isothermal phase diagrams which were subsequently Applications: Jeff Simmons1; Y.H. Wen2; B. Wang3; Yunzhi Wang3; James Lill4; optimized implementing the experimental results. NSF-DMR0605702. S.L. Chen5; Fan Zhang5; 1Air Force Research Laboratory; 2UES, Inc; 3Ohio State University; 4HPTi; 5CompuTherm, LLC Phase Field modeling has become popular because of its ability to simulate realistic microstructures that compare directly with microscopy and give information about local heterogeneities. Industrial applications generally require

324 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

5:25 PM 2:20 PM A Ternary Phase-Field Model and Its Application to Precipitation Behavior Cathode Hot Patching to Prolong Cathode Life at DUBAL: Maryam Al- in Ni-Al-Cr Alloys: You-Hai Wen1; James Lill2; Shuang-Lin Chen3; Jeff Jallaf1; Ali Mohamed1; Joseph Antony1; 1Dubai Aluminium Company Limited Simmons4; 1UES Inc.; 2High Performance Technologies, Inc.; 3CompuTherm The deterioration of cathode blocks may occur by general erosion, characterised LLC; 4Air Force Research Laboratory/MLLM by ‘W’ wear in more graphitised materials and by localised erosion, also known We developed a ternary phase-field model linking to Pandat software directly as potholing. Pothole failure is predominant in some cell technologies due to [CompuTherm, LLC] for thermodynamic evaluations. Using this model, we high amperage or certain cathode grades. The three main factors to contribute in examined the effect of diffusivity and initial compositional/ordering profiles the theory of pothole formation are cathode weakness area, high current density on the growth process of precipitate. We focused on the composition evolution and an increase in metal pad velocity. Until 2003, Dubal focussed on using with time in both the precipitates (gamma prime) and the matrix (gamma) and fused alumina, corundum, to hot patch the potholes in order to cease iron attack, compared them with experimental observations by Sudbrack et al. [Acta mater., thereby prolong cathode life. The cost-benefit analysis was derived in terms of 54:3199,2006]. Our results indicate that random distribution of Cr in the nuclei key performance indicators, labour and corundum cost to determine the break is important to achieve comparable results with experimental observations. even point of extended cathode life in a patched cell. This paper summarises Some analysis of these results will be presented. Dubal’s experience with fused alumina hot patching in D18 cell technology with respect to stall location and perform overall cost-benefit analysis. 5:40 PM Phase Field Simulations of Substrate-Coating Interactions for Nb-Si Based 2:40 PM Alloys: Sujoy Kar1; Bernard Bewlay1; Ying Yang2; Bernd Boettger3; 1GE Global Lining Materials and Their Arrangement for Longer Life of Aluminum Research; 2CompuTherm LLC; 3ACCESS Materials and Processes Reduction Cells: Qi Quan1; 1Northeastern University Engineering and Research Nb-Si based composite alloys are promising materials for application as Institute, Company, Ltd high-temperature structural materials. Typically Nb based alloys are used With ever increasing size and current, lining materials and structure are in conjunction with a silicide based coating. The phase stability issues at the playing more and more important role for longer life of aluminum reduction substrate-coating interface are critical during exposure at elevated temperatures. cells. Traditionally, bottom lining is required to possess better heat insulation Phase field modeling techniques can be used effectively to simulate the behavior and better heat dissipation for side lining. Meanwhile, these lining materials of the matrix-coating interface during exposure. In this work, a binary Nb- are also required to have better resistivity against erosion and penetration from Si based matrix with a Si based coating has been simulated using the Phase- molten bath and have better thermal stability. They must also be able to absorb field methods to study the phase stability and motion of the interface at high cathode dilation to alleviate tension in it and ensure even and better thermal temperature. The nucleation and growth mechanisms of the different phases that distribution inside cathode and lining. For these purpose, a rational lining form at the interface have been studied. structure and material option are presented for reduction cells of long life and high performance based on author’s understanding over reduction cell lining and experience.

Electrode Technology Symposium (formerly 3:00 PM High-Performance Preparation Plant for Cathode Paste: Berthold Hohl1; Carbon Technology): Cathodes Manufacturing and Valery Burjak2; 1Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich GmbH and Company KG; Developments 2OAO Ukrgrafit Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, In the course of a modernization program, the Ukrainian company Ukrgrafit TMS: Aluminum Committee has converted part of their paste preparation line for cathodes and carbon blocks Program Organizers: Carlos Zangiacomi, Alcoa Aluminum Inc; John Johnson, RUSAL Engineering and Technological Center LLC from conventional mixing technology to Eirich intensive mixers. The new plant was put into operation in the middle of 2006. Apart from the mixer, it comprises W Wednesday PM Room: 299 coke heating, intermediate storage of the finished mix, transport to the presses March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center as well as the entire automation. The substantially improved homogeneity of the E mix as well as the complete documentation of the preparation process clearly D Session Chairs: Morten Sorlie, Elkem Aluminium ANS; Ketil Rye, Elkem refined the quality of the final products. The paper describes the criteria leading Aluminum to the decision on the system as well as the realization of the task definition. N Moreover, first operating results are presented. E 2:00 PM 3:20 PM S Constitutive Laws of Carboneous Materials of Aluminium Electrolysis Cell: Twelve Years of Experience with a Fully Automated Gas Preheating System D Current Knowledge and Future Development: Donald Picard1; Guillaume for Søderberg and Prebake Cells: Odd-Arne Lorentsen1; Ketil Rye2; 1Hydro A D’Amours2; Mario Fafard1; 1Laval University, Aluminium Research Centre - Aluminium; 2Elkem Aluminum REGAL; 2NRC Aluminium Technology Centre A preheating system with propane burners suitable for both Prebake and Y The Hall-Héroult cell behaviour at differentPRELIMINARY stages of the electrolysis process Søderberg cells was successfully developed more than 10 years ago at Elkem is an important point to take into consideration in the design and the optimization Aluminium. Two burners are controlled by a fully automated computer program P the cell. Nowadays, numerical simulation has become a powerful and essential with a predetermined heating rate, and they are pulsing according to the tool since in situ measurements are difficult to perform and cost expensive. For temperature on top of the cathode blocks. The new preheating concept makes M those numerical simulations, constitutive laws and their parameters’ identification it possible to increase the temperature in the cathode lining in a smooth and in laboratory are required for all the relevant physics of the cell materials. For the uniform manner up to 970°C. By improving the start-up procedure, we now start mechanical behaviour of the cell, many efforts have been done to characterize, the cells without an initial anode effect. The paper presents our experience with to understand and to develop constitutive laws for the carboneous materials. the preheating system and how to obtain a smooth start-up and early operation. Plasticity, viscosity, visco-elasticity, baking, etc., are examples of phenomena 3:40 PM which have been addressed up to date, on both transient and steady state Cell Preheat/Start-up and Early Operation: Ketil Rye1; 1Elkem Aluminum situations. This paper presents an overview on various level of modeling of the The most common methods for preheating industrial aluminum pots are mechanical behaviour of the carbon cell lining material, from elastic to more reviewed and advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented. Also, complex like a thermo-(chemo)-visco-elasto-plactic one. the present industrial trend of reducing pot turnaround times is commented and measurements of deep-lining temperatures at start-up are related to the pot behavior in early operation. In general it is seen that shorter preheating times is unfavorable for pot stability in early operation and this effect may limit

the potential for further pot turnaround time reductions or lead to operational of cell operation. The addition of TiB2 into the carbons can, however, reduce problems and/or reduced potlife. the diffusional creep deformation. Numerical simulations were also applied to compare and analyze the effects of various material properties and processing 4:00 PM Break parameters. The technical information obtained is useful for cell design and

4:10 PM relining by using the carbon/TiB2 cathode materials. Properties of Pitch and Furan-Based TiB -C Cathodes: Mohamed Mahmoud1; 2 5:30 PM Trygve Foosnæs2; Harald Øye2; 1Aluminium Company of Egypt (Egyptalum); Penetration of Sodium and Electrolyte to Vibratory Compaction TiB 2Norwegian University of Science and Technology 2 Cathode: Zhaowen Wang1; Yungang Ban1; Zhongning Shi1; Shaohua Yang1; Some characteristic properties of pitch and furan-based TiB -C bulk samples 2 Hongmin Kan1; Xiaozhou Cao1; 1Northeasten University, College of Materials were studied. The open porosity of pitch and furan-based TiB -C bulk materials 2 and Metallurgy is 13.3% and 34.6%, respectively. The compressive strength of pitch-based Vibratory compaction TiB and 30 mass% graphite contained block were used samples is twice the value of furan samples (39 and 16.5 MPa, respectively). 2 as cathodes in aluminum electrolysis. In the same condition, after 5 h electrolysis, The X-ray diffraction patterns of baked pitch and furan-based TiB -C samples 2 the depth of electrolyte penetrated into the 30 mass% graphite cathode was showed the presence of TiC and TiBO due to the oxidation of TiB and/or the 3 2 about 13 mm. It was deeper than that into TiB cathode which was less than reaction between TiB and carbon in the presence of diffusing oxygen. The TGA 2 2 1 mm. SEM and EDS analysis showed that Na, F, Al penetrated slightly into study in nitrogen atmosphere showed weight losses of 6.2% and 2% for green the vibratory compaction TiB cathode much less than that into the 30 mass% and baked pitch-based TiB -C samples, and 11.2% and 7% for green and baked 2 2 graphite cathode. Vibratory compaction TiB cathode can decrease sodium furan-based TiB -C samples, respectively. There was a significantly different 2 2 penetration effectively, but it can not hinder sodium penetration thoroughly. behaviour between pitch and furan-based TiB -C samples in thermal dilatometer 2 The penetration resistance mechanism of vibratory compaction TiB cathode to experiments. Pitch-based TiB -C samples showed higher shrinkage than furan- 2 2 sodium and electrolyte was also discussed in this paper. based TiB2-C samples after soaking. 5:50 PM 4:30 PM Effect of Grain Gradation on Vibratory Packing Efficiency in Preparing Numerical Simulations and Experimental Studies on the Strain and TiB -C Composite Cathode for Aluminum Electrolysis: Xiaojun Lü1; Jie Li1; Expansion of Carbon/TiB Function Gradient Materials: Jilai Xue1; 2 2 Yan-qing Lai1; Qing-yu Li1; Zhang-Liang Tian1; Zhao Fang1; 1Central South Qingsheng Liu1; Baisong Li1; 1University of Science and Technology, Beijing University Thermal strain and sodium expansion of carbon/TiB function gradient 2 The effect of the size distribution of coarse-fine binary particles and the materials (FGM) for aluminium reduction cathodes was investigated by numerical volume fraction of fine particles on the vibratory packing efficiency and porosity simulations and experimental tests. Carbon/TiB FGM was made of TiB -rich 2 2 of TiB powder were investigated. The results showed that the vibratory packing layer as a wettable surface, TiB -containing layers as transition interfaces and 2 2 efficiency increased and the porosity decreased when the size ratio (R) of coarse carbons as matrix. Simulation studies using ANSYS indicate that the 3 or 4- particles to fine particles increased. In addition, the vibratory packing efficiency layers of carbon/TiB function gradient materials can offer lower thermal strain 2 was also governed by the volume fraction of coarse or fine particles, and reached and sodium expansion in the cathode body and cell bottom structure. Then FGM its maximum when the volume fraction of fine particles is 30%~40%. Comparing samples were prepared with the number of function layers n = 4, and the gradient the experimental results to the values calculated by the Furnas model, it is found coefficient = 0.6. Experimental tests show a satisfactory thermal stability and that the Furnas model suits TiB ceramic powder system, and the value of the good resistance to sodium expansion. 2 parameter C2 in Furnas model is determined according to experimental results. 4:50 PM 1 Electrodeposition of TiB2 from Cryolite-Alumina Melts: Dmitry Simakov ; Sergei Vassiliev2; Parviz Tursunov2; N. Khasanova2; Viktor Ivanov1; Artem W Abakumov2; N. Alekseeva2; Evgenii Antipov2; Galina Tsirlina2; 1Russian Emerging Interconnect and Packaging Technologies: E Engineering Company Ltd.; 2Moscow State University Pb-Free Solders and Other Interconnects: Formation of TiB and various by-products under cathodic polarization is D 2 Microstructure, Modeling, and Test Methods studied in relation to in situ deposition of coatings on graphite directly from Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, N cryolite-alumina bath. This procedure can provide a cheap cathode coating and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Electronic Packaging and Interconnection E having very good wettability. In order to evaluate the nature of products, Materials Committee S voltammetry and multistep potentiostatic technique are applied in combination Program Organizers: Carol Handwerker, Purdue University; Srinivas Chada, Medtronic; D with XRD, SEM and local analysis. For CR between 2 and 3 and alumina Fay Hua, Intel Corporation; Kejun Zeng, Texas Instruments, Inc. content of 2-8 wt.%, current efficiency of TiB2 formation is found to pass a 2 Wednesday PM Room: 275 A maximum at current densities of ca. 0.4-0.5 A/cm . Parallel deposition of Ti2O3 Y and silicides is confirmed in certain potential regions. Wetting test demonstrated March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center the formation of homogeneous Al film on as-deposited coatings even under Session Chairs: C. Robert Kao, National Taiwan University; Carol open circuit conditions. WettabilityPRELIMINARY was much better as compared to samples P Handwerker, Purdue University with brushed TiB2-based coating. A disadvantage of the deposited coatings is its M dendrite microstructure which may be improved upon in future. 2:00 PM 5:10 PM In-Situ Observations of Unidirectional Solidification in Sn-0.7Cu and Sn- Diffusional Creep Deformation in Carbon/TiB2 Cathode Materials during 0.7Cu-0.06Ni by X-Ray Imaging: Yosuke Yamamoto1; Kazuhiro Nogita2; 1 1 1 Aluminum Electrolysis: Jilai Xue ; Qing-Sheng Liu ; University of Science Christopher Gourlay2; Arne Dahle2; Kentaro Uesugi3; Hideyuki Yasuda1; 1Osaka and Technology University; 2University of Queensland; 3Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Diffutional creep deformation in carbon/TiB2 cathode materials mainly Institute, SPring-8 due to sodium penetration during aluminum electrolysis was investigated in a It has previously been shown that Ni additions in the range of 400-1000ppm modified Rapoport apparatus. Experimental data for the cathode materials with alter the microstructure and improve the wave soldering performance of Sn- varying amount of TiB2 addition were obtained against varying temperature 0.7Cu-xNi alloys. However, the influence of Ni additions on the microstructure and compressive pressure. Sodium penetration and expansion were measured formation during solidification is not fully understood. In recent years, in-situ at the same time along with the diffusional creep process under compressive observations of solidification of metallic alloys have been developed using time- pressure. In general the creep deformation process shows a trend of increasing resolved X-ray radiation in the synchrotron. This paper reports on the results with prolonged time of aluminum electrolysis and increased temperatures from in-situ observations of unidirectional solidification of Sn-Cu and Sn-Cu-

326 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

Ni solders at the SPring-8 synchrotron radiation facility. The solidification 3:15 PM Break characteristics of Sn-0.7Cu and Sn-0.7Cu-0.06Ni at growth rates in the range of 3:30 PM 1-10µm.s-1 are compared and discussed. Effects of Phosphorus on Fluidity and Microstructure of Sn-xCu-yNi Lead- 2:15 PM Free Solder: Kazuhiro Nogita1; Jonathan Read1; Christopher Gourlay1; Tetsuro As Solidified and Aged Microstructure Control Through X Modification in Nishimura2; Shoichi Suenaga2; Arne Dahle1; 1University of Queensland; 2Nihon SAC+X Alloys: Jason Walleser1; Iver Anderson2; Fran Laabs2; Joel Harringa2; Superior Company, Ltd 1Iowa State University; 2Ames Laboratory Phosphorus is sometimes added to lead-free solders as an anti-oxidation The ideal solder microstructure contains a fine phase distribution while agent during wave soldering. This paper reports on the effect of phosphorus on minimizing the size of any brittle phase. A coupled eutectic fits this description. the maximum fluidity length, and microstructure of Sn-xCu-yNi alloys. Fluidity Unfortunately, due to the difficulty in nucleating tin, a 100% eutectic tests were conducted by the vacuum fluidity test (the Ragone method) using microstructure for Sn rich solder alloys has remained elusive and pro-eutectic Pyrex elbow tubes (800mm x 150mm and ID:3mm) at a constant superheat

Ag3Sn plates often plague Ag bearing alloys. However, by careful study of Sn- of TLiq+40K. The results clearly demonstrate that phosphorus additions

Ag-Cu-X alloys using simulated DSC solder joints, pro-eutectic Ag3Sn plates decrease the maximum fluidity length. The most significant decrease in fluidity can be mitigated and eutectic volume maximized by controlling X and its length occurs in the range 20 to 90 ppm P in Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni-zP alloys. The concentration. Additionally, previous research shows that certain X additions also mechanisms responsible for these effects are discussed in terms of the nucleation slow diffusion and resulting IMC growth. Aged samples, identical in composition and growth dynamics and microstructure in this system. to the DSC samples, will also be prepared, examined, and mechanically tested. 3:45 PM The primary difference is that at this time, the lower concentrations of X will be Cross-Interaction between in Ni/Sn5Ag/Cu and Ni/Sn/Cu Solder Joints: used. Zn and Mn appear most promising. Hua-wei Tseng1; Liu Chengyi1; 1National Central Unversity 2:30 PM Recently, peoples start realizing the importance of the mutual interaction An Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pb-Free between two different interfacial reactions in solder joints. It has been reported Solders as a Function of Alloy Composition and Cooling Rate: Sun-Kyoung by many researchers that the dissolved elements from metal pads, such as Cu Seo1; Sung Kang2; Hyuck Mo Lee1; Da-Yuan Shih2; 1Korea Advanced Institute and Au, would diffuse across the molten solder and influence the opposite of Science and Technology; 2IBM Corporation solder/metal pad interfacial reactions. Cross-interaction between two interfacial The microstructure and microhardness are investigated for various Pb-free reactions in Ni/Sn5Ag/Cu and Ni/Sn/Cu solder joints were investigated. In solders; Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, and Sn-Ag-Cu. The Cu content examined varies from this talk, we will report: (1) In Ni/Sn/Cu sandwich structure, the asymmetrical 0.5 to 2 wt % in Sn-Cu, while the Ag content varies from 0.5 to 3.5 wt % in microstructure across Ni/Sn and Sn/Cu interfaces was found, which greatly Sn-Ag or Sn-Ag-Cu. The effects of minor alloying elements such as Cu, Ni and affects the interfacial strength in Ni/Sn/Cu solder joint. (2) In Ni/Sn5Ag/Cu

Zn are also examined with various Sn-rich solders. The cooling rates employed sandwich structure, we found that Ag tend to migrate and form Ag3Sn compound during solidification range from 0.02°C/s, to 1-5°C/s and to 100°C/s. Sn grain on the Ni side with longer reflow time. The Ag migration mechanism will be size and orientation are observed by cross-polarization light microscopy and discussed based on the isothermal Sn-Ag-Cu diagram. electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD). The microhardness is measured to find 4:00 PM the variation of mechanical properties in terms of alloying contents and cooling First Principles Modeling of Copper Interconnect Resistance: Donald rates. It is found that the alloy composition, minor alloying elements, and cooling Nicholson1; X.-G. Zhang1; Bala Radhakrishnan1; Nagraj Kulkarni1; Sirish rate significantly affect the Sn grain size and hardness in various solder alloys. Namilae1; Li An-Ping1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory Sn grains become smaller with increasing minor alloying contents, and also with First principles quantum mechanical methods are needed to accurately model the fast cooling rate. electron transport in interconnects once they are so narrow that the width and 2:45 PM grain size approach the electron mean free path. We have used a local density W Effect of Reflow Profile on Sn Undercooling and Microstructure Evolution of based approach to calculate the resistance of individual grain boundaries. The Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu Lead Free Alloys: Yan Xing1; James Woods1; Eric Layer KKR multiple scattering code is used to calculate the transmission of Bloch E Cotts1; 1Binghamton University, Department of Physics and Materials Science waves through tilt and twist boundaries. Various levels of atomic and electronic D This study focuses on the effects of high temperature annealing on the Sn relaxation of the grain boundary are investigated. A procedure for incorporating N solidification temperature in Sn-Ag-Cu solder, and on the final microstructure local electronic transport results into a lattice Boltzmann model corresponding E of Sn-Ag-Cu samples. Reflow temperature, reflow time and number of reflows to particular interconnect grain structures will be described. Research sponsored were varied in eutectic Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu alloys. It was found that by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge S the solidification temperature of the Sn phase decreases with higher reflow National Laboratory (ORNL), managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U. S. D temperature, and with longer annealing times at elevated temperatures. Cross Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. A sectioned samples were examined by means of optical microscopy and scanning 4:15 PM electron microscopy. The size and number of Ag Sn and Cu Sn precipitates Y 3 6 5 Characterization of Tungsten Carbide Electrical Contacts for High- was found to vary dramatically with reflow conditions. For instance, in samples PRELIMINARYTemperature Electronics: Claudiu Muntele1; Kennesha Nettles2; Daniel which had been reflowed at high temperatures (~400C-500C), no primary Ag Sn 3 Walker2; Satilmis Budak1; Abdalla Elsamadicy2; Daryush Ila1; 1Alabama A&M P precipitates (plates) were observed in the cross sections of both Sn-3.5Ag and University; 2University of Alabama in Huntsville Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu solder balls. The rate of nucleation and growth of Ag Sn in M 3 Silicon carbide based electronics components are sought after for applications undercooled melts was examined and found to vary with reflow conditions. in harsh environments (high temperature, corrosive atmosphere etc.). For such 3:00 PM applications, electric connects made of tungsten carbide seems to be the best Role of Au in the Massive Spalling at the SnAgCu/Ni Interface: Su-Chun choice, for chemical and mechanical stability. In this work we are investigating Yang1; C. Rober Kao1; 1National Taiwan University the stoichiometry, microstructure, and electrical behavior of tungsten carbide Massive spalling of intermetallic compound in the SnAgCu/Ni system has thin films on silicon carbide substrates. We used Rutherford Backscattering been reported in the literature. In this study, we pointed out that the presence of a spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for measuring the Au layer between solder and Ni has the effect of triggering the massive spalling stoichiometry and depth profile, scanning electron microscopy to monitor the at even earlier stage. Experimentally, Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solders of various surface morphology change, and Van der Pauw electrical measurements for compositions were reflowed on Au/Ni metallization. The thickness of Au layer determining the sheet resistivity as a function of operating temperature, ranging was varied from 0 to 3 µm. The thicker the Au layer is, the easier massive spalling from room temperature to 800°C. can occur. The reason for the Au effect will be presented in this talk.

onset of plastic deformation should be readily determined from the changes in the X-ray diffraction peaks and compared to the transition between deformation Emerging Methods to Understand Mechanical modes observed in global strain measurements. Behavior: X-Ray Diffraction 3:10 PM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Micromechanical Study of Superelastic and Shape Memory NiTi by Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Advanced Novel Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Techniques: David Bronfenbrenner1 Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior ; 2 2 3 2 1 of Materials Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee Monica Barney ; M. Mitchell ; Apurva Mehta ; Alan Pelton ; Ronlad Gronsky ; Program Organizers: Brad Boyce, Sandia National Laboratories; Mark Bourke, 1University of California-Berkeley; 2Nitinol Devices Corporation; 3Stanford Los Alamos National Laboratory; Xiaodong Li, University of South Carolina; Erica Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Lilleodden, Forschungszentrum Conventional strain measurements treat the specimen as a homogeneous continuum and provide a macroscopic assessment of the elastic and plastic Wednesday PM Room: 285 strain in response to applied force. In the current study, strain is assessed at the March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center microscopic level for superelastic and shape memory NiTi. In response to an applied global displacement, NiTi experiences four modes of micromechanical Session Chair: To Be Announced deformation. Reversible deformation consists of both bond stretching (Hookian elastic) as well as thermodynamically driven phase transformations. Irreversible 2:00 PM Invited deformation consists of dislocation driven deformation (conventional plasticity) Using Quantitative Texture Methods and Finite Element Analysis to as well as low-symmetry crystallite reorientation. The ellipsoidal X-ray Understand Internal Stresses in Deforming Polycrystals: Matthew Miller1; diffraction technique used in this study is ideally suited to distinguish between Jun Park1; Tong Han2; Paul Dawson1; 1Cornell University; 2Yonsei University these four deformation modes at the microscopic level. Our group has used in-situ Stress state is a key factor for many important phenomena related to processing synchrotron x-ray diffraction to distinguish and quantify the micromechanical and performance of engineering alloys. Microplasticity, recrystallization, phase response of deforming superelastic and shape memory NiTi and has compared transformation and crack initiation are driven by stress state on the size scale these with conventional global strain measurements. of the individual crystal. In this talk, a synchrotron x-ray based experimental 3:30 PM method – motivated by quantitative texture analysis – designed to measure the Strain and Texture Evolution during Mechanical Loading of a Crack orientation-dependent distributions of crystal stresses over a deforming aggregate Tip in Martensitic Shape-Memory Niti: Mark Daymond1; Marcus Young2; is described. The experimental data from tests conducted on sintered copper are Jon Almer3; David Dunand2; 1Queens University; 2Northwestern University; compared to finite element results from a crystal-based simulation methodology. 3Argonne National Laboratory Stress distributions are compared component by component at each load level. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements are used to create maps of To better understand trends over orientation space, we also expand both sets elastic strain and texture, averaged over a compact-tension specimen thickness, of data in a series of spherical harmonic functions and compare the modes and near a crack tip in martensitic NiTi. After fatigue crack propagation, the material coefficients between experiment and simulation. ahead of the crack and in its wake exhibits strong texture, which is eliminated 2:30 PM by subsequent shape-memory heat treatment, indicating that this texture is due A Method to Determine the Full Second Order Strain Tensor from a to detwinning, the main deformation mechanism of NiTi. Upon subsequent Single 2D Diffraction Pattern: Apurva Mehta1; David Bronfenbrenner2; application of tensile stresses, the textured zone reappears and grows around James Belasco1; Matthew Bibee3; Monica Barney4; M.R. Mitchell4; Alan the crack tip as applied stress is increased. At the highest applied stress intensity Pelton4; 1Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; 2University of California, of 35MPa-root-m, large tensile strains are measured ahead of the crack tip and Berkeley; 3Stanford University; 4Nitinol Devices Corporation considerable elastic anisotropy is observed. The detwinning zone is similar to the W When a structural element is subjected to external load, the resultant plastic zone produced by dislocation slip present around cracks in other metals. E mechanical deformation is a complex response function best captured by a The texture in the zone is not significantly altered after mechanical unloading, D second order strain tensor. This tensor can be thought of as a description of a 3D despite substantial triaxial compressive residual strains. N ellipsoidal surface, where the deviation (eccentricity) from a spherical surface is 3:50 PM Break the measure of local strain along that direction. Conventional x-ray diffraction E strain measurement analyzes one point on this ellipsoid. The sample is rotated 4:05 PM Invited S along two non-colinear axes to sample many different locations on the ellipsoid Diffraction Stress/Strain Analysis in Integrated Circuits: Conal Murray1; D and thus determine the full strain tensor. This forms the basis of the sin-squared- Ismail Noyan2; 1IBM T.J. Watson Research Center; 2Columbia University psi (ssp) technique. We will present an adaptation of the ssp technique using Modern microelectronic circuits are heterogeneous devices which contain A a large area detector, which will yield the full second order strain tensor from very significant locked-in manufacturing strains. These strains form the basis of Y a single diffraction pattern. We will show a comparison of the strain tensors “strained-silicon” devices with enhanced performance characteristics. Because obtained from “stationery”, single-shot method to the ones obtained from of the current device dimensions, independent measurement of these strains PRELIMINARYis a non-trivial exercise. In this paper we will discuss the technology, physics standard ssp method. P and mechanics relevant to strained-Si devices and summarize our attempts at M 2:50 PM measuring these strain fields using microbeam x-ray diffraction. Determination of Local Strain for a More Fundamental Understanding of Mechanical Response in Materials: Monica Barney1; David Bronfenbrenner2; 4:35 PM Invited Sam Daly3; Apurva Mehta4; M.R. Mitchell1; Alan Pelton1; 1Nitinol Devices Single Grain Characterization Techniques at the APS 1-ID Beamline: Coporation; 2University of California, Berkeley; 3California Institute of Ulrich Lienert1; Jonathan Almer1; Bo Jakobsen2; Wolfgang Pantleon2; Henning Technology; 4Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Poulsen2; Christopher Hefferan3; Robert Suter3; 1Argonne National Laboratory; In order to move toward a more fundamental understanding of the strain 2Risø National Laboratory; 3Carnegie Mellon University response to load on a local level in materials, development of a non-destructive, The use of high-energy synchrotron x-rays provides a unique combination spatially resolved strain measurement technique using highly coherent, of bulk penetration power (mm to cm) with high spatial (about 1 micrometer) monochromatic synchrotron X-rays is underway. By studying conventional and temporal resolution. The APS 1-ID beamline is dedicated to high-energy elastic-plastic strain behavior of the common metallic crystal structures (FCC, diffraction and the status of the single grain diffraction program will be presented. BCC, HCP), the validity of this newly developed approach can be verified and Recently, a dedicated setup for diffraction imaging has been installed. A forward these X-ray measurements compared to global strain quantities to shed light on modeling algorithm has been developed to reconstruct the grain boundary a more detailed understanding of mechanical behavior. In addition, the precise outlines. Grain maps of polycrystalline aluminum have been reconstructed.

328 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

Strain sensitivity is achieved in the far-field regime. The technique has been extended to high reciprocal space resolution by novel x-ray optics providing a narrow bandwidth beam and by positioning an area detector at very long distance Energy Conservation in Metals Extraction and behind the sample. The use of area detectors provides fast data acquisition, Materials Processing: Session II and therefore three-dimensional reciprocal space maps can be recorded. The Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and reciprocal space resolution of about 0.001 1/Å is almost isotropic. Processing Division, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Aqueous Processing Committee, TMS: Pyrometallurgy Committee, TMS: Recycling and Environmental Technologies 5:05 PM Committee Using X-Ray Microbeams to Assess Long Range Internal Stresses in Program Organizers: Edgar Vidal, Colorado School of Mines; Cynthia Belt, Aleris Materials: Michael Kassner1; Lyle Levine2; Bennett Larson3; Jon Tischler3; Peter International Inc Geantil1; 1University of Southern California; 2National Institute of Standards and Technology; 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory Wednesday PM Room: 287 The presence of counterbalanced stresses within microscopic volumes (or cells) March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center in deformed materials was predicted more than two decades ago and has been inferred from numerous indirect experiments. Yet, direct proof of their existence Session Chair: Edgar Vidal, Colorado School of Mines had been elusive, as spatially-resolved measurements of the stress magnitudes and distributions critical for testing theories and computer modeling were not 2:00 PM possible until recently. Researchers using the intense, submicron, x-ray beams Develop a Synergic Thermal-Mechanical Process for Al-Mg-Si Alloys: at the Advanced Photon Source made the first quantitative, spatially resolved Mingdong Cai1; 1University of Houston measurements of elastic strains within dislocation cells. The measurements AlMgSi extrusion alloys are usually processed sequentially as casting, indicated that the structural materials were under significant, variable internal homogenization, extrusion and artificial ageing treatment (T5/T6). Due to low stresses of opposite direction on submicron length scales corresponding to ageing temperature, it usually takes over 1000 minutes for peak-ageing treatment. the dislocation substructure. The results provide critical data for validating This largely limits the manufacturing efficiency and requires large energy and guiding the development of detailed dislocation-based simulations and consumption. We propose to overcome this issue through combining conventional models for every major facet of dislocation structure evolution and dislocation processing techniques (such as rolling, extrusion and forging) and ageing, a transport. synergic thermal-mechanical process named dynamic ageing. Preliminarily, 5:25 PM dynamic ageing of two AlMgSi alloys at 170°C was conducted by equal channel In-Situ Investigation of Twinning in Individual Mg Grains with Synchrotron angular extrusion (ECAE). It is shown that the ageing time-scale is reduced X-Rays: Cahit Aydiner1; Bjorn Clausen1; Joel Bernier2; Ulrich Lienert3; Don to around 10 minutes, and the dynamically aged samples have higher ultimate Brown1; Carlos Tome1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2Lawrance Livermore tensile strength than statically peak-aged samples with comparable ductility. It National Laboratory; 3Argonne National Laboratory is therefore concluded that ECAE-aided dynamic ageing is efficient in executing Formation of tensile twins and their stress evolution in individual Mg grains ageing treatment that results in superior mechanical properties. We expect that this is investigated with a state-of-the-art, high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction new technique have great potential in automobile and aerospace industries. method. In-situ measurements are performed under compressive load where 2:20 PM sample rotations in each step allow recording of diffraction spots from most Direct Electrochemical Production of Titanium Alloys from Oxide atomistic planes of targeted grains. Analysis of these spots allows identification Precursors: Kevin Dring1; 1Norsk Titanium of individual grains through their orientation and yields their strain tensor. It Current production of titanium alloys is accomplished via the Kroll process; is crucial to note that these grains are investigated in the bulk, in their native a discontinuous, greenhouse gas emitting process that is labor intensive. A more environment.Here, the known crystallographic relation between the parent efficient process based on electrolysis was forecasted by Kroll himself over W grain and twin variant means that the location of the diffraction spots of the fifty years ago, however, this prophecy has remained unfulfilled. The present prospective twin can be predicted. We have observed the realization of these work demontrates the production of low-oxygen beta titanium alloys - of both E spots (formation of the twin) and the increase in their intensity with further conventional and novel compositions - via the direct electrochemical reduction D loading (growth of the twin). Ultimately, we detail the stress interaction between of blended oxide precursors in molten salt electrolytes at elevated temperatures. the twin and the parent at a single grain level. N Electroanalytical and materials characterisation techniques were applied to E 5:45 PM partially and fully deoxidized material in order to ascertain the reduction Microstructure as Seen by X-Ray Line Broadening, Its Relevance to mechanisms and pathways. A beneficial effect on the reduction pathway of S Mechanical Behavior: Tamas Ungar1; 1Eotvos University titanium dioxide was obtained from the presence of secondary oxides during the D Mechanical behavior, in a broader sense, is determined by the microstructure. reduction process. The earlier onset of beta titanium formation greatly facilitated A The major constituents of microstructure are composition, second phases, the extraction of the final remnants of oxygen from the metallic titanium. Y dislocations, grain boundaries and planer defects, especially stacking faults and 2:40 PM twin boundaries. X-ray line profile analysisPRELIMINARY proves to be a powerful method for Sulfide Ore Looping Oxidation Process: Maximizing Energy Recovery and charcterizing these microstructure elements both, qualiatively and quantitatively. Minimizing Environmental Impact: Larry McHugh1; Jean Mozolic2; 1Orchard P The dislocation model of strain anisotropy enables the precise determination Material Technology LLC; 2The Mozolic Consulting Group LLC M of dislocation densities and charcters together with subgrain size and size- This paper is the subject of a recent patent application demonstrating major distribution. The Taylor and Hall-Petch models of strength can be evaluated by improvements in sulfide ore processing. This two-step “looping oxidation” using these data. Twinning can be determined quatitatively by X-ray diffraction process effectively removes sulfur while producing materials of adequate and, together with scanning electron microscopy, provides a comprehensive purity in an energy proficient and environmentally friendly manner. The first microstructure characterization, especially in hexagonal metals. step results in a metal sub-oxide and a highly concentrated sulfur oxide off- gas stream. This gas stream can be processed for recovery in a more effective manner regarding both energy and capital equipment costs. In the second step, this metal sub-oxide is further oxidized to efficiently generate energy that can be recovered and utilized without the typical complications of an “acid gas” stream process. Additionally, a portion of the final fully oxidized product can be looped back to the first step as the oxidizing agent. The process will be described in detail and compared to existing technologies in the following areas: production efficiency, energy utilization, sulfur recovery and cost.

3:00 PM and the temperature. A function obtainable from the density of states of the metal

On Promoting Energy Conservation in Hydrometallurgical Processing of as illustrated on a thermopower isotherm of Zn4Sb3. Complex Materials: Katragadda Rao1; 1Institute of Minerals and Materials 4:40 PM Technology (Formerly Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Bhubaneswar) Preparation of Metal Lithium by Molten Salt Electrolysis with Li CO as Current potential technologies of aqueous processing of minerals, metals 2 3 Raw Material: Jidong Li1; Mingjie Zhang1; Tingan Zhang1; Dan Li1; Zhuo and materials include the treatment of nickel, zinc and gold ores; processing Zhang1; 1Northeastern University of complex multimineral sulphides, chromite overburden/nickel laterites and Metal lithium was prepared by using graphite anode, wire cathode and ocean-floor manganese nodules; and biomineral technology. Hydrometallurgical a mixture of LiF-LiCl as the molten salt electrolysis with Li CO as raw processes involving single units that combine reaction and separation operations 2 3 material in a laboratory cell. The back electromotive force was measured by have received considerable attention as they offer major advantages over continuous pulse-computer. The result is as follows: with the current density conventional processes due to the interaction of reaction, mass and energy and temperature increasing, the back electromotive force increases in terms of transfer. A better understanding of the whole materials supply chain has become logarithm and decreases respectively. When 2g Li CO is added into the fused essential in today’s world that is defined by materials and not by metallurgy. 2 3 mass of LiF-LiCl, the back electromotive force decreases significantly by 0.8V. With the above background, the present paper describes the importance Then the back electromotive force comes back gradually with Li CO consumed of interdisciplinary nature of hydrometallurgy, some recent energy saving 2 3 by electrolyzing continuously, so it is determined that the period of feeding measures practiced in leaching processes, solution separation and purification, Li CO is 20mins. At 550°C, the 3.8g metal lithium was obtained finally by and environmental aspects. 2 3 electrolyzing in 5A for 4h, which the current efficiency can reach 72%. 3:20 PM 5:00 PM Control and Optimization of Teniente and PS Converters Operations for The Influence of Different Calcination Atmosphere on the Photocatalytic Energy Efficiency and Process Intensification: Florian Kongoli1; F. Condore2; Reactivity of Water Splitting to O over Rutile TiO : Daoxin Wu1; Qiyuan R. Riveros2; I. McBow1; E. Z. O’Brien1; J. Bobadilla2; G. Achurra2; 1Flogen 2 2 Chen1; Zhoulan Yin1; Jie Li1; 1Central South University Technologies, Inc.; 2Codelco-Chile The Rutile TiO were prepared under air, Ar and H calcination atmosphere by Energy efficiency is one of the most important issues for various existing and 2 2 low temperature hydrolysis using Tetrabutyl titanate. Powers were characterized new extraction processes. An efficient process uses the minimum possible energy by by power X-ray diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance and X-ray in various forms and ways in order to extract or process several materials. This photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of the calcination atmosphere on the is closely related to several factors from decreasing the number of operational photocatalytic reactivity of Rutile TiO for oxygen production was investigated. problems and accidental shutdowns to the control, optimization and automation of 2 The photocatalytic reactivity of Rutile TiO prepared under air, Ar and H these processes. In this paper, the authors discuss their recent work in effectively 2 2 atmosphere was compared under ultraviolet and visible light radiation with Fe3+ controlling and optimizing the day-to-day operational parameters in Teniente as electron acceptor. The results showed that Rutile TiO prepared under Ar and and PS Converters as well as the intensification, optimization and automation 2 H atmosphere had higher photocatalytic activity for oxygen production than that of these processes through a unique non-equilibrium physical process modeling 2 prepared under air atmosphere. The oxygen production rates under ultraviolet that correctly simulate the industrial furnace processes and avoid guessing and irradiation were 427.5,378.2 and 357 µmol. L-1h-1 respectively when Rutile TiO uncertainties. The advantages of this new approach have been discussed. 2 was prepared under Ar,H2 and air atmosphere. The oxygen production rates 3:40 PM Break under visible light irradiation were 78.2,52.2 and 13.5 µmol. 4:00 PM 5:20 PM Electrochemical Synthesis of Non-Oxide Ceramic Powders in a Eutectic Electrochemical Behavior of Pb-Ag-Bi Alloys as Anodes in Zinc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CaCl2-NaCl Melt: Xiao Yan ; Mark Pownceby ; Mark Cooksey ; Marshall Electrowinning: Zhong Shui-ping ; Lai Yan-qing ; Jiang Liang-xing ; Li Jie ; W Lanyon1; 1CSIRO Liu Yexiang1; 1Central South University A fused salt electrochemical process was investigated for synthesis of non- A new type Pb-Ag(0.8wt%)-Bi(0~5wt%) alloy for used as anode in E oxide ceramic powders directly from metal oxide, boric oxide, and carbon electrowinning of zinc from sulphuric acid electrolytes was prepared. The D powders by electro-deoxidation. Sintered pellets of the mixed powders were electrochemical and corrosion properties of this ternary lead alloys have been N designed to act as a composite cathode in the electrolytic cell. Electrolysis was tested and compared with those of the Pb-Ag(1wt%) anodes used in industry. carried out in molten CaCl -NaCl eutectic at 3.1 V and at 600-900ºC under argon. Results showed that the corrosion resistance and anodic overpotential of the E 2 The favoured cathodic reaction was the removal of the oxygen from the oxides to new anodes was not affected when the content of Bi was less than 3 wt%, but S produce metal atoms that reacted with either the reduced boron atoms, forming when the content of Bi was 3 wt%, the anodic overpotential was about 40–80 D a metal boride, or the carbon initially present in the sintered pellets to produce mV lower than that of Pb-Ag(1wt%) alloy. The formation of oxide layers on A a metal carbide. The technical viability of the process was demonstrated by the the surface of these alloys was traced by cyclic voltammetric methods and the electro-deoxidation of the sintered pellets of TiO /B O and TiO /C to produce composition of the anodic oxide layers was characterized by X-ray and SEM Y 2 2 3 2 TiB2 and TiC, respectively. Compared to the existing carbothermic reduction analyses. The surface layer on the two type anodes examined was composed process, this new electrochemical process is much less energy intensive and may mainly of PbSO , α–PbO and ß–PbO . But different structure of the surface PRELIMINARY4 2 2 P lead to lower production costs. layer was observed. M 4:20 PM 1 1 Simulation of the Thermopower of Zn4Sb3: Zhongliang Xiao ; Dan Liu ; Qiyuan Chen1; 1Changsha University of Science and Technology A new method was proposed to calculate the absolute thermopower of semiconductors from their density of states. In metals the electrochemical potential of the electrons is a unique function of the temperature. In semiconductors, the potential is also a unique function of temperature T, if

valence electron concentration ne in turn is a well-defined function of T. The temperature dependence of the potential can then be represented by two parts, one at constant electron concentration plus one due to the known change of the electron concentration. The second term is small in semiconductors. The thermopower of a semiconductors is related to the ratio either of two transport coefficients or of the gradients of the electrochemical potential of the electrons

330 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

electronic transitions involving both Co2+ and Fe2+. The results are discussed in terms of the distribution of cations in the crystal lattice. General Abstracts: Electronic, Magnetic, and 3:00 PM Photonic Materials Division: Session II Microwave Response of Patterned Nanosize Stripes of Exchange Biased Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, Bilayers: Leszek Malkinski1; Minghui Yu1; Donald Scherer1; 1University of New and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS: Chemistry and Physics of Materials Committee, TMS: Electronic Orleans Materials Committee, TMS: Electronic Packaging and Interconnection Materials The exchange bias is the interface phenomenon originating from the spin Committee, TMS: Nanomaterials Committee, TMS: Superconducting and Magnetic coupling of two different magnetic materials and it manifests as asymmetry Materials Committee, TMS: Thin Films and Interfaces Committee or a shift of the hysteresis loop. The understanding of this phenomenon is still Program Organizers: Long Qing Chen, Pennsylvania State University; Sung Kang, IBM incomplete and there exist a few competitive theories of the effect. Majority of Corporation research on exchange bias systems was carried out on thin film systems. We present experimental study of static and dynamic magnetic properties of exchange Wednesday PM Room: 276 biased nanostructures of Co and IrMn. The samples have a form of arrays of March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center nanosized stripes. They were fabricated by electron beam nanolithography, magnetron sputtering and lift off process. The results of the hysteresis loop Session Chairs: Long Qing Chen, Pennsylvania State University; Sung Kang, measurements using SQUID magnetometer and microwave response by the IBM Corporation means of ferromagnetic resonance technique of the arrays will be compared to those of the continuous reference bilayers. The results will be discussed in the 2:00 PM light of existing models of exchange bias. Lightning Causes and Effects – A Systematic Protection Approach for the 3:20 PM Break Aluminum Industry: Franco D’Alessandro1; 1ERICO Products Australia Pty Ltd 3:50 PM The continuous production of primary aluminum relies on a reliable electricity Monte Carlo Simulation Model for Charge Transport in Polymers: Nenian supply and the use of data acquisition, automation and control technologies to Charles1; Brandon Howard1; Pedro Derosa2; 1Grambling State University; maximise profits. The losses incurred as a result of a lightning incident in the 2Louisiana Tech University/Grambling State University aluminum industry cannot be underestimated, e.g., Alcoa Tennessee shutdown Since the discovery that conjugated polymers can conduct electricity, in April 2007 and the subsequent downtime of about 7 weeks. A key first provided adequate doping is added to them, there has been vast research to better step in today’s highly technological environment is the implementation of understand the physical, electrical and chemical properties of these molecules. a risk management plan, so the paper discusses how to carry out a lightning Furthermore, tools to simulate the conductive behavior are of great interest risk assessment. Secondly, the paper presents the theme that, whilst no single nowadays. A number of models have been proposed so far. A Monte Carlo- technology can guarantee 100% prevention of damage, a “six point protection based method early proposed by Bässler and coworkers have proved successful approach” provides a comprehensive yet practical checklist covering the major in reproducing a number of experimental findings. We propose a model based damage mechanisms related to direct-strike, surge and transient effects. Finally, on the Bässler model to study conduction in polymers which adds a realistic the paper discusses the importance of a low impedance ground plane and good description of the polymer network. Configurational disorder is reproduced by connections throughout the site. disordered arrangements of hopping sites rather than by a parameter. In addition, the model proposed here allows for the association between hopping sites and 2:20 PM polymers, thus intramolecular conduction can be distinguish from intermolecular Magnetic Domain Evolution and Strain Mechanism in Terfenol-D Crystals: conduction. The initial testing of this model vs. the Bässler model has produced Yongxin Huang1; Yongmei Jin1; 1Texas A&M University encouraging results. Phase field model is used to simulate the magnetic domain evolution and W the corresponding deformation process in magnetostrictive Terfenol-D crystals. 4:10 PM E The model considers the two competing magnetization mechanisms, i.e., Structures and Properties of La and Sm-Doped BaTiO Sputtered Films: 3 D magnetization rotation and domain wall movement, addresses the magnetic Post-Annealing and Dopant Effects: Cheng-Hui Wu1; Jinn Chu1; Sea-Fue field-induced deformation by magnetoelastic coupling through magnetostriction Wang2; C. H. Lin2; Wen-Zhi Chang1; V. S. John1; 1National Taiwan Ocean N phenomenon, and takes into account the domain microstructure-dependent long- University; 2National Taipei University of Technology E range magnetostatic and elastostatic interactions. The simulations quantitatively 200-nm-thick La- and Sm-doped BaTiO3 thin films with A/B ratio of unity S describe the magnetization and deformation processes. The results reveal the fabricated by r.f. magnetron sputtering on the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate have interplays of the two magnetization mechanisms, the interactions of magnetic been characterized. The effects of post-annealing and the amount of dopant D domains with underlying crystallographic microstructures (growth twins, on structure and electrical properties were studied. X-ray diffraction studies A polycrystals), and the effects of compressive stresses on magnetostrictive reveals that all the films show tetragonal BaTiO3 crystal structure without any Y behaviors. detectable second phase or reaction phase formation after annealed at 750°C. PRELIMINARYX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirm that the dopant substitutes the 2:40 PM A or B site and La O and Sm O are present in the BaTiO structure, when P Magneto-Optical Study of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles: Byron Scott1; Kevin 2 3 2 3 3 the dopant content is more than 1.4La and 1.0Sm in atom%. The permittivity Stokes1; 1University of New Orleans M increases with increasing annealing temperature up to 750°C and may be due to We present a magneto-optical study of Co Fe Fe O nanoparticles, where x 1-x 2 4 the grain growth and better crystallinity. The leakage current property is found 0=x=1. The ferrite nanoparticles were produced using a generic wet-chemical to vary with the type of dopant. synthesis procedure. Stoichiometric amounts of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ salts are dissolved in a non-aqueous polar medium (diethylene glycol). A coprecipitation 4:30 PM reaction with sodium hydroxide produces ferrite nanoparticles with average Transparent Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films Synthesized by RF Magnetron diameter of 6 nm. The nanoparticles can be stabilized in water, or, alternatively, Sputtering: Soo Young Seo1; Changha Kwak1; Yongbyung Lee1; Sunhong Park2; the nanoparticles can be treated with a hydrophobic capping ligand with a Seonhyo Kim1; Sangwook Han3; 1POSTECH; 2Research Institute of Industrial carboxylic acid or amine head group and suspended in a non-polar organic Science andTechnology; 3Chonbuk National University solvent. Faraday rotation was measured on nanoparticle samples dried on an Transparent and conductive Al-doped zinc oxide thin films were fabricated amorphous silica substrate. The magneto-optical spectra show the characteristic on Al2O3 substrates by a RF-magnetron sputtering procedure from a ZnO target features of both Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 as x increases as well as evidence of mixed with a various wt% Al2O3. The quantity of aluminum at the target was varied from 2 to 5 weight %. The structural and optical characteristics of Al-doped

ZnO thin-films were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy precipitation in short annealed (1, 10 and 100 seconds) commercial austenitic (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS-IR and photoluminescence (PL) stainless steels. measurements. The XRD measurements revealed that all of Al-doped ZnO thin- 2:40 PM films had a wurtzite crystal structure and had the (002) preferred orientation. We Oxide-Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Alloys by Internal Oxidation: did not observed any extra peak from the XRD patterns. The best visual light Joachim Schneibel1; Sang Shim1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory transparency of the films was 90%. The band gap of the films was about 3.35 Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys such as MA956, eV and the visual light absorption edge was about 350 nm. We will discuss the MA957, and PM2000 contain high number densities of fine oxide particles chemical and optical properties, comparing with the structural properties and with diameters as small as a few nm. Their processing involves mechanical Al-doping ratio. alloying of metallic powders with Y2O3, which is an expensive and energy- intensive process. An alternative process, which is used commercially in ODS copper alloys, is internal oxidation. This process was applied to the intermetallic General Abstracts: Structural Materials Division: compounds Fe17Y2 and Fe11TiY at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000°C. Oxide particles or lamellae as small as ~10 nm were obtained, and the room Microstructure/Property Relations of Steels II temperature nano-hardness increased significantly with decreasing particle size. Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Preliminary results on the internal oxidation of Fe-Ti-Y solid solution alloys will Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, and Simulation Committee, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee, TMS: Biomaterials Committee, TMS: Chemistry and Physics also be presented. of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Composite Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: 3:00 PM Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Structure and Strength of Quenched Martensite in Fe-C Steels: Oleg Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee, TMS/ASM: Sherby1; Jeffrey Wadsworth2; Donald Lesuer3; Chol Syn3; 1Stanford University; Nuclear Materials Committee, TMS: Product Metallurgy and Applications Committee, 2Battelle Memorial Institute; 3Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory TMS: Refractory Metals Committee, TMS: Superconducting and Magnetic Materials Committee, TMS: Titanium Committee The lattice parameters of quenched martensite change discontinuously as a Program Organizer: Ellen Cerreta, Los Alamos National Laboratory function of carbon content. The discontinuity occurs at 0.6 wt%C, designated as the H point. Martensite in quenched Fe-C steels is described based on the Wednesday PM Room: 387 formation of two different, but sequential, martensitic transformations. The first March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center transformation, designated as primary martensite, is the only transformation process for steels from nearly zero to the H point. Primary martensite (known Session Chair: To Be Announced as lath martensite) is interpreted as evidence for the formation of martensite with a BCC structure containing meta-stable carbide particles. Above the 2:00 PM H point, the structural changes during quenching occur by the formation of Substructural Analysis of Adiabatic Shear Bands in Standard and Enhanced primary martensite followed by secondary martensite where the BCT structure Rebar Steel Using Transmission Electron Microscopy: Lisa Dougherty1; Ellen is obtained. Secondary martensite is the acicular structure of martensite. The Cerreta1; George Gray1; Carl Trujillo1; Mike Lopez1; 1Los Alamos National hardness of quenched martensite is reviewed and explained on the basis of the Laboratory two different martensites. Nano-carbides and fine cell/subgrain structures are the Rebar steel that has been enhanced in composition and microstructure for principal contributors to strength. optimal corrosion and strength characteristics exhibits greater microstructural 3:20 PM instability at high strain rates than standard rebar. Adiabatic shear bands have Textural Characteristics and Magnetic Properties of High Strength been observed to form in enhanced rebar steel at strain rates below that required Electrical Steels: Sam Chang1; Hee Park1; 1Pohang University of Science and W for shear band formation in standard rebar, indicating an increased propensity Technology for shear localization in the enhanced rebar steel. Optical microscopy and For the recent developoment of new high strength electrical steel to meet E scanning electron microscopy, as well as electron backscattered diffraction, the requirement for high fatigue resistance of core materials using for large D indicate complete annihilation of the original microstructure within the shear electric motors, it is of important to investigate the textural characteristics and N bands of enhanced rebar, whereas residual, highly deformed grains can be found its relation with magnetic properties and fatigue strength. The steels are desighed E within the shear bands of standard rebar. This current study utilizes transmission to obtain yield strength of 450 N/mm2 and core loss less than 3 Watt/Kg and electron microscopy to examine the microstructure inside the shear bands and some special elements like Nb, Sn, and Ni are added to 3%Si steel to increase S at the boundaries of the sheared regions in both the standard and the enhanced strength as well as to improve magnetic properties. Textural features depending D rebar steels to understand the differing mechanisms operating during shear on alloying elements are quantitatively analyzed and relationship of texture with A localization in these materials. tensile strength and fatigue strength is clarified. Y 2:20 PM 3:40 PM Break Microstructure Evolution in Nano/Submicron AISI 301 Austenitic Stainless 4:10 PM Steel: Shreyas Rajasekhara1; PauloPRELIMINARY Ferreira1; Pentti Karjalainen2; Antero P Kyrolainen3; 1University of Texas at Austin; 2University of Oulu; 3Outokumpu The Effect of Boronizing and Austempering on the Wear Behavior of a 1 1 1 Stainless Oy Ductile Iron: Seckin Akray ; Murat Baydogan ; Huseyin Cimenoglu ; Eyup M 1 1 Nano/submicron grained AISI 301 austenitic stainless steel has been achieved Kayali ; Istanbul Technical University by heavy cold rolling to 52% reduction, to induce the formation of martensite, Boronizing is a surface hardening method to improve hardness and wear and subsequent annealing at 600°C, 800°C and 1000°C from 1 to 100 seconds. resistance creating a hard layer at the surface. Austempering is an isothermal The microstructural evolution was analyzed using transmission electron annealing to improve strength and toughness giving an acicular ferrite microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which reveal that the as-cold morphology in the microstructure. In this study, combining effect of these two rolled samples are textured and primarily consist of heavily deformed lath-type processes on surface hardness and wear resistance were investigated. A ferritic martensite. Subsequent annealing at 600°C results in negligible martensite to ductile iron was boronized at 900C for 90 min. and then transferred to an austenite reversion, while the texture is retained from the cold-rolled samples. isothermal salt bath at 300C and held at that temperature for several durations, However, upon annealing at a higher temperature of 800°C and 1000°C, and then air cooled. Borided layer was characterized by XRD and SEM. significant austenite reversion and M23C6 carbide precipitation is observed. As Microhardness measurements were performed from the surface to the center carbide precipitation typically occurs in stainless steels that are annealed for long of the specimen, indicating that a high hardness of 1200 HV was obtained at durations (>0.1 hours/360 seconds), this work shows for the first time carbide the surface. Reciprocating wear tests performed revealed that wear resistance

332 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

increased 6.5 times after boronizing and austempering when compared to the as cast state. Hael Mughrabi Honorary Symposium: Plasticity, 4:30 PM Effect of Strain Rate on High Temperature Mechanical Properties of Failure and Fatigue in Structural Materials - from PM2000 Alloy for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Applications: Md Rahman1; K. Macro to Nano: Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine- Raja1; Carl Nesbitt1; Manoranjan Misra1; 1University of Nevada Reno Grained (UFG) Metals II Next generation nuclear reactors will operate at relatively higher temperatures Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural and severe environmental conditions. It is critical to understand the behavior of Materials Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: structural materials under these severe conditions. Ferritic ODS alloy (PM 2000) High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee which has excellent creep and oxidation resistance at temperature up to 1200°C Program Organizers: K. Jimmy Hsia, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Mathias is a candidate for these purposes. In this study high temperature mechanical Göken, Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg; Tresa Pollock, University of Michigan - Ann properties of PM2000 has been evaluated as a function of strain rate. Failed Arbor; Pedro Dolabella Portella, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing; specimens were characterized by using an ex-situ Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Neville Moody, Sandia National Laboratories Microscope which measures the variation of work function of specimen surface due to microstructural variations and can be used for estimating the remnant Wednesday PM Room: 386 lifetime of the component. Preliminary Results showed a decrease in stress and March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center strain as the strain rate decreased from 1.0×10-3/s to 1.0×10-5/s. Results from mechanical tests as well as characterization of failed specimen using SKPFM, Session Chairs: Marc Meyers, University of California, San Diego; Oliver SEM, EDX and optical microscopy will be presented in the paper. Kraft, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe 4:50 PM Passive Film Characteristics and Corrosion Performance of 9Cr/0.1C 2:00 PM Keynote Microcomposite Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions: Greg Kusinski1; Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Ni as Studied by Nanoindentations 1 1 1 Mauricio Mancio2; Tom Devine2; 1Clemson University; 2University of California, and Creep Tests: Mathias Göken ; Johannes Mueller ; University Erlangen- Berkeley Nürnberg The passive film formed on the Microcomposite steels, (wt%: C 0.1, Cr Nanocrystalline Ni with average grain sizes between 25 nm and some hundred 9.0, Mn 0.6, bal. Fe; microstructure consisting of multilayers of lath martensite nm was produced by pulsed electrodeposition (PED) to study the mechanical with thin films of retained austenite at lath boundaries), in highly alkaline properties in the temperature range from 298 K to 473 K by nanoindentation environments was investigated. A series of in-situ Surface-Enhanced Raman tests and compression creep tests. Nanoindentation is a suitable method to Spectroscopy (SERS) experiments were conducted in conjunction with cyclic characterise the mechanical properties of these materials including strain rate potentiodynamic polarization curves over a wide range of potentials, in order sensitivity. The maximum flow stress, the strain rate sensitivity of flow stress and to characterize the formation and breakdown mechanisms of the passive films. the rate of work hardening increase with decreasing grain size. The results are A solution of 0.55M KOH + 0.16M NaOH, with and without chlorides (0% compared with data available for coarse grained and ultrafine-grained materials and 3.5% NaCl), was used for the SERS experiments. In addition, the corrosion and an interpretation of the data is given in terms of the responsible deformation performance of Microcomposite steels as a function of pH (9–14) and ionic mechanism. It is shown by Auger analysis of in-situ fractured specimens that strength of the solution (from 10-5 to 1M) was evaluated via polarization impurities which are deposited during the electrodeposition process at the grain resistance (Rp) experiments, and compared to the performance of regular carbon boundaries play an important role on the deformation behavior. steel rebar. 2:30 PM Invited 5:10 PM Stress Generation Mechanisms in Thin Films Impacted by Energetic Ions: 1 2 2 1 1 W Structural Strength Variation of Freight Car Carbody during Static Sulin Zhang ; Sachin Terdalkar ; Joseph Rencis ; K. Jimmy Hsia ; National 2 Loadings: Jeongguk Kim1; Jung-Won Seo1; Sung-Cheol Yoon1; Sung-Tae Science Foundation; University of Arkansas E Kwon1; 1Korea Railroad Research Institute Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the stress generation D The structural strength assessment for carbody of freight car in railway mechanisms in carbon thin films in the forms of graphene sheet (2D) and N applications was performed using engineering analysis techniques to verify the diamond (3D) impacted by energetic carbon neutrals. The simplicity of the E structural strength of newly manufactured carbody. The freight car was designed 2D cantilever graphene sheet model enables direct observation of free-end with A441 steel and stainless steel for the railway transportation. Prior to the deflection during the impact, while the 3D model captures more realistic physics. S assessment of structural strength, finite element method (FEM) characterization Both simulations demonstrate that the stress due to the impact of energetic C D was used for the stress and structural analyses on stress distribution in a carbody neutrals is strongly dependent on the incident energy. At low-energy impact, the A of freight car. The strain gages were attached on the carbody based on the FEM film undergoes tensile stress; a transition from tensile to compressive stresses results. The actual vertical loading test and horizontal compression loading test occurs at an intermediate impacting energy; the compressive stress peaks at Y were conducted, and the results were comparedPRELIMINARY with the previous FEM results. around 50eV; further increasing the incident energy lowers the compressive In this investigation, the evaluation method for the structural strength in a stress. Examinations of the atomic stress and film microstructures reveal that P structural component has been introduced using several engineering techniques, the formation of the film stress is attributed to competing mechanisms between and experimental and theoretical results were compared. production and annihilation of point defects. A simple analytical model M satisfactorily explains the results. 2:50 PM Invited Deformation of Nanocrystalline Metals and Alloys Investigated by Microcompression and Nanoindentation: Ravi Kottada1; Ruth Schwaiger1; Jörg Weismüller1; Jürgen Markmann1; Yulia Ivanisenko1; Oliver Kraft1; 1Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Pure nanocrystalline metals have been studied with an overwhelming interest in the last two decades due to their attractive and unusual mechanical properties. However, only little information is available on the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metallic alloys. Here, we show comparative microcompression and nanoindentation test results for nanocrystalline metals and alloys, namely electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-20%Fe, and Pd and

Pd-Au prepared by inert gas condensation and subsequent densification via high 4:10 PM Invited pressure torsion. Micro-columns with diameters ranging from 1 – 3µm were Analytical and Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Void Growth: Sirirat prepared by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) machining. Subsequently, the micro Traiviratana1; Eduardo Bringa1; David Benson1; Marc Meyers1; 1University of columns were uniaxially compressed to strains of 10-50% using a nanoindenter California equipped with a flat diamond punch. Nanoindentation experiments at various Void growth is the principal failure mechanism in ductile metals. Yet, it is only indentation strain rates complement the mechanical testing. The results, which recently that a dislocation mechanism was postulated by Lubarda et al (Acta were analyzed with respect to strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity indicate Mat,1397, 2004), who showed that both prismatic and shear loops nucleating at that the alloyed metals show a weaker strain rate sensitivity compared to their the void surface can provide the material transport required for growth. Atomistic pure counterparts. simulations on monocrystalline and polycrystalline copper (using the Mishin- Farkas potential)reveal the detailed nature of the dislocation activity surrounding 3:10 PM a growing void. The emission of dislocations is the first stage, followed by their Influence of Grain Boundary Character on Nanocrystalline Plasticity: Mark reactions and interactions. Calculations are carried out for voids having different Tschopp1; Shreevant Tiwari2; Sudipto Ghosh2; David McDowell1; 1Georgia sizes and predict different critical stresses for plasticity, in disagreement with the Institute of Technology; 2Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Gurson model, which is size independent. The calculations are applied to grain- The objective of this research is to use atomistic simulations to investigate boundary voids, important in polycrystals. the influence of the grain boundary character distribution on the plasticity of nanocrystalline materials. In this work, we generate a 3D periodic columnar grain 4:30 PM structure about the <110> tilt axis using an algorithm that enables the preferential Single Crystals Deformed by High Pressure Torsion: Martin Hafok1; Reinhard assignment of low order CSL boundaries. Three nanocrystalline configurations Pippan1; 1Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science are generated: one with increased Σ3 content, a random distribution, and one with The fragmentation process of high pressure torsion deformed samples is increased Σ9 content (lower nucleation stresses). Deformation simulations under commonly studied by the use of polycrystalline specimens. Usually it is uniaxial tension show that the strength of nanocrystalline materials is enhanced widely accepted that the interaction between adjacent crystallites facilitates the with higher populations of Σ3 boundaries. However, the grain boundary plane fragmentation process, but how is the fragmentation process influenced in a inclination also plays a role in plastic deformation. Last, the influence of the single crystalline material? On account of this, single crystalline nickel samples grain size in plastic response is investigated to determine if increasing the low were manufactured in the form of small discs with <111> and <001> orientation order CSL boundary content has a diminished influence in regimes where grain parallel to the cylinder axis to characterize the evolution of microstructure rotation and grain boundary sliding are the dominant deformation mechanisms. and microtexture. Due to the shear deformation a characteristic microtexture has developed that exhibits preferred orientations, depending on the alignment 3:25 PM of the crystal system with respect to the deformation state. In addition to the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Al-Cu Alloy Produced by High characterisation of the microstructure and microtexture by BSE and EBSD Energy Ball Milling and Hot Isostatic Pressing: T. Shanmugasundaram1; V. measurements, the torque during the deformation can be readily measured and Subramanya Sarma1; B. Murty1; Holger Saage2; Martin Heilmaier2; 1Indian analysed with respect to the two different crystallographic orientations. Institute of Technology Madras; 2Otto von Guericke University Nanostructured materials exhibit usually improved strength but at the expense 4:45 PM of ductility. The development of bi-modal grain size distribution with micron- Mechanical Anisotropy in Ultrafine Grained Copper and IF Steel Processed sized grains embedded in a matrix of nanostructured grains has been shown to via Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE): Effects of Grain Morphology restore ductility without significant loss in strength. In the present work, we and Texture: Mohammed Haouaoui1; Majid Al-Maharbi1; Ibrahim Karaman1; present the mechanical properties of nanostructured precipitation hardening Hans Maier2; 1Texas A&M University; 2University of Paderborn Al-Cu alloy prepared by high energy ball milling of the inert gas atomized Al- The effect of strain path and level on the flow stress anisotropy and Cu alloy powder. After milling, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to Bauschinger effect (BE) in UFG OFHC copper and IF steel was investigated W evaluate the grain size. After 15 h of milling, 30 nm crystallite size was obtained. considering grain morphology, dislocation mean free path and texture evolution. E Subsequently, these nano powders were blended with 15 and 30 wt.pct. coarse The materials were deformed via multipass ECAE using a 90° square die. The D alloy powder (1 to 10 µm). Blended powders were degassed and consolidated room temperature experiments were conducted under tension and compression by hot isostatic pressing. The microstructures and mechanical properties along three perpendicular directions in each billet. Bauschinger experiments N of the samples will be characterized with the aim of establishing optimized were conducted in both forward tension/reverse compression and forward E microstructures and processing conditions for simultaneously achieving high compression/reverse tension modes. The strong anisotropy in flow stress, S strength and ductility. softening and BE were correlated to grain morphology and texture. The observed stronger tension strength and tension/compression asymmetry was attributed, in 3:40 PM Break D addition to the effect of hydrostatic pressure on dislocations, to the dislocation A 3:50 PM Invited mean free path via grain morphology. The comparison between copper (fcc) Y Micro and Nano Defects Formation During Grain Refinement by ECAP: and IF steel (bcc) elucidated further the contribution of texture on the flow Rimma Lapovok1; Peter McKenzie1; Dacian Tomus1; Yuri Estrin1; Terry Lowe2; anisotropy in UFG materials. 1Monash University; 2Los Alamos NationalPRELIMINARY Laboratory 5:00 PM P Severe plastic deformation via ECAP is a method to refine the grain size High-Strain-Rate Shearing of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Film: Buyang of metals. Generally, UFG metals have a superior strength and high cycle M Cao1; Zhizhou Zhang1; Kaliat Ramesh1; 1Johns Hopkins University fatigue life compared to their course grained counterparts. However, the fatigue Nanocrystalline aluminum film is made through vapor deposition with a mean performance of various UFG metals is not always consistent with trends in tensile grain size of 30nm. It is then subjected to high-rate shearing deformations with properties due to defects introduced during ECAP. A study of micro defects, strain rates of 103–106 s-1. The experimental configuration is that of a compression- such as decohesion of particles within the matrix, brittle fracture of particles, torsion kolsky bar, where the specimen is a thin film mounted on a stainless steel formation of voids at the grain boundaries have been performed using SEM ring. Superimposed pressures of 400 MPa are also developed. The experimental and TEM. To investigate the formation of nano-defects, namely the voids of 1 technique provides high-rate stress-strain curves as well as deformed films for to 200 nm size, Small-Angle Neutron Scattering technique has been employed. microstructure analysis. The results of microscopic characterization using TEM The SANS measurements on CP-Ti processed by ECAP revealed that defects in and HRTEM are described. the range of 5-20 nm were not influenced by the level of back-pressure, whereas defects of the 20-200 nm size could be manipulated by application of hydrostatic pressure.

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5:15 PM corrosion resistance of the coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy were studied. Effect of Annealing Twins on Microstructure Evolution in Electrodeposited Three phosphatation solutions containing phosphoric acid, phosphate ions, Nanostructured Ni: Indranil Roy1; Farghalli Mohamed1; 1University of nitrates and nitrites added with or without zinc ions and fluorides were used. California, Irvine The morphology and composition of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, This paper presents evidence for the effect of annealing twin boundaries EDX, XRD and TEM. The phosphate coating for bath 1, which composed of on microstructure evolution in electrodeposited nanostructured Ni based. This amorphous Mg3 (PO4)2 and Mg17Al12, is different from those for other two evidence is illustrated by means of transmission electron micrographs (TEM) solutions. The phosphate coatings of bath 2 and bath 3 are mainly composed and orientation maps generated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). of tera-hydrated zinc phosphate by XRD and TEM. The corrosion potential of Statistics of annealing twin boundaries and corresponding lamellar spacing as the coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution is ranked in the following decreasing order: a function of several variables, including grain size, temperature, and annealing Ebath2>Ebath3>Ebath1 >EAZ91D. time, to engineer a microstructure having a maximum twin density are also 2:40 PM investigated. The results are discussed with reference to the role of annealing Electrochemical Fabrication and Biocompatibility of the Hydroxyapatite twinning not only in improving intergranular corrosion resistance but also in Coating on Magnesium Alloy for Implanted Applications: Shaokang Guan1; simultaneously increasing strength and ductility in nanocrystalline materials. Li Peng1; Qun Luo1; Cuilian Wen1; 1Department of Materials Science and 5:30 PM Engineering, Zhengzhou University Application of the Normalization JIC Fracture Methodology to Ductile The hydroxyapatite coating composed by needle-like hydroxyapatite(HAP) Polymers: Eric Brown1; 1Los Alamos National Laboratory fiber was fabricated on magnesium alloy substrate by electro-deposition method The single specimen normalization technique is extensively investigated for to improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. There were vibrations ductile polymers. This employs an analytical solution with power law behavior for of HPO4 2-, PO43-, CO32- and OH- in the coating, which was the composition tip blunting and crack initiation and transitions smoothly to a linear relationship of bone. The biocompatibility of the coating was deeply investigated. It reveals for steady-state crack growth to accurately estimate the position of the crack tip that there was obviously specific mass gain in the first week and the HAP coating throughout the test. The evolution and validation of the normalization technique could protect the Mg substrate from quickly degradation during the first period and its application to ductile polymers is discussed. Results are presented for of immersion. The degradation in psychological environment could not cause PTFE7C, PCTFE, Kel-F800, THV500, and PEEK450G with a focus on the the rise of magnesium in the serum. The HAP coating could reduce the corrosion effects of transitioning through the glass transition temperature and temperature of magnesium alloy at the first period of implanting and the HAP/Mg could induced phase transitions. Results are compared to the literature and presented in stimulate the hurl of the bone tissue. The histopathology result further testified the context of extensive fractography to elucidate fracture mechanisms on length that HAP/Mg could improve the circulation of the blood of bone defects and scales from the nano- to macro-scale. stimulate the growth of new bone tissue. 3:00 PM Electroless Ni-P Plating on Mg-10Li-1Zn Alloy: Hua Zhang1; Guangchun 1 2 1 1 Magnesium Technology 2008: Corrosion, Surface Yao ; Shulan Wang ; Chunlin Liang ; School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University; 2School of Science, Northeastern University Finishing and Joining A uniform Ni-P coating was successfully obtained on Mg-10Li-1Zn alloy by the Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, electroless plating technology. The pretreatment process, the micro-morphology TMS: Magnesium Committee Program Organizers: Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Neale Neelameggham, and the corrosion resistance of the coating were studied. Experimental results US Magnesium LLC; Randy Beals, Chrysler LLC; Eric Nyberg, Pacific Northwest indicated that the treated surface was coarser with prolonging the acid pickle National Laboratory time, and the fluoride film on surface of the alloy became thicker with increasing activation treatment time. Moreover, the pretreatment process obviously Wednesday PM Room: 291 influenced the micro-morphology of the electroless Ni-P plating. Under the W March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center optimal pretreatment process of acid pickle for 20s and activation for 10min, E the Ni-P coating deposited was compact and even, which was connected tightly D Session Chair: Neale Neelameggham, US Magnesium LLC to the substrate. The result of potentiodynamic polarization showed that the Ni-P coating had good corrosion resistance, which could provide an effective N 2:00 PM protection for Mg-10Li-1Zn alloy. E 3D Observation of Corroding AZ91D by Synchrotron-Radiation Based 3:20 PM S Microtomography: Frank Witte1; Norbert Hort2; Hajo Dieringa2; Michael Gas Dynamic Spray (GDS) Coatings for Improving Galvanic Corrosion D Störmer2; Felix Beckmann2; Karl Kainer2; 1Hannover Medical School; 2GKSS and Sliding Wear Resistance of Magnesium Alloys: Jiaren Jiang1; Lijue Xue1; A Research Center 1National Research Council of Canada (NRC) The beta phase Mg17Al12 develops during casting and is assumed to influences Magnesium alloys are very attractive for many industrial applications, Y strength as well as corrosion propertiesPRELIMINARY of Mg Al alloys. The distribution of particularly, for reducing vehicle weight in the automobile and aerospace beta-phases and Al-Mn phases after corrosion tests can be determined using industry to reduce greenhouse gas emission. However, the poor wear and P the 2D technique of standard metallography. This destructive method has some galvanic corrosion resistance seriously limits the wider industrial applications limitations especially with the brittle and dissolvable magnesium corrosion of magnesium alloys. In this paper, the improvement of galvanic corrosion M products. Synchrotron-radiation based microtomography (SRµCT) was used to and dry sliding wear resistance of magnesium alloys has been investigated by obtain a non-destructive 3D image the local distribution of beta phases and Al- applying aluminum-based coatings on cast AZ91D and AM60B magnesium Mn phases in un-corroded AZ91D alloy as well as in its corrosion layer after alloy substrates using gas dynamic spray (GDS) process. It is shown that GDS 8 hours immersion in 3.5% NaCl. SRµCT results have been supplemented by coatings can be directly applied on dry-machined or cast magnesium alloy XRD and standard methods of metallography. substrate with very good bonding without requiring special surface preparations. 2:20 PM Salt spray testing showed excellent galvanic corrosion protection results for Characteristics of the Phosphate Conversion Coating on AZ91D Magnesium die-cast AM60B magnesium alloy by applying the developed innovative GDS Alloy and Its Corrosion Resistance: Suqiu Jia1; S.S Jia2; Yao Jun2; S.M. coatings. The dry sliding wear resistance of the cast magnesium alloys is also Yu1; 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of significantly improved by the aluminium-based GDS coatings. Technology; 2Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Jilin University 3:40 PM Break Phosphate treatment is one of effective ways to prevent magnesium alloy from attack. In the paper characteristics of phosphate conversion coatings and

4:00 PM 5:20 PM The Microstructure and Performance of AZ31 Joint Welded by Gas New Bio-Absorbable Magnesium Alloys for Medical Applications: Anja Tungsten Arc: Yefeng Bao1; Yongfeng Jiang1; 1Hohai University Hänzi1; Mischa Weder1; Bodo Gerold2; Jörg Löffler1; Peter Uggowitzer1; 1ETH Welds of AZ31 magnesium alloy was carried out using gas tungsten arc Zurich; 2Biotronik GmbH and Company (GTA) welding. The microstructures of AZ31 magnesium alloy base metal, heat Today, stenting is a well-established technique in the treatment of vascular affected zone(HAZ) and weld metal were investigated by optical and scanning diseases. Stents provide mechanical support to blood vessels and are generally electron microscopy (OM and SEM) and EDS. The fusion line between weld permanent implants. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated the potential metal and HAZ was distinct. The HAZ was overheated and the grain size was of bio-absorbable devices in the field of vascular intervention. The two new coarser. However, the grain size of weld, which was quenched like casting and bio-absorbable magnesium-based alloys described in this study approach the fine equiaxed grains were formed, was smaller than that of base metal and HAZ. mechanical and electro-chemical properties required in stents. After extrusion The discontinuous network phase, Mg17Al12 and Mg17(AlZn)12 and divorced both reveal fine and even microstructures with grains smaller than 10µm eutectic distributed around gain boundary in weld metal was detected. The generating exceptional plasticity at ambient temperature. One alloy features hardness of weld metal was higher than base metal, where, was lower than HAZ. high uniform elongation of 17% at a tensile strength level of 270 MPa, while the The corrosion resistances in weld and base metal were similar, in contrast, that other reaches a superior 20% at 250 MPa. The alloys’ outstanding mechanical of HAZ was lower. properties are accompanied by good electro-chemical performance in a simulated physiological medium, manifested in slow and homogeneous degradation. The 4:20 PM application potential of these new alloys in the field of vascular intervention Influence of Cutting and Non-Cutting Processes on the Corrosion Behavior seems very promising. and the Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys: Martin Bosse1; 1Leibniz Universität Hannover 5:40 PM Invited An important aim for the automotive industry is to reduce vehicle weight Thread Forming In Magnesium Alloys: Klaus Pantke1; 1University of

in order to decrease fuel consumption and emission of CO2. The use of light Dortmund metals as construction materials is generally considered of key importance for With cold forming tapping tools, it is possible to produce internal threads by the future. Magnesium alloys fulfill the demands of a low specific weight with cold forming. Due to this, thread strength could be significantly enhanced. The excellent machining properties and high recycling potential. The low corrosion core requirement for cold forming is the adequate plasticity of the workpiece resistance in comparison with other light materials is one of the reasons for the material. Insufficient plasticity of magnesium alloys limits cold tap forming. A rare application as construction material. The aim of the presented joint research new process of pre-forming tap offers a good opportunity to handle the described project within the priority program 1168 of the German Research Foundation problem. To implement this, threads are produced in a two-stage operation. In is to influence the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by cutting the first step, an incomplete thread will be generated (machined) by a modified processes and mechanical surface treating through deep rolling. The corrosion thread tool. The diameter of this tap is slightly less than the normal tap. In the and mechanical properties are significantly affected by the surface and subsurface second step, a cold forming tap is finishes the thread to final diameter. Through properties of the workpiece. Therefore the influence of surface treatment and this procedure it is possible to increase thread strength up to 40 percent. This different alloy compositions on the corrosion rate has been studied. article will address the microstructure influence of thread forming in magnesium alloys and the resulting thread strength. 4:40 PM Mechanical Properties of Self-Pierce Riveted Joints of Magnesium: William Song1; Y. Durandet1; M. Easton2; S. Blacket3; M. Brandt1; 1IRIS, Swinburne 2 3 University of Technology; Monash University; Henrob (UK) Party Ltd. Magnesium Technology 2008: Creep Resistant Magnesium-to-magnesium and aluminium-to-magnesium joints of various ply thicknesses and alloys were produced using a thermally assisted self-pierce Magnesium Alloys W riveting (SPR) technique to prevent cracking of the magnesium ply placed on Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Magnesium Committee E the bottom in the design of the joint. Materials included: 2 to 3mm thick high Program Organizers: Mihriban Pekguleryuz, McGill University; Neale Neelameggham, D pressure die cast AM50 and AM60 alloys, 3.3mm thick strip cast AZ31-O, 2mm US Magnesium LLC; Randy Beals, Chrysler LLC; Eric Nyberg, Pacific Northwest thick Al 5005-H34 sheet, and 1.5 or 3mm thick Al6060-T5 extruded plate. The National Laboratory N mechanical properties of single-point joint specimens were assessed by static E lap shear tensile testing. Maximum loads of 2500N to 7200N were obtained, Wednesday PM Room: 292 S and specific absorbed energy values were determined from measurements of March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center area under the curve up to the maximum load displacement. The effects of ply D thickness and alloy, rivet type, size of test piece or joint overlap on the properties Session Chair: To Be Announced A of the joints are presented and discussed. Y 5:00 PM 2:00 PM Micro Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Mg Alloys as a Function of Creep and Hot Working Behaviour of a New Magnesium Alloy Mg-3Sn- PRELIMINARY1 2 1 1 P Aluminum Content: Mridula Bharadwaj1; Shashank Tiwari1; Yar-Ming Wang1; 2Ca: Norbert Hort ; Kamineni Rao ; Tarek Abu Leil ; Hajo Dieringa ; V.Y.R.K. Vijayalakshmi Mani1; 1General Motors Prasad2; Karl Kainer1; 1GKSS Research Center; 2City University Hong Kong M The corrosion behavior of the cast Mg-Al alloys was studied as a function With regard to the limited number of magnesium alloys in use, an approach of varying Al concentration. The beta phase is cathodic to the more reactive has been undertaken to develop a new class of magnesium alloys based on the (anodic) primary phase called the alpha phase and hence it is critical to control the system Mg-Sn-Ca. From recent investigations the alloy Mg3Sn2Ca has been amount and distribution of this beta phase around the alpha phase. We present the identified as one of the most promising magnesium alloys. It will be shown that polarization and direct galvanic current measurement results of the above alloys this alloy offers superior creep properties even compared to the creep resistant along with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy response of the surface alloy AE42. Mechanical properties will be presented as well as results from oxide layer. These results are presented in correlation with the microstructural compressive creep experiments at 80 MPa and temperatures of 135-175°C. mapping of component phases to interpret the beta phase functionality. It was Additionally, the Mg3Sn2Ca alloy also offers good hot deformation behaviour observed that a continuous network of the beta phase around the alpha phase in the temperature range of 300-550°C and deformation rates of 10-3.5-10-1 s-1, imparts anodic-barrier role to the beta phase. The objective of these studies is to as revealed by the processing maps generated for the alloy. Compared with the better design the Mg alloy microstructure so as to minimize the micro galvanic most widely used alloy AZ31 the Mg3Sn2Ca can be easily hot worked over the corrosion between component microstructural phases. entire temperature range investigated at fairly high strain rates, and the alloy recrystallized completely.

336 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

2:20 PM 3:40 PM Creep Properties and Texture Evolution in Hot Processing of Creep The Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ca-Sr Alloy System: Backbone of Understanding Phase Resistant Magnesium Alloys: Dimitry Sediako1; Michael Gharghouri1; Formation in AXJ Alloys and Modifications of AZ and AM Alloys with Ca 1National Research Council of Canada or Sr: Andreas Janz1; Joachim Groebner1; Rainer Schmid-Fetzer1; 1Clausthal Recent efforts to develop high-temperature creep-resistant alloys for University of Technology automotive applications have resulted in a number of experimental alloys. Progress is reported on experimental study and thermodynamic modeling Chemical composition and the casting/rolling production routes frequently of phase formation in key subsystems pertinent to the Mg-Al-Zn-Mn-Ca-Sr determine the cost and properties of the wrought material. The scope of this alloy system, or abbreviated as (Mg)-AZMXJ. This ongoing work enables study was limited to evaluation of creep properties and texture evolution for thermochemical calculations, which are an important tool for the focused alloy the following alloying systems: Mg-Al-Ca, Mg-Al-Sr, Mg-Al-RE, and Mg-Zn- development and process optimization. As an example, additions of Ca and RE. Crystallographic texture strongly influences the deformation behaviour of Sr to alloys of the AZ series may provide improved mechanical and corrosion magnesium alloys during hot forming operation. Neutron diffraction was used properties. Understanding the contribution of phase formation to these effects to characterize the texture of several creep resistant alloys produced using and, based on that, tackling a purposeful optimization is hardly possible without exactly the same sequence of permanent-mold casting and one-stage extrusion that information. This applies also in the case of Sr-addition to AM, essentially processes. Alloys with large variations in chemical composition were used in forming AJ alloys or, including the Ca-addition, to the potential offered by the order to clearly show the effects of the major alloying elements on the resulting AXJ system. This work is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) microstructure, crystallographic texture, and high-temperature creep properties. in the Priority Programme “DFG-SPP 1168: InnoMagTec.” 2:40 PM 4:00 PM DSM’s High Performance HPDC Alloys as a Replacement to A380 Development of Creep Resistant Magnesium Die Casting Alloy RSM-9#: Aluminum Alloy: Boris Bronfin1; Nir Moscovitch1; 1Dead Sea Magnesium Weijian Tao1; Shu Wang1; Fang Yu1; 1Nanjing Welbow Metals Company, Ltd.

One of the most direct methods of improving fuel economy and reducing CO2 This paper presents a creep resistant magnesium alloy (RSM-9#) with high emissions is automotive light weighting. Currently the automotive industry is performance and low cost. The effects of alloying elements Al, Ca, Sr and Ce searching for lightweight materials for powertrain parts, which are subjected to on the mechanical properties at both room and high temperature have been both high temperature and dynamic loads. However, until recently, the utilization studied by using die cast specimens. It was found that this alloy (RSM-9#) has of magnesium alloys in powertrain parts was very limited due to some reasons a steady state creep rate of 3.43×10-10/s at 175°C and 70MPa. Microstructure mainly associated with increased magnresium cost compared to aluminum and, Examination, SEM and EDAX show that the integration of reduced ß-Mg17Al12 to great extent, with lack of suitable HPDC magnesium alloys with properties phase and appearance of high melting point inter-metallic phases with Ca and Ce that match closely those of HPDC aluminum alloys like A380. The present paper improved the high temperature mechanical properties of RSM-9# alloy. addresses high-pressure die cast magnesium alloys MRI153M and MRI230D that 4:20 PM combine numerious advantages of standard magnesium alloys over aluminum A Comparative Study of Microstructures and Creep Behaviour of AE42 alloys with enhanced general corrosion resistance and creep performance at and AE44 Die-Casting Alloys: Suming Zhu1; Mark Gibson2; Jian-Feng Nie1; competitive cost. Specific benefits and weight reduction associated with the use Mark Easton1; Trevor Abbott3; Per Bakke4; 1CAST, Monash University; 2CAST, of MRI alloys in different applications are discussed and disclosed. CSIRO Manufacturing and Materials Technology; 3Advanced Magnesium 3:00 PM Technologies; 4Hydro Magnesium Competence Centre Microstructrual Evolution and Creep Resistance in Mg-Sn-Ca Alloy: Do It has been reported that the creep performance of AE42 tends to deteriorate at Hyung Kim1; Hyun Kyu Lim1; Ju Youn Lee1; Won Tae Kim1; Do Hyang Kim1; temperatures above 150°C while AE44 exhibits much better creep performance 1Center for Noncrystalline Materials at elevated temperatures. However, the relationship between microstructures Among the trace elements to improve creep resistance in magnesium alloys, and creep resistance in these Mg-Al-RE die-casting alloys has not been well Sn and Ca have attracted many researcher’s attention due to the formation of understood. In the present work, the microstructures and creep behaviour W thermally stable phases such as Mg2Sn and Mg2Ca. In the present study, creep of AE42 and AE44 die-casting alloys were investigated and compared. The E properties of Mg-Sn-Ca alloys depending on the microstructrual evolution have creep tests were conducted at 175°C in a stress range of 75 - 90 MPa. The D been investigated. As-cast microstructures of the Mg-5Sn-0~4Ca (wt%) alloys microstructures in the as-cast and the aged conditions were characterised in exhibit typical dendritic structure consisted of primary α-Mg and secondary detail by transmission electron microscopy. The correlation between creep N solidification phases. The secondary solidification phases have been identified resistance and microstructure suggests that it is the level of Al solute retained E as Mg2Sn, CaMgSn or Mg2Ca depending on the Ca/Sn ratio. Although the in the α-Mg matrix after die-casting that is the key factor in influencing creep S CaMgSn phase shows high thermal stability, its coarse morphology deteriorates resistance, with high levels leading to the precipitation of Mg17Al12 during creep the creep resistance, acting as crack initiation sites. On the other hand, the alloy and thus reducing the creep resistance. D containing the Mg Ca phase (higher Ca/Sn ratio) shows remarkably enhanced A 2 4:40 PM creep resistance. The detailed analysis indicates that improved creep resistance Effects of RE Additions on the Creep Behavior of AZ91 Alloy: Reza Y is originated from the precipitation of the Mg Ca phase preserving coherency 2 Mahmudi1; Farhoud Kabirian1; 1University of Tehran with α-Mg matrix. PRELIMINARY Creep behavior of AZ91 with 1-3 wt.% RE element additions was studied by P 3:20 PM impression testing. The tests were carried out under constant stress in the range Influence of Applied Pressure on Tensile Properties of Mg-Al-Sr Alloy: 100-700 MPa and at temperatures in the range 425-525 K. Assuming a power law M Shuping Wang1; Henry Hu1; 1University of Windsor relationship between the impression velocity and stress, stress exponents of 5-8 The focus of this study is on development of alternative manufacturing were obtained. Analysis of the data showed that for all loads and temperatures, processes for potential high temperature magnesium-aluminium-strontium the activation energy for all materials was almost stress-independent with an alloys. The effect of external pressure on tensile properties of squeeze cast Mg- average value of 100 kJ mol-1. Based on the obtained stress exponents and Al-Sr alloy was investigated. Four different applied levels, 0, 30, 60 and 90 MPa, activation energy data, which is very close to the 80-100 kJ mol-1 for grain were employed to exert on a Mg-6 wt.% Al – 0.5 wt.% Sr alloy during squeeze boundary diffusion of Mg, it is proposed that the operative creep mechanism is casting. The results of tensile testing indicate that the ultimate tensile strength dislocation climb. It is found that the introduction of 2% rare earth elements has (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation (Ef) of the squeeze cast Mg-Al-Sr alloy the maximum improvement in the creep resistance due mainly to the formation increase with increasing applied pressure level. The microstructural analysis and of thermally stable Al-La compounds with branched-shape morphology. porosity measurements suggest that the tensile property enhancement resulting from applied pressure should be attributed to microstructure refinement and porosity reduction of the squeeze cast alloy.

tested in environments with flowing chemicals. The results indicate that they can be suitable replacements for monolithic Ta parts for this application. Materials in Clean Power Systems III: Fuel Cells, 3:20 PM Hydrogen-, and Clean Coal-Based Technologies: PEM Metallurgical and Corrosion Evaluation of 316L Stainless Steel for PEM Fuel Cells and Solar Technologies Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate Application: Daniel Wilkosz1; Mark Ricketts1; Tsung- Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Yu Pan1; Michael Santella2; Alan Frederick2; 1Ford Motor Company; 2Oak Ridge Division, TMS/ASM: Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee National Laboratory Program Organizers: Zhenguo “Gary” Yang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Michael Brady, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; K. Scott Weil, Pacific Northwest The austenitic stainless steel 316L is a candidate material for PEM fuel cell National Laboratory; Xingbo Liu, West Virginia University; Ayyakkannu Manivannan, bipolar plates. The process to make a bipolar plate involves stamping, trimming, National Energy Technology Laboratory and laser welding. The effect of laser welding on the microstructure and corrosion of 316L was investigated in this study. Full-penetration linear weld beads were Wednesday PM Room: 392 produced in 0.1-mm-thick samples using a 400W pulsed YAG laser. Weld March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center translation speeds were 8.5-12.7 mm/s. Corrosion and metallurgical evaluations were conducted between weld-bead and original samples. The welded materials Session Chairs: Jin Yong Kim, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Xingbo were corrosion tested using electrochemical polarization measured between - Liu, West Virginia University 0.5Vnhe and 1.5Vnhe at a scan rate of 5mV/s. Static polarization at 1Vnhe for 6hour duration were also undertaken. The current response was measured and 2:00 PM Invited the test solution was analyzed to determine the quantity of metal ion leached. High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Dominic All electrochemical tests were carried out in pH 3 sulfuric acid solution. Gervasio1; 1Arizona State University Metallurgical specimens were prepared by cross-sectioning and examined by A High Temperature Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT PEM FC) light microscope. has an ion conducting membrane that operates with little or no need for hydration 3:45 PM Break at temperatures above 100°C. Plastic PEMs are shock and vibration tolerant and operating above the water boiling temperature gives simplified one-phase 3:55 PM Invited fluidics, heat rejection and tolerance to impurities for a more robust, compact Tantalum Oxide for PEM Electrode Applications: Jin Kim1; Jeff Bonnett1; K. and efficient system. Unfortunately, the state-of-the-art HT PEM FC, which uses Scott Weil1; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory a phosphoric acid loaded polybenzimidazole membrane, operates at 0.6 volt and Over the past decades, a significant amount of research effort has been made 200 milliamp per square centimeter at ambinent pressure and 170°C, so the cell to reduce the cost of PEM fuel cell stacks by minimizing or eliminating the use is only 50% efficent and has low areal power density. New membranes based of platinum in the electrodes. Even though several alternative materials have on protic salt electrolytes and thin lightweight corrosion-resistant metal-foil cell been attempted to replace expensive Pt-based catalysts, none of them show housings are under study at Arizona State University and recent results in these satisfactory properties in term catalytic activity and stability. Our preliminary two efforts for making improved fuel cells will be discussed. research exhibits that tantalum oxide has high oxygen reduction potential comparable to Pt even though the reduction current is by and large limited by 2:30 PM its poor electrical conductivity. One of the approaches to improve the reduction Alloy Effects and Processing of Nitrided Metallic Bipolar Plates for Proton current of tantalum oxide is to increase its triple-phase boundaries where the Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Michael Brady1; Peter Tortorelli1; Harry oxygen reduction occurs. In this study, the feasibility of sputtered tantalum oxide Meyer1; Heli Wang2; John Vitek1; John Turner2; Dan Connors3; Mahlon Wilson4; for PEM catalysts has been investigated. The detailed results to date will be Fernando Garzon4; Josh Pihl1; Don Gervasio5; James Rakowski6; 1Oak Ridge discussed. W National Laboratory; 2National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 3GenCell Corporation; 4Los Alamos National Laboratory; 5Arizona State; 6Allegheny 4:25 PM E Ludlum Characterization and Stability of Carbon Supported Pt and PtCo Alloy Fuel D Formation of protective Cr-nitride surface layers on stainless steel proton Cell Catalysts: Obiefune Ezekoye1; Karen Adams2; Chi Paik2; George Graham1; N exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates by gas nitridation Xiaoqing Pan1; 1University of Michigan; 2Ford Motor Company necessitates decreasing the high nitrogen permeability in these materials. This Carbon supported PtCo is a promising catalyst material that has the potential E is accomplished by preoxidation of the material to form a Cr-rich oxide surface to mitigate some of the performance and durability issues associated with pure S followed by thermal conversion of this surface oxide to Cr-nitride by nitridation. Pt proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells catalysts. In this work, the D Small additions of vanadium to the alloy improve the behavior by modifying the electrocatalytic activity and durability of fuel cell electrodes containing carbon A Cr-oxide to make it more amenable to nitridation. A multi-organization effort to supported Pt and PtCo catalysts were investigated using voltage cycling methods scale up and evaluate this approach with thin stamped and nitrided V-modified for 450 minutes in 1M H2SO4. After voltage cycling, powders removed from Y Fe-Cr base stainless steel bipolar plates was recently initiated. Initial results these electrodes were investigated with high resolution transmission electron related to alloy design and processing efforts to lower the levels of Cr and V microscopy (HRTEM) and compared with untreated commercial catalyst powder. PRELIMINARYHRTEM results support conclusions, reported elsewhere, that cobalt alloying P needed to yield the protective Cr-nitride surface, in order to reduce alloy cost and improve amenability to stamping, will be presented. significantly reduces platinum particle size growth after voltage cycling. In this M study, however, HRTEM was used to quantify the effects of alloying on both the 2:55 PM mean particle size and the particle size distribution in carbon supported Pt and Corrosion Behavior of Construction Materials for the Sulfur Iodine PtCo fuel cell catalyst. Thermochemical Hydrogen Cycle: Bunsen Wong1; Gottfried Bsesnbruch1; Lloyd Brown1; Ajit Roy2; 1General Atomics; 2University of Nevada, Las Vegas 4:50 PM The sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle is one of the most efficient water Photoelectrochemical Investigation of InN Thin Film Electrodes: Sushil splitting means to produce hydrogen but the reaction environments are Sitaula1; Aurangzeb Khan1; Mohammad Alam1; 1University of South Alabama extremely corrosive. An extensive screening program has been undertaken to The photoelectrochemical (PEC) method of renewable hydrogen production identify materials that can be used for heat exchanger construction for the HI is a promising alternative to generate environment friendly energy to alleviate decomposition section. Immersion corrosion tests results show that only Ta the current energy crisis. It produces clean energy with only sunlight as an based alloys and SiC based ceramics are suitable for use with HIx (HI + I2 + energy source and only water as a by-product. Finding a suitable material for H2O) and 95wt% conc. phosphoric acid. The stress corrosion behavior of Ta the harvesting of sunlight to break water has been a major challenge. This work based alloys has been studied using c-ring and u-bend specimens. Furthermore, reports photoresponse of indium nitride thin film electrodes prepared by pulsed stainless components coated with Ta by various deposition means have also been laser deposition. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used

338 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

for the structural characterization of the films. Indium nitride electrodes showed designs of structural components and predictive material models that can n-type behavior. Maximum photocurrent of several µA was observed. The effect capture structure-properties relations and include material history, thus closing of growth parameters on the photoresponse of the films was studied with the the significant knowledge gaps in a unifying physics based modeling theme that intent of optimization. No clear trend between the photoresponse of the films and captures a broad range of materials, admits structure-property relations, can the growth parameters was observed. At 175 mJ of pulse energy and 5000 laser be used in simulation-based design, can be implementable into finite elements pulses, optimum photocurrent was observed. codes, can be experimentally validated, can capture history effects, and can morph into a metamodel for rapid use prognostics. 5:15 PM Growth of InN on Silicon and Sapphire Substrates Using Direct Pulsed 2:20 PM Laser Deposition: Sushil Sitaula1; Aurangzeb Khan1; Mohammad Alam1; Albert Cyberinfrastructure for Design Optimizations: Tomasz Haupt1; Mark Gapud2; 1University of South Alabama, Department of Electrical and Computer Horstemeyer1; 1Mississippi State University Engineering; 2University of South Alabama, Department of Physics Simulation-based design optimization is playing an increasingly important InN is a novel material, and many of its physical and optical properties are role in engineering product development, reducing or eliminating the need for yet to be established. Recently, it has received a significant attention in opto- physical prototyping, and increasing the quality of manufactured products. The electronic applications as well as in photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. complexity of the new generation of simulation codes demands the employment Due to lower dissociation temperature of around 550°C, high quality growth of high-performance computing platforms. Currently, it is a very tedious and of InN is very difficult. This paper reports successful deposition of InN films error-prone manual effort by the designer to submit, monitor and coordinate on silicon and sapphire substrates using direct pulsed laser deposition. Laser hundreds of jobs in heterogeneous distributed environments which requires the pulse energy and the growth temperature were found to be important growth designer to learn the arcana of ever-changing IT technologies such as operating parameters. Higher pulse energy led to splashing of the molten target, forming systems, batch systems, storage systems, networking, and security. This a rough surface morphology. As observed from scanning electron microscope, presentation demonstrates the use of the modern information infrastructure based optimum surface morphology was obtained with 175 mJ of pulse energy. At on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), Web Services and Grid computing 525°C, the best surface morphology was obtained. The X-ray diffraction pattern streamlining of the process of gathering experimental results, and deriving the of the films reveals the growth of polycrystalline InN, with (002) and (111) as material properties for a particular material model and employing the material major peaks. model in finite element analysis in the process of building validated metamodels and design optimizations. 5:40 PM Study on the Preparation of Dendritic Zinc Powder for Zinc-Air Battery by 2:40 PM Electrodeposition: Qing-hua Tian1; Xueyi Guo1; 1Central South University Data/Modeling-Driven toward Innovation of Materials Design: Ying Chen1; Dendritic zinc powder is applied in preparation of cathode of zinc–air battery. Hao Wang2; Yasunori Kaneta1; Shuichi Iwata2; 1University of Tokyo, School of Based on a series of experiments, the electrodeposition was determined for the Engineering; 2University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences preparation of dentritic zinc powder in the solution system of Zn2+-NH4+- One of the most challenging tasks in material science is designing materials SO42—H2O. The thermodynamic equilibrium analysis was conducted for this with certain atomic constitutions, which achieves the pre-defined properties. As system, and the thermodynamics curves were drawn. Then the effects of current a typical inverse problem, it is very hard to find the best solution from a large density temperature pH of solution concentration of reactants were explored by amount of possibilities. There are two typical approaches in materials design. experiments, the pure and well crystalized zinc was obtained. Based on the test One is the inductive approach based on the empirical regularities from analyzing results the optimal conditions were as follows:[Zn2+] is 15g/L, [(NH4)2SO4] a materials data collected, another is the deductive approach based on theoretical is 30~40g/L, pH of electrolyte is 4.5~5.45, and temperature of it is 25°C. SEM calculations on specific systems following general physical laws. These two Photos of the obtained powder shows that the particles are dentritic in narrow approaches so far have been developed almost independently. In recent years, size distribution. we proposed an integrating approach by combining two types of approach, the data mining and the first principles calculations, as an efficient way to accelerate W the speed of finding target atomic configuration from huge number of candidates E and predicting properties of new materials. Several examples will be presented. D Materials Informatics: Enabling Integration of 3:00 PM Modeling and Experiments in Materials Science: N Incorporating Collaborative Tools in MatDL Pathway: Laura Bartolo1; E Informatics and Cyberinfrastructure Cathy Lowe1; 1Kent State University Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Materials Processing The NSF supported National Science Digital Library Materials Digital Library S and Manufacturing Division, TMS/ASM: Computational Materials Science and Pathway (MatDL) is implementing an information infrastructure to disseminate Engineering Committee D Program Organizer: Krishna Rajan, Iowa State University government funded materials research results and to provide content as well A as services to support the integration of research and education in materials. Y Wednesday PM Room: 271 This paper describes how we are incorporating open-source collaborative tools, March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest PRELIMINARYMorial Convention Center such as wikis and collaborative source code development systems, into the MatDL Pathway to support users in materials research and education as well P Session Chair: To Be Announced as interactions between the two. These tools also have the potential to facilitate interactions between theorists and experimentalists. M 2:00 PM CyberDesign: Mark Horstemeyer1; Tomasz Haupt1; 1Mississippi State University This presentation discusses the concept of the CyberDesign, that is, the application of emerging IT technologies to exploit the recent transformative research in material science involving multiscale physics based predictive modeling, multiscale experiments and bio-inspired design, in conjunction with robust design and manufacturing process optimizations with uncertainty. The cyberinfrastructure will enable the integration of otherwise independent research areas to accelerate agglomeration of structure-properties relations into material models. The results of such agglomeration will lead to higher fidelity, validated

interest are the nucleation mechanisms that influence the distribution of alpha Ti from the beta phase. Here, attention is paid to the influence of beta phase Mechanical Behavior, Microstructure, and Modeling separation and the omega phase on process of nucleation. The differences of Ti and Its Alloys: Physical/Mechanical Property between the precipitation processes in alpha/beta Ti alloys and those observed in Prediction beta Ti alloys will be discussed. The understanding gained is used to predict ways Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials to optimize microstructure for given combinations of properties. The prediction Division, TMS: Titanium Committee of mechanical properties, through microstructure/property relationships, is Program Organizers: Ellen Cerreta, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Vasisht effected through data mining techniques. Specifically, neural networks have Venkatesh, TIMET; Daniel Evans, US Air Force been developed to relate microstructure to mechanical properties, and these will be demonstrated and discussed. Additionally, these models are used to Wednesday PM Room: 384 develop an understanding of functional dependencies of properties on specific March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center microstructural features. These will be presented and discussed. Session Chair: Kuang-Tsan Chiang, Southwest Research Institute 3:10 PM A Constitutive Model of Cavitation-Induced Damage in Ti Alloys: Shyam Keralavarma1; Ahmed Benzerga1; 1Texas A&M University 2:00 PM Invited One major challenge in the hot working of Ti-based alloys is minimizing Modeling of Phase Transformation in Titanium Alloys: Amit Chatterjee1; cavitation induced damage such as flow localization in shear bands that limit David Furrer1; Michael Glavicic2; Jonathan Miller2; S. Semiatin2; 1Rolls-Royce the formability of such metals. There is a need for accurate modeling of Corporation; 2Air Force Research Laboratory microstructure evolution under various loading conditions to ensure that such The evolution of microstructure in commercial titanium alloys is critical to defects are minimized in the final product. We present a rigorous micromechanics the optimal development of final component mechanical properties. The growth based constitutive model of porous solids incorporating the effects of void shape of primary alpha upon cooling from solution heat treatment and subsequent and plastic anisotropy of the matrix. An important feature of the model is that decomposition of remaining beta grains in alpha-beta alloys, such as Ti64 and it predicts the influence of plastic anisotropy and cavity shape on the evolution Ti6242 has been studied and applied to production process development and of porosity, which can potentially yield more accurate modeling of cavitation optimization. Similarly, the prediction of the decomposition microstructure induced damage during material processing and cavity sealing upon strain- within beta processed alloys, such as Ti6246, is critical to understanding the path changes. The model predictions for the yield surface and microstructure resultant mechanical properties. The decomposition of beta phase follows evolution for representative materials are compared with numerical limit analysis the Burger’s relationship between the BCC and HCP phases making 12 total and finite element simulation results on porous unit cells for validation. possible alpha orientation variants possible. Current studies have shown the potential of preferentially selecting specific variant orientations resulting in the 3:30 PM Break potential of a precipitation texture. Results from initial efforts to identify the 3:50 PM mechanisms and a modeling approach to predict anisotropic variant selection Dislocation Characterization and Modeling of Creep Mechanisms in will be presented. Deformation texture is also prevalent within the processing Zirconium Alloys: Benjamin Morrow1; Robert Kozar2; Ken Anderson2; Michael of alpha-beta titanium alloys. Beta phase deformation texture can occur during Mills1; 1Ohio State University; 2Bechtel Bettis, Inc. high strain processing and alpha phase texture can also rapidly occur during Zirconium alloys are important as a material in nuclear reactors. Accurately deformation processing as a result of rigid-body rotation and crystallographic predicting creep deformation of zirconium alloys throughout the lifecycle of a slip. A modeling tool to predict the texture evolution during deformation reactor depends on reliable deformation models. The Modified Jogged-Screw processing has developed and demonstrated. An overall assessment of how Model asserts that the motion of tall jogs in screw dislocations act as the rate these types of microstructure modeling tools can be linked with and can support controlling mechanism during creep in certain regimes. Previous studies at W component and process design processes will also be discussed. E The Ohio State University have shown that the Modified Jogged-Screw Model 2:30 PM accurately describes creep behavior in titanium alloys, which have a similar (HCP) D The Application of Bayesian Neural Network Modeling for the Prediction crystal structure to zirconium alloys. Scanning transmission electron microscopy N of Fracture Toughness in α/β Ti Alloys: Santhosh Koduri1; Vikas Dixit1; Peter (STEM) was used to directly observe and characterize the dislocation structure E Collins1; Hamish Fraser1; 1Ohio State University of creep tested Zircaloy-4 over a broad range of test conditions. The applicability The development of computational tools that permit microstructurally-based of the Modified Jogged-Screw Model was demonstrated and physically-based S predictions of tensile and fracture toughness properties of Ti-based alloys is an values for model parameters were determined. Thorough characterization will D essential step towards the accelerated maturation of materials. This paper will provide a better understanding of thermal creep in zirconium alloys, which will A discuss the development of Bayesian Neural Network Models to predict the ultimately result in more robust creep deformation predictions. fracture toughness of Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature. The development of these 4:10 PM Y rules-based models has required the population of extensive databases, including Micromechanical Modeling of Deformation Behavior of Duplex Type TNB both compositional and microstructural information. Once trained and tested, PRELIMINARYAlloy with a Multi-Scale Modeling Approach: Mohammad Rizviul Kabir1; these models have been successfully used to identify the influence of individual P Liudmila Chernova1; Marion Bartsch1; 1German Aerospace Center microstructural features on the mechanical properties through the use of virtual M Room temperature deformation behavior of niobium-containing two-phase experiments. For example, they have been used to identify the importance of TiAl alloy has been investigated numerically using a two-scale micromechanical the equiaxed α size/fraction and the thickness of grain boundary α on fracture FE model. A polycrystal with duplex microstructure consisting of globular and toughness for α+β and β-processed Ti-6-4, respectively. Such critical features lamellar grains is modeled with 3D unit cells that take into account specific have been further investigated using state-of-the-art characterization techniques volume fractions and orientations of the grains. The constitutive behavior of the (including 3D techniques) to determine their role in fracture toughness. α2 and γ-phases is described by continuum mechanics based crystal plasticity 2:50 PM model. Quantitative representations of microstructural details are obtained from

Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Property Prediction in Beta Ti the SEM analysis of a particular TNB alloy. The material parameters of the α2 Alloys: Soumya Nag1; Arda Genc1; Peter Collins1; Gopal Viswanathan1; Srini and γ-phases are initially taken from literatures and modified to fit the tensile Rajagopalan1; Rajarshi Banerjee2; Hamish Fraser1; 1Ohio State University; behavior of the TNB alloy. The model provides an insight into the local variation 2University of North Texas of stresses and strains of the duplex microstructure consisting of globular and This paper describes research aimed at understanding the evolution of lamellar colonies. The role of dislocations and slip systems on the evolution of microstructure in beta-Ti alloys as a function of heat-treatment. Of particular local plastic deformation is discussed.

340 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

4:30 PM 2:25 PM High Strain-Rate Modeling of Titanium-Aluminum Laminates: Charles Understanding Particle Morphology during High Energy Milling of Randow1; George Gazonas2; 1Bucknell University; 2U.S. Army Research Complex Metal Hydrides: Tabbetha Dobbins1; Ejiroghene Oteri1; Jan Ilavsky2; Laboratory 1Louisiana Tech University; 2Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laminate composites created by alternating layers of titanium and aluminum Laboratory have shown an improved resistance to fracture with a reduction in density. In A program comprised of ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering (USAXS) these studies, hot pressing has been used to bond the layers together, resulting experiments was performed at sector 33-ID at the UNI-CAT for the study of in the creation of the intermetallic TiAl3. In the present work, commercially particle morphology changes in the alanates (e.g. NaAlH4—both before and pure titanium (CP-Ti) and 1100-Al are bonded using an ultrasonic consolidation after transition metal salt catalytic dopant additions by high energy ball milling). process before hot pressing to form a CP-Ti/TiAl3/Al laminate, with the goal The variation in surface fractal dimension and particle size with milling time and of developing a system capable of withstanding the high strain-rate loads dopant content was tracked. These studies have shown that dopant content level encountered in ballistic impact and blast applications. One of the difficulties in (e.g. 2 mol % and 4 mol %) and dopant type (i.e. TiCl2, TiCl3, VCl3, and ZrCl4) modeling such systems is the lack of information available on the high strain- markedly affects NaAlH4 powder particle surface area (determined using surface rate properties of TiAl3. Through the use of dynamic finite element modeling fractal dimension). This study was able to link powder particle surface area to and plate impact experiments, the effect of TiAl3 on the laminate strength is catalytic doping. We will report links among codopants (i.e. two dopants) and investigated. These results are used in predictive models of the laminate powder particle surface area studied using USAXS. subjected to impact loading. 2:45 PM Invited 4:50 PM Diffuse Scattering and Monte Carlo Studies of Relaxor Ferroelectrics: Modeling High Temperature Strength and Flow Stress Curves of Titanium Thomas Welberry1; 1Australian National University Alloys: Zhanli Guo1; Nigel Saunders1; Peter Miodownik1; Jean-Philippe Schille1; A renewed interest in the field of ferroelectricity has taken place in recent 1Sente Software, Ltd. years since the finding of exceptional piezoelectric properties in the lead-oxide Process design and simulation for any metals requires an understanding of class of relaxor ferroelectric (RF) materials typified by the disordered perovskite their high temperature mechanical behavior, particularly with respect to flow PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3 (PZN).Although PZN and numerous related materials have stress as a function of temperature and strain rate. This paper describes the recent been extensively studied over a long period a detailed understanding of the developments of JMatPro, a computer software for material property simulation, exact nature of their polar nanostructure has still not emerged. In this paper we on calculating the high temperature mechanical properties of titanium alloys. describe experiments in which full three-dimensional diffuse neutron scattering Extensive validation has been carried out and shown in the present work. Good data have been recorded from a single crystal of PZN using the time-of-flight agreement between calculated and experimental results has been achieved for (tof) Laue technique. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to demonstrate that a variety of titanium alloys, including alpha, near-alpha, alpha+beta, and beta the observed diffuse patterns are due to planar nano-domains oriented normal to types, over a wide range of temperature and strain rates. The material properties the six <110> directions. A simple model has been developed which explains the calculated from JMatPro can now be passed directly into computer-aided observed scattering. engineering packages for process simulation. 3:10 PM Invited Concomitant Determination of Planar Faults, Dislocations and Subgrain Size by X-Ray Line Profile Analysis: Tamas Ungar1; Levente Balogh1; 1Eotvos Neutron and X-Ray Studies for Probing Materials University X-ray line profile analysis is based on (i) the different profile shapes and (ii) Behavior: Scattering and Understanding of Materials the different hkl dependence of line broadening or shifts corresponding to the Properties different types of lattice defects: (a) grain or subgrain boundaries, (b) dislocations Sponsored by: National Science Foundation, The Minerals, Metals and Materials and (c) planar defects, i.e. stacking faults and twin boundaries. It is shown that W Society, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Advanced Characterization, Testing, physically well established, theoretically calculated profile functions can be and Simulation Committee E Program Organizers: Rozaliya Barabash, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Yandong attributed to the three fundamental defect types, (a) to (c). These defect-related D Wang, Northeastern University; Peter K. Liaw, University of Tennessee profile-functions have the same mathematical form for each Bragg reflection throughout the entire diffraction pattern. However, their breadths and positions N Wednesday PM Room: 391 are scaled by defect specific, hkl dependent scaling rules. Since the scaling rules E March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center are only weakly correlated the diffraction effects of the three different defect S types can be separated and the defect properties well characterized. Session Chairs: Emil Zolotoyabko, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; D Gene Ice, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 3:35 PM Break A 3:45 PM Invited Y 2:00 PM Invited Probing Phonons and Phase Transitions in Solids with X-Ray Thermal PRELIMINARYDiffuse Scattering: Tai Chiang1; 1University of Illinois Small-Angle Scattering of Neutrons and X-Rays in Materials Science - A P Comparison: Gernot Kostorz1; 1ETH Zurich X-ray scattering by thermally populated phonons in crystals give rise to After a short comparison of the basic features of small-angle scattering of X- diffuse scattering. Measurements of such thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) M rays and neutrons, examples of recent applications will be given. Experimental intensities as functions of momentum transfer and sample temperature yield rsults will be discussed, in particular those concerning phase separation of information about the lattice dynamics including the phonon dispersion alloys, emphasizing the possibilities of spatial and temporal resolution of the relations. This method has a long history, and after being largely ignored for decomposition process, high temperature-in-situ studies, and combinations with decades, it has revived and become a powerful tool with the advent of intense diffuse scattering and transmission electron microscopy. In some Al-, Cu- and synchrotron x-ray sources. In this talk, we review the basics of TDS together Ni-base alloys, shape, volume fraction, spatial arrangement and other details of with recent experiments of phonon studies in various systems. Issues of high precipitates can be analyzed with great precision. order scattering and background contributions will be discussed in connection with details of data analysis. Examples will be presented to illustrate the power of TDS as a probe of phase transitions that involve phonons. The method is well suited for detailed studies of soft mode behavior and critical exponents.

4:10 PM Invited of phase contrast x-ray microscopy to materials and biomedical sciences. Local Structure of Decagonal Quasicrystals by DAFS: Hiroshi Abe1; Hiroyuki Furthermore we introduce a new strategy of combining phase contrast radiology Saitoh2; Hironori Nakao3; 1National Defense Academy; 2Japan Atomic Energy and diffraction x-ray microscopy to visualize atomic level defects such as misfit Research Institute; 3Tohoku University dislocations and micropipes in semiconductor single crystals. Finally phase Al-Ni-Co (ANC) and Al-Ni-Fe (ANF) system is well known to be decagonal contrast x-ray imaging in nanometer-resolution (<30 nm) will be demonstrated. quasicrystals, which have two-dimensional quasiperiodic planes. The structures 5:50 PM Panel Discussion: depend both on concentrations and on temperature extensively. Recently, short- range order (SRO) in quasicrystals was detected on a quasiperiodic plane by Donald Nicholson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory anomalous-X-ray scattering method.1 In this study, local structure of quasicrystals Wolfgang Pantleon, Risø National Laboratory was examined along the periodic direction compared with a quasiperiodic plane by X-ray diffraction anomalous fine structure (DAFS) technique. In principle, Gernot Kostorz, ETH Zurich DAFS possesses site and spatial selectivity. DAFS experiment was performed Emil Zolotoyabko, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology on the beamline BL-4C of the Photon Factory at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Japan. Apparent differences of DAFS between Vaclav Holy, Charles University periodic and quasiperiodic directions were shown in ANC and ANF. 1H. Abe, H. Thomas Welberry, Australian National University Saitoh, T. Ueno, H. Nakao, Y. Matsuo, K. Ohshima and H. Matsumoto, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15 (2003) 1665. Henning Poulsen, Risø National Laboratory 4:35 PM Invited Philip Withers, Manchester University Diffuse Scattering in Quasicrystals of Icosahedral Symmetry: Sonia Donald Brown, Los Alamos National Laboratory Francoual1; Marc de Boissieu2; Roland Currat3; Shiro Kashimoto4; Tsutomu Ishimasa4; 1National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; 2Sciences et Ingenierie Sunil Sinha, University of California, San Diego des Materiaux et Procedes; 3Institut Laue-Langevin; 4Hokkaido University Ulrich Lienert, Argonne National Laboratory According to the hydrodynamic theory of quasicrystalline materials, the long- range quasiperiodic order yields in quasicrystals new long-wavelength modes, Hiroshi Abe, National Defense Academy the phason modes, in addition to the acoustic phonons. Phason excitations are Branton Campbell, Brigham Young University diffusive and associated with internal atomic rearrangements the dynamics of which is expected to lead to a distinctive diffuse scattering signal around 6:20 PM Concluding Comments Bragg peaks in reciprocal space. Up to now, experimental demonstration for the existence of phason diffuse scattering was given in the enlightening single case of the Al-Pd-Mn Mackay-type icosahedral (i-) phase from which the phason elastic constants were extracted and the thermal activation revealed. In the Particle Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Materials: present communication, we report on X-ray Synchrotron investigations of the Nanostructures diffuse scattering in the i-Zn-X-Sc (X = Mg, Ag, Co) phases and the Zn-Sc 1/1 Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, American Nuclear Society, periodic approximant bringing evidence for the presence of long-wavelength TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS/ASM: Nuclear Materials Committee phasons also in this new class of icosahedral quasicrystals and ruling it out in the Program Organizers: Gary Was, University of Michigan; Stuart Maloy, Los Alamos 1/1 approximant structure. National Laboratory; Christina Trautmann, Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung; Maximo Victoria, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5:00 PM Invited Towards Systematic Procedures for Interpreting Diffuse Scattering from Wednesday PM Room: 389 W Disordered Molecular Materials: Hans-Beat Buergi1; Christina Hoffmann2; March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center E 1University of Zuerich; 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory D Real crystals show many kinds of disorder giving rise to diffuse scattering Session Chairs: Daryush Ila, Alabama A&M University; Tongde Shen, Los which may cover the whole reciprocal space and is generally much weaker Alamos National Laboratory N than Bragg scattering. However, with the advent of new, more intense radiation E sources like synchrotrons and neutron Spallation sources it has become possible 2:00 PM S to measure diffuse features accurately. New X-ray and neutron single crystal Studies of the Ion Irradiation Effects in Bulk Nanocrystalline TiNi: D diffractometers have been designed for fast data collection and repeatability Askar Kilmametov1; Adam Balogh2; Horst Hahn3; Ruslan Valiev1; 1Ufa State of experiments at controlled conditions. X-ray and neutron experiments will Aviation Technological University; 2Darmstadt University of Technology; A be measured on the same sample by both methods, allowing to analyze the 3Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Y collected data simultaneously. Although state of the art computing resources Nanocrystalline intermetallic alloys, which possess a long-range chemical allow to process the large amounts of data produced in such experiments, the ordering, considered being a good object to examine irradiation effects on methods to produce reliable modelsPRELIMINARY of disorder are less developed in comparison P the stability or degradation of crystal superlattice in the ordered state. TiNi to single crystal structure analysis. Here we will sketch steps towards systematic alloy as one of the most important engineering materials due to its superior M procedures for interpreting diffuse scattering from molecular materials. shape memory and mechanical properties was studied at present work. Bulk 5:25 PM Invited ordered nanocrystalline samples of altered grain size values (25 and 40 nm) X-Ray Imaging for Materials and Biomedical Sciences: Jung Ho Je1; Y. Hwu2; were processed using the method of severe plastic deformation, namely high G. Margaritondo3; 1Pohang University of Science and Technology; 2Academia pressure torsion technique. Ordered nanocrystalline and coarse-grained samples Sinica, Institute of Physics; 3Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne were subjected to 1.5 MeV Ar ion irradiation at room temperature with damage Radiology is the oldest and by far the largest field of application of x-rays. doze up to 5.6 displacements per atom. Comparative analysis of long-range In recent years, this domain has been literally revolutionized by the exploitation disordering and amorphisation kinetics revealed the enhanced irradiation of the unique characteristics of synchrotron sources. The results are particularly resistance of nanocrystalline TiNi alloy. It was shown that at the equal damage spectacular when the high spatial coherence of the radiation is used for novel doze nanostructured state is able to retain a long-range ordering meanwhile the and powerful approaches to radiology. The results are very high quality coarse-grained counterpart was just essentially amorphised. microradiology and microtomograhy images and movies - taken with a limited x-ray dose – that find a variety of applications in materials science, biology and medical research. In this talk we review basic theory and selected applications

342 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

2:40 PM MgGa2O4 to be unaffected by ion irradiation to a dose nearly an order of Nanoscale Nano-Systems by MeV Ion Beam: Daryush Ila1; Robert magnitude higher (100 dpa). Our experimental results and thermodynamic Zimmerman1; 1Alabama A&M University analysis suggest that smaller can be better under certain conditions. MeV ion beam used to form Nanolayers of Nanocrystals of various materials 4:20 PM within selected host materials by sequentially co-depositing host, selected Nanoscale Surface Modifications of Conductors and Insulators Induced species and depositing the host. The Nanocrystals are formed along the direction by Slow, Highly Charged Ion Impact: Rene Heller1; Stefan Facsko1; of MeV Ion beam passage due to the electronic ionization of the substrate. 1Forschungszentrum Dresden Example: a system consists of Nanolayers of Nanocrystals generating highly In the interaction of highly charged ions (HCI) with solids a large amount of efficient thermoelectric generators (TEG). TEG produced by enhancing the potential energy is released. Each ion carries thereby up to several tens of keV electrical conductivity, enhancing the thermal insulation and increasing the potential energy which is mainly deposited into a strongly localized area (~nm2) Seebeck Coefficient. Some material systems, we had to dope the nanolayers by on the surface within a very short time (~fs). Due to the highly excited electronic keV implantation of selected species before MeV bombardment. We measured system and the subsequent relaxation various structural as well as morphological thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient as a changes are induced. We present scanning probe investigations (AFM/STM) function of ion bombardment fluence. The induced nanoscale effects enhanced of surface modification in conductors and insulators induced by slow, highly the thermoelectric properties of selected materials, which is increased figure of charged ions with different potential energies. In addition, a theoretical model merits. We will discuses the mechanism behind such ion beam bombardment for the interaction process of HCIs with alkali halides is proposed. effects and the reason why thermoelectric properties may be changed. 3:00 PM Modeling of Point Defect Cluster Evolution in the Framework of Mean Field Approximation: Stanislav Golubov1; Alexey Ovcharenko2; Roger Phase Stability, Phase Transformations, and Reactive Stoller1; Steven Zinkle1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 2All Russia Institute Phase Formation in Electronic Materials VII: Session for Agricultural Microbiology IV Nucleation, growth and coarsening of point defect clusters or secondary Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Electronic, Magnetic, phase precipitates are generic processes in the study of defect accumulation in and Photonic Materials Division, TMS: Alloy Phases Committee crystalline solids. These processes are responsible for numerous changes one Program Organizers: Sinn-wen Chen, National Tsing Hua University; Srinivas Chada, observes in the physical and mechanical properties of materials during thermal Medtronic; Chih Ming Chen, National Chung-Hsing University; Hans Flandorfer, treatment or under irradiation. If random spatial distribution of defect clusters University of Vienna; A. Lindsay Greer, University of Cambridge; Jae-Ho Lee, Hong Ik is assumed, the evolution is described in terms of their size distribution, which University; Kejun Zeng, Texas Instruments Inc; Katsuaki Suganuma, Osaka University obeys the kinetic equation describing growth and dissolution of the clusters due Wednesday PM Room: 278 to different reactions with mobile defects. The kinetic equation in the form of a March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center Master Equation or Fokker-Plank Equation has been treated by means of both analytical and numerical methods. In this work the numerical methods, which Session Chairs: Jae-Ho Lee, Hong Ik University; Hans Flandorfer, University permit approximate solutions to be obtained for practically interesting cases of Vienna are critically reviewed and analyzed. Application of different methods to the evolution of different types of clusters is presented. 2:00 PM Invited 3:20 PM Break The Intermetallic System Cu-Ni-Sn: Hans Flandorfer1; Clemens Schmetterer1; 3:40 PM Usman Saeed1; Herbert Ipser2; 1University of Vienna; 2University of Wien Nanostructuring by Energetic Ions: Devesh Avasthi1; 1Inter University The intermetallic system Cu-Ni-Sn is highly important for lead-free soldering W Accelerator Centre as it concerns the majority of solder/substrate interactions of hitherto used The ions in diffferent energy regims can (i) produce nano particles (ii) solders. Although first phase diagram data for this system have been published E change the shape of particle or nano structure and (iii) alter the size and the approx. 30 years ago literature information turned out to be still confusing. D size distribution of nano particles. In low energy regime, 1 keV Ar atom source Contradictions concern mainly the ternary solubilities and the possible existence N producing a wide beam is used to synthesize metal particles in insulating matrix of ternary compounds. Experimental work is hampered by several phase E with definite advantages over other conventional methods. C nanowires are transformations in the Cu-Sn and Ni-Sn binaries and difficulties to quench the created in fullerene matrix by irradiation of fullerene film by 100 MeV Au ions. corresponding high-temperature phases. We prepared approx. 100 samples and S The nucleation and growth of Ag nano particles in insulating matrix by ion annealed them at 400, 500 and 600°C; a temperature of 200°C was only applied D irradiation is investigated. The growth of Au nanoparticles in silica matrix is on samples with high Sn-contents. We investigated the samples performing A studied in the in-situ XRD experiment during ion irradiation. There have been XRD, metallography including EPMA and thermal analysis. Based on our recent major activities in nanostructuring by ions at IUAC Delhi, in recent past, which results for the Ni-Sn binary system, we could provide more detailed information Y show the unique features of ion beam PRELIMINARYin different energy regime in creating or on the phase relations of Cu-Ni-Sn and clarify some of the contradictions. modifying the nanostructures in a controlled way. 2:20 PM P 4:00 PM Thermodynamic Assessment in the Cu-In-Sn System: Jan Vrestal1; Ales M 2 3 1 2 Nanostructure under Irradiation: Is Smaller Better?: Tongde Shen1; Shihai Kroupa ; Jaromir Drapala ; Masarykova University, Brno; Institute of Physics 3 Feng1; Ming Tang1; James Valdez1; Yongqiang Wang1; Kurt Sickafus1; 1Los of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Technical University, Alamos National Laboratory Ostrava Previous experimental observations indicate that nanosized zirconia or Knowledge of phase stability in the Cu-In-Sn system is important for revealing silicon, when embedded in an amorphous silica matrix (thus forming two-phase interaction of Sn-based lead-free solders with Cu substrate. Phase equilibrium nanocomposites), are more susceptible to radiation-induced amorphization data on this system from literature are complemented by new data published when compared to their corresponding large-grained counterparts. We compare recently. The isothermal long-term annealing, followed by fast quenching, was employed to freeze thermodynamic equilibrium, followed by metallography, and contrast ion-induced radiation damage in a single-phase oxide MgGa2O4, with microstructures consisting of either large (10 µm) or nanosized (10 nm) SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X- grains. We demonstrate a substantial enhancement in amorphization resistance ray) analysis. Phase transformation temperatures were determined by DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis). New thermodynamic data based on vapor for nanocrystalline versus large-grained MgGa2O4. In particular, we observed an pressure measurements, calorimetry and electromotive force measurements amorphization transformation in large-grained MgGa2O4 at a relatively low ion dose of about 10 displacements per atom (dpa), while we found nanocrystalline were also published very recently. Thermodynamic modeling by the CALPHAD

(Calculation of Phase Diagrams) method reconcile corresponding thermodynamic microstructures are inevitable to form via non-equilibrium solidification in cast and phase equilibrium data yielding the best set of thermodynamic parameters metallurgy, and even in powder metallurgy, since the melting point of Sn (505 describing phase equilibria in this system. Resulting assessment of thermodynamic K) is too much lower than other constituent elements. In the present work, phase parameters will be presented. Financial support of Ministry of Education of equilibria in the M-Ni-Sn ternary systems were examined to establish the phase Czech Republic Nos. OC531.001, OC531.002, OC531.003, MSM0021622410 diagram information by means of electron probe microanalysis. Moreover, and AV0Z20410507 is gratefully acknowledged. diffusion paths to form MNiSn phase were investigated using various types of diffusion couples. Based on these results, we have succeeded to fabricate single- 2:35 PM phase MNiSn alloys, for instance, by directional solidification using the floating Thermodynamic Modeling of the Sn-Sb-Ag and Sn-Sb-Cu Systems: Wojciech zone method. Gierlotka1; Sinn-wen Chen1; An-ren Zi1; Po-yin Chen1; 1National Tsing Hua University 3:35 PM Break Sn-Sb-Cu and Sn-Sb-Ag ternary systems are of interests for lead-free 3:50 PM Invited solder applications. Thermodynamic models of these two ternary systems are Effect of Water-Base Flux Containing Oxalic Acid on Interfacial Reaction developed based on the CALPHAD method using the experimental information between Cu Substrate and Pb-Free Solders: Xing Jun Liu1; Shun Mao Lin1; found in the literature as well as our own experimental data. There are 2 binary Cui Ping Wang1; 1Xiamen University phases, 2 continuous solid solutions and three terminal phases in the Sn-Sb-Ag In recent years, great attention has been given to the development of Pb- system, and there are 15 binary phases 1 ternary phase and three terminal phases free solders for electronic interconnection materials because of the health and in the Sn-Sb-Cu system. Sublattice models were adopted as a new description of environmental safety problems caused by conventional Sn-Pb solders. However, intermetallic compounds and compositional homogeneities of promising solder for the Pb-free solders, it is required to further improve their wettability, and materials were reproduced. Results of the calculation, such as thermodynamic to restrain the growth of the intermetallic compounds (IMC) between solders properties of liquid and solid phases, isothermal and isopleths sections, and and Cu substrate, which is associated with the reliability problem. In this work, liquidus projections are compared with the experimental data. The calculated a new type water-base flux containing oxalic acid was developed and good results are in good agreement with the experimental determinations. wettability between solders and Cu substrate was obtained by using this water- 2:50 PM base flux. The effects of the water-base flux containing oxalic acid on growth Liquidus Projection of the Sn-Zn-Cu Ternary System: Yu-Chih Huang1; of the intermetallic compounds were investigated. Results indicate that the Sinn-wen Chen1; Chin-yi Chou1; Wojciech Gierlotka1; 1National Tsing Hua water-base flux with oxalic acid can hinder the growth of IMC, and improve the University wettability and reliability in electronic packaging. Liquidus projection of the Sn-Zn-Cu ternary system has been experimentally 4:10 PM Invited determined and thermodynamically calculated. Sn-Zn-Cu alloys of various The Effect of Additives on Small Copper via Filling by Electroplating compositions were prepared. These alloys were melted at high temperatures, Method: Sukei Lee1; Jae-Ho Lee1; 1Hong Ik University removed from the furnace and solidified in air. The solidified samples were Copper via filling by electroplating method became a common technology metallographically examined to determine the primary solidification phases. for interlayer metallization in 3D SiP(System In Package) and then it has been There is no ternary compound and all the primary solidification phases are the actively studied. The void free copper via can be obtained with varying the terminal solid solutions and binary intermetallics. They are Sn, η-Cu6Sn5,ε - additives of the electrolytes and, the current density and types, pulse and pulse Cu3Sn, γ-(Cu-Sn), β-Cu17Sn3, α-Cu, β-CuZn, γ -Cu5Zn8, δ-CuZn3, ε-CuZn5 reverse. The effects of additives on the copper via filling were investigated. The and Zn. Thermodynamic modeling was developed based on the thermodynamic acid copper electrolytes containing additives such as PEG, SPS, JGB and PEI models of the constituent binary systems and the experimental results from were examined to fill 10~20 micron via hole without void. The 10~20 micron this study and those in the literatures. The calculated liquidus projection is in small vias were successfully filled by copper electroplating. agreement with the experimental determinations. Solidification curves of the W Sn-Zn-Cu alloys were determined using DTA, and the solidification paths of 4:30 PM E these Sn-Zn-Cu alloys were illustrated based on the solidification curves and the Study of Cu Surface Oxidation: Zi-ming Huang1; Chengyi1; 1National Central D determined liquidus projection. University Wettability of Pb-free solders on Cu metal bond pad highly depends on the 3:05 PM N oxidation condition of Cu bond pad surface. In this study, the oxidation behavior Characterization of Ni-Si Phase Transformation: Shiang Yu Tan1; 1Chinese E on Cu surface was studied. In this talk, two main parts will be presented: (1) Culture University Kinetic and phase formation of oxidation on Cu surface. The kinetic of Cu S The interest in the low resistivity NiSi increased significantly because of the oxidation will be measured by ESCA and XPS. XRD will be used to analyze the foreseeable use as contact to the source, drain, and gate of sub-65 nm and 45 D Cu oxidation phase and structure. (2) We found that water contact angle is highly nm CMOS devices. However, the thermal stability of NiSi is worse as the high A sensitive to the degree and condition of Cu surface oxidation. A correlation resistivity phase NiSi2 nucleates at about 750°C and film agglomeration occurs between the water contact angle and the Cu surface oxidation was established Y even at a temperature as low as 600°C. The phase transformation from NiSi to and will be reported. NiSi is of crucial importance for understanding the properties of nickel silicide 2 PRELIMINARY P and improving the process of IC industry. In order to obtaining a thermally 4:45 PM stable Ni-FUSI gate electrode, we introduced properly tuned thickness of the The System Ni-P-Sn and Its Binary Constituents: Clemens Schmetterer1; M initial Ni film and two-step RTP process during the poly-gate formation to push Jiri Vizdal1; Alexandre Kodentsov2; Herbert Ipser1; 1University of Vienna; the transformation of NiSi2 to higher temperatures and retard agglomeration. 2Eindhoven University of Technology Several measurement techniques such as XRD, TEM, Resitivity, AFM and XPS Due to the use of phosphorus containing nickel substrates in microelectronics, were carried out to characterize its physical and electrical properties. understanding their reaction with Sn-based solders and the knowledge of the corresponding reaction products is highly important. Therefore, the ternary 3:20 PM Ni-P-Sn system and relevant subsystems (Ni-P, P-Sn) have been studied Phase Equilibria and Diffusion Paths to Fabricate Single-Phase Half- experimentally (SEM + EDS, DTA/DSC, XRD) and theoretically (CALPHAD Heusler MNiSn (M=Ti, Zr, Hf) Thermoelectric Alloys: Yoshisato Kimura1; approach). On the basis of these investigations new versions of the binary phase Chihiro Asami1; Hazuki Ueno1; 1Tokyo Institute of Technology diagrams were established. In the ternary Ni-P-Sn system the phase equilibria at Half-Heusler compounds MNiSn (M=Ti, Zr, Hf) are well-known to show various temperatures between 200 and 1050°C were determined. These results excellent n-type thermoelectric properties at elevated temperatures around 1000 were enhanced with information obtained from a diffusion couple technique. K. They are attractive because not only of high thermoelectric performance, New ternary phases were characterized with respect to their stability range and but also of eco-friendly compositions containing no toxic element. However, crystal structure. it is very hard to prepare monolithic MNiSn alloys. Heterogeneous multi-phase

344 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

5:00 PM 2:25 PM

Evaluation of Peel Strength on Flexible Copper Clad Laminate with Ni-Cr Evaporation Behavior of ZnO with Ar-O2-Hcl-H2O Atmosphere: Kohei Layer: Bo-In Noh1; Seung-Boo Jung1; 1Sungkyunkwan University Yajima1; Hiroyuki Mastuura1; Fumitaka Tsukihashi1; 1University of Tokyo In the rapid development of ultra large scale integrated (ULSI), Cu/polyimide The dusts and fly ash in the steelmaking industry and municipal solid waste system has been one of crucial technical concerns in multi interconnection incineration process contain metallic elements such as Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd with scheme. In particular, as the number of output channel of IC driver increases considerable amount of halogens. In Japan, zinc in dusts is recovered by Waelz and inner lead bonding (ILB) pitch in chip on flex (COF) demands the size kiln or MF process, etc. However, the presence of halogen in the dust affects the below 30µm, the direct Cu deposition in two-layer flexible copper clad laminate evaporation and condensation behavior of zinc and other metals, and disturbs the (FCCL) fabrication will replace the present tie-coating process. Therefore, Cu direct recycling of dust to steelmaking processes, because alkali or heavy metals metallization on polyimide will have steadily receive a great deal of attention reacted with halogen vaporize easily as halides and/or oxyhalide compounds because of continuous growing of IT market. The good adhesion between the in pyrometallurgical process. Recently, the formation mechanism of zinc metallic layer and the substrate in combination with the small foil thickness oxychloride vapor was investigated and the formation of zinc oxychloride such make flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) mechanically flexible. In addition, as ZnOCl was proposed. However, considering the practical operation, the effect if polyimide is used for substrate material, the circuit board can operate at high of water vapor on the evaporation behavior of oxychloride is not fully clarified temperatures. Therefore, we estimated that the reliability of FCCLs was affected yet. This study is focused on the investigation of evaporation behavior of ZnO by Ni-Cr layer using peel test method. with Ar-O2-HCl-H2O atmosphere. 5:15 PM 2:45 PM The Effects of Pulse Plating Parameters on Ni-W Alloy Electroplating for The New Resourcing Method of Converter Slag: Liu Chengjun1; 1Northeastern UBM Application: Yeong Kwon Ko1; Jae-Ho Lee1; 1Hong Ik University University Nickel has been used as a diffusion barrier material in UBM. Electro and According to the status of lower comprehensive utilization level for the electroless nickel plating have been extensively investigated. Even though converter slag in the word, and base on the chemical compositions and phase nickel did not form IMC with tin at low temperature, nickel formed IMC with features of converter slag, the new resourcing method of converter slag were tin at high temperature. Nickel consumed the solder materials and then it affects developed that some value-added products could be prepared such as calcium on reliability of UBM. Tungsten is very good diffusion barrier material, however sulfate whisker and nano-Fe2O3. After converter slag was leached in H2SO4, tungsten cannot be electroplated and has poor adhesion with tin. To utilize the calcium sulfate whisker and nano-Fe2O3 could be prepared from leching liquid advantage of nickel and tungsten, Ni-W alloy electroplating was investigated. and solid products by the hydrothermal method. Effects of the temperature and Ni-W alloy film with crack free and low residual stress were obtained when solid-to-liquid ratio on the slenderness radio of calcium sulfate whisker were pulse electroplating were employed. The interface of Ni-Sn and Ni(W)-Sn were investigated, and effects of the pH and reaction temperature on the style, size and analyzed by AES and EDS. color of nano-Fe2O3 crystal were investigated also by XRD, TEM and chemical analysis. The growth mechanism, transformation condition and control method

for calcium sulfate whisker and nano-Fe2O3 were set up by thermodynamic analysis and kinetic model. Recycling: General Sessions 3:05 PM Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Extraction and Processing Division, TMS Light Metals Division, TMS: Recycling and Environmental Study of Phosphorus Recovery from Rare Earth Solution with Phosphorus 1 1 1 Technologies Committee by Citric Acid Coordination: Bian Xue ; Wu Wenyuan ; Northeastern Program Organizers: Christina Meskers, Delft University of Technology; Greg University Krumdick, Argonne National Laboratory Citric acid coordinated with rare earth elements, and the coordination products dissolved in water. So in this paper, the citric acid was used to separate rare earth Wednesday PM Room: 280 with phosphorus. The relationship among the ratio of phosphorus recovery, citric W March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center acid addition, pH, temperature, and time was studied by the quadratic regression E orthogonal analysis, and then the regression equation was obtained. The optimum D Session Chair: Joseph Pomykala, Argonne National Laboratory process conditions of phosphorus recovery were obtained as follows: citric acid addition: 0.05mol•L-1, pH: 10, temperature: 30°C, and time: 20min, the ratio N 2:00 PM Introductory Comments phosphorus recovery: 99.8%, rare earth loss: 0.98%. In addition, XRD analysis E was used to investigate the sediment, and the reaction of alkality process was S 2:05 PM determined. On the Separation of Zinc from Dust in Ironmaking and Steelmaking Off- D Gas Cleaning Systems: Naiyang Ma1; 1Mittal Steel USA 3:25 PM Break A Ironmaking and steelmaking off-gas cleaning system solid wastes often contain 3:35 PM Y too high zinc to recycle for iron recovery through blast furnaces, but contain too Study on the Adsorption Behavior of Modified Orange Peel Biosorbent on low zinc to economically recover zinc PRELIMINARYfrom the wastes. The status of zinc in the Cu2+: Ningchuan Feng1; Xueyi Guo1; 1Central South University ironmaking and steelmaking off-gas cleaning systems has been analyzed from A biosorbent, the chemically modified orange peel, was prepared from P three aspects: thermodynamics and kinetics of zinc deposition, correlation of hydrolysis of the grafted copolymer, which was prepared by reacting methyl M zinc concentration with size and density of particles, and aerodynamics of dust acrylate with cross-linking orange peel and the infrared spectroscopy (IR) was particles in the off-gas cleaning systems. Theory and supporting data show that used for ensuring the structure of the biosorbent. Adsorption characteristics and spontaneous separation of zinc from iron-bearing dust occurs in the ironmaking effects of various factors of the biosorbent on Cu2+ were discussed including and steelmaking off-gas cleaning systems. Dry off-gas cleaning systems provide pH, adsorption time and initial concentration of Cu2+. Experiment results show the most favorable conditions and environments for zinc to separate from dust. that when pH was 6.0 and the initial concentration of Cu2+ was 50mg/L, the The coarser and heavier fraction of iron-rich solid wastes would be zinc-free removal rate was 91.73% and adsorption capability was 80.53 mg/g after 6 h or have low-zinc content if high-efficiency separators were to be used and adsorption. After five times being reused, 85% removal rate could be obtained appropriately arranged in the off-gas cleaning systems. by the biosorbent.

3:55 PM Removal of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Modified Spent Grains: Qingzhu Li1; Liyuan Chai1; Qingwei Wang1; 1Central South University Refractory Metals 2008: Characterization The adsorption process of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by spent grains Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials modified with 1mol/L NaCl solution was investigated. The effects of solution Division, TMS: Refractory Metals Committee pH, contact time, adsorbent concentration, initial Pb2+ concentration, particle size Program Organizers: Todd Leonhardt, Rhenium Alloys Inc; Jim Ciulik, University of on Pb2+ removal were also studied. The initial adsorption process was rapid and Texas at Austin 90.35% of Pb2+ adsorption occurred within 30 min. The absorption equilibrium Wednesday PM Room: 388 was obtained at 4h. When pH was 5.5, Pb2+ concentration in aqueous solutions March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center decreased from the initial content of 20 mg/L to 0.01 mg/L after 5 hours by 2+ application of 10g/L adsorbent at 25°C, Pb removal efficiency reached up to Session Chairs: James Ciulik, University of Texas at Austin; Omar Dogan, 99.95% and the Pb2+ remaining in aqueous solutions was under China Sanitary Albany Research Center, National Energy Technology Laboratory Standard for Drinking Water (GB5749-85). Adsorption data fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich models. However, Langmuir isotherm model was better to describe Pb2+ adsorption than Freundlich model, indicating that the 2:00 PM applicability of monolayer coverage of Pb2+ on the surface of adsorbent. Analysis of the Purification of Iridium by Electron Beam Melting: Evan Ohriner1; 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory 4:15 PM The purification of iridium metal by electron beam melting has been Recycling of Wastes from Water Treatment Plant into Clayey Ceramic: characterized for 48 impurity elements using glow discharge mass spectrographic Carlos Maurício Vieira1; Jhonatas Vitorino1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1State University (GDMS) analysis. No significant removal of six refractory metal elements of the Northern Fluminense occurred. The elements B, C, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, Ru, Rh, and Pt were partially removed In this work the properties and the microstructure of a clayey ceramic by vaporization during electron beam melting. The remaining elements were incorporated, up to 10 wt.%, with three type of wastes from a water treatment undetectable following melting. Purification was analyzed using Langmuir’s plant was evaluated. To determine the physical and mechanical properties such equation for vaporization with equilibrium vapor pressures calculated using as linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength, specimens were Henry’s law. Activity coefficients were obtained from published data for the prepared by 18 MPa uniaxial pressure and then fired in laboratory furnace at elements Fe, Ti, and Pt. Activity coefficients were estimated from enthalpy 700°C.The microstructure of the ceramics was analyzed by SEM and XRD. data for several elements known to bond strongly to iridium. An ideal solution The results indicated that the wastes changed the fired phases and increased model was used for the remaining elements. The results are consistent with the porosity of the ceramic. The results showed that these wastes modified the ideal mixing and some localized heating of the melt pool. Sponsor: Office of plasticity/workability of the clayey body as well as the evaluated properties of Radioisotope Power Systems, U. S. Department of Energy, under Contract DE- the fired ceramic. From the results it was found possible to recycle these wastes AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. into clayey ceramic in low amounts to avoid deleterious effect on the quality of the fired product. 2:25 PM New Method for Measuring Potassium Impurities in Molybdenum: Dick 4:35 PM Beercheck1; Leanna Ergin2; David Kluk2; John Shields3; 1Goldstein Group 1 The Shrinkage Behaviour of Recycled Glass Compacts: Adele Garkida ; Communications; 2NSL Analytical Services; 3Mill Creek Materials Consulting Jiann-Yang Hwang2; Xiaodi Huang2; Charles Okuofu1; Bowen Li2; Abashiya Potassium impurities in molybdenum can cause defects in sputtered coatings Ahuwan1; 1Ahmadu Bello University; 2Michigan Technological University on LCD displays, leading to expensive coated glass having to be scrapped. To Compacts of crushed waste window glass, fluorescent tubes, drinking glasses reduce defects, screen manufacturers are demanding higher purity molybdenum W and laboratory glass wares were made at various proportions from 106 microns (in the 3 ppm potassium range), and the testing community is scrambling to and minus 75 microns powders in combination with 5% bentonite as binder develop more accurate techniques to verify these purity levels. Flame Atomic E for each glass type, after several trials to determine compactibility of particle Absorption Spectroscopy (Flame AA) has been the preferred method for D sizes. They were made using the uniaxial press at 10,000 psi and sintered at measuring potassium content of molybdenum. However, at the low levels being N a temperature range of 700-750°C. The results showed anisotropic shrinkage demanded by industry, Flame AA does not provide the required measurement behavior for all the samples, exhibiting an axial shrinkage lower than the radial accuracy. A method based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC/ E shrinkage. Sintered compact from waste drinking glass which comprised of 60% MS) shows promise as an alternative to Flame AA in measuring potassium at the S 106 microns and 40% minus 75 microns powders showed the least sintering 3 ppm level. At its present stage of development, GC/MS can provide repeatable D shrinkage factor of 1.125, fused at 700°C and the highest shrinkage factor of measurements at the 10 ppm level, and 5 ppm is in sight. Future work is aimed 1.286 at 750°C. This shrinkage behavior connotes that sintering can be employed at providing accurate, repeatable measurements at the 3 ppm level. A to utilize these waste glasses up to the maximum of 95% recycled glass content Y in ceramic tile production. 2:50 PM In-Situ Fracture Studies and Modeling of the Toughening Mechanism PRELIMINARYPresent in Wrought LCAC, TZM, and ODS Molybdenum Flat Products: P Brian Cockeram1; Kwai Chan2; 1Bechtel Bettis Inc.; 2Southwest Research M Institute Fractographic examinations of tensile and fracture toughness specimens from unalloyed LCAC, TZM, and Oxide Disperison Strengthened molybdenum have indicated that these alloys exhibit a ductile laminate toughening mechanism that is characterized as thin sheet toughening. In-situ examinations of fracture toughness specimens using a DISMAP method provide information on the stress- intensity values needed for crack propagation, path of crack propagation, and localized measurements of strain at the crack tip. C-scan measurements confirm that delaminations occur at the crack tip, and the development of the delamination zone with increasing stress-intensity is determined for each molybdenum alloy. A micromechanical model is developed to relate the toughness values to the features of the microstructure. Molybdenum alloys with a finer grain size, such as ODS molybdenum, are shown to exhibit higher toughness values at lower

346 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

temperatures. The improvement in DBTT with respect to microstructural 5:05 PM features is understood in terms of the thin sheet toughening mechanism. First Principles Design of Ductile Refractory Alloys Validated by Experiments: Michael Gao1; Michael Widom1; Omer Dogan2; Paul King2; 3:15 PM 1Carnegie Mellon University; 2National Energy Technology Laboratory Measurement of High Temperature Properties of Refractory Metals: Samuel The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that the synergy that integrates Causey1; Randall Jenkins1; Jack Spain1; Jason Wood1; 1Southern Research first-principles calculations, computational thermodynamics and kinetics, and Institute experimental design can be appropriately used to develop new materials for high- Southern Research Institute has been characterizing materials for use in temperature applications in energy systems. Specifically, the Rice–Thomson extreme environments for well over 50 years. The applications have included parameter will be used as a computational screening tool for identifying re-entry bodies, rocket motors, antenna windows, and nuclear reactor materials ductilizing additives to the refractory alloys in addition to Poisson ratio. The among many others. The range of temperatures has been from cryogenic up to advantage of using the Rice–Thomson parameter and Poisson ratio derives from about 3030°C (5500°F). These materials have included ceramics, composites, the fact that they can be evaluated completely from first principles with virtually graphites, metals, and cermets. The specimens developed have been recently no empirical information. The calculations will be applied first to model simple modified for testing rhenium, tungsten, and molybdenum, and their alloys across prototype binary alloys based on Cr. Further, experimental measurements a wide temperature range. These modifications as well as important aspects of concerning selected Cr-binaries such as Cr-W will be conducted and used as the techniques and hardware designs used in the testing of refractory metals are benchmarks to examine theoretical calculations. Applications of current first discussed. Two companion papers will discuss data generated on rhenium and principles calculations for phase diagrams and thermodynamics of refractory molybdenum-rhenium using these specimen geometries and test techniques. alloys will also be presented. 3:40 PM Break 3:50 PM Anomalous Strain Rate Dependence of Ductility in a 50Mo-50Re Alloy at Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Room Temperature: Jianhui Xu1; Todd Leonhardt2; John Farrell3; Michael Effgen3; Tongguang Zhai1; 1University of Kentucky; 2Rhenium Alloys Inc.; Applications: New Class of Gamma Alloys Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials 3Semicon Associates Division, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Tensile tests were conducted on a fully recrystallized 50Mo-50Re alloy, in Materials Committee -6 the form of sheet of 0.216 mm thick, at different strain rates ranging from 10 Program Organizers: Young-Won Kim, UES Inc; David Morris, Centro Nacional s-1 to 1 s-1 at room temperature. It was found that the total elongation of the de Investigaciones Metalurgicas, CSIC; Rui Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; alloy increased significantly with increasing the strain rate. The fracture surface Christoph Leyens, Technical University of Brandenburg at Cottbus changed from brittle to ductile with increase in strain rate. Plastic deformation was found to occur by both slip and twinning in this alloy. The electron back Wednesday PM Room: 394 scatter diffraction measurement revealed non-uniform plastic strain within March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center individual grains, especially in the vicinity of grain boundary triple junctions. The decrease in ductility at low strain rates in this alloy was possibly related to Session Chairs: Young-Won Kim, UES Inc; Vijay Vasudevan, University of the interaction between dislocations and trace interstitial elements. Cincinnati 4:15 PM Tensile Ductility Reduction in Pure Rhenium at High Temperature: Mark 2:00 PM Invited Opeka1; Jie Zhang1; Samuel Causey2; Randall Jenkins2; Jennifer Gaies1; Keisha A β-Stabilized γ-TiAl Based Alloy for Improved Processing Performance: 1 1 1 2 Sylvester1; 1Naval Surface Warfare Center; 2Southern Research Institute Helmut Clemens ; Harald Chladil ; Wilfried Wallgram ; Sascha Kremmer ; 3 3 4 1 2 Mechanical and thermal properties were obtained from pure rhenium samples Andreas Otto ; Volker Guether ; Arno Bartels ; University of Leoben; Bohler W 3 produced by sintering and hot isostatic pressing, sintering and cold rolling, Schmiedetechnik GmbH&CoKG; GfE Metalle und Materialien GmbH; E 4 electroforming, and by chemical vapor deposition. Mechanical and thermal Hamburg University of Technology D properties for these materials were obtained from room temperature up to 3500°F. The development of high-temperature materials is the key to technological The tensile testing results will be summarized. For all manufacturing processes, advancements in aero-engines, where materials have to withstand extremely N the highest tensile strains of 10 to 40% were observed at room temperature, demanding conditions. TiAl alloys offer many attractive properties, such as low E with strain varying strongly with sample texture. The tensile strains decreased density, good oxidation and burn resistance as well as good creep properties S significantly with increasing temperature and values of 3 to 5% were observed and high strength at elevated temperatures. Conventional high Nb bearing γ- at 3500°F and independent of texture. Reductions-in-area were very low or not TiAl based alloys exhibit a relatively strong tendency to segregations because D measurable and grain boundary cleavage type failure was typically observed. of their peritectic solidification path. This leads to local microstructural A inhomogeneities causing severe problems regarding hot-working behaviour and Y 4:40 PM a scatter in mechanical properties. The investigated β-solidifying Ti-43Al-4Nb- Anisotropic Yield Function for ModelingPRELIMINARY Formability of Conventionally 1Mo-0.1B alloy (at.%) shows a homogeneous and fine grained microstructure Rolled RRR Niobium: Amir Zamiri1; Hairong Jiang1; Thomas Bieler1; Farhang in the cast state. Due to a high volume fraction of β-phase the alloy can be, e.g., P Pourboghrat1; Chris Compton1; Terry Grimm1; 1Michigan State University forged under near conventional conditions. With subsequent heat-treatments a M The overall mechanical properties of the high purity niobium (RRR) sheets, significant reduction of theβ -phase is achieved, as predicted by thermodynamic which are used in fabrication of the superconducting accelerator cavities, were calculations. Alloy characterization was conducted by SEM, EBSD, TEM, investigated. High purity niobium has microstructure and texture gradients that texture measurements, and mechanical testing. lead to a rough surface and anisotropic deformation. High purity niobium is a rate sensitive material and its strength and ductility increases with increasing 2:30 PM strain rate. Due to the presence of an unstable texture, the r values in high purity Microstructure and Properties of Beta-Solidifying Gamma-Titanium 1 1 1 niobium sheets decrease with plastic deformation. From tensile tests in different Aluminide Alloys: Michael Oehring ; Fritz Appel ; Jonathan Paul ; Renat 2 2 3 1 2 in-plane directions and bi-axial bulge tests, a new mathematical model was Imayev ; Valery Imayev ; Viola Küstner ; GKSS Research Centre; Institute of 3 developed to describe the evolving yield function that predicts the variation of Metals Superplasticity Problems; Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung the r values with respect to the effective strain and angle to the rolling direction. Gamma titanium aluminide alloys solidifying solely via the beta-phase exhibit From this analysis, suggestions for optimal microstructure and texture for characteristic solidification microstructures, which often involve equiaxed fabricating cavities from high purity niobium are proposed. instead of columnar structures, weak textures, and modest segregation. These features result from single-phase solidification and the subsequent solid-state

transformations. In view of the development of improved cast alloys, the potential (1-9)(Cr, Mn, V, Mo)-(0-0.3)B in and around the ternary phase field (γ + β/B2+ of the beta/alpha transformation with respect to microstructural refinement and its α/α2). Three groups of beta gamma alloys, rich with gamma phase and having dependence on the addition of several alloying elements has been investigated. It distinct transformation pathways, were explored, featuring remarkably refined was found, that particularly fine and very homogeneous microstructures can be microstructures and compositional homogeneity. The ongoing development obtained for certain alloy compositions. The microstructural refinement can be process will be discussed, along with the initial properties and associated attributed to the alloying effect on the kinetics of the beta/alpha transformation engineering implications. and even can be achieved after slow cooling from high-temperature heat 4:30 PM treatments. The paper discusses alloy concepts aiming at refined cast alloys that Effect of Small Boron and Carbon Additions on the Mechanical Properties also appear to be useful with respect to ingot material for wrought processing of a Novel High Niobium-Containing Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloy: routes. Janny Lindemann1; Maria Glavatskikh1; Stefan Schmidt1; Christoph Leyens1; 2:50 PM Invited Dan Roth-Fagaraseanu2; 1BTU Cottbus; 2Rolls-Royce Deutschland Microstructure and Corresponding Tensile Properties of as Cast β-Solidi- Recently, the alloy design of high niobium-containing gamma titanium fying γ-TiAl Based TNM Alloys: Volker Guether1; Andreas Otto1; Joachim aluminide alloys is focused on increased beta-stabilized alloys (TNM alloys). Klose2; Christiane Rothe2; Helmut Clemens3; Werner Kachler4; Susanne Winter4; Increased beta-stabilizing of TNM alloys compared to conventional high niobium- Sascha Kremmer5; 1GfE Metalle and Materialien GmbH; 2FNE Forschungsinstitut containing alloys (TNB alloys) leads to an increased beta-volume content in fuer Nichteisen-Metalle Freiberg GmbH; 3University of Leoben; 4Zentrum fuer these alloys which can be beneficial with regard to ductility and formability Werkstoffanalytik Lauf GmbH; 5Bohler Schmiedetechnik GmbH&CoKG of the alloys. However, the fatigue performance and the creep resistance of VAR ingots of γ-TiAl based TNM alloys which solidify completely via the β- the TNM alloys can be reduced due to the beta-volume content. In the present phase exhibit fine grained microstructure consisting of lamellar γ / α2- colonies work the mechanical properties of an extruded TNM alloy were compared with and globular γ- and β/B2-grains. The volumetric ratio between the three phases those of a conventional TNB alloy. Furthermore, the effect of a small amount depends mainly on the aluminum content and the content of the major β-stabilizing of boron and carbon on the mechanical properties was investigated. While the alloying elements molybdenum, niobium and boron. The thermodynamic presence of borides could significantly improve microstructure refinement and stability of the microstructure at operation temperature is characterized by the homogenization during extrusion, a small amount of carbon can lead to higher investigation of the equilibrium phase formation at elevated temperatures using strength and creep resistance due to precipitation hardening. high temperature XRD measurements. The excellent tensile properties at room 4:50 PM temperature and 700°C of thermally stress relieved as cast VAR materials are Development of Multiphase Gamma-TiAl Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical related to the microstructure and, thus, to the chemical composition of the TiAl Properties: Renat Imayev1; Valery Imayev1; Timur Khismatullin1; Tatiana alloy. It is expected that γ-TiAl based alloy compositions can be adjusted to the Oleneva1; 1Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems specific needs of both final application and further processing steps. The effect of heat and thermomechanical treatment on the microstructure 3:20 PM and mechanical properties of two groups of beta-solidifying gamma-TiAl alloys “Near Conventional” Forging of a β-Stabilized γ-TiAl Based Alloy: with the metastable or stable beta (B2) phase in the composition range of Ti- Sascha Kremmer1; Harald Chladil2; Wilfried Wallgram2; Helmut Clemens2; (43-46)Al-(4.5-7)(Nb,Mo)-0.2B-(0-0.3)C has been considered. In the first group Andreas Otto3; Volker Güther3; Arno Bartels4; Wilfried Smarsly5; 1Bohler of the alloys the molybdenum content was within the limits of solubility in Schmiedetechnik GmbH&CoKG; 2Montanuniversität Leoben; 3GfE Metalle und the gamma and alpha-2 phases, in the second group the content exceeded this Materialien GmbH; 4Hamburg University of Technology; 5MTU Aero Engines limit. The metastable beta (B2) phase promotes refinement of the structure upon GmbH freezing and cooling and can be dissolved by heat treatment that allows a good Due to the strong demand for higher efficiencies, reduced CO2 emissions and balance of mechanical properties to be obtained. The stable beta phase gives rise weight reduction in aircraft engines, the substitution of presently used materials to some a reduction in high temperature mechanical properties, but improves W by novel light-weight, high-temperature alloys like γ-TiAl based alloys is at the significantly ductility and workability. Both the alloy groups possess improved E edge of realization. This paper summarizes detailed investigations on a “near processing characteristics in comparison with currently known gamma-TiAl D conventional” forging route for the fabrication of TiAl components. γ-TiAl based alloys. alloys with high Nb contents exhibit a narrow forging window, which show 5:10 PM N severe shifts if only slight changes in alloy composition occur. However, when Forging of β-Phase Containing γ-TiAl Alloys: Jiulai Zhang1; Stefan Schmidt1; E using an alloy with an optimized content of β-stabilizing elements the forging Fritz Appel2; Christoph Leyens1; Bernd Viehweger1; 1Brandenburg University window can be widened with respect to billet temperature, die temperature S of Technology Cottbus; 2GKSS Research Centre and die speed. Forging experiments conducted on this specially developed Nb Forging of conventional γ-TiAl alloys is difficult due to their ordered structure. D and Mo containing γ-TiAl based alloy (TNM), demonstrate the feasibility of a Up to now the only feasible closed-die forging process is the isothermal forging. A robust and economic manufacturing route. Additionally, the results of texture The introduction of β-phase in γ-TiAl alloys may make the conventional closed- measurements are shown and the mechanical properties of forged TNM material Y die forging possible. Upsetting tests were carried out on some newly developed are presented. PRELIMINARYβ-phase containing γ-TiAl alloys with warm dies made from a Ni-base superalloy P 3:40 PM Break with varied strain rates and die temperatures. Both bare and canned specimens were used. The canning consists of three layers of steel foil (foil thickness M 3:50 PM Keynote 0.1 mm) and a layer of glass. 75% upsetting was reached at optimal forging Development of Beta Gamma TiAl Alloys: Opening Robust Processing parameter. The forged specimens were examined with light microscopy and and Greater Application Potential: Young-Won Kim1; Sang-Lan Kim1; SEM. The results show that the newly developed β-phase containing γ-TiAl Dennis Dimiduk2; Christopher Woodward2; 1UES Inc.; 2Air Force Research alloys can be forged at much higher strain rates than those conventional γ-TiAl Laboratory alloys. Canning reduces drastically the die temperatures needed for a defect free The primary material and manufacturing limitations of gamma TiAl forging. alloys include large cast lamellar grains, an inhomogeneous distribution of microstructure and composition, and processing difficulties. Efforts have been made in developing a new class of TiAl-based alloys, called beta gamma, which would overcome or reduce such barriers. The design concept was to identify gamma alloy systems, which are solidified through the beta-solidification process, thereby producing phase fields where theβ phase amount is adequate at elevated temperatures but low or negligible at the anticipated use temperatures. Such alloy compositions were determined to exist within Ti-(40-45)Al-(2-8)Nb-

348 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

850°C. No spallation of the thermal barrier coating systems was observed during 2000 cycles at 850°C. The TBCs exhibited excellent adhesion to the oxy-nitride Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature top coat. Applications: Poster Session Fabrication of TiAl Foils by Heat Treatment Only: Jiulai Zhang1; Chistoph Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials Leyens1; Bernd Viehweger1; 1Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Division, TMS: High Temperature Alloys Committee, TMS/ASM: Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee TiAl foils were prepared by heat treatment of Ti/Al foil packs. After heat Program Organizers: Young-Won Kim, UES Inc; David Morris, Centro Nacional treatment at high temperatures for 0.5h TiAl foils with a thickness of 85 µm were de Investigaciones Metalurgicas, CSIC; Rui Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; attained. Different from the results in literature, where Ti and TiAl3 instead of γ

Christoph Leyens, Technical University of Brandenburg at Cottbus phase were achieved, the foils are free from Ti, TiAl3 and contain only γ phase

and α2 phase. The as-heat-treated foils show good surface quality too. The foils Wednesday PM Room: 394 show a coarse lamellar microstructure through the whole thickness of the foils. A March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center row of pores were found in the middle plane of the foils. The reason of the pore formation was discussed and methods were tried to remove the pores. Session Chairs: Maria Perez-Bravo, ITP; Chao Jiang, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Christoph Leyens, Technical University of Brandenburg at Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Property of Ti/Tial Sheets Cottbus; Rui Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; David Morris, Centro Prepared by EBPVD: Liping Shi1; Xiaodong He1; Li Ma1; Yesheng Zhong1; Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas, CSIC 1Harbin Institute of Technology By the double resource method of electron beam physical vapor deposition, An Electron Microscope Study of Low-Cycle Fatigue of a High Niobium Ti and TiAl ingot were evaporated in their given order onto the substrate. And Ti/ TiAl sheets with total thickness of 1 mm were fabricated, in which Ti is served Containing and Precipitation Hardened TiAl Alloy: Fritz Appel1; Thomas as tough phase to improve the fracture toughness property of base phase TiAl. Haeckel2; Hans-Jürgen Christ2; 1GKSS Research Centre; 2Universität Siegen The fatigue behaviour of an extruded TiAl alloy with the composition Ti- This basic concept of the toughness procedure is defined that tough particles 45Al-8Nb-0.2C (at. %) will be described. Fully reversed isothermal tests were were bridged to connect the main crack surface of the brittle matrix. Based on performed under strain control at a strain amplitude of 0.7% and the temperatures the results of DSC, XRD and SEM analyses, the microstructure of Ti/TiAl sheets 25, 550 and 850°C. TEM examination of the samples fatigued at 25 and were characterized. Additionally, the mechanical property including tensile, 550°C revealed dense structures of ordinary dislocations and debris that were creep and fatigue testing were performed. According to the experimental results, accumulated in tangles. The dipole defects apparently serve as additional glide the property of the Ti/TiAl sheets is up to the structure and property of each obstacles but may also contribute to dislocation multiplication if the local stress composition and its main influencing factor includes body content, interlayer rises. Another important low temperature deformation mechanism is the stress- spacing and mutual solubility. induced transformation of the orthorhombic B19 phase, which is a significant Multiple F-Implantation for Improved Oxidation Protection of Gamma- constituent of the microstructure. The B19 phase is apparently unstable under TiAl Alloys: Hans-Eberhard Zschau1; Michael Schuetze1; 1DECHEMA e. V. tetragonal distortion and transforms into gamma phase via distinct shuffle To overcome the insufficient oxidation resistance of Gamma-TiAl above operations. Under high-temperature fatigue the lamellar microstructure degrades 750°C the fluorine effect is well established. After fluorine doping on the TiAl by dynamic recrystallization. Details of these processes were investigated by surface an alumina scale is formed. Several methods of fluorine treatment were high-resolution electron microscopy. considered. The fluorine content at the metal/oxide interface was found to be an important stability parameter. Its time behaviour follows an exponential decay Fracture Toughness of an Intermetallic TiAl: Nicolas Barbi1; Russell function with a constant term of about 1 at.-% after oxidation for 1000 h at 900°C. Goodall1; Frédéric Diologent1; Andreas Mortensen1; 1Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne To improve the long-time stability of the protective effect a fluorine reservoir Cast TiAl-based alloys have potential in several applications such as valves was established by using multiple implantation techniques. Implantation W or turbocharger wheels; however, the suitability of these materials in critical energies between 20 keV and 120 keV and ion fluences between 5E16 and 6E17 E applications such as gas-turbine blades may be limited by their generally F cm-2 were considered. The implantation profiles varied between two step and D brittle behaviour. We present results from a study of the toughness of gamma/ multiple implantation. The fluorine depth profiles were obtained by using the alpha2 titanium aluminides conducted within the framework of a wider non-destructive PIGE technique showing an optimized shape suitable for long N collaborative project on these materials. Three-point bend fracture toughness oxidation times. E tests conducted under controlled atmosphere on precracked specimens, varying On the Influence of Nb and C on the Phase Transition Temperatures in S the alloy composition, heat treatment and test temperature are used to assess the γ-TiAl Based Alloys: Harald Chladil1; Helmut Clemens1; Ernst Kozeschnik2; D suitability of these cast alloys for applications, as well as relations between basic Arno Bartels3; Rainer Gerling4; Sascha Kremmer5; 1Montanuniversity Leoben; microstructural parameters, such as the alpha2 phase contents and distribution, 2Graz University of Technology; 3Hamburg University of Technology; 4GKSS A and their resistance to crack propagation. Research Centre; 5Böhler Schmiedetechnik GmbH&Co KG Y Environment Protection of γ-TiAl Alloys Coated with CrAlYN/CrN Intermetallic titanium aluminides are of increasing technical importance PRELIMINARYfor high-temperature applications in automotive and aerospace industries due Nanoscale Multilayer Coatings and EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings: to their low density, combined with high yield strength, good creep properties P Reinhold Braun1; David Müßener1; Christoph Leyens2; Papken Hovsepian3; and good oxidation behaviour. Current γ-TiAl based alloys are an example of Christina Reinhard3; Arutiun Ehiasarian3; 1DLR - German Aerospace Center; M complex multi-phase materials. Therefore, the knowledge of the constituting 2Technical University of Brandenburg at Cottbus; 3Sheffield Hallam University The oxidation protection capability of nanostructured CrAlYN/CrN multilayer phases and their solid-state transition temperatures as well as the influence of coatings for gamma titanium aluminides was studied at 750 and 850°C under alloying elements is the basis for thermo-mechanical processing and for smart cyclic oxidation conditions. Nitride coatings of about 5 µm thickness with an heat treatments, e.g. for the optimization of mechanical properties. In the present study phase transition temperatures and constituting phases of alloys showing oxy-nitride top coat were deposited on γ-TiAl samples with Cr+, CrAl+ and Y+ etched interfaces. EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings of yttria stabilized zirconia a baseline composition of Ti-45Al-(5-10)Nb-(0-0.5)C (at%) were investigated were deposited on some of the samples using CrAlYN/CrN + CrAlYON as bond by means of DSC, scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattered coat. CrAlYN/CrN coatings exhibited excellent oxidation resistance at 750°C. A diffraction and X-ray diffraction. For the prediction of phases and phase significantly reduced mass gain was observed for coated samples in comparison transition temperatures, thermodynamic calculations based on the CALPHAD to the bare γ-TiAl alloy. With regard to the different surface pre-treatments, the method were performed using a commercially available database, which also was adapted with some corrections. Y+ etched interface exhibited the most beneficial effect on oxidation resistance. The multilayer nitride coatings provided also good oxidation protection at

Phase and Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Properties in a Beta Deformation in TiAl by the Formation of L11 Pseudotwin: Dongsheng Xu1; Gamma Alloy Ti-44Al-4Nb-3.5(Mn, Cr)-0.2B: Young-Won Kim1; Christopher Hao Wang1; Rui Yang1; 1Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Woodward2; Dennis Dimiduk2; 1UES Inc; 2Air Force Research Laboratory Sciences Beta gamma alloys are under exploration as possibly “more robust” gamma- The shear deformation of twinned and perfect TiAl with L10 structure at base alloys. Their compositions exist within a range of Ti-(40-45)Al-(2-8)Nb- various temperature and hydrostatic pressure was investigated using atomistic (1-9)(Mn, Cr, V, Mo, Cu)-(0-0.3)B-(0-0.4)C. Three groups of beta gamma simulations. By shearing in [211] direction on the (111) plane under hydrostatic alloys, rich with gamma phase (>85%) at use temperatures, were determined to compression, an L11 structured pseudo-twin was found to form at low exist in and around the ternary phase field γ( -TiAl + ß-Ti + α2-Ti3Al). A three- temperature. The critical conditions for activating different twinning system phase alloy, Ti-44Al-4Nb-3.5(Mn, Cr)-0.2B, was investigated to evaluate its were identified with the help of molecular dynamic and static simulation. The phase transformation pathways and microstructure evolution taking place upon activation of the pseudo-twinning is expected to benefit the strain transfer and heat treatments for both ISM ingot material and an extruded material. These the reduction of the stress concentration at the grain or lamella boundary. The processes were analyzed using phase and grain size distribution measured as a L11 pseudo-twin in TiAl was observed only in limited experiments, consistent function of temperature and heat treatment condition. The resulting information with the difficulty of its formation. Our results showed that the L11 phase and data was used to determine extrusion conditions and also define new useful has a higher energy than normal twins, and can only form by shearing under microstructure types with a desirable phase and microstructure distribution. hydrostatic compression. Further first principles calculation showed that some Property testing is underway, and the results will be correlated to measured alloying elements may have the potential to promote this transformation. microstructures to define their relationships. Anisotropic Properties of Interfaces in Fe-Al: Vaclav Paidar1; Jaromir Surface Strengthening for Enhanced Fatigue Performance of Gamma Kopecek1; Pavel Lejcek1; 1Institute of Physics Titanium Aluminides: Maria Glavatskikh1; Janny Lindemann1; Christoph The properties of interfaces such as grain and antiphase boundaries are Leyens1; Michael Oehring2; Fritz Appel2; 1Brandenburg University of primarily derived from the atomic structure in their core regions. Structural Technology Cottbus; 2GKSS Research Centre and chemical inhomogeneity of these planar interfaces can play a decisive role The fatigue performance of modern high niobium-containing gamma titanium for material behaviour including mechanical properties. Dislocation motion is aluminides can be significantly improved by mechanical surface treatments such affected by their core structure that depends on the stacking-fault-like defects as shot peening and roller burnishing. Fatigue strength improvements depend and by the interaction with barriers as grain boundaries. Fracture is essentially on the process-induced work hardening, the residual compressive stresses in the governed by processes on atomic scale when the interatomic bonds are interupt. surface layer and on the surface roughness. While at ambient temperature the In polycrystalline materials where the grain boundaries represent regions of improvement of the fatigue strength is mainly caused by the process-induced different atomic arrangements, the cracks can nucleate and propagate under residual compressive stresses, the residual stresses hardly affect the fatigue specific conditions along the boundary planes. The processes identified on performance at elevated temperatures since they are quickly relaxed at service interfaces will be discussed from the point of view of different grain boundary temperatures above 650°C. Nevertheless, surface strengthening can be beneficial types and their behaviour will be deduced from experimentally studied grain for fatigue performance even at elevated temperatures. In the present work the boundaries in bicrystals and from theoretical considerations. potential of surface strengthening to enhance the fatigue performance of high Effects of Ru Addition on Phase Equilibria, Microstructures and Mechanical niobium-containing gamma titanium aluminides at elevated temperatures was Properties of E2 Co Alc Based Alloys: Yosuke Uotani1; Yoshisato Kimura1; assessed. Furthermore, methods for improving the thermal stability of defect 1 3 1-X Yoshinao Mishima1; 1Tokyo Institute of Technology structures produced by surface strengthening were investigated. E21 Co3AlC1-x is one of the most possible candidates for a new strengthening

Thermodynamic and Diffusion Modelling for Nanostructured Coatings phase in Co based heat resistant alloys. E21 Co3AlC1-x transforms to E21’

Design on Gamma-TiAl Aluminides for High Temperature Applications: Co3AlC0.5 at 1325K due to the extra-ordering of C atoms associated with the 1 1 1 1 Francisco Perez-Trujillo ; Juan Nieto ; Maria Hierro de Bengoa ; Sophia Tsipas ; APD formation. E21’ consists of alternate stacking of E21 and L12 type close- W 1 1 1 Juan Leal ; Sonia Mato ; Universidad Complutense packed {111} planes. Single crystal of Co3AlC1-x exhibits excellent ductility E Thermodynamic and siffusion modelling on gamma-TiAl have ben applied and high strength in a temperature range from 300 to 1373K. The influence of D in order to model the oxidation behviour in different aggresive environments APD size on room temperature ductility was investigated using single crystals. at high temperatures. From these data, solid phases can be model and use it to Co3AlC1-x with fine APDs shows no plastic deformability. From the viewpoint of N optimize the coating composition and design. Moreover diffusional apporaches the improvement in elevated temperature strength, small amount of Ru addition E have been done to know the interdiffusion processes and metalic elements was conducted and phase equilibria were investigated to establish the pathway to S depletion in the process to form protective oxidized layer on the nanostructured design new Co based heat resistant alloys. We have found that Ru is a B2 former coated gamma-aluminide. Some validation of this modelling approach will be and a solubility of Ru in Co3AlC1-x is limited to a few at.%. D given for micro/nano structuctured coatings. A Effects of Ternary Additions on Mechanical Behaviour of B2-Ordered Fe- 1 1 1 1 1 Diffusion Bonding between TiAl and Ti2AlNb: Jianying Zou ; Yuyou Cui ; Rui 40 at.% Al Alloys: Anna Fraczkiewicz ; Sanaa Najjar ; David Colas ; Adrien Y Yang1; 1Institute of Metal Research CAS Chapuis1; 1Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines Direct diffusion bonding of orthorhombic Ti AlNb-base alloy to TiAl-base Forty years after beginning of development of B2-ordered FeAl for PRELIMINARY2 P alloy was carried out and the interface microstructure, formation of new phase structural applications, their poor room temperature ductility still remains the M at the interface and joint strength were characterised. At low temperature, a main locking point. Nowadays, all existing solutions of avoiding this problem new phase with AlNb2-structure, Al(Nb,Ti)2, was formed at interface adjacent involve an extreme grain size refining by P/M-type technologies that make the

to the O-based alloy. The α2 was found to be the major reaction product and fabrication cost of FeAl prohibitive. A new way of progress could come with developed at interface adjacent to the TiAl alloy as well as at interface adjacent development of optimised, ternary or quaternary, alloy compositions.Fe-40Al

to the O-base alloy accompanying Al(Nb,Ti)2. The formation of Al(Nb,Ti)2 alloys, B-doped and containing some ternary elements (Ni, Co, Mo, Ti, Nb, Mn) has been attributed to the different diffusion velocity of Nb and Al leading to a have been studied. Their behaviour was appreciated from RT tensile tests and

eutectoid-like reaction. At relatively high temperature, Al(Nb,Ti)2 did not form high temperature (20 – 900°C) compression tests. Among studied additions, Ni, due to enhanced diffusivity of Nb but a B2-enriched zone formed instead after Co and Mn seem the most interesting. Nickel and cobalt provoke a significant long holding time. Only when an appropriate phase composition was achieved hardening associated with an important RT brittleness. In Mn-alloyed FeAl, an through diffusion could the shear strength of the joint reach 80% of that of the increase of RT ductility is associated with an unchanged YS value. These results TiAl base metal. will be analysed on the basis of alloys fine microstructure.

350 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

Fabrication and Strengthening of Ni-Based Thermostructural Panels: Sara were used to determine the microstructures and compositions of the phases Johnson1; Tresa Pollock1; 1University of Michigan present. The results revealed that the compound was composed of FCC and B2 Thermostructural panels for use in emerging hypersonic flight systems require lamellae, whose widths were ~300 nm and ~200 nm, respectively. Straining the use of advanced materials able to support substantial loads at elevated under compression produced yield strengths ranging from 750 MPa at 300 K temperatures. The major challenge in this advancing technology is identifying to 160MPa at 1000K, with a rapid drop in yield strength at ~600K. Elongations formable structural materials that are both strong and oxidation resistant. A new of 25%-30% were observed in tensile tests at room temperature, with fracture processing path beginning with sheets of Ni-based alloys has been developed surface analysis indicating a ductile fracture mode. The dislocation behavior was where the solid-solution alloy is formed and subsequently strengthened by vapor also investigated. Research supported by NSF grant DMR-0505774. phase aluminization. Fabrication, microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior of these panels will be discussed.

Flow Behavior Characteristics and Constitutive Equation for IC10 The Role of Engineers in Meeting 21st Century Alloy: Hongjian Zhang1; Weidong Wen1; Haitao Cui1; 1Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Societal Challenges — AIME Keynote Session Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS: Public and IC10 is a newly developed Ni3Al-based superalloy, with its nominal Governmental Affairs Committee composition(wt%):0.07-0.12%C, 11.5-12.5%Co,6.5-7.5%Cr,5.6-6.2%Al,4.8- Program Organizers: Diran Apelian, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Iver Anderson, 5.2%W,1.0-2.0%Mo,6.5-7.5%Ta,1.3-1.7%Hf,0.01-0.02%B, and Bal.Ni. In Iowa State University order to investigate flow behaviors of IC10, tensile experiments were conducted over a wide range of temperatures(25~800°C) and strain rates(0.00001~0.01/s) Wednesday PM Room: 272 on a material-testing-system. Experimental results reveal that: 1)flow behaviors March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center are not sensitive to strain rates at ambient temperature; 2)flow behaviors various with the temperature at the same strain rate; 3)the yield stress various Session Chair: Dan Thoma, Los Alamos National Laboratory little with temperature. In order to capture the major flow features of IC10, we apply and modify the Johnson-Cook equation in this paper. In Johnson-Cook 2:00 PM Introductory Comments by Dan Thoma, Los Alamos National equation, strain-rate effects and temperature effects are multiplied simply with Laboratory hardening effects which cause some deviations in real prediction. So, we modify Johnson-Cook equation and use it to predict flow behaviors of IC10 at different 2:10 PM Invited experimental conditions. The comparisons between predicted and experimental The Role of Engineers and the Profession in the 21st Century: Diran data reveal that the modified equation works well in real prediction something. Apelian1; 1Worcester Polytechnic Institute Globalization of the economy has amplified the impact of technology on Ternary Interdiffusion in Ni Al with Ir or Ta Additions: Narayana 3 modern societies in ways that could not have been predicted. The connectivity Garimella1; M. Ikeda2; Machiko Ode3; Hideyuki Murakami3; Yong-ho Sohn1; provided by the Internet has generated new markets for products and services, 1University of Central Florida; 2Kobe Steel Company; 3National Institute for but has also made available labor that is often both educated and cheap. This Materials Science is likely to have a profound impact on the distribution of wealth in both the Average ternary interdiffusion coefficients in Ni Al with Ir or Ta additions have 3 developed and the developing part of the world and may, in particular, alter been determined using solid-to-solid diffusion couples annealed at 1200°C for 5 the socio-economic structure of countries where the general well- being of the and 25 hours. Disc shaped alloy specimens were prepared by vacuum arc melting population has been taken for granted. The role of engineers and the profession is at various compositions within the Ni Al with minor alloying up to 3 at.% Ir or 3 critical for the sustainable development of our planet. The 21st Century presents 1.5 at.% Ta. Concentration profiles of individual components were measured us with challenges (as well as opportunities) that will require a “new” breed of by electron probe microanalysis and interdiffusion fluxes were determined and engineers. These issues and the impending actions that we need to take will be examined to calculate the average ternary interdiffusion coefficients. Average W discussed in this presentation. main interdiffusion coefficients of Ir or Ta were observed to be two orders of E magnitude lower than those of Al and Ni. A significant diffusional interaction 2:30 PM Invited D between Ir and Ni, and between Ta and Al was observed, highlighted by large People First: Global Mission: Jaleel Al-Khalifa1; 1Saudi Aramco magnitudes in average cross interdiffusion coefficients. Variation of average In the past, share holders’ emphasis on maximizing short-term commercial N ternary interdiffusion coefficients is presented with respect to sublattice sites of interest (The bottom line) has steered corporate management. The notion E of management by values was introduced to better engage the workforce. Ni3Al and applications in high temperature alloys and coatings. S Introducing the corporate social responsibility (CSR) to help local communities The Development of High Specific Strength Wrought Fe3Al-Based Alloys: has also gained significant momentum. The notion of the three bottom- D Satoru Kobayashi1; Stefan Zaefferer2; Takayuki Takasugi1; 1Tohoku University; line (share holders, customers, workforce) was also introduced. The next A 2Max-Planck-Institut Fuer Eisenforschung GmbH essential reform is to apply “People First” paradigm, i.e. the four bottom-line Our recent research on grain refinement of Fe3Al-based alloys through Y (share holders, customers, workforce, and humanity at-large). “People First” thermomechanical process revealed that coarse κ-Fe3AlC precipitate particles are PRELIMINARYensures the commercial success of the organization, while meeting the global effective in introducing nucleation sites for recrystallization, and thereby refining mission of advancing growth and prosperity of mankind. It represents a very P grain size.1, 2 Between room temperature and 600°C, fine-grained materials systematic approach to running business while serving humanity. It aims at showed specific strengths as high as Ti-based alloys, indicating that Fe3Al-based M ensuring the commercial success while availing adequate food, water, shelter, alloys might be useful for structural components such as low-pressure turbine health and education for the neighbor community. The role of professional blades and compressors. Fatigue properties and tensile properties in water vapor societies to promote “People First” paradigm cannot be further emphasized. atmosphere will be presented. 1Kobayashi S, Zaefferer S: Microstructure Control We, professionals, need to continually sharpen our technical competency and Using Recrystallization in Particle-containing Fe3Al-based Alloys, Materials at the same time nurture the human side of our character. It is both technical Science Forum Vol. 558-559. pp. 235-240 (2007). 2Kobayashi S, Takasugi T: competency and personal character that ensure excellence in our future careers. Grain Refinement of a Fe3Al-based Alloy Using κ-Fe3AlC Precipitate Particle Stimulating Nucleation of Recrystallization, Intermetallics, accepted. 2:50 PM Invited Energy Sources for the 21st Century - Implications and Challenges: Tomas Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Eutectoid FeNiMnAl Alloy: Diaz De La Rubia1; 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Yifeng Liao1; Ian Baker1; 1Dartmouth Economic development and population growth trends indicate that global The microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel eutectoid alloy energy demand will double by the year 2050 to 25 TW-yr and will reach 50- with the composition (in at.%) of Fe-20Ni-35Mn-15Al have been studied. The 60 TW-yr by 2100. At the same time, climate models indicate that continued alloy was arc melted from elemental powders, and SEM/EDS and TEM/EDS

emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere will likely lead to global 4:00 PM Invited surface temperature increase by the year 2100 ranging from 1.1 C to 2.9 C in Biomaterials: Evolving Technologies and Applications: Arthur Coury1; the low impact scenario. Fossil fuels, the main culprits behind current increases 1Genzyme Corporation

in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, currently provide 85% of the world’s Biomaterials, the components of medical devices that interact directly with energy demand, but are likely to deplete over the next decades for oil and gas, tissue, have enabled the development of a worldwide industry of over $200 or the next two centuries for coal. Meeting the growth in energy demand while billion. From its infancy a half-century ago, the device industry has evolved mitigating climate change will demand new energy sources beyond fossil fuels from the use of commercially available commodity materials for mainly such as solar, nuclear and ultimately fusion. The development and massive structural applications to custom-designed materials with specific properties worldwide deployment of these clean, alternative sources to produce energy at and biological interactions. Accompanying this transition, the complexity economically competitive rates will require new, advanced materials capable and functionality of device designs have increased to include products such of performing with high efficiency, safety and reliability, often in very extreme as device-drug, device-biologic and device-cell combinations. Therapeutic environments. In this talk, I will describe some of the world wide efforts to goals have increasingly evolved from replacement of structure and function develop new materials for energy applications with an emphasis on fission and of body tissues to their restoration and regeneration using principles of tissue fusion energy. engineering, i.e., systematic control of cells, matrices and fluids of the body. By my estimate, some 25% of device and combination products involve tissue 3:10 PM Break engineering. Regenerative and restorative therapies currently involve expensive 3:20 PM Invited development and production protocols, but economic efficiencies to come will Sustainable Mobility: The Grand Challenges: John Moavenzadeh1; 1World improve the availability of advanced medical therapies worldwide. Economic Forum 4:20 PM Invited Transportation of both people and goods will face a number of interconnected Recycling Technologies and Environmental Stewardship: David Spencer1; challenges over the next decades, including: Urbanization: The world’s urban 1wTe Corporation population will grow from roughly 3.2 billion today to roughly 4.9 billion The ever burgeoning quantities of waste that our society produces are a positive by 2030, an increase of over 50%.1 United Nations World Urban Population sign of economic growth and human wealth. This new world-wide industrial Prospects: 2005 Revision. How will this fundamental transformation in where revolution, however, also spawns new challenges to effective environmental we live affect the automotive industry? How will people get around in the city of stewardship. Historically, these end-of-life products have been wasted — the future? Global Climate Change: Public awareness of global climate change either disposed in landfills or incinerated — often with adverse environmental continues to grow, and governments are increasingly ready to act. Does the consequences. Early methods of recycling were incapable of dismantling and automotive industry have the best strategy to engage governments and other recycling manufactured products whereby the inherent value of the processed stakeholders on the climate change issue? Developing World Motorization: Tata materials going into the end-product was preserved. Recently, with support Motors of India is launching a $2500 car for the Indian market. China is now from NSF and NIST/ATP, new optoelectronic recycling processes are under the second largest automotive market in the world. What are the implications of development or being piloted to recycle end-of-life goods in a fully automated a rapidly motorizing developing world? Other noteworthy challenges include way. These advanced technologies can run at high capacity and sort a wide array the global volume of vehicle-related fatalities, the overwhelming dependence of materials with extreme accuracy yielding high-value recycled raw materials. of the transport sector on fossil fuels, an ageing air transport infrastructure that As a result, a paradigm shift in recycling, with significant consequent benefits to cannot keep up with increasing demand, and others. Engineers have a critical the environment is both possible and probable, along with the generation of still role to play in developing technology that will enhance the sustainability of more opportunities for manufacturing new products with much higher quantities the transport network for future generations; however, engineers will need to of recycled content.. work closely with other stakeholders. 1United Nations World Urban Population W Prospects: 2005 Revision. E 3:40 PM Invited Housing for the 21st Century – Design, Technology and Construction: Ultrafine-Grained Materials: Fifth International D Stephen Lee1; 1Carnegie Mellon Symposium: Structure and Evolution N Traditional American methods of homebuilding are not adequately responding Sponsored by: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, TMS Structural Materials E to the need for flexible, affordable, energy effective and resource efficient homes. Division, TMS Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division, TMS: Shaping and This session will take at fresh look at the housing delivery process in response Forming Committee, TMS: Nanomechanical Materials Behavior Committee S to global and regional change. From climate change, to power deregulation, to Program Organizers: Yuri Estrin, Monash University and CSIRO Melbourne; Terence D suburban sprawl to the rapid proliferation of information technology, change Langdon, University of Southern California; Terry Lowe, Los Alamos National is occurring at a more rapid pace than at any other time in our history. Yet, the Laboratory; Xiaozhou Liao, University of Sydney; Zhiwei Shan, Hysitron Inc; Ruslan A Valiev, UFA State Aviation Technical University; Yuntian Zhu, North Carolina State housing industry is a fragmented, multi-headed beast in which change is slow University Y to occur, if at all. Our houses of today are not meetingthe needs of the users, nor are they performing as good “global”PRELIMINARY citizens. Applying industrial engineering Wednesday PM Room: 273 P principles to the housing delivery process could potentially offer solutions March 12, 2008 Location: Ernest Morial Convention Center M to directly solve these problems. History however, shows us that the houses constructed in this fashion, from the panelized houses of Konrad Wachsmann Session Chairs: Xiaozhou Liao, University of Sydney; Terry McNelley, and Walter Gropius to Operation Breakthrough and HUD-code homes, have not Naval Postgraduate School; David Morris, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones been the solution to our housing needs. While these historic efforts introduced Metalurgicas, CSIC; Pei-Ling Sun, Feng Chia University new technologies and processes, they were not fully integrated into the structure of the domestic homebuilding industry. Japan and the European Community, 2:00 PM Invited faced with higher energy costs and high density housing conditions, have been Deformation-Induced Grain Growth and Texture Evolution in leading the way globally with innovative ideas and financial incentives to Nanocrystalline Materials: Li Li1; Yandong Wang2; Guojiang Fan1; Y. L. Yang2; produce better housing. The concepts of “low–”, “zero–” and “plus–” house are N. Jia2; Yang Ren3; Hahn Choo1; Peter K. Liaw1; 1University of Tennessee; well known and describe the annual energy balance for homes with respect to 2Northeastern University, School of Materials and Metallurgy; 3Argonne the grid. This session will speak directly to our future housing needs and will National Laboratory, X-Ray Science Division illustrate potential design, technology and construction process solutions using Grain growth was observed recently in nanocrystalline materials (grain size the 2007 Carnegie Mellon Solar Decathlon house as a case study. < 100 nm) during the plastic deformation. However, the underlying mechanisms of this deformation-induced grain growth were not well understood. In our

352 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Technical Program

studies, nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloys with grain size ~ 23nm were investigated achieved by heavy rolling and by mechanical milling. Processes such as ECAP after rolling under both room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The high-energy provide intermediate strain levels. The deformation substructure obtained during x-ray diffraction technique was used to investigate their mechanical deformation the initial stages of straining is inhomogeneous, showing changes that appear to behaviors. Compared with as-deposited one, the nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloy correspond to different textures or grain orientations. At extremely high strain shows great grain growth (up to ~ 50 nm) after rolling at room temperature. levels, as the structural scale refines towards the nanoscale, the microstructure Moreover, a strong texture is found to develop in the deformed nanocrystalline becomes homogeneous once again. The relationship between grain orientation, materials during rolling. Based on the above experiments and the associated local texture, and the microstructure generated by severe plastic deformation will simulations, deformation mechanisms in nanocrystalline material will be be examined. These factors play also an important role in determined the way the discussed in this presentation. This research is suported by NSF-IMI program microstructure coarsens or recrystallizes during annealing after deformation. (DMR-0231320) and NSF-MRI program (DMR-0421219). 3:25 PM Invited 2:20 PM Microstructure and Microhardness of FCC Metals Subjected to Ultra-High Towards the Basic Rules for Grain Refinement by SPD Processing: Ruslan Strain Deformation: Alexander Zhilyaev1; Azat Gimazov2; Ádam Révész3; Valiev1; 1Ufa State Aviation Technical University Terence Langdon4; 1Centro National de Investigaciones Metallurgicas, Consejo Intensive investigations of the past 10-15 years oriented at fabrication of bulk Superior de Investigaciones Científicas;2 Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute nanostructured materials using severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing have for Metals Superplasticity Problems; 3Eötvös University; 4University of Southern made it possible to conclude that grain refinement is determined by three main California, Los Angeles factors: the SPD technique in use, SPD processing regimes and routes, as well Microhardness measurements, TEM and X-ray were used to study the as the nature of the material processed. In the present report, critical processing microstructure and tensile properties of highly strained nickel and copper parameters (accumulative strains, processing temperature and applied pressure) processed from bulk master metal strained to different levels and from that determine efficiency of grain refinement are investigated, taking the two electrodeposited, ball milled (BM), rapidly quenched (RQ) ribbons and most popular SPD techniques (namely, equal-channel angular pressing and machined chips. High resolution X-ray showed BM+HPT specimens have the high-pressure torsion) as an example. The problem of ultimate microstructure smallest coherent domain size of 9 nm and RQ+HPT possesses the highest refinement by SPD processing is considered as well. dislocation density of 6.7×1015 m-2. A gradual increasing strain in bulk nickel gave increasing dislocation density and decreasing coherent domain size. 2:35 PM Invited Microstructure and microhardness of pure copper was compared after ECAP High Pressure Torsion in Mg: Effect of Strain and Hydrostatic Pressure on (4 passes, route BC), HPT (P=6 GPa, N=5), machining and their combinations, Texture Evolution: Bartlomiej Bonarski1; Erhard Schafler1; Borys Mikulowski2; including machining of ECAP specimens, HPT of ECAP copper and HPT of Michael Zehetbauer1; 1University of Vienna; 2AGH-University of Science and machining chips. Microstructure, dislocation density and microhardness were Technology evaluated by X-ray, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The Single crystals, and polycrystalline samples of 99.8% Mg with different initial influence of different processing routes is discussed in terms of accumulated grain size, have been subjected to High Pressure Torsion at RT. The evolution strain and microstructure refinement. of texture has been investigated as a function of shear strain (up to 120) and of hydrostatic pressure (up to 4 GPa). Apart from a compression component which 3:45 PM Break arises from the early stages of HPT deformation, a clear shear texture evolves. 4:00 PM Invited However, at the largest strains investigated, a new texture is observed which Vacancies by Severe Plastic Deformation and Their Effects in Ultrafine– exhibits clear evidence for recrystallization. As concerns the texture evolution Grained Al: X.L. Wu1; B. Li2; Evan Ma3; 1Institute of Mechanics; 2Materials at higher pressures, the same sequence of textures appears but the onset of Science; 3Johns Hopkins University recrystallization occurs at lower strains. The results are compared with previous Severe plastic deformation (SPD) introduces into a metal an extraordinarily investigations of HPT induced texture evolution in hexagonal and cubic face high population of vacancies, in addition to dislocations that evolve into grain centered metals, and discussed in terms of c/a ratio and of lattice symmetry, W boundaries. These vacancies also cluster to form nanoscale entities that should respectively. have major impact on the microstructure-mechanical property relationship; E 2:55 PM but this aspect has not received adequate attention so far and remains to be D The Limiting Grain Size during Severe Deformation of Dilute Aluminium systematically studied. Here we report the size, density, distribution, and N at Cryogenic Temperatures: Philip Prangnell1; Yan Huang1; 1University of stability of vacancy clusters in aluminum after SPD-processing at liquid nitrogen E Manchester temperature. Vacancy-type dislocation loops as large as 16 nm, at a density as The deformation structures formed in a dilute aluminium alloy have been high as 1E15/m2, have been observed under transmission electron microscope. S studied down to liquid nitrogen temperatures, with the aim of investigating Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that such large faulted loops (stacking D the factors that limit the formation of a true nano-scale grain structure. It was faults), when at these high densities, contribute in a major way to impeding A found that a steady state was approached, where a minimum grain size was moving dislocations. These stacking faults should hence be taken into account reached irrespective of the temperature. Even at -198°C a nanoscale high angle when interpreting the high strength of ultrafine-grained or nanostructured metals Y boundary spacing was only approachedPRELIMINARY in the normal direction. It is shown that processed by SPD. the minimum grain size achievable in severe deformation is controlled by a 4:20 PM P balance between the rate of compression of the HABs and dynamic recovery, Strain Path and Microstructure Evolution during ECAP of Al-Si Alloys: with a minor effect of texture and changing the deformation mode. The required M Juan Maria Garcia de la Infanta Belio1; Srinivasan Swaminathan2; Alexander boundary migration rate to maintain a constant boundary spacing was found to Zhilyaev1; Fernando Carreño1; Oscar Ruano1; Terry McNelley2; 1Centro Nacional be far higher than can be justified from conventional diffusion controlled grain de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas (CENIM), CSIC; 2Naval Postgraduate School growth and at low temperatures, can only be explained by invoking an athermal As-cast Al-Si alloys were subjected to repetitive ECAP at ambient temperature mechanism. by route A, which involves monotonically increasing strain through a sequence of 3:10 PM passes, or by route BC, wherein the strains are redundant after every four passes. Microstructure Refinement in Iron Aluminide by Severe Plastic The shape change of the primary and eutectic constituents mirror the idealized Deformation: David Morris1; Ivan Gutierrez-Urrutia1; Maria Muñoz-Morris1; straining expected for repetitive processing by either of these routes. This leads 1Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas, CSIC to strain path dependence of grain refinement in the primary constituent: grain Microstructural refinement of ductile alloys can be achieved by severe subdivision combined with geometric effects are operative in material processed plastic deformation carried out to different strain levels using various processing by route A, while grain subdivision alone predominates in material processed by methods. Changes of microstructure of iron aluminides have been examined route BC. Also, the morphology and distribution of the eutectic constituent in after severe plastic defomation, with the extremes of low and high strain levels processed materials reflect mainly geometrical effects.

4:35 PM Invited 5:45 PM Phase Separation in Ultrafine Grained Materials Produced by Severe Deformation Behavior during Tensile Straining of Nano/Ultrafine-Grained Plastic Deformation: Xavier Sauvage1; Xavier Quelennec1; Abdelahad Chbihi1; Structures Formed by Reversion in Metastable Austenitic Steels: Devesh Dmitry Gunderov2; François Vurpillot1; 1University of Rouen, GPM; 2Ufa State Misra1; B. Ravi Kumar1; Sashank Naik1; Mahesh Somani2; Pentti Karjalainen2; Aviation Technical 1University of Louisiana at Lafayette; 2University of Oulu Ultrafine Grained (UFG) structures produced by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) The deformation behavior of nano/ultrafine-grained structures during usually exhibit a much higher yield stress than their coarse grained counterparts; tensile deformation has been examined by transmission electron microscopy however in most cases applications are limited due to the relatively low ductility. It in metastable austenitic steels. Special fine-grained structures were obtained has recently been suggested that a combination of UFG structure with precipitation by controlled reversion annealing of strain-induced martensite. Proper gradual of a second phase may give rise to some significant strain hardening and ductility. strain hardening by the formation of ultra-fine martensite results in excellent In this context, we have investigated phase separation and precipitation in FeCu, tensile strength-ductility property combination. CuCr and FePdAu alloys processed by SPD. Microstructures were characterized thanks to transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe. A special emphasis was given on the competition between phase separation and recrystallisation. In such non equilibrium structures, we show that even if the driving force for recrystallisation is extremely high, phase separation usually occurs first. This feature is attributed to an accelerated precipitation kinetics resulting from enhanced atomic mobility of solute elements. 4:55 PM Grain Refinement Mechanisms and Mechanical Properties in Copper Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation: Nairong Tao1; K. Lu1; 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metal Research The grain refinement in copper subjected to plastic deformation was investigated by means of TEM. Strain-induced three different grain refinement approaches were identified. At low strain rate, plastic deformation is dominated by dislocation activities. Submicro-sized grains were obtained via formation and development of dislocation cells. The final size of the refined grain is usually 100-300 nm. At high strain rate, mechanical twins were induced and deformation twinning plays an important role in grain refinement process. The structure refinement was achieved by the break-up of twin/matrix lamellae. The average transverse size of refined grains is about 47 nm. Nano-sized grains were also formed inside the shear bands. The nanostructured Cu sample prepared at cryogenic temperatures and high strain rate exhibits tensile yield strength of over 600 MPa, evidently higher than that of the Cu prepared at room temperature and low strain rate (~ 400 MPa). 5:10 PM Invited Gradient Multiscale Structure and Tensile Property of Cobalt by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment: Xiao-Lei Wu1; 1Chinese Academy of W Sciences, Institute of Mechanics E The formation of the gradient multiscale structure (GMS) in hcp-cobalt during D surface mechanical attrition treatment was investigated. The GMS showed grain size distribution ranging from 25 nm to 500 nm in the deformed surface. N The mechanism of grain refinement was interpreted in terms of the structural E subdivision of grains subjected to plastic deformation. Moreover, plastic S deformation induced the phase transformation from hcp into fcc structure. The D nanocrystalline fcc phase exhibited also gradient distribution in grain size and A volume fraction as well. The tensile properties of GMS cobalt were discussed. 5:30 PM Y Irradiation Behavior of Nanostructured Austenitic Steels: Philippe Pareige1; Auriane Etienne1; Bertrand RadiguetPRELIMINARY1; Xavier Sauvage1; Ruslan Valiev1; 1Rouen P University The evolution of mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels in M internal structures of pressure water reactor is due to complex intragranular and intergranular induced segregation. An atomic description of the phenomena is needed to increase the level of understanding of the mechanisms at the origin. This means for example that careful examination of grain boundaries is needed and elimination of intragranular segregation would be interesting. In order to bring information, austenitic materials have been nanostructured, annealed and ion irradiated. This allows to investigate a large density of grain boundaries and also to understand the effect of nanograins on the elimination of irradiation point defects. Atomic description of the nanostructure and grain boundaries with Tomographic Atom Probe and TEM will be given. Point defects evolution will be followed with rate theory.

354 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE 2008 137th Annual Meeting & Exhibition

A Allen, A ...... 64, 147 Arzt, E ...... 66, 110, 160, 215, 267, 316, 358 Allen, T ...... 198, 199, 252, 299 Asa, Y ...... 193 Aalund, R...... 283 Allison, J...... 49, 80, 85, 86, 126, 367 Asadi, M...... 87 Abakumov, A...... 326 Alloyeau, D...... 308 Asami, C...... 344 Abbott, T...... 289, 337 Allred, L...... 194 Asgari, S...... 118 Abdel Maksoud, I...... 134 Alman, D...... 189 Ashcroft, N...... 196 Abdelmalek, F...... 219 Al Marzouqi, A...... 226 Ashida, D...... 306 Abe, H ...... 342 Almer, J ...... 142, 143, 328 Asif, S ...... 76 Abedrabbo, S...... 63 Alterach, M...... 181 Askin, J ...... 39 Abeykoon, A...... 197 Alurralde, M...... 299, 300 Asokamani, R...... 51 Abidzina, V...... 143 Alves, E ...... 252 Asokan, K...... 271 Abinandanan, T...... 43, 276 Al Zarouni, A...... 357 Aspen, E...... 164 Abot, J ...... 59 Amaral, A...... 107, 356 Asta, M ...... 72, 78, 139, 191, 224, 276, 364 Abromeit, C...... 71, 94 Amberger, D...... 307 Aswath, P...... 215, 358 Abu Leil, T...... 336 Amin, S ...... 260 Atamanenko, T...... 272 Accorsi, I...... 122 Amini, S...... 40 Athman, M...... 363 Achurra, G...... 330 Amirouche, L...... 324 Athreya, B...... 169 Adams, J...... 88 Amjad, J...... 134 Atmeh, M...... 40 Adams, K...... 338 An, H ...... 80 Atsumi, T...... 300 Addemir, O...... 123, 233 An-Ping, L...... 327 Atzmon, M...... 67 Adedokun, S...... 65 Anand, K...... 234 Aubain, M...... 278 Adelakin, T...... 321 Andermann, L...... 211 Aude, M...... 260 Adharapurapu, R...... 182 Anderoglu, O...... 174 Aujla, D ...... 260 Afanasjev, V...... 168 Andersen, P...... 229 Auld, J ...... 187 Aga, R ...... 275, 319 Anderson, I...... 90, 108, 140, 145, Avasthi, D...... 343 Agaliotis, E...... 362 ...... 200, 254, 318, 327, 351 Averback, R...... 71 Agarwal, A...... 60 Anderson, K...... 340 Avraham, S...... 187 Agarwal, R...... 74 Anderson, M...... 319, 320 Awakura, Y...... 272, 321 Ager, J ...... 66, 308, 324 Anderson, P...... 39, 131 Aydin, S ...... 79, 302 Agnew, S...... 95, 118, 189, 241, 278, 286, 297 Andersson, J...... 87 Aydiner, C...... 143, 306, 329 Aguiar, M...... 213 Ando, D ...... 241 Azevedo, M...... 321 Aguilar, J...... 125 Ando, T ...... 177 Azhazha, V...... 57 Ahart, M...... 92 Andrievskaya, N...... 57 Ahluwalia, R...... 224 Angulo, R...... 192 B Ahmed, H...... 65, 134 Aning, A...... 361 Ahn, B ...... 51, 52, 122 Ankem, S...... 73, 246 Baars, D ...... 303 Ahn, K ...... 105 Anopuo, O...... 186 Bache, M...... 235 Ahn, S ...... 48 Antipov, E...... 326 Bacon, D...... 73, 169 Ahuja, R...... 293 Antônio Reis, M...... 119 Bade, K ...... 309 Ahuwan, A...... 346 Antony, J...... 325 Badillo, A...... 71 Aichun, D...... 78, 302 Antrekowitsch, H...... 113, 125, 165, 202, 220, 302 Badowski, M...... 320 Aidhy, D...... 252 Anumalasetty, V...... 100 Bae, C ...... 152 Ajayan, P...... 59 Anyalebechi, P...... 86, 87, 136, 192, 245 Bae, D ...... 39, 47, 309 Akbari Mousavi, S...... 53, 54 Aoki, K ...... 45, 47, 48, 135 Bae, G ...... 292 Akin, I ...... 358 Aourag, H...... 293 Bae, I ...... 299 Akinc, M...... 364 Aoyagi, T...... 245 Bae, J ...... 292, 365 Akray, S ...... 332 Apel, M ...... 146 Bagheri, S...... 277 Akuzawa, N...... 227 Apelian, D...... 147, 202, 351 Bagheri, Z...... 277 Al-Fadhalah, K...... 82 Apisarov, A...... 314 Bagley, S...... 268 Al-Jallaf, M...... 325 Appel, F...... 74, 149, 304, 347, 348, 349, 350 Bahadur, H...... 71 Al-Jassim, M...... 105 Appel, J ...... 64 Bahr, D ...... 174, 195, 316 Al-Khalifa, J...... 351PRELIMINARYAquino, R...... 221 Bai, C ...... 219, 256 Al-Maharbi, M...... 52, 334 Arabaci, A...... 79 Bai, H ...... 86 Al-Sharab, J...... 41 Arai, K ...... 254 Bai, J ...... 268 AlAli, H...... 112, 164, 220, 271, 319, 361 Arai, M ...... 193 Bajenaru, O...... 180 Alam, M...... 338, 339 Arapan, S...... 293 Baker, I ...... 204, 351 Albe, K ...... 99 Arce-Estrada, E...... 260, 322 Baker, K...... 216 Albert, C...... 287 Ares, A ...... 87, 181, 272, 362 Baker, S ...... 278 Alekseeva, N...... 326 Arfaei, B...... 277 Bakke, P...... 337 Alexander, D...... 149, 151, 170, 230, 260 Argon, A...... 139, 182 Balaban, N...... 295 Alexandrov, I...... 51, 306 Arjunan, S...... 51 Balachandran, S...... 370 Alfarsi, Y...... 266 Armstrong, P...... 135 Balani, K...... 60 Alge, D ...... 216 Arockiasamy, A...... 107 Balasubramanian, J...... 39 Ali, M ...... 315 Arora, V...... 213 Ballard, D...... 70 Alisch, G...... 57 Arruda, A...... 119 Ballato, J...... 105 Alkorta, J...... 225 Arseneault, A...... 361 Ballentine, F...... 264 Allain, S...... 118 Arsenlis, T...... 72 Ballou, T...... 106

372 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Balogh, A...... 342 Beckmann, F...... 335 Bjørneklett, B...... 158 Balogh, L...... 307, 341 Beercheck, D...... 346 Blacket, S...... 336 Bamberger, M...... 187, 188, 290 Behrens, B...... 282 Blaine, J ...... 288 Ban, Y ...... 191, 314, 326 Bei, H ...... 360 Blanpain, B...... 117, 301 Bandaru, P...... 59, 60 Belak, J ...... 169, 175 Blau, P ...... 89, 233 Banerjee, R...... 166, 181, 193, 194, 275, 340 Belasco, J...... 328 Blicharski, M...... 80 Bang, W...... 48 Bele, E ...... 107, 234 Blobaum, K...... 249 Banhart, J...... 178 Belin-Ferré, E...... 184, 309 Blochwitz, C...... 183 Banik, K...... 293 Bellon, P...... 49, 71 Blue, C ...... 295 Banister, G...... 271 Belous, A...... 322 Blum, W...... 285 Bankson, J...... 267 Belova, I...... 44 Boakye, E...... 118 Banovic, S...... 211 Belt, C ...... 279, 280, 329 Bobadilla, J...... 330 Bao, Y ...... 239, 336 Bender, M...... 310 Bobrovnitchii, G...... 222, 321 Baoyan, Z...... 178 Bengus, V...... 57 Bock, U ...... 79 Barabash, O...... 221 Benhaddad, S...... 243 Bodde, S...... 67 Barabash, R.....92, 93, 141, 197, 221, 250, 297, 341 Benkahla, B...... 357 Bodepalli, S...... 42 Barbee, T...... 218, 236 Bennet, J...... 360 Boehlert, C...... 90, 194, 195, 246, 288 Barber, R...... 370 Benoit, G...... 204 Boettger, B...... 325 Barbi, N ...... 349 Benson, D...... 334 Boettinger, W...... 72, 169, 276 Barbosa, E...... 210 Benson, M...... 197 Bogdanov, Y...... 315 Barboza, M...... 358 Bentancur, M...... 229 Bohn, T ...... 206 Barker, E...... 170 Bentley, J...... 90 Bohner, H...... 213 Barnard, B...... 359 Benzerga, A...... 45, 179, 184, 282, 340, 355 Bojarevics, V...... 315 Barnes, S...... 248 Berghmans, A...... 104 Bolcavage, A...... 78 Barnett, M...... 100 Bergmann, S...... 282 Bonarski, B...... 52, 353 Barney, M...... 328 Berkley, M...... 164 Bonfrisco, L...... 176 Baron, J ...... 172 Bernabai, U...... 231 Bonnett, J...... 338 Barrallier, L...... 298 Bernier, J...... 329 Booty, M...... 296 Barron, M...... 137, 166, 273 Berramdane, N...... 204 Borbely, A...... 84 Barsoum, M...... 40 Berry, C ...... 105 Border, K...... 64 Bartels, A...... 256, 304, 305, 347, 348, 349 Berry, J ...... 140, 298 Borges, A...... 311 Barthélémy, A...... 115 Berteaux, O...... 129 Borgesen, P...... 277 Bartolo, L...... 339 Berzansky, J...... 164 Boris, A ...... 115 Bartsch, M...... 340 Bessa, E ...... 213 Borisenko, K...... 184 Barzola-Quiquia, J...... 299 Bessada, C...... 227 Bormann, R...... 133, 186, 241, 256 Basletic, M...... 115 Besser, M...... 90 Bosch, M...... 320 Basquin, J...... 357 Bestor, M...... 128, 175 Bosse, M...... 336 Bass, M ...... 105 Bettles, C...... 294 Botelho, J...... 171 Bassler, K...... 197 Bewlay, B...... 325 Bott, R ...... 156, 157, 263 Basson, F...... 320 Beyerlein, I...... 100, 117, 229, 257, 279 Böttcher, H...... 165, 220 Basu, J ...... 76 Bhadeshia, H...... 297 Bouaziz, O...... 118 Batane, N...... 236 Bhadrachalam, P...... 153 Bourgeois, L...... 146 Bates, B ...... 122 Bharadwaj, M...... 289, 336 Bourke, M...... 75, 121, 173, 229, 278, 328 Batey, J ...... 190 Bharathula, A...... 163 Bourne, G...... 69 Batista, E...... 213 Bhattacharjee, A...... 247 Bourne, N...... 249 Batista, J...... 263 Bhattacharya, P...... 176 Bouville, M...... 224 Battaile, C...... 104, 155, 247, 248, 278 Bhattacharya, R...... 134 Bouwhuis, B...... 107 Battiste, R...... 233 Bhattacharyya, D...... 102, 171, 230 Bouzehouane, K...... 115 Bauer, G...... 142 Bian, X ...... 269 Bower, A...... 46, 157, 228 Bauer, R...... 125 Bibee, M...... 328 Bowers, R...... 157, 171, 172 Bauer, V...... 129 Bibes, M...... 115 Boyce, B...... 75, 121, 122, 173, 229, 278, 328 Baxi, J ...... PRELIMINARY181 Bicalho, L...... 358 Boyce, D...... 153 Baydogan, M...... 295, 332 Bichler, L...... 289 Boyle, K...... 85 Bayha, T...... 294 Bie, H ...... 145 Boysen, K...... 244 Bayles, B...... 234 Bieler, T ...... 90, 148, 170, 228, 229, 277, 303, 347 Braccini, M...... 363 Bayles, R...... 294 Biermann, D...... 282 Bradley, J...... 157, 293 Bazan, G...... 91 Biermann, H...... 236 Brady, M...... 86, 135, 189, 190, 243, 292, 338, 368 Beall, G ...... 114 Bilani, O...... 168 Bramhoff, D...... 165 Beals, R...... 85, 86, 132, 133, 186, 188, Binbrek, A...... 171, 266 Brandimarte, G...... 140 ...... 238, 240, 288, 289, 335, 336 Bindl, D ...... 212 Brandt, M...... 336 Beardsley, M...... 123 Biner, S ...... 95 Brant, D ...... 161 Bearne, G...... 108, 159, 213, 266, 313, 315, 357 Bing, L ...... 313 Braun, P ...... 260 Beaudoin, A...... 287 Bingert, J...... 141, 209, 249 Braun, R...... 349, 370, 371 Beck, T ...... 50, 286 Birat, J ...... 219 Brederholm, A...... 87 Becker, A...... 95 Biswas, A...... 284 Brenner, R...... 279 Becker, C...... 276 Biswas, P...... 154, 158 Brewer, L...... 278 Becker, R...... 72 Bjelkengren, C...... 65 Brewster, A...... 165

Bridi, R ...... 220 Calderón, H...... 47 Cha, D ...... 102 Brigmon, R...... 105 Calin, M...... 56 Cha, S ...... 39, 59 Bringa, E...... 169, 334 Calonne, O...... 203 Chada, S...... 74, 119, 172, 199, 228, Bringas, Jr., P...... 160 Calvert, P...... 267 ...... 253, 277, 300, 326, 343 Brinkmeyer, B...... 277 Camara, J...... 213 Chai, L ...... 255, 346 Brittes, G...... 210 Camili, R...... 213 Chakhalian, J...... 115 Brockdorf, K...... 310 Campbell, A...... 177, 232 Chakkingal, U...... 51 Brockenbrough, J...... 49 Campbell, B...... 342 Chakraborti, D...... 105 Brockman, R...... 78 Campbell, C...... 97 Chakraborty, P...... 61 Broderick, S...... 293 Campbell, J...... 107 Chamberlain, O...... 156 Brodie, G...... 356 Campillo, B...... 45 Champion, Y...... 100 Bronfenbrenner, D...... 328 Cañas, R...... 356 Chan, K ...... 346 Bronfin, B...... 337 Candic, M...... 273 Chan, L ...... 264 Brookes, S...... 149 Cannova, F...... 171, 172 Chan, P ...... 169 Brooks, J...... 193, 256 Canutas De Wit, C...... 315 Chancellor, T...... 101 Brooks, R...... 247 Cao, B ...... 334 Chandra, D...... 368 Brown, A...... 128, 175 Cao, F ...... 81, 304 Chandra, S...... 71 Brown, D...... 93, 118, 142, 143, 166, 170, 197, Cao, G ...... 239, 288, 289, 368 Chandrasekar, S...... 55, 57, 151 ...... 198, 230, 251, 279, 297, 306, 329, 342 Cao, H ...... 187 Chandrashekar, S...... 106, 156, 210, 263, 311, 356 Brown, E...... 91, 140, 198, 249, 335 Cao, W ...... 138, 294 Chang, C...... 75, 300 Brown, L...... 183, 338 Cao, X ...... 78, 177, 314, 326, 366 Chang, H...... 318 Brown, S...... 145 Cao, Y ...... 174 Chang, J...... 200, 355 Browning, N...... 355 Cao, Z ...... 312 Chang, L...... 262 Bruder, E...... 206 Capdevila, C...... 146 Chang, R...... 185 Brueck, S...... 298 Capdevila-Montes, C...... 54 Chang, S...... 283, 284, 332 Bruggeman, J...... 313 Cappiello, M...... 144 Chang, W...... 331 Brunner, R...... 317 Caputo, A...... 120 Chang, Y...... 96, 102, 112, 138, 158, 184, 187, 294 Bsesnbruch, G...... 338 Caratini, Y...... 357 Chan Gyung, P...... 310 Buchanan, D...... 78 Carden, Z...... 165 Chanturiya, V...... 114 Buchholz, A...... 362 Caricato, A...... 252 Chao, J ...... 54 Buchholz, D...... 185 Carlton, C...... 76 Chapuis, A...... 350 Buchovecky, E...... 228 Carolan, M...... 135 Charles, N...... 331 Budai, J ...... 93 Caron, A...... 269, 360 Charlier, P...... 320 Budak, S...... 41, 208, 327 Caron, P ...... 82 Chasiotis, I...... 122 Buenavista, S...... 125 Carpenter, J...... 69 Chason, E...... 228 Buergi, H...... 342 Carpenter, T...... 317 Chatterjee, A...... 185, 340 Bugge, M...... 159 Carradó, A...... 298 Chatterjee, U...... 65 Bulanova, M...... 181 Carreño, F...... 353 Chau, R ...... 141 Bulatov, V...... 72 Carrétéro, C...... 115 Chaubal, M...... 311 Bunin, I ...... 114 Carroll, L...... 130 Chawla, N...... 74, 210, 248, 263, 277, 317 Bunzel, P...... 364 Carroll, M...... 94 Chbihi, A...... 354 Burjak, V...... 325 Carsley, J...... 282 Chembarisova, R...... 306 Burkatsky, O...... 160 Carter, C...... 76, 363 Chen, B ...... 98, 231, 298 Burkins, M...... 133 Carter, J ...... 133, 134, 199 Chen, C...... 75, 91, 102, 120, 153, 173, Burleigh, T...... 233 Carter, M...... 208 ...... 199, 253, 254, 300, 301, 343 Busby, J ...... 199, 284 Carvalho Costa, L...... 119 Chen, D ...... 319 Busch, R...... 318 Casem, D...... 295 Chen, G ...... 42, 60, 270, 292, 356, 370 Buslaps, T...... 256, 304 Casolco, S...... 127 Chen, H ...... 130, 132, 188, 243, 244, 253, 263 Bustamante, O...... 323 Castellero, A...... 68 Chen, J ...... 41, 80, 101, 213, 230, 251 Buttard, P...... 366 Castelnau, O...... 279 Chen, L...... 42, 71, 72, 84, 92, 116, Butz, T ...... 299 Castillo, D...... 245 ...... 140, 168, 200, 222, 223, 224, Buzunov, V...... 160,PRELIMINARY 313 Castro, D...... 323 ...... 274, 275, 280, 298, 323, 331, 364 Byler, D ...... 92 Castro-Colin, M...... 197 Chen, M...... 139, 218, 250, 300 Bystrov, V...... 268 Catalano, J...... 295 Chen, P ...... 66, 317, 344 Bystrova, N...... 268 Caton, M...... 50 Chen, Q ...... 95, 105, 322, 330, 356 Catoor, D...... 81, 82 Chen, R ...... 121, 289 C Causey, S...... 347, 370 Chen, S...... 75, 84, 131, 138, 174, 184, 199, 237, Cavins, M...... 87 ...... 238, 240, 253, 294, 300, 324, 325, 343, 344 Caballero, F...... 146 Cawkwell, M...... 141, 174 Chen, T ...... 113 Cabrera, J...... 56 Caya, C ...... 157 Chen, W...... 243, 245, 246, 300 Caceres, C...... 290 Cazacu, O...... 81, 118, 180 Chen, X ...... 62, 64, 119, 249, 285, 311 Caceres-Valencia, P...... 244 Ceder, G...... 293 Chen, Y...... 72, 148, 169, 184, Cady, C ...... 121, 170 Celik, O ...... 284 ...... 200, 248, 295, 339, 360 Cai, J ...... 55 Cerreta, E...... 73, 74, 81, 88, 91, 117, 128, Chen, Z ...... 116, 253, 266, 365 Cai, M ...... 69, 272, 329, 362 ...... 138, 140, 169, 171, 180, 193, 196, 225, Cheng, L...... 107 Cai, W ...... 49, 282 ...... 234, 246, 249, 283, 294, 304, 332, 340 Cheng, S...... 142, 198 Cai, Z ...... 292 Ceylan, U...... 358 Cheng, Y...... 218

374 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Cheng-Yi, L...... 120 Clarke, J...... 84 Currie, K...... 239 Chengyi ...... 344 Clarke, R...... 251 Curtin, W...... 43, 116 Chengjun, L...... 44, 345 Clarry, D...... 164 Cutler, E...... 46 Chengyi, L...... 327 Clausen, B...... 93, 118, 198, 279, 297, 329 Cheong, S...... 93, 264, 287 Clemens, H...... 256, 304, 305, 347, 348, 349, 371 D Cheong, Y...... 117 Clement, P...... 264 Chernova, L...... 340 Clifton, R...... 91 D’Abreu, J...... 79 Cherukuri, B...... 295 Cloutier, B...... 357 D’Alessandro, F...... 331 Cheruvathur, S...... 363 Cluasen, B...... 298 D’Amours, G...... 325 Chesonis, C...... 113, 164 Cochran, J...... 128 D’Armas, H...... 92 Chesonis, D...... 362 Cockayne, D...... 84, 131, 184, 237 da Costa, L...... 167, 363 Chhay, B...... 70, 299 Cocke, D...... 114, 214 Daehn, G...... 67, 175, 264, 293, 360 Chhowalla, M...... 41, 60 Cockeram, B...... 303, 346, 369 Dahle, A ...... 75, 265, 272, 326, 327 Chiang, H...... 201 Coimbra, A...... 213 Dahlman, J...... 162, 270 Chiang, K...... 246, 340 Colas, D...... 203, 350 Dahotre, N...... 47, 60, 80, 359, 361 Chiang, T...... 341 Cole, A ...... 261 Dai, K ...... 367 Chiarbonello, M...... 237, 321 Collins, P...... 61, 88, 166, 209, 230, 246, 340 Dai, Q ...... 156, 264 Chichkov, B...... 110 Collins, S...... 146 Dai, Y ...... 94, 143 Chien, W...... 368 Colombo, G...... 89 Daigle, E...... 123 Chirranjeevi, B...... 276 Comer, M...... 103 Dailey, N...... 46 Chisholm, M...... 274 Compton, B...... 68 Dalla Torre, F...... 68, 99, 217, 257 Chiu, W ...... 135, 189 Compton, C...... 303, 347 Daly, S ...... 328 Chladil, H...... 347, 348, 349 Compton, W...... 55, 57, 151 Dandekar, D...... 295 Cho, H ...... 59 Condore, F...... 330 Dando, N...... 109, 119 Cho, J ...... 47, 88, 188, 195, 365 Cong, Z ...... 298 Dangelewicz, A...... 150 Cho, K ...... 284 Conner, B...... 161 Daniil, M...... 261 Cho, M ...... 254 Conner, R...... 68 Dantzig, J...... 169 Cho, S ...... 248 Connors, D...... 338 Dao, M ...... 82, 307 Choate, W...... 280 Converse, G...... 215 Darell, O...... 227 Choi, B ...... 174, 218 Cooksey, M...... 330 Darling, K...... 205 Choi, H ...... 39, 288, 289, 309 Cooley, J...... 206 Darsell, J...... 292 Choi, I ...... 174 Cooper, P...... 272 Das, J ...... 112 Choi, J ...... 117, 190, 240, 292 Copie, O...... 115 Das, K ...... 65 Choi, S ...... 237, 277 Coratolo, A...... 243 Das, M ...... 235 Choi, W ...... 39, 42, 59, 101, 152, 207, 260, 308 Cordill, M...... 173 Das, S...... 64, 107, 112, 147, 157, 202, Choo, H...... 67, 69, 93, 110, 111, 161, 197, Corinne, G...... 260 ...... 211, 242, 264, 279, 291, 303, 312 ...... 198, 216, 251, 268, 298, 317, 352, 359 Corlu, B ...... 125, 126 Dash, P ...... 180 Chou, C ...... 344 Corr, D ...... 208 Dashwood, R...... 139, 247, 282 Chou, K ...... 42 Correa, L...... 356 Dassylva-Raymond, V...... 315 Chou, L ...... 131 Cortés S., V...... 125 Dattelbaum, D...... 92, 198, 249 Chou, Y ...... 85 Costa, J ...... 159 Dauskardt, R...... 89 Choudhury, S...... 224, 274, 275 Costanza, G...... 140 David, S...... 221, 233 Chrisey, D...... 208 Cotts, E ...... 277, 327 Davidson, D...... 83 Christ, H...... 129, 130, 349 Coughlin, J...... 248 Davies, P...... 138 Christen, H...... 222 Coulter, K...... 136 Davis, A ...... 252 Christie, G...... 135 Counter, J...... 263 Davis, B...... 78, 124, 134, 301 Christodoulou, J...... 60 Couper, M...... 220 Davis, J ...... 320 Chrzan, D...... 66, 76, 116, 308, 324 Courtenay, J...... 220, 362 Davy, C ...... 260 Chu, J ...... 200, 217, 300, 331, 360 Coury, A...... 352 Dawson, P...... 153, 328 Chu, K ...... 116 Cowen, C...... 189 Dayananda, M...... 364 Chu, M ...... 120 Cox, C ...... 145 Daylami, M...... 266 Chu, P ...... 42,PRELIMINARY 238 Cox, W ...... 169 Daymond, M...... 197, 328 Chu, T ...... 216 Crawford, G...... 317 Dayong, Z...... 323 Chuang, C...... 218, 361 Crawford, P...... 155 de Boissieu, M...... 342 Chuang, H...... 300 Crimp, M...... 148, 170 Decamps, B...... 203 Chuang, P...... 103 Cristol, B...... 106 de Carvalho, E...... 70 Chukwuocha, E...... 265 Crooks, R...... 278 Deck, C ...... 60 Chumbley, L...... 95 Cross, C ...... 243 Decker, R...... 188 Chumbley, S...... 108, 318 Cruse, T ...... 292 De Cooman, B...... 283 Chung, J...... 93 Cruz Rivera, J...... 322 Dedyukhin, A...... 314 Chwee Teck, L...... 66, 110, 160, 215, 267, 316, 358 Cui, H ...... 351 DeGraef, M...... 60, 102, 103, 153, Cieslar, M...... 258 Cui, J ...... 78 ...... 154, 209, 262, 309, 355 Cimenoglu, H...... 284, 295, 332 Cui, Y ...... 98, 256, 350 Dehm, G...... 139 Cingi, M...... 295 Cuong, N...... 240 Deibert, M...... 243, 244 Cipoletti, D...... 46 Cupid, D...... 44, 324, 365 Deisenroth, J...... 79 Ciulik, J ...... 303, 346, 369 Cupidon, S...... 105 Deiters, C...... 165 Clarke, A...... 166, 170, 230 Currat, R...... 342 Deka, S ...... 280

Dekhtayr, Y...... 268 Docekalova, K...... 97 Durandet, Y...... 336 De Klerk, R...... 214 Dogan, O...... 346, 347, 370 Durst, K ...... 174 Delaire, O...... 43 Doheim, M...... 315 Dursun, A...... 125, 126 Delimova, L...... 168 Dohi, M ...... 358 Duszczyk, J...... 65 Delplanque, J...... 179 Dojc, D ...... 119 Dutrizac, J...... 113 De Lucas, R...... 133, 177 Domack, M...... 278 Dutta, I ...... 89, 139, 194, 228, 229, 247, 296 Delucas, R...... 124 Domínguez, M...... 125 Dutta, T ...... 45 Demetriou, M...... 67, 68, 319, 359 Domínguez M., S...... 125 Duz, V ...... 88 Demirkiran, H...... 358 Donchev, A...... 371 Dwivedi, D...... 265 Demkowicz, M...... 199 Dong, J ...... 290 Dye, D ...... 139, 247 De Moares, J...... 210 Dong, L ...... 53 Dymek, S...... 80 Demopoulos, G...... 214 Dong, Z ...... 60, 101 den Bakker, A...... 189 Donner, W...... 197 E Deng, J ...... 251 Doraiswamy, A...... 110 Deng, S ...... 268 Dorantes Rosales, H...... 260 Easton, M...... 289, 290, 336, 337 Dennis, K...... 145 Dörnenburg, F...... 123, 124 Ebeling, T...... 133, 241 Depinoy, M...... 266 Dorr, K ...... 168 Eberl, C ...... 121 Deppisch, C...... 74 Dorr, M ...... 169 Ebrahimi, F...... 256, 260, 324, 365 Depres, C...... 83 dos Santos, C...... 358 Echlin, M...... 355 Derahkshan, S...... 144 dos Santos, L...... 221 Eckert, J ...... 39, 56, 59, 110, 112 Deranlot, C...... 115 Dotson, K...... 233 Eden, T ...... 64 Derguti, F...... 282 Dotson, T...... 233 Edwards, L...... 171 Derin, B ...... 192 Dougherty, L...... 180, 209, 332 Efe, M ...... 57 Derosa, P...... 331 Downey, J...... 62 Effgen, M...... 304, 347 deRosset, A...... 151 Downs, J...... 369 Egami, T...... 111, 161, 167, 197, 269, 318, 319 Deryugin, Y...... 158 Doyle, C...... 123 Eggeler, G...... 149, 222, 223, 224, 236 Desai, T ...... 99, 252 Drabble, D...... 278 Egorov, I...... 191 Despinasse, S...... 159 Drache, M...... 200 Eh.Hovsepian, P...... 371 Desrosiers, P...... 159 Drapala, J...... 343 Ehiasarian, A...... 349, 371 Deutsch, T...... 105 Draper, S...... 148 Eifler, D ...... 285 Devanathan, R...... 299 Dressler, J...... 165 Eiken, J ...... 239, 256 Devincre, B...... 72, 83 Drevermann, A...... 98, 256 Eisenlohr, P...... 118, 148, 170 Devine, T...... 333 Dreyer, C...... 189 Eivani, A...... 65 DeWald, A...... 77 Dring, K...... 329 Ekuma, C...... 125 DeYoung, D...... 112, 113, 164, 220, 271, 319, 361 Driver, J ...... 84 El-Awady, J...... 131 Dhiman, M...... 265 Droste, W...... 320 El-Bealy, M...... 320 Dias, D ...... 119 Druschitz, E...... 87 El-Desouky, A...... 192 Diaz De La Rubia, T...... 351 Dryepondt, S...... 123 El-Kersh, A...... 315 Dickerson, C...... 299 Du, D ...... 217 Elangovan, S...... 271 Dickerson, P...... 102, 209, 230 Du, L ...... 240 El Bekkali, A...... 227 Dickerson, R...... 92 Du, N ...... 157 Elder, K ...... 168, 169 Dickinson, J...... 69 Du, P ...... 81 Elias, C ...... 358, 359 Didier, R...... 260 Du, Q ...... 72 El Kadiri, H...... 140, 155, 295 Didier, T...... 260 Du, X ...... 68 Elkholy, A...... 49 Dieringa, H...... 335, 336 Du, Z ...... 55 Elkin, I ...... 143 DiGiacomo, S...... 92 Duan, G ...... 319 Ellis, D ...... 168, 222, 223 Dilanian, R...... 309 Duan, H ...... 309 El Mehtedi, M...... 188 Dillard, S...... 141, 209 Dubach, A...... 217 Elmustafa, A...... 128, 278 Dimiduk, D...... 72, 97, 101, 102, 104, 114, Dube, G ...... 164 Elsamadicy, A...... 327 ...... 131, 154, 183, 209, 348, 350 Dube, J ...... 361 Elsayed, F...... 134 Ding, F ...... 311 Dubey, M...... 122 Emamian, A...... 39 Ding, W ...... 134, 188,PRELIMINARY 239, 240, 290 Dubois, J...... 184, 309 Emerson, S...... 136 Dinh, L ...... 205 Duchesne, C...... 159, 213 Engberding, N...... 98 Diniz, R ...... 263 Dudek, M...... 74 Enomoto, M...... 247 Dinkel, M...... 56 Dudnik, E...... 181 Enright, P...... 165 Dinu, C ...... 208 Dufour, G...... 159, 213, 225 Eom, C ...... 222 Diologent, F...... 82, 349 Duh, J ...... 131, 301 Erb, A ...... 53, 221 Dion, M ...... 79 Dulikravich, G...... 191 Erdogan, R...... 125 Dittmann, R...... 274 Dunand, D...... 247, 328 Eremets, M...... 196 Dixit, V ...... 340 Dundar, M...... 125 Eres, G ...... 274 Djambazov, G...... 98, 177 Dündar, M...... 126 Ergin, L ...... 346 Dlouhy, A...... 97, 148 Dunlop, G...... 290 Ernst, F ...... 233, 234 Dlouhy, I...... 97 Dunne, R...... 229 Ersundu, E...... 79, 302 Dmowski, W...... 197, 218, 269 Dupas, N...... 226 Es-Said, O...... 65 Dobatkin, S...... 257, 258 Dupon, E...... 79 Escobedo, J...... 249 Dobbins, T...... 46, 47, 48, 341 Dupuis, C...... 113, 320 Escuadro, A...... 236 Dobra, G...... 319 Dupuis, M...... 315 Esit, F ...... 107

376 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Eskin, D...... 209, 220, 272, 362 Ferreira, P...... 76, 332 Freitas, M...... 80 Esquinazi, P...... 299 Ferrell, S...... 233 Frerichs, A...... 95 Esquivel, E...... 110 Ferrer, D...... 184 Fridy, J ...... 49 Essadiqi, E...... 134 Ferris, K...... 294 Friedland, E...... 253 Estrin, Y...... 50, 99, 100, 149, 205, Ferron, C...... 214 Friedman, L...... 207 ...... 257, 258, 306, 334, 352, 359 Ferron, J...... 124 Friedrich, B...... 98 Etienne, A...... 198, 354 Fert, A ...... 115 Fries, S ...... 181 Etzion, R...... 227 Fertig, R...... 278 Froehlich, M...... 371 Evangelista, E...... 188 Fetcu, D ...... 280 Fröhlich, M...... 371 Evans, A...... 121, 175, 176 Fevre, M...... 42 Frost, L ...... 271 Evans, D...... 88, 99, 138, 193, 246, 294, 340 Field, D ...... 158, 249 Frosta, O...... 226 Evans, J ...... 109, 213, 219, 362 Field, F ...... 64, 147 Fu, C ...... 249 Evans, N...... 146 Field, R ...... 166, 170, 230 Fu, E ...... 143, 199 Evans, P ...... 274 Fielden, D...... 297 Fu, H ...... 359 Ewing, R...... 59, 101 Figueiredo, F...... 119 Fu, R ...... 238 Ezekoye, O...... 338 Figueiredo, R...... 52 Fu, Y ...... 108 Filevich, A...... 300 Fuchs, G...... 46, 363 F Filho, J ...... 107, 356 Fugetsu, B...... 288 Filius, J ...... 62 Fujii, T ...... 184 Fabbreschi, M...... 321 Fillit, R ...... 84 Fujimatsu, T...... 283 Fabre, A ...... 298 Findley, K...... 94 Fujino, S...... 223 Fabrichnaya, O...... 44, 365 Fine, M ...... 96, 191, 364 Fujiwara, E...... 142 Facsko, S...... 343 Finel, A ...... 42, 224, 275 Fujiyoshi, M...... 194 Fafard, M...... 325 Finsterbusch, M...... 243 Fukuda, H...... 288 Falah, A ...... 49 Finstrom, N...... 274 Fukumoto, S...... 283 Faleschini, M...... 369 Fiory, A ...... 63, 296, 297 Fullwood, D...... 103 Falk, M ...... 162 Firrao, D...... 69, 140, 237, 321 Fultz, B ...... 43 Fan, D ...... 311 Fischer, C...... 293 Funakubo, H...... 223 Fan, G ...... 67, 110, 161, 216, 268, 317, 352, 359 Fischer, J...... 236 Funkhouser, C...... 316 Fan, X ...... 62 Fisher, W...... 46 Furrer, D...... 340 Fan, Y ...... 255 Fivel, M ...... 83 Furu, T ...... 212 Fanchini, G...... 41 Fjær, H ...... 158, 361 Furuhara, T...... 193 Fang, J ...... 200 Fjeld, A ...... 137, 362 Furusawa, T...... 367 Fang, Z ...... 193, 261, 326 Flanagan, T...... 136 Furuya, K...... 208, 245 Fangbin, C...... 78, 302 Flandorfer, H...... 199, 253, 300, 343 Futter, K...... 357 Farber, D...... 249 Flicker, J...... 296 Farias, S...... 67 Florando, J...... 91, 111 G Farrell, J...... 304, 347 Flores, K...... 67, 131, 163, 317, 359, 360 Farrer, J ...... 363 Flores, M...... 127 Gaal, S ...... 201 Fashanu, A...... 65 Flowers, J...... 60 Gabay, S...... 233 Fathi, E ...... 271 Fnu, S ...... 296 Gabb, T ...... 176 Fattebert, J...... 169 Foecke, T...... 211 Gabrielyan, T...... 311 Faulhaber, S...... 176 Foiles, S...... 116, 170 Gabrisch, H...... 322 Faulkner, R...... 144 Foley, D ...... 143 Gagne, J ...... 225 Favilla, P...... 181 Follstaedt, D...... 307 Gagnidze, T...... 202 Faza, S ...... 291 Fonda, R...... 146 Gaies, J ...... 347, 370 Fecht, H ...... 51, 247, 269, 306, 360 Fong, H ...... 66 Galarraga, R...... 356 Feldman, J...... 219 Foosnæs, T...... 226, 227, 326 Gallagher, M...... 127 Felicelli, S...... 137, 155, 298 Foosnas, T...... 119 Galli, G ...... 78 Fell, B ...... 179 Fortenberry, N...... 185 Galstyan, E...... 323 Felli, F ...... 47, 231 Fraczkiewicz, A...... 203, 350 Gama, S ...... 197 Feng, C ...... PRELIMINARY178 Francis, J...... 297 Gamweger, K...... 113 Feng, J ...... 196, 294 Francoual, S...... 342 Gan, J ...... 251, 299 Feng, N ...... 345 Frank, S ...... 267 Ganapathysubramanian, B...... 154, 155, 364 Feng, S ...... 343 Franz, C ...... 156 Gandhi, R...... 210 Feng, W ...... 72 Frary, M ...... 46, 176, 182, 229 Ganesan, Y...... 76 Feng, Y ...... 177 Fraser, H...... 61, 88, 166, 181, 194, Ganeshan, S...... 186 Feng, Z ...... 198, 221, 233, 298 ...... 209, 230, 246, 275, 340 Gang, S ...... 88 Fengchun, J...... 66 Frear, D ...... 74, 89, 139, 172, 194, 228, 247, 296 Gangloff, R...... 278, 286 Fennie, C...... 167 Frederick, A...... 338 Gangopadhyay, A...... 162 Fenton, G...... 175 Frederick, D...... 233 Gannon, P...... 232, 243, 244 Feret, F ...... 214 Fredrickson, G...... 62 Ganuza, A...... 67 Fergus, J...... 243 Free, M ...... 78, 124, 214 Gao, B ...... 140 Fernandez, J...... 46, 299 Freeland, J...... 115 Gao, F ...... 299 Fernandez-Gil Bando, R...... 302 Freels, M...... 217, 361 Gao, M ...... 43, 44, 98, 347 Ferreira, A...... 362 Freeman, A...... 128, 234 Gao, X ...... 146 Ferreira, H...... 213 Freibert, F...... 155

Gao, Y...... 67, 110, 111, 130, 161, 180, Gimazov, A...... 52, 353 Greenberg, B...... 81 ...... 216, 217, 268, 317, 319, 359 Ginzbursky, L...... 299 Greene, R...... 196 Gapud, A...... 339 Girard, Y...... 204 Greer, A ...... 110, 199, 253, 300, 343 Garay, J ...... 192 Giribaskar, S...... 53 Greer, L ...... 162 Garcia, E...... 190 Gittard, S...... 105 Gregory, J...... 64, 147 García, N...... 299 Giummarra, C...... 287 Grekhov, I...... 168 Garcia, R...... 224 Glaessgen, E...... 99 Griffin, R...... 370 García-Hinojosa, A...... 211 Glavatskikh, M...... 348, 350, 371 Grimm, T...... 303, 347 Garcia-Mateo, C...... 146 Glavicic, M...... 88, 250, 340 Groeber, M...... 102, 154, 209, 262 Garcia-Moreno, F...... 178 Gleeson, B...... 77, 122, 175, 231 Groebner, J...... 337 Garcia de Andrés, C...... 146 Glicksman, M...... 262, 276 Groeschel, F...... 94 Garcia de la Infanta Belio, J...... 353 Gludovatz, B...... 369 Gronbech-Jensen, N...... 224 García H., A...... 45 Glushchenko, V...... 143 Gronsky, R...... 328 Gardner, T...... 164 Godet, S...... 97 Groza, J ...... 179, 223, 358 Garimella, N...... 190, 351 Godlewski, L...... 126 Gruber, J...... 117, 154 Garkida, A...... 346 Goebel, W...... 216 Gruber, P...... 172 Garlea, E...... 251 Goel, M ...... 219 Gruen, G...... 362 Garrido, F...... 251 Goesele, U...... 131 Grunschel, S...... 91 Garza, K...... 369 Goettert, J...... 268 Grunspan, J...... 178, 179 Garzon, F...... 338 Göken, M...... 49, 56, 82, 129, 130, 174, Gschneidner, K...... 95, 279 Gascoin, F...... 145 ...... 182, 236, 285, 307, 333, 367 Gu, S ...... 210, 263 Gassa, L ...... 272 Gokhale, A...... 262, 272 Guan, S ...... 288, 335 Gaubert, A...... 275 Goldenfeld, N...... 169 Guangchun, Y...... 60 Gaudreault, B...... 159 Golestanifard, F...... 323 Guanghui, L...... 283 Gaustad, G...... 155 Golladay, T...... 280 Gudbrandsen, H...... 227 Gauthier, C...... 159, 213, 225, 226 Goller, G...... 358 Guebels, C...... 179 Gavrielatos, I...... 190 Golovina, I...... 322 Gueijman, S...... 87 Gaytan, S...... 110, 281 Golowin, S...... 293 Guenther, R...... 256 Gazonas, G...... 341 Golubov, S...... 343 Guether, V...... 347, 348 Ge, Y ...... 233 Gomathi, G...... 271 Guimarães, M...... 159, 214 Geantil, P...... 83, 183, 250, 329 Gomes, J...... 114, 214 Guimarâes, O...... 210 Gebhard, S...... 148, 371 Gong, H ...... 364 Gulsoy, E...... 209 Gehring, G...... 276 González, B...... 50 Gunda, V...... 268 Geifman, I...... 322 Gonzalez, J...... 137 Gunderov, D...... 354 Geltmacher, A...... 209, 210 Gonzalez-Carrasco, J...... 54 Guner, S...... 41, 208 Gemmen, R...... 243 Gonzalez-Reyes, L...... 260, 322 Gungor, M...... 194 Gemming, T...... 39, 59 Gonzalez De Moricca, M...... 370 Günther, R...... 186 Genc, A ...... 166, 194, 275, 340 Gooch, W...... 133 Gunyuz, M...... 295 Gendron, M...... 171, 225 Goodall, R...... 349 Guo, A ...... 291 Geng, H ...... 72 Goranson, G...... 283 Guo, F ...... 121, 277 George, E...... 198 Gordon, J...... 164 Guo, X ...... 42, 246, 339, 345 George, P...... 123 Gordon, P...... 116 Guo, Y ...... 59, 101, 251, 260, 261 Gerberich, W...... 76, 173 Gornostyrev, Y...... 234 Guo, Z ...... 232, 312, 313, 341 Gerling, R...... 256, 305, 349 Gorny, A...... 290 Guofeng, C...... 48 German, R...... 107, 155, 283, 295 Gorokhovsky, V...... 243 Gupta, A...... 240 Gerold, B...... 336 Gosslar, D...... 256 Gupta, N...... 129 Gerosa, R...... 237, 321 Goswami, R...... 309 Gupta, R...... 308 Gershenzon, M...... 109 Gottstein, G...... 130, 205, 206, 207 Gupta, S...... 291 Gervasio, D...... 338 Goud, P ...... 80, 281 Gupta, V...... 41, 132, 278 Ghaderi Namin, A...... 288 Goundla, P...... 46 Guruprasad, P...... 45, 184 Gharghouri, M...... 337 Gourlay, C...... 326, 327 Gururajan, M...... 43, 61, 117, 276 Ghiban, B...... 180PRELIMINARYGout, D ...... 144 Gusberti, V...... 315 Ghidini, A...... 237, 321 Gouthama...... 53 Güther, V...... 348 Ghomashchi, R...... 272 Goutière, V...... 113 Guthrie, R...... 320 Ghoniem, N...... 94, 131, 182 Gower, L...... 160 Gutierrez, G...... 321 Ghosh, A...... 138, 188, 288 Goyel, S...... 256 Gutiérrez, I...... 183 Ghosh, G...... 191, 364 Gräb, H ...... 165 Gutierrez, M...... 137 Ghosh, K...... 65 Graham, G...... 338 Gutierrez-Urrutia, I...... 203, 353 Ghosh, S...... 61, 102, 154, 247, 283, 284, 334 Grandfield, J...... 271 Guyer, J ...... 72 Gianola, D...... 121, 229 Grassi, J ...... 107 Guzman, J...... 324 Gibala, R...... 104 Grater, J ...... 204 Gibson, M...... 290, 337 Gray, G...... 73, 74, 117, 169, 170, H Gierlotka, W...... 344 ...... 174, 225, 249, 304, 332 Gil-Sevillano, J...... 183, 225 Grazier, J...... 122 Ha, D ...... 136 Gila, B ...... 101 Greco, R...... 95, 144 Ha, S ...... 253 Gill, A ...... 221 Greedan, J...... 144 Haase, R...... 231 Gilman, J...... 73, 183 Green, J ...... 147, 303 Haataja, M...... 116, 169, 296

378 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Habchi, R...... 281 Hartvigsen, J...... 271 Heuer, A...... 233, 234 Hackenberg, R...... 166, 230 Hartwig, K...... 58, 143, 206, 257, 370 Heying, M...... 244 Hackett, M...... 199 Hartwig, T...... 151 Hibbard, G...... 107, 234, 289 Haddad, A...... 63 Harvey, É...... 157 Hibbins, S...... 239 Hadorn, J...... 111 Harwood, N...... 106 Hidetoshi, S...... 291 Haeckel, T...... 349 Hasan, M...... 80, 281 Hierro de Bengoa, M...... 350, 371 Hafok, M...... 57, 334 Haseeb, A...... 309 Higashi, K...... 239 Hagelstein, K...... 46 Hashemian, S...... 92 Hilck, A ...... 156 Hagiwara, M...... 227 Hashiguchi, M...... 136 Hilerio, I...... 137, 166, 273 Hagni, A...... 69, 113, 166, 221, 272, 321, 362 Hashimoto, K...... 283 Hilgraf, P...... 156 Hahn, H ...... 342 Hashimoto, S...... 258 Hill, M ...... 77 Hahn, J ...... 156, 157, 263 Hass, D ...... 176 Hill, T ...... 87 Haines-Butterick, L...... 161 Hassan, H...... 90 Hiltunen, P...... 156 Haley, B ...... 224 Hassan Ali, M...... 279 Hines, J ...... 86, 104, 155 Hall, N ...... 319 Hata, S ...... 71, 355 Hirata, T...... 239 Halle, T ...... 57 Hatano, M...... 150 Hirsch, J...... 287 Haller, E...... 308, 324 Hatcher, N...... 128 Hisatsune, K...... 142 Ham, H ...... 277 Hatkevich, S...... 293 Hixson, R...... 74, 141 Hamann, B...... 209 Hattiangadi, A...... 123 Ho, C ...... 120, 142, 248 Hamburg, B...... 141 Haugh, M...... 215 Ho, S ...... 289 Hamdan, A...... 195 Haupt, T...... 339 Ho, W ...... 86 Hamdi, F...... 118 Hautier, G...... 293 Hoag, E ...... 147 Hamer, S...... 165 Haxhimali, T...... 276 Hoagland, R...... 39, 102, 174, 199, 230 Hamilton, B...... 79, 80 Hay, R ...... 118 Hoc, T ...... 83 Hamilton, C...... 277 Hayashi, T...... 56 Hockauf, M...... 57 Hamilton, J...... 238 Hayden, D...... 282 Hockridge, R...... 106 Hammers, T...... 368 Haynes, A...... 231 Hodge, A...... 236 Hammi, Y...... 295 Hazel, B ...... 176, 231 Hodgson, P...... 69, 100, 112, 216 Hamza, A...... 218 He, H ...... 121 Hoelzer, D...... 90, 128 Hamzic, A...... 115 He, L ...... 371 Hoffelner, W...... 230 Han, B ...... 98 He, M ...... 121 Hoffmann, A...... 369 Han, E ...... 289 He, T ...... 250 Hoffmann, C...... 342 Han, H ...... 277 He, X ...... 291, 349 Hoffmann, R...... 196 Han, J ...... 123, 286 He, Y ...... 74, 97, 147, 149 Hofmeister, W...... 207 Han, K ...... 260 Heard, R...... 176 Hohenwarter, A...... 285 Han, L ...... 290 Hebert, R...... 68, 235 Hohl, B ...... 325 Han, M ...... 267 Hecht, U...... 256 Hojo, H ...... 367 Han, Q ...... 187, 239 Hector, Jr., L...... 85, 121, 145, 157 Holby, E...... 72 Han, S ...... 53, 153, 331 Hector, L...... 282 Holden, I...... 226 Han, T ...... 328 Hefferan, C...... 310, 328 Hollang, L...... 225 Han, W ...... 192 Heggset, B...... 164 Holleis, B...... 113, 302 Han, X ...... 75 Heifets, E...... 222 Holm, E ...... 116 Han, Z ...... 40 Heil, T ...... 261 Holt, N ...... 108 Handa, T...... 201 Heilmaier, M...... 55, 98, 334 Holy, V ...... 141, 142, 342 Handwerker, C...... 74, 119, 172, 228, 277, 326 Heinze, J...... 46 Hommes, G...... 72 Hanlumyuang, Y...... 116 Heller, R...... 343 Hong, K ...... 248 Hanna, M...... 126 Hemburrow, P...... 159 Hong, S ...... 39, 59, 190, 292 Hänninen, H...... 87 Hemker, K...... 121, 122, 195, 229 Honghui, T...... 40 Hansen, N...... 52, 150, 206 Hemley, R...... 92 Hongqiang, R...... 43 Hantcherli, L...... 118 Henaff, G...... 129, 204 Honma, T...... 241 Hänzi, A ...... 257, 336 Hengelmolen, A...... 113 Hono, K ...... 55, 146, 187, 241 Hao, L ...... 313PRELIMINARYHenkel, S...... 236 Hooks, D...... 141, 174 Haouaoui, M...... 52, 151, 257, 334 Hennig, R...... 91, 140, 196, 249 Hoppe, R...... 149 Haque, A...... 312 Henriksen, B...... 361 Hoppe, T...... 110 Harder, D...... 317 Henry, P ...... 214 Höppel, H...... 56, 236, 307 Harding, R...... 98 Her, E ...... 46 Horita, Z...... 257, 306 Hardy, J ...... 292 Herbst, J...... 145 Horky, J ...... 367 Harel, G ...... 188 Herklotz, A...... 168 Horstemeyer, M...... 77, 155, 158, 339 Harimkar, S...... 60 Hernandez, D...... 110 Hort, N ...... 186, 239, 335, 336 Hark, R ...... 64 Hernandez-Garcia, A...... 211 Hoseman, P...... 143 Harlow, D...... 217 Hernandez-Majoral, M...... 143 Hosemann, P...... 95, 144 Harmon, B...... 96 Hernández-Pérez, I...... 260, 322 Hosokawa, K...... 321 Haro Rodriguez, S...... 265 Herranz, G...... 115 Hosoya, Y...... 146 Harrell, J...... 207, 261 Herrera, M...... 355 Hostetter, G...... 194 Harringa, J...... 200, 254, 327 Herring, J...... 271 Hou, C ...... 127 Harris, P...... 356 Herzog, R...... 50, 286 Hou, H ...... 291 Hartig, C...... 133, 186, 241, 256 Hess, W ...... 69 Houda, H...... 100

Houghton, B...... 112 I Jagielski, J...... 251 Hourlier, D...... 199 Jahed, H ...... 77 Houston, J...... 317 Iadicola, M...... 211 Jain, A ...... 297 Houston, K...... 53 Iannacchione, G...... 309 Jain, J ...... 189 Hovsepian, P...... 349 Ibarra, L ...... 246 Jain, P ...... 81 Howard, B...... 331 Ice, G ...... 92, 93, 142, 341 Jain, V ...... 174 Howe, J ...... 89 Idenyi, N...... 125, 126, 265 Jakobsen, B...... 93, 328 Hoyos, L...... 137 Ienco, M...... 140, 321 James, B...... 123, 179, 233 Hoyt, J...... 42, 71, 116, 168, Iffert, M ...... 108, 159, 213, 266, 313, 315, 357 Jang, D ...... 67 ...... 223, 275, 276, 323, 364 Iijima, T ...... 223 Jang, H ...... 178 Hryn, J ...... 270 Ikeda, M...... 351 Jang, J ...... 68, 111, 174, 217, 218 Hsia, K ...... 49, 82, 129, 182, 236, 285, 333, 367 Ikeda, T ...... 145 Jang, S ...... 360 Hsiao, H...... 173 Ikuno, H...... 367 Jang, Y ...... 47, 212 Hsieh, K...... 68, 217 Ila, D ...... 41, 70, 208, 299, 327, 342, 343, 359 Jannasch, E...... 287 Hsiung, L...... 141 Ilavsky, J...... 175, 341 Janz, A ...... 337 Hsu, C ...... 45, 318 Iliev, M ...... 197 Jaquinde, W...... 316 Hsu, E ...... 241 Im, J ...... 58 Jarmakani, H...... 169 Hsu, T ...... 301 Imagawa, H...... 227 Jasinski, J...... 191, 245, 317 Hsu, Y ...... 120 Imai, H ...... 288 Jayaraman, N...... 77 Hu, D ...... 178, 194, 305 Imam, M...... 294 Je, J ...... 342 Hu, H ...... 290, 337 Imanaka, N...... 96 Jean, Y ...... 67 Hu, J ...... 42 Imayev, R...... 205, 347, 348 Jean-Charles, R...... 105 Hu, S ...... 72, 275 Imayev, V...... 347, 348 Jeandin, M...... 123, 233 Hu, W ...... 130, 244 Inaba, Y ...... 207 Jee, S ...... 160 Hu, X ...... 78, 140, 314, 366 Inami, T ...... 245 Jenabali Jahromi, S...... 288 Hu, Z ...... 208, 268, 269 Inel, C ...... 126 Jenkins, D...... 94 Hua, F ...... 74, 119, 172, 173, 228, 277, 326 Ingram, B...... 292 Jenkins, M...... 143, 144 Hua, Y ...... 281 Inoue, A ...... 163, 217, 268, 269, 360 Jenkins, R...... 347, 370 Huang, C...... 300 Instone, S...... 362 Jensen, D...... 250 Huang, E...... 93 Inui, H ...... 203, 204 Jensen, M...... 109 Huang, H...... 208 Inzunza, E...... 171 Jeon, H ...... 39, 102 Huang, J...... 59, 68, 217, 218, 253, 360 Ionescu, I...... 129 Jeon, M ...... 39 Huang, L...... 366 Ipser, H ...... 229, 343, 344 Jeong, C...... 365 Huang, P...... 150 Iqbal, F ...... 130 Jeong, H...... 45, 309 Huang, S...... 191, 255, 364 Irons, G ...... 137 Jeong, I ...... 171 Huang, W...... 136 Irsen, S ...... 98 Jeong, J ...... 202 Huang, X...... 52, 150, 206, 273, 346 Isac, M ...... 320 Jeong, Y ...... 59, 212 Huang, Y...... 223, 238, 306, 331, 344, 353 Isanaka, S...... 87 Jha, A ...... 235 Huang, Z...... 169, 344 Ishida, K...... 254, 300 Jha, G ...... 107 Hubbard, C...... 298 Ishida, M...... 360 Jha, M ...... 163, 202 Hubbard, J...... 103 Ishikawa, K...... 45, 47, 48, 135 Jha, S ...... 50, 78, 237 Huber, D...... 230 Ishimasa, T...... 342 Jhon, M ...... 66 Huda, M...... 105 Islam, Z ...... 141 Ji, H ...... 142 Hudson, J...... 194 Islamgaliev, R...... 54 Ji, V ...... 298 Hufnagel, T...... 111 Isoda, S ...... 84, 131, 184, 237, 238, 240 Jia, C ...... 274 Hughes, D...... 298 Itsumi, Y...... 193 Jia, N ...... 297, 298, 352 Huh, J ...... 248, 292 Ivanisenko, Y...... 51, 306, 333 Jia, Q ...... 98 Hui, X ...... 270 Ivanov, M...... 81 Jia, S ...... 335 Hulbert, D...... 48 Ivanov, V...... 326 Jia Ming, Z...... 160 Hull, L ...... 74 Ivanushkin, N...... 311 Jiang, C ...... 204, 349 Hundley, M...... 174 Ivey, D ...... 243, 292 Jiang, D ...... 48, 285 Husseini, N...... 251PRELIMINARYIwasawa, M...... 72 Jiang, F ...... 69 Hutchins, C...... 151 Iwata, S ...... 293, 339 Jiang, H ...... 194, 215, 305, 347 Hutchins, J...... 114 Izmailova, N...... 205 Jiang, J ...... 335 Hutchinson, N...... 360 Jiang, L ...... 240 Hvidsten, R...... 213 J Jiang, M...... 124, 255 Hwang, C...... 74 Jiang, Q ...... 250 Hwang, H...... 114 Jablonski, P...... 189, 292 Jiang, R ...... 246 Hwang, J...... 64, 114, 193, 221, 240, 268, 273, 346 Jackson, M...... 139, 235, 247 Jiang, T ...... 62 Hwang, K...... 193 Jacob, T ...... 222 Jiang, W...... 67, 68, 110, 111, 161, 216, Hwang, S...... 126 Jacobs, M...... 271 ...... 217, 268, 269, 299, 317, 359 Hwang, T...... 202 Jacobson, A...... 197 Jiang, X ...... 215, 245 Hwu, Y ...... 342 Jacot, A ...... 305 Jiang, Y ...... 239, 244, 336 Hyers, R...... 70, 162, 244 Jacques, P...... 97 Jiao, J ...... 195 Hyland, M...... 106, 233, 313 Jacquet, D...... 315 Jiao, L ...... 89, 139 Jacquet, E...... 115 Jiao, T ...... 91 Jadhav, N...... 228 Jiao, Z ...... 143, 252

380 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Jiawei, W...... 314 Kainer, K...... 335, 336 Kawamura, Y...... 241 Jie, L ...... 314, 330 Kainuma, R...... 254 Kawasaki, M...... 71, 258 Jimbo, I ...... 193 Kaiyu, Z...... 191 Kayal, S ...... 267 Jin, L ...... 134, 188, 240 Kajinic, A...... 305 Kayali, E...... 284, 295, 332 Jin, M ...... 76 Kajiwara, Y...... 185 Kazimirov, A...... 93, 262 Jin, S ...... 85, 96, 101, 152, 267 Kakkar, B...... 357 Kazyhanov, V...... 54 Jin, X ...... 42, 60 Kalay, E ...... 108, 318 Keblinski, P...... 308 Jin, Y ...... 223, 331 Kalban, A...... 266 Keck, A ...... 210, 237, 247 Jin, Z ...... 301 Kale, P ...... 200 Kecskes, L...... 149, 151, 204, 206 Jinhong, L...... 214 Kalemba, I...... 80 Keimer, B...... 115 Johansson, B...... 96 Kalgraf, K...... 109 Keles, Ö ...... 107 John, R ...... 78 Kalidindi, S...... 103 Keller, C...... 279 John, V ...... 200, 300, 331, 360 Kalinin, S...... 274 Kelly, T ...... 97 Johnson, C...... 243, 244 Kalkan, K...... 207 Kelm, K ...... 98 Johnson, I...... 280 Kaltenboeck, G...... 319 Kelton, K...... 162, 269 Johnson, J.... 119, 171, 175, 225, 226, 283, 325, 365 Kalu, P ...... 53, 221, 241, 260, 362 Kempkes, M...... 226 Johnson, R...... 195 Kamado, S...... 241 Keniry, J...... 160, 266 Johnson, S...... 351 Kamal, M...... 194, 246 Kennedy, M...... 81, 195 Johnson, W...... 67, 68, 319, 359 Kamegawa, A...... 237 Kenningley, S...... 124, 248 Jolly, B ...... 233 Kamikawa, N...... 52, 150 Kent, M ...... 195 Jolly, M ...... 79 Kamikihara, D...... 361 Keppens, V...... 318 Jonas, J ...... 97, 147, 240 Kan, H ...... 314, 326 Keralavarma, S...... 282, 340 Jones, D ...... 294 Kaneta, Y...... 72, 339 Kern, K ...... 60 Jones, H ...... 294 Kang, B ...... 101, 153, 163 Kesavan, M...... 178 Jones, J ...... 49, 130, 172, 182, 187, 237, 251, 367 Kang, C ...... 365 Kesler, M...... 256 Jones, N ...... 139, 247 Kang, F ...... 51 Ketabchi, M...... 52 Jones, R ...... 122 Kang, H ...... 122 Key, C ...... 243 Jones, T ...... 133 Kang, I ...... 292 Khaleel, M...... 298 Jong, J ...... 248 Kang, J ...... 127 Khalifa, H...... 268 Jong Gu, B...... 310 Kang, S...... 39, 59, 101, 152, 172, 188, Khan, A ...... 338, 339 Jonnalagadda, K...... 122 ...... 207, 254, 260, 280, 308, 327, 331 Khan, S ...... 239 Joseph, D...... 61 Kang, Y ...... 292 Khasanova, N...... 326 Joshi, S ...... 100 Kannan, R...... 216 Khater, H...... 73 Jou, J ...... 360 Kanthala, T...... 105 Khatibi, G...... 367 Jouiad, M...... 129 Kao, C ...... 75, 238, 253, 300, 326, 327 Khismatullin, T...... 348 Joung, J ...... 171 Kao, P ...... 91 Kholkin, A...... 268 Ju, J ...... 240 Kappes, B...... 43, 116 Khoroshilov, D...... 181 Juhas, M...... 246 Kar, A ...... 233 Khraisheh, M...... 279 Jun, H ...... 112 Kar, S ...... 325, 364, 365 Khramov, A...... 314 Jun, J ...... 292 Kar, Y ...... 181 Kiessling, W...... 123 Jun, Y ...... 335 Karabelchtchikova, O...... 234 Kiggans, J...... 295 Jun, Z ...... 314 Karabin, M...... 287 Kildea, J...... 263 Jung, J ...... 174 Karaman, I...... 52, 151, 236, 257, 334 Kilmametov, A...... 54, 342 Jung, S ...... 201, 253, 261, 345 Karhausen, K...... 287 Kim, B ...... 55, 202 Jung, Y ...... 45 Karjalainen, P...... 332, 354 Kim, C ...... 47, 63, 104, 105 Jungwirth, T...... 142 Karma, A...... 116, 168, 276 Kim, D...... 39, 44, 45, 47, 173, 240, Junior, C...... 356 Karnesky, R...... 247 ...... 254, 262, 290, 292, 318, 337 Juretzko, F...... 312 Karumuri, S...... 207 Kim, H ...... 57, 118, 188 Jyoth, S ...... 281 Kaschner, G...... 117, 229, 279 Kim, J...... 102, 117, 166, 201, Kashimoto, S...... 342 ...... 253, 292, 320, 333, 338 K Kasisomayajula, V...... 296 Kim, K ...... 39, 59, 173, 200, 228 PRELIMINARYKasouf, C...... 203 Kim, M ...... 98, 102, 158, 202 K., A ...... 176 Kassner, M...... 83, 182, 183, 206, 250, 329 Kim, N ...... 269 Kabir, M...... 340 Katgerman, L...... 209, 220, 272, 362 Kim, S...... 39, 45, 74, 102, 107, 152, 154, Kabirian, F...... 337 Kato, A ...... 189 ...... 155, 173, 200, 212, 228, 260, 261, Kabra, S ...... 198, 279 Kato, M ...... 184 ...... 277, 284, 289, 292, 331, 348, 365 Kachler, W...... 348 Kato, S ...... 124 Kim, T ...... 44, 45 Kad, B ...... 257 Kato, T ...... 45 Kim, W ...... 44, 45, 47, 240, 290, 318, 337 Kadiri, H...... 298 Katoda, T...... 223 Kim, Y...... 48, 55, 97, 98, 117, 148, Kadkhodabeigi, M...... 316 Katsman, A...... 187, 290 ...... 149, 203, 238, 255, 277, 304, Kaftelen, H...... 40 Katz, J ...... 124 ...... 305, 347, 348, 349, 350, 370 Kahl, A ...... 319 Kaufman, J...... 147, 242, 303 Kimura, H...... 70, 192, 202 Kahler, D...... 104 Kaufman, M...... 64, 193, 363 Kimura, K...... 355 Kahn, H ...... 233, 234 Kauzlarich, S...... 145 Kimura, M...... 201 Kai, H ...... 42 Kavanagh, L...... 219 Kimura, T...... 245 Kai, W ...... 359, 361 Kavich, J...... 115 Kimura, Y...... 344, 350 Kain, V ...... 283, 284 Kawalla, R...... 240 King, A ...... 151

King, P ...... 280, 347 Korzhenevskii, A...... 197 Kuo, R ...... 218 Kinney, C...... 120 Kostorz, G...... 341, 342 Kuramoto, S...... 76 Kinney, J...... 175 Kotb, N ...... 315 Kurata, H...... 238 Kinoshita, M...... 72 Kotomin, E...... 222, 223 Kurmanaeva, L...... 51 Kirchain, R...... 64, 65, 147, 155 Kottada, R...... 333 Kurtoglu, K...... 192 Kirishima, A...... 124 Kou, S ...... 239 Kurzydlowski, K...... 57, 206 Kirk, M ...... 143 Kouchmeshky, B...... 156, 225 Kusakov, A...... 315 Kishida, K...... 204 Kouznetsov, D...... 263 Kusinski, G...... 123, 291, 333 Kiss, L ...... 234, 315 Kovarik, L...... 73 Kusinski, J...... 123 Kissell, J...... 242 Kovarik, T...... 258 Küstner, V...... 347 Kita, K ...... 48 Kovrov, V...... 314 Kutkova, N...... 211 Kitade, S...... 79 Kowandy, C...... 51 Kuvyrkina, A...... 263 Kitiyanant, Y...... 216 Kozar, R...... 340 Kuwabara, M...... 126 Klarstrom, D...... 197, 367 Kozeschnik, E...... 349 Kuzel, R...... 142 Klauber, C...... 106 Krachler, R...... 365 Kuznetsova, N...... 263 Klaumünzer, S...... 94 Kraft, O ...... 174, 286, 317, 333 Kvande, H...... 99, 266 Kleber, S...... 56 Krajewski, P...... 46, 64, 134, 157, 355 Kvello, J...... 227 Klemmer, T...... 261 Kral, K ...... 153 Kvithyld, A...... 125, 178, 201 Klett, C ...... 156 Kral, M ...... 96, 145, 278 Kwak, C...... 331 Kline, E ...... 148 Kramer, M...... 90, 145, 162, 318, 364 Kweon, S...... 287 Klingelhöffer, H...... 149 Krane, M...... 136 Kwon, S...... 333 Klose, J ...... 348 Krasilnikov, N...... 54 Kwon, Y...... 188, 212, 263, 283 Kluge, T...... 176 Krasovitsky, A...... 160 Kyeong, J...... 47 Kluk, D ...... 346 Kraus,, L...... 258 Kyrolainen, A...... 332 Klut, P ...... 79 Krein, R ...... 204 Knaak, U...... 287 Kremmer, S...... 347, 348, 349 L Knapp, J...... 307 Krempaszky, C...... 50 Knepper, R...... 278 Krenn, H...... 56 Laabs, F ...... 327 Knipling, K...... 146 Kresch, M...... 43 Labidi, O...... 200 Knizhnik, A...... 315 Krimm, R...... 282 Lahiri, A...... 235 Knuteson, D...... 104 Kripesh, V...... 253 Lai, R ...... 301 Ko, C ...... 358 Krishnamoorthy, S...... 178 Lai, Y ...... 201, 316, 326, 366 Ko, Y ...... 55, 307, 345 Krishnamurthy, R...... 123, 296 Lamb, J ...... 368 Kobayashi, K...... 127 Krishnapisharody, K...... 137 Lambert, E...... 357 Kobayashi, S...... 351 Kroupa, A...... 343 Lambros, J...... 122 Kobe, P ...... 264 Kruesi, P...... 280 Lamperti, A...... 252 Koch, C ...... 205, 308 Krüger, L...... 57 Lampke, T...... 57 Koch, H ...... 165, 320 Krumdick, G...... 63, 104, 201, 255, 302, 345 Lan, Y ...... 356 Kodash, V...... 223 Kruml, T...... 183 Lander, G...... 96 Kodentsov, A...... 300, 344 Krumpelt, M...... 292 Landers, A...... 148 Koduri, S...... 340 Kruse, H...... 109 Landoulsi, J...... 51 Koester, K...... 66 Krystian, M...... 257 Lane, G ...... 177 Koh, P ...... 177 Kryukovsky, V...... 314 Lang, G ...... 226 Koh, S...... 39, 59, 101, 152, Kryvasheyeu, Y...... 275 Lang, K ...... 285, 368 ...... 153, 207, 208, 260, 308 Ku, M ...... 120 Langdon, T...... 50, 52, 99, 129, 149, 150, Kohno, T...... 254 Kubin, L...... 83, 182 ...... 205, 257, 258, 306, 352, 353 Koike, J ...... 241 Kuester, F...... 67 Lange, H...... 108 Kojima, Y...... 306 Kugler, G...... 87 Langeloh, T...... 156, 157, 263 Kolitsch, A...... 371 Kühn, H ...... 149 Langlois, C...... 308 Kolli, R ...... 310 Kühn, U ...... 112 Lanyon, M...... 314, 330 Komova, O...... 369 Kulcinski, G...... 94 Lao, J ...... 50, 100 Komura, M...... 124PRELIMINARYKuli, J ...... 136 Lapin, A ...... 263, 311 Kondoh, K...... 288 Kulin, R ...... 66 Lapovok, R...... 258, 334 Konetschnik, S...... 202 Kulkarni, K...... 364 Lara, G ...... 125 Kong, C ...... 293 Kulkarni, N...... 324, 327 Larouche, D...... 320, 361 Kong, F ...... 148 Kulkarni, S...... 188 Larsen, J...... 50, 78, 237 Kongoli, F...... 330 Kulovits, A...... 55, 308 Larsen, W...... 109 Koniar, M...... 159 Kumah, D...... 251 Larson, B...... 83, 92, 93, 183, 250, 309, 329 Konishi, H...... 288, 289 Kumar, A...... 191, 234, 240, 253, 280, 357 Larson, D...... 162 Konrad, P...... 124 Kumar, B...... 354 Larsson, H...... 324 Kontsevoi, O...... 128, 234 Kumar, D...... 82, 148, 170, 182 Laser, T ...... 133, 241 Koo, J ...... 201 Kumar, K...... 228 Lasko, G...... 158 Koo, Y ...... 80, 171, 284 Kumar, M...... 130, 175, 278 Lass, E ...... 319 Kopczyk, M...... 243 Kumar, P...... 228, 296 Lassila, D...... 91, 249 Kopecek, J...... 350 Kumar, S...... 81, 82, 228 Last, J ...... 316 Kopka, L...... 86 Kumar Mehta, V...... 291 Latysh, V...... 258 Korzekwa, D...... 155 Kunz, L ...... 236 Laucouret, R...... 227

382 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Laughlin, D...... 365 Lewandowska, M...... 57 Lin, P ...... 176 Launois, S...... 204 Lewandowski, J...... 89, 90 Lin, S ...... 344 Laurent, V...... 227, 366 Lewellyn, M...... 156, 264 Lin, T ...... 51, 58, 125, 360 Lauridsen, E...... 61, 251 Lewinsohn, C...... 135 Lin, Y ...... 301 Lavernia, E...... 51, 52, 53, 150, 151, 306 Lewis, A...... 60, 61, 102, 103, 153, Lindemann, J...... 348, 350, 371 Lawson, D...... 211 ...... 209, 210, 262, 309, 355 Lindhe, U...... 110 Leal, J ...... 350 Lewis, D...... 253 Lindley, T...... 235 Leau, W ...... 300 Lewis, G...... 110 Lindsay, S...... 109 Lebeau, J...... 262 Leyens, C...... 97, 148, 203, 255, 304, Linga, H...... 108 LeBeau, S...... 188 ...... 347, 348, 349, 350, 370, 371 Lin Peng, R...... 251 Lebensohn, R...... 81, 118, 170, 210, 279 Li, B...... 100, 114, 127, 132, 133, 148, Linyong, F...... 114 LeBlanc, M...... 111 ...... 170, 268, 273, 312, 326, 346, 353 Liou, W ...... 301 Le Bouar, Y...... 42, 275, 308 Li, C ...... 64, 89 Liping, N...... 234 Le Brun, P...... 220 Li, D ...... 108, 317, 320, 322, 330 Lipkin, D...... 365 Lechner, R...... 142 Li, F ...... 310 Lipko, S ...... 39 Leckie, R...... 175 Li, G ...... 62, 124, 184 Liss, K ...... 256, 304 LeDonne, J...... 49, 368 Li, H ...... 87, 312, 313 Litvinov, D...... 262 Lee, A ...... 120, 142, 248 Li, J...... 62, 69, 91, 108, 111, 113, 118, Liu, B ...... 51, 58, 85, 125, 127 Lee, B ...... 48, 102 ...... 130, 132, 133, 138, 166, 169, 180, Liu, C ...... 118, 121, 124, 153, 191, 230, 318 Lee, C ...... 48, 55, 301, 307 ...... 185, 187, 218, 221, 225, 272, 311, Liu, D ...... 62, 238, 256, 311, 330 Lee, D ...... 277 ...... 316, 321, 326, 330, 362, 364, 366 Liu, F ...... 111, 172, 217 Lee, E ...... 65 Li, K ...... 182 Liu, G ...... 101 Lee, G ...... 212 Li, L ...... 352 Liu, H ...... 265, 301 Lee, H...... 70, 114, 115, 167, Li, M ...... 80, 126, 134, 287, 361 Liu, J...... 50, 106, 132, 133, ...... 222, 254, 274, 322, 327 Li, N ...... 121, 143, 199 ...... 150, 175, 263, 287, 356 Lee, I...... 91 Li, Q ...... 50, 82, 214, 269, 303, 326, 346 Liu, K ...... 98 Lee, J...... 71, 102, 112, 136, 188, 199, Li, R ...... 111, 218 Liu, L ...... 81, 182, 238, 251, 367 ...... 201, 202, 212, 240, 247, 253, Li, S ...... 190, 208, 260, 276, 316 Liu, M ...... 62, 283 ...... 290, 300, 337, 343, 344, 345, 361 Li, W ...... 106, 109, 119, 214, 262, 290, 311 Liu, P ...... 254 Lee, K...... 45, 78, 102, 112, 117, Li, X...... 41, 75, 91, 121, 138, 173, 207, Liu, Q ...... 326 ...... 152, 173, 212, 261, 269 ...... 229, 243, 278, 288, 289, 306, 328 Liu, R ...... 226 Lee, M ...... 112 Li, Y...... 69, 98, 101, 111, 212, 216, Liu, T ...... 177, 201 Lee, N ...... 260, 261 ...... 224, 231, 275, 285, 312, 369 Liu, W...... 61, 83, 92, 93, 135, Lee, P ...... 45, 46, 318 Li, Z ...... 64, 157, 242, 282, 305 ...... 142, 193, 248, 250, 298, 316 Lee, R ...... 138, 288 Lian, J ...... 59, 101 Liu, X...... 86, 135, 189, 193, 216, 232, Lee, S...... 46, 53, 55, 71, 91, 93, 136, Liang, C ...... 335 ...... 243, 244, 292, 338, 344, 368 ...... 154, 209, 212, 269, 283, 344, 352 Liang, H...... 181 Liu, Y...... 64, 138, 157, 172, 197, 198, Lee, T ...... 65, 74, 84, 120, 284 Liang, J ...... 81, 309 ...... 220, 231, 250, 264, 312, 313, 366 Lee, Y ...... 136, 188, 201, 223, 331 Liang, L ...... 270 Liu, Z ...... 72, 92, 140, 148, 186, 187, 311, 323 Lefebvre-Legry, P...... 199 Liang, S ...... 120, 289 Livescu, V...... 128, 141, 209, 249 Lefrançois, L...... 159 Liang, Y ...... 43 Llorca, N...... 56 Lehmann, D...... 310 Liang, Z ...... 43 Lochbichler, C...... 98 Lei, Y ...... 160 Liang-xing, J...... 330 Lockhart, G...... 134 Lei, Z ...... 122 Liao, C ...... 127, 308, 324 Lodzik, J...... 159 Leisenberg, W...... 119 Liao, X ...... 50, 99, 149, 150, 205, 257, 306, 352 Loehe, D...... 285, 368 Leite, P ...... 213 Liao, Y ...... 204, 351 Loffler, J...... 68 Leitner, H...... 221 Liaw, P...... 67, 68, 69, 92, 93, 110, 111, Löffler, J...... 217, 257, 336 Lejava, T...... 202 ...... 141, 161, 163, 191, 197, 198, 216, Loh, J ...... 356 Lejcek, P...... 350 ...... 217, 218, 250, 251, 268, 297, 298, Loiseau, A...... 308 Lekakh, S...... 219, 302 ...... 317, 319, 341, 352, 359, 361, 364, 367 Lomatayo, C...... 101 Lele, T ...... 101 Lie, J ...... 62 Lombard, D...... 227 Lemieux, T...... 234PRELIMINARYLienert, U...... 93, 310, 328, 329, 342 Long, B ...... 143 Lena, C ...... 177 Lill, J ...... 43, 324, 325 Long, G ...... 250 Lenosky, T...... 169 Lilleodden, E...... 75, 121, 173, 229, 278, 328 Long, H ...... 62 Léonard, F...... 170 Lim, C ...... 53, 222 Long, Z ...... 157 Leonhardt, T...... 303, 346, 347, 369 Lim, G ...... 233 Longanbach, S...... 90, 288 Lepselter, M...... 63 Lim, H ...... 47, 240, 290, 337 Longo, F...... 124 Lerch, B ...... 148 Lim, K ...... 44, 45 Longstreth-Spoor, L...... 269 LeSar, R...... 293 Lim, S ...... 223 Loomis, E...... 92 Lesuer, D...... 258, 332 Lima, A ...... 166 Lopes, F...... 362, 363 Letzig, D...... 241 Lima, J ...... 106, 107, 210, 263, 311, 356 Lopez, C...... 137 Leu, M ...... 87 Lin, A ...... 110, 317 Lopez, M...... 110, 281, 332 Levashov, V...... 319 Lin, C ...... 200, 331 Lopez P., N...... 125 Levesque, R...... 113 Lin, D ...... 134 Lorentsen, O...... 325, 365 Levi, C ...... 175 Lin, J ...... 69, 101, 112, 153, 216, 370 Loretto, M...... 88, 178, 194, 304, 305 Leviatan, T...... 187 Lin, K ...... 301 Lossius, L...... 171 Levine, L...... 83, 103, 175, 183, 250, 329 Lin, M ...... 230 Lou, J ...... 76

Louchet, F...... 203 Madhavan, V...... 180 Martinez, J...... 110, 297 Lourie, O...... 76 Madison, J...... 355 Martínez, L...... 45 Louzguine, D...... 268 Maeda, M...... 70, 192, 202 Martins, J...... 159, 214 Lovato, M...... 118, 229 Mahajan, S...... 73, 117, 169, 225 Martirosyan, K...... 262, 267, 323 Lovrenich, R...... 281 Mahammed, Q...... 63 Marton, Z...... 167 Lovvik, O...... 136 Mahapatra, R...... 53, 204 Maruyama, K...... 255, 304 Lowe, C ...... 339 Maheraeen, S...... 355 Marx, M...... 367 Lowe, T...... 50, 54, 99, 149, 205, Mahmoud, M...... 315, 326 Mason, J...... 110 ...... 257, 258, 306, 334, 352 Mahmudi, R...... 337 Massalski, T...... 95 Lowengrub, J...... 208, 276, 316 Maier, H...... 151, 236, 257, 334 Mastuura, H...... 345 Lozano, A...... 144 Maijer, D...... 134 Masuda, C...... 88, 178 Lu, C ...... 85 Maiti, S ...... 69 Mataya, M...... 93 Lu, G ...... 78 Maiwald, D...... 119 Matej, Z ...... 142 Lu, H ...... 41, 63, 245, 247, 314 Majaniemi, S...... 168 Mathaudhu, S...... 99, 151, 206 Lu, K ...... 85, 150, 200, 285, 354 Majumdar, B...... 89, 139, 194, 195, 247, 248, 296 Mathur, A...... 171 Lu, L ...... 285, 307 Makaraci, M...... 181 Mato, S ...... 350 Lu, N ...... 40 Makitka, A...... 135 Mato Díaz, S...... 371 Lu, W ...... 371 Malard, T...... 266 Matos, J ...... 50 Lu, X ...... 190 Malherbe, J...... 253 Matsukawa, Y...... 102 Lü, X ...... 326 Maliha, S...... 357 Matsumoto, K...... 193 Lu, Y ...... 43, 76, 174, 266, 365 Malkinski, L...... 331 Matsumura, S...... 71, 355 Lu, Z ...... 144, 360 Mallik, U...... 127 Matsushita, T...... 247 Luan, B ...... 216 Maloy, S...... 94, 95, 143, 144, Matsuyama, K...... 355 Lubas, M...... 317 ...... 198, 199, 251, 299, 342 Matteis, P...... 140, 237, 321 Lucadamo, G...... 238 Maltais, B...... 112 Mauirce, C...... 84 Lucas, J ...... 243 Malysheva, S...... 205 Mauro, N...... 269 Lucas, M...... 43 Mamforia, M...... 202 Maveety, J...... 74 Ludwig, A...... 137, 244 Man, J ...... 183 May, G ...... 192 Ludwig, W...... 251 Mancio, M...... 333 May, J ...... 307 Lugo, M...... 77 Mandal, M...... 308 Mayrhofer, P...... 370, 371 Lugo, N ...... 56 Mani, V ...... 336 Maziasz, P...... 146 Lui, L ...... 231 Maniruzzaman, M...... 108, 126, 127, 234 McBow, I...... 330 Lukas, P ...... 236 Manivannan, A...... 86, 135, 189, 243, 292, 338, 368 McCabe, R...... 117, 170, 171, 230 Luo, A ...... 85, 188, 240 Manivasagam, G...... 51 McCallum, R...... 145 Luo, H...... 220 Manjarres, M...... 367 McClain, D...... 195 Luo, J...... 132 Manley, M...... 224 McClellan, K...... 92, 179, 195, 263 Luo, Q ...... 335 Mann, J ...... 55 McClimon, C...... 263 Luo, S ...... 92 Mann, V...... 160 McClintock, D...... 128 Luo, T ...... 207, 358 Manna, I...... 269 McCormick, H...... 277 Luo, W ...... 160, 163 Mannava, S...... 77, 221 McCune, R...... 86 Luo, X ...... 140 Manohar, P...... 232 McDeavitt, S...... 252 Lushchik, A...... 299 Mansoor, B...... 188 McDonald, A...... 51, 58, 125 Luss, D ...... 262, 323 Mansour, B...... 188 McDowell, D...... 49, 83, 170, 334 Lv, M ...... 40, 235 Manuel, M...... 283 Mcdowell, D...... 104 Lykotrafitis, .G ...... 316 Mao, S ...... 307, 308 McEvily, A...... 237 Mao, X ...... 89 McFadden, G...... 72 M Maofa, J ...... 44, 323 McHargue, C...... 252 Maoz, Y ...... 187 McHugh, L...... 329 M’Hamdi, M...... 361 Maple, M...... 95 McIntosh, P...... 106, 156, 210, 263, 311, 356 Ma, D ...... 318 Mar, A ...... 145 McKenna, I...... 61, 117 Ma, E ...... 76, 100, 170, 216, 218, 353 Mara, N ...... 102, 143, 230 McKenzie, P...... 334 Ma, F ...... PRELIMINARY42 Marathe, G...... 235 McKenzie, W...... 357 Ma, G ...... 269 Mardare, C...... 244 McKinney, S...... 172 Ma, J ...... 180, 314 Margarella, A...... 104 McKittrick, J...... 66 Ma, K ...... 78 Margaritondo, G...... 342 Mclaughlin, S...... 104 Ma, L ...... 132, 349 Margem, F...... 166 McNabb, P...... 195 Ma, N ...... 96, 138, 163, 169, 294, 345 Markmaitree, T...... 368 McNelley, T...... 52, 53, 352, 353 Ma, R ...... 266 Markmann, J...... 51, 99, 333 McNutt, J...... 203 Ma, S ...... 42, 130 Marques, C...... 252 Mechler, S...... 94 Ma, X ...... 181 Marquis, E...... 170 Meco, H ...... 244 Ma, Y ...... 98, 289 Martens, R...... 175, 261 Medina, F...... 110 Ma, Z ...... 255 Martin, F...... 234 Medlin, D...... 170, 238 Macdonald, W...... 239 Martin, J...... 291 Medvedev, S...... 196 Macht, M...... 94 Martin, M...... 199, 257 Meghlaoui, A...... 266 MacSleyne, J...... 103 Martin, O...... 159 Mehta, A...... 328 Madariaga, I...... 148 Martin, P...... 70, 100, 246 Mehta, V...... 63 Madhavan, R...... 202 Martinez, E...... 110, 265, 281 Mei, J ...... 194, 235

384 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Meier, M...... 225 Mishima, Y...... 350 Morin, P...... 363 Meier, W...... 226 Mishin, Y...... 276 Morisaku, K...... 48 Mejia, S...... 184 Mishra, A...... 257 Morishige, T...... 239 Mellenthin, J...... 168 Mishra, B...... 242, 291 Morral, J...... 364 Mencer, D...... 114 Mishra, C...... 211 Morrell, R...... 303 Mendelev, M...... 162 Mishra, R...... 154, 157, 158, 188, 240, 307 Morris, C...... 141 Mendes, F...... 119 Mishra, S...... 203 Morris, D...... 97, 148, 203, 255, 304, Mendez, J...... 84 Misra, A...... 102, 104, 143, 155, 171, 174, 199, 230 ...... 347, 349, 352, 353, 370 Mendez, P...... 191, 320 Misra, D...... 216, 267, 354 Morris, J...... 69, 76, 84, 95, 120, Mendis, C...... 187, 241 Misra, M...... 333 ...... 144, 162, 173, 275, 319 Mendoza, R...... 262 Missalla, M...... 156 Morris, R...... 207 Menéndez, O...... 47 Missori, S...... 321 Morrison, D...... 236 Meng, F...... 245 Mitchell, D...... 303 Morrissey, R...... 182 Menon, S...... 296 Mitchell, M...... 328 Morrow, B...... 340 Mercer, G...... 147 Mitsche, S...... 221, 273 Morsi, K...... 90, 140, 192 Merrill, F...... 141 Mitsuishi, K...... 208 Mortarino, G...... 237, 321 Merrill, J...... 152 Mitsuoka, N...... 245 Mortensen, A...... 349 Meskers, C...... 201, 255, 302, 345 Miwa, K...... 134, 361 Mortensen, D...... 361 Mesquita, A...... 119 Miyake, M...... 70, 192, 202 Moscoso, W...... 57 Messner, T...... 202 Miyamoto, G...... 193 Moscovitch, N...... 337 Metson, J...... 106, 227 Miyamoto, H...... 150 Mosengue, N...... 361 Meuffels, P...... 274 Mizusawa, A...... 254 Moser, M...... 370, 371 Meydanoglu, O...... 295 Moats, M...... 163 Moss, S...... 197 Meyer, H...... 338 Moavenzadeh, J...... 352 Mottern, M...... 135 Meyer, L...... 57 Modinaro, D...... 190 Mourao, M...... 301 Meyer, M...... 79 Moeck, P...... 40 Mourer, D...... 77, 122, 175, 176, 231 Meyers, M...... 66, 67, 110, 160, 169, 215, Moelans, N...... 43, 117, 301 Moxson, V...... 88 ...... 257, 267, 316, 317, 333, 334, 358 Moenig, R...... 229 Mozolic, J...... 329 Meyers, W...... 110 Moffatt, S...... 264 Mrozinski, T...... 245 Mezin, H...... 357 Mogilevsky, P...... 118 Mubarok, A...... 68 Mhaisalkar, S...... 253 Mohamed, A...... 325 Muddle, B...... 196, 275, 294, 309 Mi, S...... 274 Mohamed, F...... 205, 335 Mueller, J...... 333 Mialhe, P...... 281 Mohamed, W...... 153 Mueller, S...... 282 Miao, H...... 365 Mohandas, A...... 358 Mukai, T...... 100, 189, 291 Miao, J...... 130, 367 Mohri, T...... 169 Mukherjee, A...... 48, 285 Michael, J...... 248 Moitra, A...... 155 Mukherjee, M...... 178 Michael, N...... 105 Moldovan, D...... 50, 100 Mukherjee, R...... 43 Michal, G...... 233, 234 Moldovan, P...... 180, 319 Mukherjee, S...... 288 Michal, S...... 191, 245, 317 Molina, J...... 225 Mulder, A...... 213 Michler, J...... 230 Moll, A...... 46 Müller, C...... 206 Middlemas, M...... 128 Moll, S...... 251 Mulyadi, M...... 193 Middleton, C...... 106 Molodova, X...... 206 Mulyukov, R...... 205 Migchielsen, J...... 165 Moloney, M...... 232 Munoz, J...... 43 Mihalkovic, M...... 44 Mondal, K...... 219, 271 Muñoz, V...... 281 Mikulowski, B...... 52, 353 Montanari, R...... 140, 321 Muñoz-Morris, M...... 203, 353 Miles, M...... 126, 127, 270 Monteiro, A...... 222 Münstermann, R...... 274 Miller, B...... 225 Monteiro, S...... 70, 114, 166, 167, 221, Muntele, C...... 41, 94, 152, 208, 235, 299, 327, 359 Miller, G...... 145 ...... 222, 273, 321, 346, 362, 363 Murakami, H...... 351 Miller, H...... 117, 176 Moody, N...... 49, 79, 82, 126, 129, Murakami, M...... 223 Miller, J...... 163, 340 ...... 173, 179, 182, 233, 236, 282, Muraleedharan, V...... 363 Miller, M...... 54, 93, 146, 162, ...... 285, 287, 288, 289, 333, 367 Muransky, O...... 250 ...... 166, 262, 310,PRELIMINARY 318, 328 Mook, W...... 76 Murase, K...... 272 Miller, S...... 41 Moon, H...... 47 Murayama, N...... 208 Miller, W...... 86 Moon, J...... 88 Murch, G...... 44 Millett, P...... 99, 252 Moon, K...... 192 Murdoch, D...... 159 Mills, M...... 56, 73, 131, 146, 183, Mooney, A...... 211 Murphy, C...... 316 ...... 193, 225, 247, 264, 294, 340 Moore, K...... 47, 249 Murphy, K...... 175 Mimaki, T...... 150 Moore, R...... 310 Murr, L...... 110, 281, 369 Min, S...... 47 Moosbrugger, J...... 236 Murray, C...... 328 Min, Y...... 356 Moraes, J...... 263 Murray, M...... 290 Minh, N...... 86 Moran, B...... 61 Murty, B...... 334 Minich, R...... 278 Moreno, H...... 214 Murty, K...... 153 Minor, A...... 76, 307 Moreno, J...... 302 Murzinova, M...... 54 Miodownik, P...... 232, 341 Moreno Exebio, J...... 320 Musil, J...... 142 Miracle, D...... 162, 246, 317 Morgan, D...... 72, 199, 223, 355 Müßener, D...... 349, 370 Mironov, S...... 54 Morgenstern, R...... 123 Muthubandara, N...... 44 Miryala, M...... 214 Moriarty, J...... 91

N Neumann, S...... 287 O Newbauer, T...... 234 Na, M...... 61 Newbery, A...... 51 O’Brien, E...... 330 Na, Y...... 112, 361 Newman, J...... 77 O’Brien, F...... 215 Nachimuthu, P...... 243, 299 Newman, K...... 293 O’Brien, J...... 271 Nadano, T...... 48 Ng, H...... 294 O’Brien, K...... 263 Nafisi, S...... 272 Nghiem, N...... 202 O’Dell, L...... 106 Nag, S...... 166, 181, 194, 275, 340 Nguyen, K...... 358 O’Dovero, P...... 114 Naga, S...... 261 Nguyen, T...... 122 O’Keefe, M...... 277 Nagai, T...... 70 Nguyen, V...... 271 Oberson, P...... 73, 246 Nagaraj, B...... 231 Ni, C...... 60 Ode, M...... 351 Nagasawa, K...... 94 Nicholson, D...... 162, 327, 342 Odessky, P...... 258 Nagasekhar, A...... 290 Nichtova, L...... 142 Oechsner, A...... 44 Nagem, N...... 213 Nickel, D...... 57 Oehring, M...... 149, 347, 350 Nahar, M...... 221 Nickens, A...... 271 Oguma, N...... 367 Naidenkin, E...... 258 Nicola, L...... 230 Ogunmola, B...... 65 Naik, S...... 354 Nicolaou, P...... 88 Ogura, K...... 271 Nair, A...... 215 Nie, J...... 146, 289, 337 Oh, C...... 74, 284 Nair, M...... 211 Nie, Y...... 132, 366 Oh, H...... 260, 261 Najjar, S...... 350 Nie, Z...... 190, 198 Oh, K...... 46, 88 Nakagawa, I...... 300 Niederstrasser, J...... 320 Oh, T...... 117 Nakai, Y...... 217 Nieh, T...... 111, 216 Oh-ishi, K...... 55, 187, 241 Nakajima, K...... 146 Niehoff, T...... 280 Ohashi, T...... 92, 204 Nakamura, T...... 186 Niendorf, T...... 236 Ohba, Y...... 79 Nakao, H...... 342 Nieto, J...... 350 Ohm, V...... 125 Nalagatla, D...... 75 Nieto Hierro, J...... 371 Ohno, M...... 169 Namilae, S...... 327 Niezgoda, S...... 103 Ohnuma, I...... 254, 300 Nan, H...... 295 Nikles, D...... 308 Ohnuma, T...... 72 Nanninga, N...... 212 Nikulin, A...... 309 Ohriner, E...... 346 Nanstad, R...... 128, 284 Ningileri, S...... 64, 157, 171, 172, 279, 312 Ohtomo, A...... 71 Napolitano, R...... 79, 86, 126, 179, 233, 282 Nishida, K...... 223 Oi, T...... 273 Narayan, J...... 45, 105, 145, 261 Nishimiya, Y...... 178 Oikawa, T...... 308 Narayan, R...... 105, 110, 215 Nishimura, T...... 75, 327 Oishi, K...... 146 Narayana, C...... 196 Nishiyama, N...... 163, 360 Okabe, S...... 186 Narayanan, B...... 146 Niu, X...... 67 Okabe, T...... 69, 113, 166, 221, 272, 273, 321, 362 Narendra Kumar, G...... 159 Nixon, M...... 81, 118 Okada, M...... 237 Narita, H...... 48 Niyomwas, S...... 192 Okada, N...... 193 Narvekar, R...... 171 Nobuhiro, I...... 245 Okada, O...... 254 Nascimento, D...... 221 Noda, T...... 98 Okamoto, S...... 115, 223 Nasipuri, T...... 213 Nogita, K...... 75, 265, 326, 327 Okeke, C...... 126, 265 Nastac, L...... 138 Nogueira, T...... 359 Oki, S...... 239 Nastasi, M...... 71 Noh, B...... 345 Okino, H...... 223 Natesan, K...... 292 Noh, J...... 283 Okitsu, Y...... 258, 307 Natishan, P...... 234 Noh, S...... 98 Okuofu, C...... 346 Navarra, P...... 234 Noh, T...... 115 Okura, T...... 186 Navarro, F...... 119 Noldin, J...... 79 Olaya-Luengas, L...... 48 Nawaz, A...... 182 Noll, H...... 153 Oleneva, T...... 348 Nayak, S...... 180 Noor, A...... 271 Oliana, R...... 79 Nazarov, A...... 205 Norfleet, D...... 131, 183 Oliveira, A...... 210, 263 Needleman, A...... 230 Noro, J...... 204 Oliveira, H...... 119 Needs, R...... 196 Northwood, D...... 290 Oliver, E...... 250 Neelakantan, S...... 88PRELIMINARYNorton, D...... 101, 153 Olmsted, D...... 116 Neelameggham, N...... 85, 125, 132, 133, 163, Nose, Y...... 272, 321 Olsen, A...... 109 ...... 178, 186, 188, 219, 238, Novak, V...... 142 Olsen, E...... 127 ...... 240, 270, 288, 289, 335, 336 Nowak, J...... 76 Olson, D...... 291 Neife, S...... 125, 126, 265 Nowell, M...... 69 Olson, G...... 61, 145, 188, 234, 310 Neil, C...... 189 Nowill, C...... 108 Omran, A...... 39 Neira, A...... 193 Noyan, I...... 328 Omura, N...... 361 Nelson, S...... 242 Nuggehalli, R...... 89, 139, 194, 247, 296 Onaka, S...... 184 Nelson, T...... 127 Nurislamova, G...... 54 Onck, P...... 316 Nemanich, R...... 84, 131, 132, 184, 237 Nürnberg, M...... 241 Ontman, A...... 103 Nemir, D...... 281 Nutt, S...... 52, 122 Opalka, S...... 136 Neophytides, S...... 190 Nyberg, E...... 85, 132, 133, 186, 188, Opeka, M...... 347, 370 Nesbitt, C...... 333 ...... 238, 240, 288, 289, 335, 336 Oportus, J...... 288, 289 Netskina, O...... 369 Nychka, J...... 68, 316, 317 Orlikowski, D...... 72 Nettles, K...... 327 Nye, R...... 114 Orlov, D...... 150 Neumann, P...... 83 Orlovskaya, N...... 243

386 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Orsborn, J...... 88 Park, H...... 97, 283, 332 Pickard, C...... 196 Ortalan, V...... 355 Park, J...... 44, 45, 93, 136, 251, 262, 284, 328 Pickens, J...... 194 Ortiz, A...... 367 Park, K...... 361 Pihl, J...... 338 Ortiz, C...... 302 Park, S...... 48, 107, 155, 195, Pilchak, A...... 246 Ortiz, U...... 184 ...... 238, 263, 283, 295, 331 Pillai, S...... 177 Osborn, W...... 368 Paromova, I...... 211, 311 Pilone, D...... 47, 231 Osenbach, J...... 119, 121, 173, 228 Parra, M...... 247 Pimentel, N...... 79 Osetskiy, Y...... 73 Parra Garcia, M...... 195, 263 Pinasco, M...... 140, 321 Osetsky, Y...... 102 Parry, S...... 156 Piñero, N...... 356 Ossi, P...... 252 Parthasarathy, T...... 72, 183 Pint, B...... 77, 122, 123, 175, 231 Oster, N...... 145 Parvin, N...... 52 Pinto, E...... 315 Ostolaza, K...... 148 Paster, F...... 178 Pippan, R...... 56, 57, 285, 334, 369 Oswald, M...... 240 Patel, K...... 233 Pirhoseinloo, H...... 158 Ota, N...... 47 Patel, V...... 192 Pirling, T...... 298 Oteri, E...... 48, 341 Pati, S...... 124, 133 Pirouz, P...... 73 Otsuka, K...... 306 Patrick, B...... 279 Piskunov, S...... 222, 223 Ott, R...... 162, 261 Paturaud, F...... 56 Pisutha-Arnond, N...... 72 Otto, A...... 347, 348 Paul, J...... 149, 347 Plapp, M...... 168, 324 Ou, S...... 229 Pawlek, R...... 365 Pletcher, B...... 262 Ouimet, L...... 86 Payton, E...... 294 Plumtree, A...... 367 Ouyang, F...... 228, 253 Pearton, S...... 101, 153 Pochan, D...... 161 Ovcharenko, A...... 343 Peaslee, K...... 219 Pocock, L...... 297 Öveçoglu, M...... 40, 91 Pecharsky, V...... 95, 144 Podolskiy, A...... 57 Ovsianikov, A...... 110 Peck, A...... 319 Poirier, J...... 227 Owate, I...... 126, 265 Pedersen, T...... 109 Polat, A...... 181 Oye, H...... 226 Peiyang, S...... 323 Polcawich, R...... 122 Øye, H...... 226, 326 Pekguleryuz, M...... 85, 132, 133, 186, 188, Polesak III, J...... 189 Ozaki, C...... 227 ...... 238, 240, 288, 289, 335, 336 Pollard, M...... 146 Özgün, E...... 91 Pellati, G...... 140 Pollock, T...... 49, 82, 129, 130, 182, 187, Ozolins, V...... 245 Pelton, A...... 328 ...... 236, 251, 285, 333, 351, 355, 367 Peng, B...... 255 Pomykala, J...... 345 P Peng, K...... 205 Ponnusamy, M...... 160 Peng, L...... 239, 240, 275, 335 Poole, W...... 53, 189 Packard, C...... 68 Peng, R...... 297 Poon, J...... 319 Padilla, R...... 245 Peng, T...... 303 Poon, S...... 68, 319 Padron, I...... 297 Peng, Y...... 51 Poorganji, B...... 193 Paglieri, S...... 135 Pennycook, S...... 274 Popa-Simil, L...... 94, 152, 235 Paidar, V...... 350 Peralta, P...... 92, 179, 195, 237, 247, 263 Popescu, C...... 180 Paik, C...... 338 Perander, L...... 106 Popescu, G...... 180 Paine, M...... 160 Pereira, C...... 213 Popko, D...... 114 Paisley, D...... 92 Perepezko, J...... 304 Popov, M...... 258 Paital, S...... 47, 359, 361 Perez, R...... 45 Popova, L...... 181 Pal, U...... 124, 133, 177 Perez-Bravo, M...... 148, 349 Porfiri, M...... 129 Palanisamy, B...... 234 Perez-Tijerina, E...... 184 Portella, P...... 49, 82, 129, 182, 236, 285, 333, 367 Palau, P...... 366 Perez-Trujillo, F...... 350, 371 Porter, W...... 182 Palkowski, H...... 87, 298 Periaswamy, P...... 200 Potesser, M...... 113, 301, 302 Palm, M...... 98, 204 Pericleous, K...... 98, 177, 315 Potirniche, G...... 155 Palmlund, D...... 172 Perrot, P...... 199 Potocnik, V...... 315 Palmstrom, C...... 131 Pesyna, G...... 147 Pouchon, M...... 230 Palomar, M...... 137 Pétein, A...... 97 Poudel, B...... 59 Palosz, B...... 269 Peter, W...... 295 Poulain, X...... 179 Pan, T...... 338PRELIMINARYPeters, H...... 266 Poulsen, H...... 76, 93, 251, 328, 342 Pan, X...... 338, 364 Peters, P...... 148 Pourboghrat, F...... 277, 347 Pan, Z...... 71, 206 Peterson, B...... 230, 246 Pourmostadam, S...... 128 Pandey, R...... 200 Peterson, E...... 106, 114, 214 Powell, A...... 177, 186, 232 Pang, J...... 92, 228 Peterson, R...... 155, 163, 280 Powell, B...... 86 Pang, L...... 63 Petralia, S...... 140 Powell, J...... 174 Paninski, M...... 98 Petrov, A...... 168 Power, G...... 356 Panov, A...... 211, 263, 311 Pettersen, T...... 212 Powers, M...... 125 Pantke, K...... 336 Pfetzing, J...... 149 Pownceby, M...... 330 Pantleon, W...... 83, 93, 328, 342 Phanikumar, G...... 137 Pozzi, C...... 140 Pao, P...... 294 Phelan, D...... 304 Pradeilles, N...... 181 Paquin, D...... 320 Phillips, D...... 99 Pradhan, D...... 178 Paramonova, E...... 268 Phillips, E...... 210 Pradhan, N...... 309 Pareige, P...... 198, 354 Phillpot, S...... 252 Prangnell, P...... 306, 353 Park, C...... 296 Picard, D...... 325 Prasad, S...... 89, 90, 173, 248 Park, E...... 318 Piccardo, P...... 140 Prasad, V...... 336

Prasanna Kumar, T...... 137 Rafea, M...... 165 Reedy, E...... 195 Prater, J...... 105 Raffaelle, R...... 152 Reek, T...... 357 Pratt, P...... 298 Raghavan, P...... 264, 311 Rehbein, D...... 162, 200, 254 Prebble, J...... 220 Raghavan, R...... 158 Reichstein, S...... 123, 124 Prepeneit, J...... 357 Raghunathan, S...... 247 Reilly, C...... 79 Preuss, M...... 178 Rahbar, N...... 67 Reinbold, L...... 228 Prevey, P...... 77 Rahman, M...... 333 Reinhard, C...... 349, 371 Prillhofer, B...... 125, 165, 202, 220 Rahman Rashid, R...... 46, 80, 281 Reis, J...... 214 Prime, M...... 298 Rainforth, M...... 134, 138 Reis, L...... 80 Pritantha, W...... 244 Rainforth, W...... 371 Reis, R...... 119 Privé, D...... 112 Raj, R...... 89, 139, 194, 247, 296 Reitan, B...... 99 Priyantha, W...... 243 Raja, K...... 333 Reiten, E...... 99 Proffen, T...... 144 Rajagopalan, J...... 286 Reiter, G...... 197 Proshkin, A...... 226 Rajagopalan, S...... 181, 340 Reitz, J...... 98 Proulx, J...... 320 Rajamoorthy, S...... 178 Ren, F...... 101, 153 Proust, G...... 117, 118, 229, 279 Rajan, K...... 191, 244, 293, 339 Ren, I...... 359, 361 Provatas, N...... 168 Rajasekhara, S...... 332 Ren, J...... 133 Provenzano, V...... 176 Rajgarhia, R...... 140 Ren, R...... 367 Przybyla, C...... 49 Rajkiran...... 281 Ren, Y...... 69, 93, 142, 197, 250, 251, 269, 352 Pshenichnuk, A...... 54 Rajkiran, G...... 46, 80 Ren, Z...... 59 Pucci, A...... 157 Rajulapati, K...... 67 Renaudier, S...... 357 Pugazhenthy, L...... 242 Rakowski, J...... 189, 190, 338 Renavikar, M...... 228 Pulskamp, J...... 122 Ram-Mohan, L...... 364 Rencis, J...... 333 Purcek, G...... 52 Ramanath, G...... 39, 59, 101, 152, 207, 260, 308 Repetto, E...... 263 Purushotham, S...... 267 Ramanujan, R...... 261, 267 Restrepo, O...... 323 Puthicode, A...... 363 Ramaswamy, J...... 159 Retford, C...... 224, 364 Puthucode, A...... 193, 194 Ramesh, K...... 100, 170, 334 Rettenmayr, M...... 40 Puxley, D...... 157 Ramesh, R...... 167 Reusch, F...... 220 Pyczak, F...... 56, 130 Ramirez, J...... 265 Reuther, K...... 225 Pyshkin, S...... 105 Ramos, A...... 204 Révész, Á...... 353 Ramos, K...... 141, 174 Reyes-Villanueva, G...... 122 Q Randall, N...... 174 Reynante, B...... 60 Randow, C...... 341 Rezaie, H...... 41 Qazi, J...... 194 Ranganathan, S...... 186 Rezvanian, O...... 184 Qi, Y...... 46 Rangasamy, V...... 106, 160 Rhee, M...... 72 Qian, H...... 132 Rao, A...... 59 Richard, C...... 51, 159 Qian, K...... 205, 226 Rao, B...... 55 Richard, D...... 315 Qidwai, M...... 209, 210 Rao, K...... 330, 336 Richards, C...... 195 Qin, H...... 322 Rao, P...... 240 Richards, D...... 169 Qin, W...... 244 Rao, S...... 72, 183 Richards, R...... 195 Qingxiu, J...... 312, 313 Rao, W...... 224 Richards, V...... 87, 219 Qiu, D...... 124 Rashmi...... 71 Richardson, J...... 198, 318 Qiu, K...... 269 Rata, D...... 168 Ricketts, M...... 338 Qiu, S...... 109, 214 Ratvik, A...... 227 Rickman, J...... 116 Qiu, X...... 204 Ravelo, R...... 140 Ricolleau, C...... 308 Qu, J...... 89, 233 Ravi, V...... 134 Ried, P...... 86 Quach, D...... 223 Ravindra,, N...... 105 Rieken, J...... 90 Quan, Q...... 325 Ravindra, N...... 63, 64, 104, 105, 247, 296, 297 Riesterer, J...... 363 Quast, J...... 195 Ravindran, C...... 289 Rigg, P...... 141 Quelennec, X...... 354 Ravindranath, R...... 77 Rijkeboer, A...... 211 Querin, J...... 212 Ravishankar, N...... 308, 363 Rijnders, G...... 115 Quinones, S...... PRELIMINARY 110 Rawlins, C...... 219 Rimoshevsky, S...... 302 Quintana, M...... 146 Ray, K...... 283, 284 Rinderer, B...... 164 Quintino, L...... 80 Ray, P...... 364 Ringnalda, J...... 317 Ray, V...... 153, 208 Rioja, R...... 287 R Raymond, G...... 363 Rios, O...... 256, 324, 365 Raab, G...... 54 Read, C...... 171 Rios, P...... 262 Raabe, D...... 118, 148, 170 Read, J...... 327 Risanti, D...... 108 Rabba, S...... 226 Ready, J...... 296 Rist, M...... 193 Rack, H...... 138, 194 Real, C...... 137 Ritchie, R...... 66, 110, 130, 160, 215, 267, 316, 358 Rack, P...... 217, 251 Reddy, R...... 163, 178, 219, 270, 271 Ritter, C...... 159 Radhakrishnan, B...... 327 Reddy, S...... 46, 80 Ritter, Y...... 99 Radiguet, B...... 198, 354 Redfern, A...... 109 Rivas, C...... 245 Rae, A...... 172 Redkin, A...... 179, 314 Rivera, R...... 316 Rae, P...... 174, 198, 249 Reed, B...... 169, 278 Rivera Diaz del Castillo, P...... 108 Raeisinia, B...... 53 Reed, M...... 114 Rivero, R...... 64, 296 Reed, R...... 276, 324 Riveros, R...... 330

388 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Rivolta, B...... 237, 321 Rye, K...... 213, 325 Sasaki, H...... 202 Rizzi, N...... 255 Ryu, T...... 193 Sastry, S...... 53, 89 Ro, Y...... 286 Satapathy, R...... 269 Robbins, D...... 249 S Sato, H...... 181 Roberts, C...... 179, 180 Sato, N...... 124 Robertson, C...... 83 Saage, H...... 98, 194, 305, 334 Sato, Y...... 201, 227 Robertson, D...... 302 Sabirov, I...... 100 Saunders, A...... 141 Robertson, I...... 117, 225 Sachdev, A...... 107, 154, 188, 240 Saunders, N...... 232, 341 Robinson, A...... 64 Sadayappan, K...... 85 Sauvage, X...... 354 Robles Hernandez, F...... 260, 322 Sadhukhan, P...... 310 Savage, G...... 289 Rödel, J...... 134 Sadoway, D...... 270 Savan, A...... 244 Rodrigo, R...... 213 Sadrabadi, P...... 174 Saw, C...... 141 Rodriguez, M...... 189 Saeed, U...... 229, 343 Saxena, A...... 140 Rodriguez G., X...... 125 Saegusa, T...... 254 Saylor, D...... 72 Roeder, R...... 66, 110, 160, 161, 215, 267, 316, 358 Saether, E...... 99 Scattergood, R...... 205 Rogers, J...... 70, 162, 244 Safarik, D...... 135, 369 Scavino, G...... 140 Roh, J...... 212 Sahin, F...... 192 Schaedler, T...... 175 Rohan, P...... 271 Sahu, T...... 226 Schaef, W...... 367 Rohrer, G...... 117, 209, 264 Saif, T...... 286 Schafler, E...... 52, 353 Rokhlin, S...... 247 Saito, K...... 223 Schalk, T...... 285 Rollett, A...... 43, 45, 49, 100, 117, 153, 154, Saitoh, H...... 342 Scharf, T...... 90 ...... 180, 209, 210, 212, 222, 264, 368 Sakai, J...... 223 Scherer, D...... 331 Romansky, M...... 277 Sakai, T...... 202, 367 Scheriau, S...... 56 Rong, Y...... 155, 156 Sakamoto, D...... 48 Schille, J...... 232, 341 Ronning, F...... 174 Saket Kashani, M...... 180 Schilling, J...... 196 Roos, A...... 72 Sakidja, R...... 304 Schillo, M...... 135 Rosefort, M...... 320 Salam, B...... 301 Schimansky, F...... 256, 305 Rosen, G...... 188 Salamanca-Riba, L...... 223 Schlegel, S...... 182 Rosenberger, A...... 77, 122, 175, 231, 246 Salame, C...... 281 Schmauder, S...... 158, 237, 239 Rosenberger, M...... 181, 362 Salazar-Villalpando, M...... 164 Schmetterer, C...... 343, 344 Ross, F...... 84 Saldana, C...... 55 Schmid-Fetzer, R...... 186, 337 Ross, I...... 371 Saleh, T...... 155 Schmidt, C...... 240 Rostamian, A...... 305 Salehpour, B...... 158 Schmidt, H...... 156 Roters, F...... 118, 148, 170 Salem, A...... 88 Schmidt, S...... 251, 348 Roth, J...... 260 Sales, B...... 144 Schmidt, T...... 165 Roth, R...... 65 Salick, D...... 161 Schmitz, G...... 98 Roth-Fagaraseanu, D...... 148, 348, 371 Salimgareeva, G...... 258 Schneibel, J...... 56, 332 Rothe, C...... 348 Salishchev, G...... 54, 205 Schneider, A...... 315 Rothermel, M...... 299 Salman, U...... 224 Schneider, J...... 53, 141, 161, 212 Roussel, P...... 200 Salvador, P...... 292 Schoning, C...... 227 Rovere, F...... 370, 371 Samant, A...... 80 Schramm, J...... 319 Rowenhorst, D...... 61, 103, 153, 210, 355 Samanta, A...... 118, 130, 364 Schroers, J...... 359 Rowson, J...... 113 Samaras, M...... 230 Schroth, J...... 126 Roy, A...... 338 Sanchez, R...... 167 Schuetze, M...... 349 Roy, I...... 205, 335 Sánchez, R...... 114 Schuh, C...... 68, 248, 286 Roy, S...... 295 Sandhanam, A...... 271 Schultz, R...... 287 Royva, T...... 202 Sandhu, P...... 232 Schumacher, G...... 94 Rozenak, P...... 107 Sands, T...... 102 Schütze, M...... 371 Ruano, O...... 353 Sangiorgi Cellini, G...... 272 Schvezov, C...... 87, 181, 272, 362 Rudd, R...... 278 Sano, T...... 295 Schwaiger, R...... 174, 317, 333 Rui, G...... 41 Santafé, H...... 167 Schwam, D...... 288 Ruiz, G...... 165PRELIMINARYSantella, M...... 338 Schwardt, J...... 110 Ruiz, M...... 245 Santerre, R...... 159 Schwartz, A...... 249 Rumpf, K...... 56 Santos, E...... 119 Schwarz, M...... 177 Rundell, S...... 258 Santos, H...... 210 Schwarz, R...... 135, 260, 369 Ruoff, A...... 196 Santos, L...... 166, 356 Scott, B...... 331 Rupert, T...... 229 Santos, T...... 80 Scott, C...... 118 Rusche, S...... 109 Saotome, Y...... 163, 360 Scott, M...... 70 Russ, S...... 149 Saphin, E...... 205 Scwartz, C...... 141 Russell, A...... 95, 279 Sargent, G...... 250, 257 Sears, J...... 104, 155, 208, 303 Russell, K...... 94, 166 Sarihan, V...... 228, 296 Sebright, J...... 123 Russo Spena, P...... 237, 321 Sarikaya, M...... 66, 110, 160, 161, Sediako, D...... 232, 239, 337 Rutledge, S...... 213 ...... 215, 267, 316, 358 Sediako, O...... 232 Rutman, D...... 114, 214 Sarma, D...... 93 Sedlacek, D...... 109 Ruvalcaba-Jimenez, D...... 209 Sarma, V...... 55, 334 Seelaboyina, R...... 42 Ryabkov, D...... 123 Sarosi, P...... 56, 73, 146 Seelam, U...... 270 Sarvinis, J...... 164 Seetharaman, S...... 247

Seidman, D...... 61, 247, 310 Sherby, O...... 258, 332 Singheiser, L...... 50, 286 Seifert, H...... 44, 256, 324, 365 Sherman, D...... 310 Sinha, S...... 141, 342 Seki, Y...... 48, 67 Shet, S...... 105, 296 Sinha, V...... 70 Sekulic, D...... 75 Sheu, S...... 287 Sinitsa, N...... 181 Seman, T...... 296 Shi, D...... 59, 101 Sintay, S...... 49, 154, 368 Semenova, I...... 258 Shi, J...... 184 Sisneros, T...... 279 Semenova, O...... 365 Shi, L...... 349 Sisson, R...... 108, 127, 234 Semiatin, L...... 54 Shi, W...... 85 Sitaula, S...... 338, 339 Semiatin, S...... 88, 180, 250, 257, 340 Shi, X...... 132 Sitdikov, V...... 306 Semones, J...... 205 Shi, Z...... 78, 140, 314, 326, 366 Sittner, P...... 250 Senft, D...... 39, 59, 101, 152, 207, 260, 308 Shibata, J...... 113, 208 Sjöberg, G...... 87 Seniw, M...... 236 Shields, J...... 346 Skladan, K...... 159 Senkov, O...... 65, 317 Shifflet, D...... 228 Skrotzki, B...... 149, 255 Senkova, S...... 65 Shiflet, G...... 44, 68, 103, 111, 319 Skrotzki, W...... 183, 225 Senn, J...... 189 Shih, D...... 172, 327 Skury, A...... 222, 273, 321 Seo, D...... 174 Shih, T...... 301 Skybakmoen, E...... 227 Seo, J...... 333 Shim, S...... 332 Slater, T...... 110 Seo, S...... 327, 331 Shimizu, Y...... 360 Sloan, T...... 233 Seppala, E...... 278 Shin, B...... 47 Smarsly, W...... 97, 101, 104, 114, 348 Serbruyns, A...... 301 Shin, C...... 83 Smelser, N...... 140 Sereni, S...... 188 Shin, D...... 48, 55, 126, 307 Smetniansky-De Grande, N...... 299 Serra, A...... 73 Shin, H...... 102, 152 Smirnov, S...... 57 Setty, K...... 139 Shin, J...... 47, 309 Smith, C...... 47, 225 Severo, D...... 315 Shin, K...... 127, 187, 240 Smith, M...... 106 Sewell, T...... 141, 174 Shin, S...... 324 Smith, P...... 311 Sha, Y...... 251 Shingledecker, J...... 146, 221 Smith, R...... 189, 243, 244, 303 Shaarbaf, M...... 57 Shinozaki, D...... 174 Smyslov, A...... 205 Shackelford, J...... 358 Shipova, O...... 211 Snead, L...... 303 Shagalina, S...... 258 Shiu, K...... 230 Snead, M...... 160 Shaghiev, M...... 65 Shivkumar, S...... 108 Snugovsky, P...... 277 Shahab, A...... 53, 54 Shiwen, B...... 178 Snyder, G...... 145 Shahbazian Yassar, R...... 158, 241 Shoji, T...... 177, 189 Soare, M...... 43, 116 Shaidulin, E...... 160 Shqau, K...... 135 Soboyejo, W...... 67 Shaigan, N...... 243 Shuey, S...... 201, 280 Soffa, W...... 365 Shalini, T...... 176 Shui-ping, Z...... 330 Sohn, H...... 193 Shamsuzzoha, M...... 200, 308, 312 Shuiping, Z...... 214 Sohn, S...... 44, 45 Shan, Z...... 50, 76, 99, 149, 205, 257, 306, 307, 352 Shull, R...... 185 Sohn, Y...... 175, 190, 324, 351 Shang, C...... 291 Shunwen, W...... 91 Sokolov, M...... 128, 284 Shang, L...... 134 Shurov, N...... 314 Sokolowski, P...... 145 Shang, S...... 186 Shurygin, A...... 179 Solak, N...... 302 Shankar, M...... 55, 151 Shutthanandan, V...... 94, 243 Solheim, A...... 227 Shanmugasundaram, T...... 334 Sibila, A...... 357 Solis, F...... 316 Shao, L...... 199, 252 Sicha, J...... 142 Solli, L...... 108 Shao, R...... 136 Sickafus, K...... 251, 252, 343 Somani, M...... 354 Shao-Horn, Y...... 72 Siddiq, A...... 237 Somekawa, H...... 189 Sharafat, S...... 94 Sievert, R...... 149 Somerman, M...... 66 Sharafutdinov, A...... 54 Sigworth, G...... 164 Sommer, K...... 57 Sharma, A...... 70 Sikha, S...... 105 Sommitsch, C...... 221, 273 Sharon, J...... 229 Sillekens, W...... 189 Son, C...... 136 Sharp, I...... 308, 324 Silva, G...... 237, 321 Son, J...... 274 Sharp, J...... 58 Silva, H...... 210 Son, S...... 361 Sharpe, W...... 64PRELIMINARYSilva, M...... 119 Song, C...... 81 Shaw, L...... 205, 218, 367, 368 Simagina, V...... 369 Song, G...... 359 She, Y...... 136 Simakov, D...... 326 Song, H...... 221 Shechtman, D...... 90 Simmons, J...... 43, 60, 102, 103, 153, 154, Song, J...... 300 Shelton, E...... 256 ...... 209, 262, 309, 323, 324, 325, 355 Song, M...... 208 Shen, C...... 73, 138, 224, 225, 275 Simões, T...... 159, 214 Song, S...... 111, 216 Shen, H...... 265 Simpkins, R...... 149 Song, W...... 336 Shen, J...... 111, 319 Sinclair, C...... 53, 118, 189 Song, X...... 40, 193, 324 Shen, T...... 260, 306, 342, 343 Sinclair, R...... 84 Song, Y...... 59 Shen, X...... 313 Singh, A...... 87, 189, 199, 290, 291 Sopori, B...... 63, 64, 104, 296 Shen, Y...... 251, 360 Singh, G...... 156 Sordelet, D...... 162 Sheng, H...... 218 Singh, J...... 49 Sorlie, M...... 325 Sheng, W...... 72 Singh, N...... 63, 104, 365 Soto, K...... 369 Shenoy, G...... 93 Singh, P...... 86, 190 Souza, F...... 359 Shepard, M...... 77, 122, 175, 231 Singh, R...... 308 Souza, R...... 358 Shepelev, D...... 290 Singh, V...... 268 Spaepen, F...... 43, 117

390 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Spain, J...... 347 Strachan, A...... 91 Tack, W...... 194 Spaldin, N...... 167 Streitz, F...... 169 Tada, S...... 127 Spanos, G...... 61, 103, 210 Struhr, U...... 298 Tafra, E...... 115 Spearot, D...... 140 Stuart, P...... 203 Tagliavia, G...... 129 Specht, E...... 142 Stukowski, A...... 99 Taheri Hashjin, M...... 158 Speck, T...... 317 Stukowski, M...... 244 Tajik, A...... 77 Spemann, D...... 299 Su, J...... 53 Takahashi, A...... 94, 131 Spence, K...... 269 Su-Chi, I...... 138 Takahashi, T...... 71, 306 Spencer, D...... 352 Suarez, M...... 48 Takai, K...... 182 Spiegel, M...... 244 Suarez, O...... 321 Takai, O...... 161 Spitzer, D...... 156 Suárez, O...... 47 Takaku, Y...... 254, 300 Spohr, E...... 222 Subbaian, B...... 106 Takano, C...... 301 Spoljaric, D...... 113 Subbarayan, G...... 139 Takasu, I...... 79 Spowart, J...... 355 Subhash, G...... 69 Takasugi, T...... 351 Spranklin, J...... 220 Subra, S...... 307 Takata, N...... 258, 307 Sreenivas Rao, K...... 137 Subramanian, K...... 119, 120, 121, 142, 248, 271 Takechi, H...... 97 Sreeranganathan, A...... 262 Subramanian, R...... 153 Takeda, H...... 360 Srinivasan, R...... 294, 295 Sudhakar, N...... 145 Takeda, O...... 201 Srivastava, A...... 71 Suenaga, S...... 75, 327 Takeguchi, M...... 208 Srivastava, C...... 39, 200, 261 Suganuma, K...... 173, 199, 200, 228, 253, 300, 343 Takeuchi, I...... 223 Srolovitz, D...... 116 Sugimoto, J...... 74 Takeyama, M...... 305 Stach, E...... 307 Suh, C...... 293 Takizawa, R...... 367 Stacy, J...... 231 Suh, D...... 74 Talavera, M...... 210 Stafford, R...... 267 Sukumaran, C...... 159 Taleff, E...... 60, 102, 153, 157, Stafford, S...... 110 Sun, F...... 81 ...... 209, 262, 309, 355, 369 Stam, M...... 213 Sun, G...... 298 Talke, F...... 317 Stanescu, C...... 319 Sun, H...... 42, 359 Talling, R...... 247 Stanica, C...... 319 Sun, J...... 319 Tamerler, C...... 161 Stanzl-Tschegg, S...... 367 Sun, K...... 357 Tamerler Behar, C...... 358 Stark, A...... 256, 304, 305 Sun, N...... 133 Tamimi, S...... 52 Starostenkov, M...... 181 Sun, P...... 150, 206, 352 Tamirisa, S...... 246 Stas, M...... 159 Sun, W...... 256 Tamirisakandala, S...... 295 Stein, F...... 98 Sun, X...... 198, 298 Tamura, K...... 48 Stein, V...... 135 Sun, Y...... 56, 93 Tamura, T...... 134, 361 Steinbach, I...... 146, 239, 256, 324 Sun, Z...... 132 Tan, C...... 51, 58, 125 Steinberg, M...... 163 Sunda-Meya, A...... 132 Tan, P...... 246 Steinbrech, R...... 50, 286 Sundararajan, A...... 362 Tan, S...... 63, 344 Steinbrecher, T...... 317 Sundarraj, S...... 232, 289 Tanaka, H...... 184 Steingart, D...... 109, 213 Sung, S...... 98 Tanaka, K...... 204 Stelzer, N...... 153 Suñol, J...... 56 Tanaka, M...... 48, 208, 254 Stemmer, S...... 274 Suput, M...... 124 Tanaka, T...... 193 Stephenson, K...... 94 Suresh, S...... 82, 118, 316 Tanaka, Y...... 146 Stevens, A...... 203 Suryanarayana, C...... 270 Tang, H...... 135 Stevens, R...... 43 Suss, A...... 211, 263, 311 Tang, L...... 215, 226 Stevenson, J...... 190 Suter, R...... 310, 328 Tang, M...... 71, 72, 343 Stewart, I...... 234 Sutton, M...... 121 Tang, W...... 145 Stewart, J...... 180, 305 Suwas, S...... 51, 295 Tang, X...... 41, 356 Stockinger, M...... 221 Suzuki, M...... 48, 163, 219, 270 Tanner, C...... 200 Stodolnik, B...... 317 Svoboda, M...... 236 Tanniru, M...... 260 Stoecker, C...... 130 Swadener, J...... 144, 230 Tao, D...... 42 Stoica, A...... 142, 318 Swaminathan, S...... 52, 53, 151, 353 Tao, J...... 50, 62, 150, 283 Stoica, G...... 297PRELIMINARYSwamy, V...... 196 Tao, N...... 150, 354 Stokes, A...... 66 Swamydhas, V...... 154 Tao, W...... 337 Stokes, K...... 101, 192, 331 Swart, D...... 192 Taptik, I...... 107 Stolken, J...... 130 Sweatman, K...... 75 Tarcy, G...... 213, 357 Stoller, R...... 102, 343 Sweeney, D...... 294 Tata, M...... 140, 321 Stone, D...... 365 Syed, B...... 82 Tatenuma, K...... 164 Stone, H...... 297 Syed Asif, S...... 307 Tateyama, M...... 208 Stonis, M...... 107 Sylvester, K...... 347, 370 Tatiparti, S...... 260 Stoots, C...... 271 Syn, C...... 258, 332 Tatsumi, K...... 254 Støre, A...... 227 Szczepanski, C...... 237, 367 Tauson, V...... 39 Störmer, M...... 335 Szot, K...... 274 Tavsanoglu, T...... 123, 233 Storozhenko, P...... 369 Szpunar, J...... 241 Taylor, B...... 121 Stotter, C...... 221 Taylor, M...... 112, 213 Stoudt, M...... 103 T Taylor, P...... 201, 280 Stoughton, T...... 282 Tayon, W...... 278 Stout, M...... 229 Tabachnikova, E...... 57 Tchakhalian, J...... 167

Teale, R...... 237, 247 Tong, Z...... 143 U Tedenac, J...... 181, 260 Tonks, D...... 141, 209, 249 Telang, A...... 277 Topic, I...... 56 Ubertalli, G...... 140 Telesman, J...... 176 Topping, T...... 51 Uche, O...... 238 Templeton, J...... 190 Torabi, S...... 276 Uchic, M...... 60, 72, 102, 131, 153, Teng, Z...... 191 Torbet, C...... 182, 251 ...... 154, 183, 209, 262, 309, 355 Tenhundfeld, G...... 123 Toribio, J...... 50 Ucisik, A...... 181 Terada, D...... 100 Toroghinejad, M...... 57 Ucok, I...... 194 Terashima, S...... 254 Torres, K...... 261 Uda, T...... 221, 272, 321 TerBush, J...... 187 Tortorelli, P...... 338 Uddin, S...... 80 Terdalkar, S...... 333 Tosta, R...... 171 Ueno, H...... 344 Tereshko, A...... 143 Totemeier, A...... 252 Ueshima, M...... 74 Tereshko, I...... 143 Toyoda, Y...... 306 Uesugi, K...... 326 Terrones, L...... 166, 363 Traiviratana, S...... 334 Uggowitzer, P...... 257, 336 Tessier, J...... 159, 213 Tran, T...... 179, 358 Uhlenhaut, D...... 68 Teter, D...... 166 Trau, M...... 101 Uihlein, A...... 368 Tewari, A...... 154 Trautmann, C...... 94, 143, 198, 251, 252, 299, 342 Uju, S...... 184 Thadhani, N...... 257 Trautt, Z...... 116 Ulfig, R...... 162 Thein-Han, W...... 216 Trelewicz, J...... 286 Ullmann, M...... 240 Thibault, M...... 112, 225 Tremblay, S...... 361 Umemoto, M...... 56, 150 Thirumalai, N...... 116 Trenkler, J...... 197 Umstead, W...... 304 Thoma, D...... 166, 209, 230, 351 Triantafylopoulos, N...... 190 Underwood, R...... 135 Thomas, B...... 110, 362 Tribyshevsky, L...... 302 Ungar, T...... 83, 236, 307, 329, 341 Thomas, M...... 129, 255 Tribyshevsky, V...... 302 Ungár, T...... 83 Thomé, L...... 251 Trichy, G...... 45, 145, 261 Unocic, K...... 264 Thompson, G...... 39, 207, 261 Trinkle, D...... 91, 140, 196, 224, 249 Unocic, R...... 73 Thompson, J...... 261 Trojan, I...... 196 Unuvar, C...... 358 Thompson, R...... 42, 122 Truci, H...... 119 Uotani, Y...... 350 Thonstad, J...... 365 Trujillo, C...... 174, 332 Upadhyaya, A...... 180, 234 Thornton, K...... 72, 169, 235, 262, 263, 316 Trumble, K...... 55, 57, 136, 151 Upmanyu, M...... 40, 43, 100, 116 Threadgill, P...... 178 Trunova, O...... 50, 286 Urbanek, F...... 320 Tian, B...... 273 Tsai, A...... 87, 199 Usta, M...... 181 Tian, J...... 218, 367 Tsai, C...... 244 Uttarwar, M...... 215 Tian, Q...... 42, 246, 339 Tschofen, J...... 255 Utyashev, F...... 54 Tian, Z...... 326, 366 Tschopp, M...... 49, 83, 170, 334 Uyar, F...... 154 Tianzu, Y...... 78, 302 Tseng, C...... 360 Tiearney, T...... 365 Tseng, H...... 327 V Tieman, B...... 310 Tseng, Y...... 101 Vaagland, J...... 164 Tien, L...... 101, 153 Tsipas, S...... 350 Vaidyanathan, R...... 128 Tierney, C...... 215 Tsirlina, G...... 326 Vainik, R...... 220 Tikhonovsky, M...... 57 Tsuchimoto, K...... 272 Valanoor, N...... 223 Tilak, R...... 165 Tsuji, N...... 56, 100, 149, 150, 258, 307 Valdez, J...... 343 Tiley, J...... 191, 198, 309, 355 Tsujikawa, M...... 239 Valdez, S...... 45, 127 Tilghman, D...... 296 Tsujimoto, M...... 228 Valiev, R...... 50, 51, 54, 99, 149, 205, Timokhina, I...... 100 Tsukazaki, A...... 71 ...... 257, 258, 306, 342, 352, 353, 354 Ting-an, Z...... 234 Tsukihashi, F...... 345 van Dalen, M...... 247 Tirschler, W...... 183 Tsurkan, V...... 223 van der Berg, N...... 253 Tischler, J...... 83, 92, 93, 183, 250, 329 Tu, G...... 140 Van der Giessen, E...... 230, 316 Tiwari, A...... 95, 144 Tu, K...... 84, 85, 119, 131, 184, 194, van der Linden, D...... 189 Tiwari, S...... 289, 334, 336 ...... 200, 228, 229, 237, 245, 253, 254 Vandermeer, R...... 206 Tkacheva, O...... 179, 314 Tubman, N...... 168 Van der Meyden, H...... 109 Tkachuk, A...... 145PRELIMINARYTucker, G...... 49 Vanderspurt, T...... 136 Tobler, E...... 145 Tucker, J...... 199 van der Winden, M...... 158 Tochiyama, O...... 124 Tulenko, J...... 252 van der Zwaag, S...... 88, 108 Todaka, Y...... 56, 150 Tumne, P...... 277 Van De Walle, A...... 139 Todd, P...... 324 Turbini, L...... 120, 277 vanHassel, B...... 135 Togashi, N...... 163, 360 Turchi, P...... 169 Van Hauwermeiren, M...... 159 Tokita, M...... 283 Turchin, A...... 220, 362 Van Quyet, N...... 129 Tomasino, T...... 159, 315 Turco, T...... 79 Van Tyne, C...... 186 Tome, C...... 117, 118, 170, 171, Turner, C...... 39 Vanzetti, L...... 252 ...... 225, 229, 257, 279, 329 Turner, J...... 105, 338 Varatharajan, A...... 223 Tomesani, L...... 272 Turri, G...... 105 Varela del Arco, M...... 274 Tomsett, A...... 225 Tursunov, P...... 326 Varma, S...... 370 Tomsia, A...... 215 Tyagi, V...... 290 Vasconcelos, P...... 119 Tomus, D...... 334 Vásquez, F...... 323 Tong, C...... 44, 230, 296 Vassiliev, S...... 326 Tong, L...... 157, 255

392 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Vasudevan, V...... 77, 221, 347 Wakabayashi, T...... 254 Wei, Q...... 151, 205, 206, 207 Vattre, A...... 72 Walczak, G...... 191 Wei, W...... 243 Vaughan, G...... 54 Walker, D...... 327 Weidner, A...... 183 Vazquez B., L...... 125 Walker, L...... 89, 90 Weifeng, L...... 78, 302 Vecchio, K...... 60, 66, 268 Wall, J...... 198 Weil, K...... 86, 135, 189, 190, 243, 292, 338, 368 Vedamanickam, S...... 127 Wall, M...... 249 Weiland, H...... 49, 264 Vehoff, H...... 367 Walleser, J...... 254, 327 Weimer, M...... 97 Vékony, K...... 315 Wallgram, W...... 347, 348 Weimin, L...... 272 Velasco, E...... 165 Wallick, M...... 110 Weismüller, J...... 51, 333 Velikodniy, A...... 57 Walter, G...... 234 Weiss, B...... 229, 367 Venkatasubramanian, R...... 267 Walther, F...... 285 Weiss, I...... 160 Venkatesh, V...... 88, 138, 193, 194, 246, 294, 340 Wan, X...... 368 Weissmüller, J...... 99, 364 Venuturumilli, R...... 234, 280 Wanderka, N...... 94 Wejdemann, C...... 93 Veprek, S...... 139 Wang, A...... 194 Wejrzanowski, T...... 57 Verbrugge, M...... 85 Wang, B...... 43, 44, 96, 221, 324 Welberry, T...... 341, 342 Vergazova, G...... 227 Wang, C...... 75, 344 Welch, B...... 313 Verlinden, B...... 57 Wang, D...... 42, 136, 215, 286 Wells, D...... 168 Verma, R...... 64, 134, 157, 241 Wang, F...... 112, 277, 369 Wells, M...... 134 Verma, V...... 39 Wang, G...... 68, 156, 163, 187, 191, 197, Wen, C...... 69, 112, 216, 335 Vernon, C...... 356 ...... 198, 217, 250, 251, 294, 319, 361 Wen, L...... 219 Verweij, H...... 135 Wang, H...... 73, 98, 101, 124, 153, 174, 199, Wen, W...... 351 Veselkov, V...... 315 ...... 215, 245, 247, 261, 338, 339, 350, 359 Wen, X...... 157, 211 Veyssiere, P...... 93, 183 Wang, J...... 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, Wen, Y...... 43, 324, 325 Veyssière, P...... 73 ...... 150, 204, 216, 241, 366 Wenyuan, W...... 345 Vichikganina, L...... 51 Wang, K...... 101, 193 Werner, E...... 50 Victoria, M...... 94, 143, 198, 251, 299, 342 Wang, L.....81, 87, 89, 101, 137, 155, 252, 298, 314 West, J...... 208 Vidal, E...... 279, 280, 329 Wang, M...... 41, 193 Westerlund, K...... 79 Vidal, V...... 57 Wang, N...... 313 Weston, M...... 210 Vieh, C...... 144 Wang, P...... 155 Wheeler, D...... 169 Viehweger, B...... 348, 349 Wang, Q...... 55, 156, 303, 346 Wheeler, K...... 179, 195, 263 Vieira, C...... 114, 273, 346 Wang, S...... 56, 59, 212, 214, Whelan, S...... 171 Vieira, T...... 204 ...... 292, 298, 331, 335, 337 Whetten, J...... 64 Vilaça, P...... 80 Wang, T...... 293 White, C...... 212 Villechaise, P...... 84 Wang, W...... 41, 98, 101, 360, 370 White, D...... 113 Villegas, J...... 367 Wang, X...... 66, 142, 162, 198, 318 White, P...... 243 Vinogradov, A...... 258 Wang, Y...... 42, 43, 61, 69, 71, 73, 75, 92, White, S...... 160 Virieux, F...... 266 ...... 93, 96, 116, 122, 138, 140, 141, 142, Whitehorn, R...... 295 Viswanathan, A...... 51 ...... 144, 149, 168, 169, 186, 188, 197, 198, Whitfield, .R...... 256 Viswanathan, G...... 181, 275, 340 ...... 205, 207, 217, 218, 223, 224, 225, 250, Whitley, V...... 141, 174 Vitchus, B...... 171, 172 ...... 251, 266, 275, 279, 294, 297, 298, 323, Wicker, R...... 110 Vite, M...... 125 ...... 324, 336, 341, 343, 352, 360, 364, 365 Wickett, M...... 169 Vitek, J...... 338 Wang, Z...... 70, 75, 78, 114, 132, 140, Wickins, M...... 98 Vitorino, J...... 114, 346 ...... 152, 167, 185, 191, 215, 222, 245, Widom, M...... 44, 347 Vizdal, J...... 344 ...... 274, 286, 306, 314, 322, 326, 366 Wielage, B...... 57 Vogel, S...... 198 Wan Tang Kuan, S...... 315 Wierzbicka, A...... 173 Voggenreiter, H...... 148 Ward, C...... 104, 246 Wiest, A...... 68, 319 Vogt, H...... 240 Warner, J...... 113 Wiest, J...... 39 Voice, W...... 235 Warnken, N...... 276, 324 Wiest, L...... 319 Volkert, C...... 229, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289 Warren, J...... 72, 169 Wiezorek, J...... 55, 307, 308 Voller, V...... 232 Warren, O...... 76, 307 Wignacourt, J...... 200 Volpi, F...... 363 Waryoba, D...... 53, 221, 362 Wilde, G...... 364 Volz, H...... 166PRELIMINARYWas, G...... 82, 94, 143, 182, 198, Wildey, B...... 219 Voorhees, P...... 61, 117, 169, 262, 263 ...... 199, 251, 252, 299, 342 Wilkosz, D...... 338 Vratsanos, L...... 135 Waser, R...... 274 Willard, M...... 261, 309 Vrestal, J...... 343 Wasson, A...... 46 Williams, C...... 178 Vurpillot, F...... 354 Wastavino, G...... 302 Williams, E...... 113, 164 Watanabe, C...... 184 Williams, J...... 131, 246, 247, 248, 263 W Watanabe, T...... 252 Williams, P...... 146 Watling, K...... 75 Williams, R...... 61, 209, 246 Wadsworth, J...... 332 Weaver, M...... 128, 175 Williams, S...... 95, 279 Wagner, B...... 104 Webb-Robertson, B...... 294 Wilson, B...... 363 Wagner, J...... 221, 278 Weber, W...... 252, 299 Wilson, J...... 135 Wagner, M...... 224 Weder, M...... 336 Wilson, M...... 338 Wagner, V...... 285 Weertman, J...... 236 Wilson, S...... 45, 117, 154 Wagner, W...... 94 Wei, C...... 254 Wilson, T...... 268 Wahba, J...... 357 Wei, H...... 301 Wimmer, M...... 287 Wain, N...... 194 Wei, L...... 231, 312 Windl, W...... 163

Wingate, C...... 311 Xie, S...... 95 Yang, Z...... 86, 135, 189, 190, 242, Winter, S...... 348 Xie, X...... 41 ...... 243, 255, 292, 338, 368 Wiredu, L...... 220 Xing, C...... 139 Yankov, R...... 371 Wisbey, A...... 256 Xing, D...... 319 Yanli, J...... 43 Wise, S...... 208, 276 Xing, Q...... 322 Yanqing, L...... 314 Withers, P...... 178, 297, 342 Xing, Y...... 327 Yao, G...... 231, 265, 312, 313, 335 Withey, E...... 76 Xiquan, Q...... 214 Yao, J...... 89, 139 Witte, F...... 335 Xu, B...... 311 Yao, S...... 265, 290 Witusiewicz, V...... 256 Xu, C...... 149, 150, 257 Yao, Z...... 143, 144 Wögerer, C...... 153 Xu, D...... 73, 245, 350 Yapici, G...... 257 Wojewoda, J...... 173 Xu, G...... 121 Yashin, A...... 181 Wolcott, J...... 277 Xu, H...... 233 Yasuda, H...... 265, 326 Wolf, A...... 156 Xu, J...... 304, 347, 366, 369 Yavari, A...... 54 Wolf, D...... 99, 252 Xu, K...... 42 Yavari, R...... 162 Wolfson, N...... 68 Xu, L...... 41, 228, 245, 254, 256 Yazgan Kokuoz, B...... 138 Wollants, P...... 117, 301 Xu, Q...... 308 Yazici, H...... 358 Wollmershauser, J...... 95 Xu, S...... 144 Ye, B...... 89 Wolverton, C...... 140, 323 Xu, T...... 260 Ye, F...... 197 Wombles, R...... 172 Xu, W...... 109, 256 Ye, J...... 76 Wong, B...... 338 Xu, X...... 194, 276 Yeager, J...... 195 Wong, C...... 158, 253, 264 Xu, Y...... 194, 229, 316 Yeh, Y...... 360 Wong, H...... 81 Xu, Z...... 121, 124 Yen, Y...... 300, 301 Woo, C...... 71 Xue, B...... 345 Yeoh, L...... 256, 304 Woo, K...... 39 Xue, J...... 215, 245, 314, 326 Yeon, D...... 169 Woo, W...... 298 Xue, L...... 80, 335 Yexiang, L...... 314, 330 Wood, A...... 243 Xue, P...... 246 Yi, D...... 265, 290 Wood, J...... 187, 347, 370 Xue, W...... 251, 360 Yi, G...... 70 Woodrow, B...... 119 Xue, Y...... 77, 323 Yi, T...... 322 Woods, J...... 277, 327 Yim, C...... 238 Woodward, C...... 72, 139, 149, 224, 348, 350 Y Yin, D...... 50, 150 Worthington, D...... 141, 191, 209, 364 Yin, H...... 137 Wright, P...... 109, 213 Yablinsky, C...... 131 Yin, W...... 64, 107, 157, 211, 264, 312 Wright, S...... 69 Yacaman, M...... 184 Yin, Z...... 311, 322, 330, 356 Wright, W...... 111 Ya Feng, L...... 160 Yinglu, Z...... 312 Wu, A...... 300 Yagi, Y...... 300 Yip, T...... 100 Wu, C...... 331, 360 Yajima, K...... 345 Yokka, Y...... 201 Wu, D...... 105, 330 Yakimicki, D...... 110 Yokoyama, S...... 223 Wu, E...... 298 Yamada, H...... 115 Yokoyama, Y...... 163, 216, 217, 218, 269 Wu, H...... 41, 200 Yamada, Y...... 300 Yolton, C...... 149, 305 Wu, J...... 243, 244 Yamaguchi, M...... 193 Yong, L...... 78, 302 Wu, K...... 96, 138, 169, 238, 294 Yamaguchi, S...... 186, 202 Yong, W...... 313 Wu, L...... 297 Yamakov, V...... 99 Yong, Z...... 318 Wu, Q...... 221 Yamamoto, A...... 283 Yoo, B...... 174, 218 Wu, R...... 275 Yamamoto, K...... 190 Yoo, C...... 249 Wu, W...... 111, 200 Yamamoto, T...... 223 Yoo, H...... 152 Wu, X...... 178, 235, 256, 282, 303, 305, 353, 354 Yamamoto, Y...... 326 Yoo, J...... 202 Wu, Y...... 145 Yamasaki, T...... 163 Yoo, K...... 202 Wunderlich, R...... 247, 269, 360 Yamashita, D...... 208 Yoon, C...... 260 Wuttig, M...... 223 Yan, H...... 109 Yoon, M...... 274 Wynne, B...... 134, 138, 178 Yan, Q...... 51, 58, 125 Yoon, S...... 292, 333 Yan, S...... 41 Yoon, Y...... 289 X PRELIMINARYYan, X...... 314, 330 Yordanov, P...... 115 Yan, Y...... 41, 63, 104, 105 Yo Sep, Y...... 310 Xia, F...... 219 Yan-qing, L...... 330 Yoshihara, M...... 370 Xia, G...... 190 Yanada, I...... 228 Yoshiya, M...... 265 Xia, K...... 256 Yang, B...... 72 You, B...... 238 Xia, S...... 51 Yang, F...... 44, 68, 121, 148, 217, 317 You, J...... 248 Xia, Y...... 149 Yang, H...... 42, 128, 205, 215, 255 Youguo, H...... 314 Xia, Z...... 277 Yang, L...... 72, 273 Young, D...... 231 Xiangfa, L...... 65 Yang, M...... 40, 235 Young, G...... 104 Xiangxin, X...... 43 Yang, Q...... 288 Young, M...... 328 Xiao, B...... 156 Yang, R...... 73, 97, 98, 148, 203, 218, Yount, H...... 252 Xiao, S...... 148 ...... 255, 256, 304, 347, 349, 350, 370 Yu, F...... 337 Xiao, Z...... 70, 330 Yang, S...... 132, 265, 290, 314, 326, 327 Yu, G...... 218 Xiaodong, H...... 313 Yang, W...... 265 Yu, H...... 48, 231 Xiao Dong, Y...... 160 Yang, X...... 235 Yu, J...... 132, 133, 255, 313 Xie, H...... 69, 112 Yang, Y...... 138, 239, 251, 294, 299, 325, 352 Yu, L...... 42

394 LEARN • NETWORK • ADVANCE Index

Yu, M...... 331 Zhang, Z...... 53, 57, 75, 108, 138, Yu, P...... 72 ...... 180, 240, 318, 330, 334 Yu, S...... 126, 127, 335 Zhao, H...... 75, 314 Yu, W...... 228 Zhao, J...... 122 Yu, Y...... 366 Zhao, L...... 370 Yu-Ting, Y...... 120 Zhao, Q...... 109, 177, 214 Yuan, C...... 251, 308, 324, 356 Zhao, S...... 193 Yuan, Q...... 216, 267 Zhao, X...... 78, 132, 366 Yuan, X...... 269 Zhao, Y...... 77, 150, 206, 257, 306 Yucel, O...... 192 Zheng, B...... 70 Yue, L...... 178 Zheng, G...... 59 Yue, S...... 134, 241 Zheng, H...... 321 Yuferev, V...... 168 Zheng, K...... 290 Yun, Y...... 261 Zheng, L...... 322 Yunusova, N...... 54 Zheng, S...... 87 Yuqing, W...... 322 Zheng, Y...... 124 Yuri, G...... 144 Zherebtsov, S...... 54, 205 Zhihe, D...... 234 Z Zhihui, X...... 178 Zhilyaev, A...... 52, 353 Zabaras, N...... 154, 155, 156, 225, 262, 364 Zhong, Y...... 130, 349 Zaefferer, S...... 278, 351 Zhongliang, T...... 314 Zaikov, Y...... 314 Zhou, F...... 51, 58, 125 Zaluzec, M...... 104 Zhou, J...... 65, 141 Zambrano, A...... 301 Zhou, N...... 224 Zamiri, A...... 277, 347 Zhou, R...... 252 Zan, X...... 149 Zhou, W...... 41, 60, 101 Zangiacomi, C...... 119, 171, 225, 226, 325, 365 Zhou, X...... 44, 142 Zarandi, F...... 241 Zhou, Y...... 53, 150 Zargar, H...... 41, 323 Zhu, A...... 319 Zatsepin, N...... 309 Zhu, C...... 215 Zbib, A...... 195 Zhu, H...... 40, 133, 235, 304 Zehetbauer, M...... 52, 353, 367 Zhu, J...... 187, 190 Zelberg, B...... 39, 315 Zhu, M...... 89 Zelinska, O...... 145 Zhu, S...... 288, 337 Zeman, M...... 132 Zhu, T...... 118, 130, 364 Zemcik, L...... 97 Zhu, W...... 255 Zeng, K...... 74, 119, 172, 199, 228, Zhu, X...... 49, 367 ...... 229, 253, 277, 300, 326, 343 Zhu, Y...... 50, 54, 99, 149, 150, 205, Zeng, Q...... 211 ...... 206, 207, 257, 286, 306, 352 Zeng, X...... 134, 188, 290 Zhuang, L...... 158 Zeng, Z...... 101, 292 Zhukovskii, Y...... 223 Zenobia, S...... 94 Zi, A...... 344 Zestrea, V...... 223 Zieba, P...... 173 Zhai, Q...... 81, 87, 180 Ziegler, D...... 213 Zhai, T...... 157, 211, 304, 347 Zigoneanu, L...... 100 Zhai, X...... 108, 138 Zikry, M...... 184 Zhan, S...... 281 Zimmerman, R...... 343, 359 Zhang, C...... 187 Zimmermann, M...... 130 Zhang, D...... 251, 312 Zimprich, P...... 229 Zhang, F...... 96, 116, 138, 157, 251, 294, 324 Zina, B...... 363 Zhang, H...... 62, 69, 186, 268,PRELIMINARY 335, 351 Zindel, J...... 126 Zhang, J...... 40, 44, 127, 193, 221, 231, Zinkle, S...... 104, 343 ...... 274, 275, 298, 347, 348, 349 Zlatko, C...... 357 Zhang, K...... 140, 361 Zmierczak, W...... 163 Zhang, L...... 56, 155, 156, 201, 220, 302 Zolotoyabko, E...... 93, 341, 342 Zhang, M...... 108, 138, 185, 271, 288, 330 Zou, J...... 350 Zhang, N...... 370 Zou, Z...... 311 Zhang, R...... 80, 139, 276, 277 Zrnik, J...... 250, 258 Zhang, S...... 60, 187, 188, 276, 333 Zschack, P...... 92 Zhang, T...... 69, 89, 108, 111, 139, Zschau, H...... 349 ...... 177, 218, 238, 330, 366 Zu, G...... 312, 313 Zhang, W...... 50, 217, 269, 312 Zuberova, Z...... 359 Zhang, X...... 41, 143, 174, 185, 199, Zujovic, Z...... 106 ...... 205, 231, 241, 327, 370 Zuo, L...... 197, 198, 250, 251 Zhang, Y...... 52, 56, 122, 123, 162, Zuo, X...... 201, 302 ...... 205, 231, 252, 255, 299, 360 Zuo-kun, C...... 313